This document provides an overview of different number systems, including decimal and binary. It discusses how decimal uses base-10 with digits 0-9, while binary uses base-2 with digits 0-1. Conversion between decimal and binary is explained, with methods like subtracting powers of 2 or repeatedly multiplying by 2. Binary arithmetic like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division is also covered, showing how it parallels decimal arithmetic but uses different rules given its base of 2. Gates like OR, AND and NOT are also introduced.
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Fundamental - Unit 3
This document provides an overview of different number systems, including decimal and binary. It discusses how decimal uses base-10 with digits 0-9, while binary uses base-2 with digits 0-1. Conversion between decimal and binary is explained, with methods like subtracting powers of 2 or repeatedly multiplying by 2. Binary arithmetic like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division is also covered, showing how it parallels decimal arithmetic but uses different rules given its base of 2. Gates like OR, AND and NOT are also introduced.
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Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3
Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 52
Unit 3 Number Systems Structure 3.0 Introduction Objectives 3.1 Decimal Number System 3.2 Binary Number System Binary Addition and Subtraction Binary Multiplication and Division 3.3 Conversion from Decimal Numbers to Binary Converting Fractions Decimal Value to Binary 3.4 Negative Numbers 3.5 Representing Negative Numbers Using Complements Complements in Binary Number System 3.6 Gates OR Gate AND Gate NOT Gate 3.7 Summary 3.8 Terminal Questions 3.9 Answers to Terminal Questions 3.0 Introduction Any quantity is measured in some system. The quantity measured is represented in some numbers. There are different number systems. In each number system, different symbols are used to represent the numbers. The different number systems are Decimal, Octal, Binary etc. Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 53 Objectives: After studying this unit you will be able to explain: Decimal Number System Binary Number System Binary Addition and Subtraction Binary Multiplication And Division Conversion From Decimal Numbers To Binary Negative Numbers Representing Negative Numbers Using Complements Complements In Binary Number System Gates: OR, AND, NOT
3.1 Decimal Number System In this ten symbols are used to represent the numbers and hence it is called Decimal number system. The ten symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. These are called Arabic numerals. It is necessary to learn only the 10 basic numerals and the positional notational system in order to measure any desired quantity or to count any required figure. After memorizing the addition and multiplication tables and learning a few simple rules, we can perform all arithmetic operations. Example-1: Let us represent the quantity 127. The actual meaning of the number 127 can be seen more clearly if we notice that it is said as one hundred and twenty seven Basically, the number is a contraction of 1 x 100 + 2 x 10 + 7. The important point is that the value of each digit is determined by its position. For example, the 3 in 300 has a different value than the 3 in 30. We show this verbally by saying three hundred and thirty different verbal representations have been invented for numbers from 10 to 20 (eleven, twelve, . .), but from 20 upward we break only at powers of 10 Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 54 (hundreds, thousands, lakhs, crores etc.). Written numbers are always contracted, however, and only the basic 10 numerals are used, regardless of the size of the integer written. The base, or radix, of a number system is defined as the number of different digits which can occur in each position in the number system. The decimal number system has a base, or radix, of 10. Thus the system has 10 different digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 9), any one of which may be used in each position in a number. Example-1: In the decimal system, there are 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 These digits can represent any value, for example: 754. The value is formed by the sum of each digit, multiplied by the base (in this case it is 10 because there are 10 digits in decimal system) in power of digit position (counting from zero):
Position of each digit is very important! For example, if you place "7" to the end: 547 it will be another value:
Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 55 Important note: Any number in power of zero is 1; even zero in power of zero is 1:
3.2 Binary Number System In this number system two symbols are used to represent the numbers and hence it is called binary number system. The two symbols are 0 and 1. The same type of positional notation is used in the binary number system as in the decimal system. Although the same positional notation system is used, the instead of powers of 10 as used in decimal number system the binary system uses powers of 2. As was previously explained, the number 127 actually means 1 10 2 + 2 10 1 + 7 10 0 . In the binary system, the same number (127) is represented as 1111111, meaning 1 2 6 + 1 2 5 + l 2 4 +12 3 + l 2 2 + l 2 1 + l 2 0 . 3.2.1 Binary Addition and Subtraction In the same manner as decimal addition is performed, Binary addition is also carried out. The table for binary addition is as follows: 0 + 0 = 0 0 + 1 = 1 1 + 0 = 1 1 + 1 = 0 and a carry-over of 1 Carry-overs are performed in the same manner as in decimal arithmetic. Since 1 is the largest digit in the binary system, any sum greater than 1 requires that a digit be carried over. For example, 010 plus 010 binary Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 56 requires the addition of the two 1s in the second position to the left, with a carry-over. Since 1 + 1 = 0 plus a carry-over of 1, the sum of 010 and 010 is 100. Here are three more examples of binary addition: DECIMAL BINARY DECIMAL BINARY DECIMAL BINARY 6 110 15 1111 3 1 / 4 11.01 7 111 20 10100 5 3 / 4 101.11 13 1101 35 100011 9 1001.00 It is necessary to establish a procedure for subtracting a larger digit from a smaller digit in subtraction. The only case in which this occurs with binary numbers is when 1 is subtracted from 0. The remainder is 1, but it is necessary to borrow 1 from the next column to the left. This is the binary subtraction table. 0 0 = 0 1 0 = 1 1 1 = 0 0 1 = 1 with a borrow of 1 A few examples will make the procedure for binary subtraction clear: DECIMAL BINARY DECIMAL BINARY DECIMAL BINARY 9 1001 16 10000 6 1 / 4 110.01 5 101 3 11 4 1 / 2 100.1 4 100 13 1101 1 3 / 4 1.11 3.2.2 Binary Multiplication and Division Binary Multiplication: The table for binary multiplication is also given below: 0 x 0 = 0 1 x 0 = 0 0 x 1 = 0 1 x 1 = 1 Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 57 The following examples of binary multiplication show the simplicity of each operation. It is only necessary to copy the multiplicand if the digit in the multiplier is 1 and to copy all 0s if the digit in the multiplier is a 0. The following two examples of binary multiplication illustrate the simplicity of each operation. If the digit in the multiplier is 1 then copy multiplicand and copy all 0s if the digit in the multiplier is a 0. DECIMAL BINARY DECIMAL BINARY 09 1001 1.25 1.01 x 10 x 1010 x 2.5 x 10.1 90 0000 625 101 1001 250 1010 0000 3.125 11.001 1001 1011010 Binary Division: Binary division is, like any number system is very simple. 0 1 = 0 1 1 = 1 Note: Division by zero is not done in any number system. Following are the examples of division: Example 1: DECIMAL BINARY 5 101 5) 20 101) 11001 101 101 101
Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 58 Example 2: DECIMAL BINARY 2.416... 10.011010101... 12)29.0000 1100)11101.00 24 1100 50 10100 48 1100 20 10000 12 1100 80 10000 72 1100 8 ... To convert the quotient obtained in the second example from binary to decimal, we would proceed as follows: 10.011010101 = 1 x 2 1 = 2.0 0 x 2 0 = 0.0 0 x 2 1 = 0.0 1 x 2 2 = 0.25 1 x 2 3 = 0.125 0 x 2 4 = 0.0 1 x 2 5 = 0.03125 0 x 2 6 = 0.0 1 x 2 7 = 0.0078125 0 x 2 8 = 0.00 1 x 2 9 = 0.001953125 2.416015625 Therefore, 10.011010101 binary equals approximately 2.416 decimal.
Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 59 3.3 Conversion from Decimal Numbers to Binary Many methods are available for converting a decimal number to a binary number. In the first method simply subtract all powers of 2, which can be subtracted from the decimal number until nothing remains. The highest power of 2 is subtracted first, then the second highest, etc.
Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 60
Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 61
A good way to organize this conversion is to list the divisions in table form as below:
Reading from bottom to top, the final answer is 1011 2 . Remember that the first division gives us the least significant digit of our answer, and the final division gives us the most significant digit of our answer. Also, the result of the final division is always 0. 3.3.1 Converting Fractions Decimal Value to Binary When converting a fractional decimal value to binary, we need to use a slightly different approach. Instead of dividing by 2, we repeatedly multiply the decimal fraction by 2. If the result is greater than or equal to 1, we add a 1 to our answer. If the result is less than 1, we add a 0 to our answer. Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 62
Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 63
3.4 Negative Numbers For writing negative numbers a standard convention is adopted and it consists of placing a sign symbol before a number that is negative. For example, negative 27 is written as -27. If 27 is to be added to + 45, we write + 45 + (27) = 18 But if a negative number is subtracted from a positive number, for example the above expression can be written as +45 ( 27) = + 45 + 27 = 72 (- and becomes +). In binary machines each of the binary digit is represented by a switch which can be used to represent two values but one at a time either ON or OFF. Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 64 As an example, given a set of six switches, any number from 000000 to 111111 may be represented by the switches if we define a switch with its contacts closed as representing a 1 and a switch with open contacts as representing a 0. If we desire to increase the total range of numbers that we can represent so that it will include the negative numbers from 000000 to 111111, another bit (or switch) will be required. We then treat this bit as a sign bit and place it before the magnitude of the number to be represented. The convention adopted generally is that when the sign bit is a 0, the number represented is positive, and when the sign bit is a 1, the number is negative. Let us consider the previous example where we have used six switches to represent the quantity and now to specify the sign of the quantity whether positive or negative one more switch will have to be used. When the contacts of this seventh switch are open, the number will be a positive number equal to the magnitude of the number stored in the other six switches; and if the switch for the sign bit is closed, the number represented by the seven switches will be a negative number with a magnitude determined by other six switches. Let us consider the following example when seven switches are used. 37 = 1100101 The seventh switch represents the negative sign, which is 1. +37 = 0100101 The seventh switch represents the positive sign, which is 0. 3.5 Representing Negative Numbers Using Complements The negative numbers can be represented in complement form so that a machine can be made to add and subtract, using only circuitry for adding. 3.5.1 Complements in Binary Number System There are two types of complements in this and they are 2s complement and 1s complement. Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 65 The 2s complement of a binary number is formed by simply subtracting each bit of the number from the radix minus one and adding a 1 to the least significant bit. Since the radix in the binary number system is 2, each bit of the binary number is subtracted from 1. The application of this rule is actually very simple; every 1 in the number is changed to a 0 and every 0 to a 1. Then a 1 is added to the least significant bit of the number formed. The 2s complement of 10110 is formed by the following steps: Step 1: Change 1 bit to 0 and vice versa so 01001 Step 2: Add 1 to the Least significant bit so 01001 + 1
01010
So the 2s complement of 10010 is 01010. Similarly the 2s complement of 10010 is 01110. Subtraction using the 2s complement system involves forming the 2s complement of the subtrahend and then adding this complement to the minuend. For instance, Example 1: 11001 11001 10100 = + 01100 00101 1 00101 Carry is dropped Example 2 10110 10110 01110 = + 10010 01000 1 01000 Carry is dropped Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 66 Subtraction using the 1s complement system is also straightforward. The 1s complement of a binary number is formed by changing each 1 in the number to a 0 and each 0 in the number to a 1. For instance, the 1s complement of 11101 is 00010, and the 1s complement of 00011 is 11100. When subtraction is performed in the 1s complement system, any end- around carry is added to the least significant bit. For instance, Example 1: 11001 11001 10100 = + 01011 00101 00100 1 Carry generated is added 00101
Example 2 10110 10110 01110 = + 10001 01000 00111 1 Carry generated is added 01000
Note: Observe the difference in 2s and 1s complement subtraction for the same quantity. 3.6 Gates A gate is an electronic circuit which operates on one or more input signal to produce an output signal. There are different gates like OR, AND, NOT etc. Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 67 3.6.1 OR Gate:
The following table gives the combinations of input and the output for each of the combinations. This table is also called as truth table of OR gate. Inputs X Y Output Z 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 In the above table X and Y are the Inputs and Z is the Output. As shown in the table when both the Inputs are 0, then the Output is 0. If any one of the Input or both the Inputs are 1, then the Output is 1. Logical addition table: 0 + 0 0 0 + 1 1 1 + 0 1 1 + 1 1 OR gate is used to realize the logical addition operation. 3.6.2 AND Gate:
The following table gives the combinations of input and the output for each of the combinations. This table is also called truth table AND gate. Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 68 Inputs X Y Output Z 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 In the above table, X and Y are the Inputs and Z is the Output. As shown in the above table, the Output is 1 only when both the Inputs are 1 and in all other cases the output is 0. Logical multiplication table: 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 1 1 AND gate is used to realize the logical multiplication operation 3.6.3 NOT Gate
Singular or unary operations define an operation on a single variable. The familiar example of unary operation is -, so we can write -7, -9 or Z, that means we are to take the negative of these values. The operation complementation means inversion of a quantity and this operation is defined by the following table. Input X Output Z 0 1 1 0 Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 69 The above table gives the output for each input. This table is also called truth table NOT gate. The operation complementation or inversion of a quantity can be realized by the help of NOT gate.
3.7 Summary In Binary number system two symbols are used to represent the numbers and hence it is called binary number system. The two symbols are 0 and 1. The same type of positional notation is used in the binary number system as in the decimal system. In the same manner as decimal arithmetic is performed, Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division is also carried out. The negative numbers are represented in complement form so that a machine can be made to add and subtract, using only circuitry for adding. There are two types of complements in this and they are 2s complement and 1s complement. A gate is an electronic circuit which operates on one or more input signal to produce an output signal. There are different gates like OR, AND, NOT etc.
Self Assessment Questions 1. Symbols are used to represent the numbers and it is called as __________ 2. For example, negative 27 is written as -27. If 27 is to be added to 45, we denote as _____________ 3. In decimal system, there are 10 digits. (True/False) 4. Carry-over is performed in the same manner as in decimal arithmetic. (True/False)
Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 70 Answers to Self Assessment Questions 1. Decimal number system 2. + 45 + (27) = 18 3. True 4. True
3.8 Terminal Questions 1. What is Decimal number system? 2. How do you convert Fractional Decimal value to Binary Numbers? 3. Convert the following from Binary to Decimal: a) 11111 b) 10110 c) 11001 d) 00101 4) Perform the following Arithmetic operations in Binary a) 11011 + 11110 b) 11.01 + 101.11 c) 1110 1100 d) 1001 0101 e) 1011 * 110 f) 111* 101 g) 1111 111 h) 111 11 5) Perform the following subtraction using 1s and 2s complement system a) 11101 11110 b) 11001 10011 6) Write the truth table of OR, AND, NOT gates.
Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 3 Sikkim Manipal University DDE Page No. 71 3.9 Answers to Terminal Questions 1. Refer section 3.1 2. Refer section 3.3.1 3. Refer section 3.2 4. Refer section 3.1 5. Refer section 3.5 6. Refer section 3.6.1, 3.6.2 & 3.6.3