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LABORATOR
MANUAL ON

COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING 1
(C++ Programming
Language)
Prepared by
M! "ri#ine Mae M! $aproa
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
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53
1 In#rodu%#ion #o
Programming
!"!" O#$ecti%e&
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(e #opi%) #(e #uden# (ou'd be ab'e #o*
$i%u #(e 'anguage o& a %ompu#er!
$e+ne #(e %a#egorie o& Programming Language!
,ami'iari-e #(e Turbo C I$E En.ironmen#!
!"'" Bac(g)o*nd
P)og)a+ i a e# o& in#ru%#ion #(a# %ompu#er &o''o/!
P)og)a++ing Lang*age i a #andardi-ed %ommuni%a#ion #e%(ni0ue &or e1preing
in#ru%#ion #o a %ompu#er!
Catego)ie& of P)og)a++ing Lang*age
,igh-Le%el P)og)a++ing Lang*age
A (ig(2'e.e' programming 'anguage i a programming 'anguage #(a# i more uer2&riend'y #o
ome e1#en# p'a#&orm2independen# and ab#ra%# &rom 'o/2'e.e' %ompu#er pro%eor
opera#ion u%( a memory a%%ee! A programming #a#emen# may be #ran'a#ed in#o one
or e.era' ma%(ine in#ru%#ion by a %ompu#er!
Lo.-Le%el A&&e+#ly Lang*age
Aemb'y 'anguage i imi'ar #o ma%(ine 'anguage) bu# #(ey are mu%( eaier #o program
be%aue #(ey a''o/ a programmer #o ub#i#u#e name &or number! Aemb'y 'anguage
are a.ai'ab'e &or ea%( CPU &ami'y ) and ea%( aemb'y in#ru%#ion i #ran'a#ed in#o one
ma%(ine in#ru%#ion by an aemb'er programmer!
B)ief ,i&to)y of C// P)og)a++ing Lang*age
T(e C// P)og)a++ing Lang*age i bai%a''y an e1#enion o& #(e C Programming
Language! T(e C Programming 'anguage /a de.e'oped &rom 134321356 a# 7e'' 'ab) a# #(e
ame #ime #(e UNI8 opera#ing y#em /a being de.e'oped #(ere! C /a a dire%#
de%endan# o& #(e 'anguage 7) /(i%( /a de.e'oped by "en T(ompon a a y#em
programming 'anguage &or #(e 9edg'ing UNI8 opera#ing y#em! 7) in #urn) de%ended &rom
#(e 'anguage 7CPL /(i%( /a deigned in #(e 134: by Mar#in Ri%(ard /(i'e a# MIT!
In 1351 $enni Ri#%(ie a# 7e'' Lab e1#ended #(e 7 'anguage (by adding #ype) in#o /(a# (e
%a''ed N7) &or ;Ne/ 7;! Ri#%(ie %redi# ome o& (i %(ange #o 'anguage %on#ru%# &ound in
A'go'4<) a'#(oug( (e #a#e ;a'#(oug( i#) per(ap) did no# emerge in a &orm #(a# A'go'=
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ad(eren# /ou'd appro.e o&; A&#er re#ru%#uring #(e 'anguage and re/ri#ing #(e %ompi'er &or
7) Ri#%(ie ga.e (i ne/ 'anguage a name* ;C;!
In 13<6) /i#( .ariou .erion o& C 9oa#ing around #(e %ompu#er /or'd) AN>I e#ab'i(ed a
%ommi##ee #(a# e.en#ua''y pub'i(ed a #andard &or C in 13<3! In 13<6 7?arne >#rou#rup a#
7e'' Lab %rea#ed C++! C++ /a deigned &or #(e UNI8 y#em en.ironmen#) i# repreen#
an en(an%emen# o& #(e C programming 'anguage and enab'e programmer #o impro.e #(e
0ua'i#y o& %ode produ%ed) #(u ma@ing reuab'e %ode eaier #o /ri#e!
!"0" P)oced*)e
T*)#o C// Integ)ated De%elo1+ent En%i)on+ent
I$E i no#(ing bu# In#egra#ed $e.e'opmen# En.ironmen# in /(i%( one %an de.e'op) run) #e#
and debug #(e app'i%a#ion! T(e T*)#o C// IDE appear a (o/n in +gure!
2ig*)e !" Turbo C++ I$E
T(e C $e.e'oping En.ironmen# i a %reen dip'ay /i#( /indo/ and pu''2do/n menu! T(e
program 'i#ing) error meage and o#(er in&orma#ion are dip'ayed in epara#e /indo/!
T(e menu may be ued #o in.o@e a'' #(e opera#ion ne%eary #o de.e'op #(e program)
in%'uding edi#ing) %ompi'ing) 'in@ing) and debugging and program e1e%u#ion! I& #(e menu bar
i ina%#i.e) i# may be in.o@ed by preing #(e A,1:B &un%#ion @ey! To e'e%# diCeren# menu)
mo.e #(e (ig('ig(# 'e&# or rig(# /i#( %uror (arro/) @ey! Dou %an a'o re.o@e #(e e'e%#ion
by preing #(e @ey %ombina#ion &or #(e pe%i+% menu!
In%o(ing the T*)#o C IDE
T(e de&au'# dire%#ory o& Turbo C %ompi'er i %*E#%Ebin! >o #o in.o@e #(e I$E &rom #(e /indo/
you need #o doub'e %'i%@ #(e TC i%on in #(e dire%#ory %*E#%Ebin! T(e a'#erna#e approa%( i #(a#
/e %an ma@e a (or#%u# o& #%!e1e on #(e de@#op!
O1ening Ne. 3indo. in T*)#o C
To #ype a program) you need #o open an Edi# Findo/! ,or #(i) open +'e menu and %'i%@
Gne/H! A /indo/ /i'' appear on #(e %reen /(ere #(e program may be #yped!
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2ig*)e '" Opening Ne/ Findo/
3)iting a P)og)a+ in T*)#o C
F(en #(e Edi# /indo/ i a%#i.e) #(e program may be #yped! Ue #(e %er#ain @ey
%ombina#ion #o per&orm pe%i+% edi# &un%#ion!
2ig*)e 0" Fri#ing a Program in Turbo C
Sa%ing a P)og)a+ in T*)#o C
To a.e #(e program) e'e%# a.e %ommand &rom #(e +'e menu! T(i &un%#ion %an a'o be
per&ormed by preing #(e A,IB bu##on! A dia'og bo1 /i'' appear a@ing &or #(e pa#( and
name o& #(e +'e! Pro.ide an appropria#e and uni0ue +'e name! Dou %an a.e #(e program
a&#er %ompi'ing #oo bu# a.ing i# be&ore %ompi'a#ion i more appropria#e!
2ig*)e 4" >a.ing a Program in Turbo C
Co))ecting E))o)& in T*)#o C
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I& #(e %ompi'er re%ogni-e ome error) i# /i'' 'e# you @no/ #(roug( #(e Compi'er /indo/!
DouJ'' ee #(a# #(e number o& error i no# 'i#ed a :) and #(e /ord GE))o)H appear
in#ead o& #(e /ord GS*cce&&H a# #(e bo##om o& #(e /indo/! T(e error are #o be remo.ed
by re#urning #o #(e edi# /indo/! Uua''y #(ee error are a reu'# o& a #yping mi#a@e! T(e
%ompi'er /i'' no# on'y #e'' you /(a# you did /rong) #(eyJ'' poin# you #o #(e e1a%# p'a%e in
your %ode /(ere you made #(e mi#a@e!
2ig*)e 5" Corre%#ing Error in Turbo C
Exec*ting a P)og)a+& in T*)#o C
I& #(e program i %ompi'ed and 'in@ed /i#(ou# error) #(e program i e1e%u#ed by e'e%#ing
Run &rom #(e Run Menu or by preing #(e 6Ct)l/278 @ey %ombina#ion!
2ig*)e 9" E1e%u#ing a Program in Turbo C
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2ig*)e :" >%reen Ou#pu#
Exiting T*)#o C IDE
An Edi# /indo/ may be %'oed in a number o& diCeren# /ay! Dou %an %'i%@ on #(e ma''
0uare in #(e upper 'e&# %orner) you %an e'e%# clo&e &rom #(e .indo. menu) or you %an
pre #(e A'#+,6 %ombina#ion! To e1i# &rom #(e I$E) e'e%# Exit &rom #(e 2ile Menu or
pre A'#+8 Combina#ion!
2ig*)e ;" E1i#ing Turbo C I$E
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53
!"4" P)e la# Acti%itie& <P)eli+ Pe)iod=
MATC,IN> ITEMS
<Int)od*ction to P)og)a++ing=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
In&t)*ction&? A&#er reading C(ap#er 1 o& In#rodu%#ion #o Programming) an/er #(e gi.en
0ue#ion! T(e 0ue#ion are in#ended #o #e# and rein&or%e your under#anding o& @ey %on%ep#!
,or ea%( i#em in #(e 'e&# %o'umn) /ri#e #(e 'e##er &or #(e de%rip#ion &rom #(e rig(# %o'umn #(a#
be# ma#%(e #(e #erm!
TERM DESCRIPTION
1! AC#r'+,3B
I# i a programming 'anguage #(a# i more
uer &riend'y #o ome e1#en# p'a#&orm2
independen#
I! Lo/2'e.e' Programming Language A e# o& in#ru%#ion #(a# %ompu#er &o''o/
6! 7?arne >#rou#rup $e&au'# dire%#ory o& Turbo C %ompi'er
K! $enni Ri#%(ie C'oing Turbo C I$E
L! A'#+,6 Me de.e'oped C++
4! Programming Language Me de.e'oped C 'anguage
5! Program Run Menu
<! %*E#%Ebin A #andardi-ed %ommuni%a#ion #e%(ni0ue
ue #o end in#ru%#ion #o %ompu#er
3! Mig(2'e.e' Programming Language E1i#ing Turbo C I$E
1:!A'#+8 I# i a programming 'anguage #(a# a''o/ a
programmer #o ub#i#u#e name &or
number!

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PRO>RAMMIN> OUTPUT
<Int)od*ction to P)og)a++ing=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
In&t)*ction&? Logon #o your y#em and open your in#egra#ed de.e'opmen# en.ironmen#
o&#/are! Fri#e and %ompi'e #(e gi.en program be'o/ a 1)ela#"c11 #(en run #(e
program and /ri#e /(a# i prin#ed on #(e %reen!
T(e %ode o& 1)ela#"c11 i a &o''o/*
Nin%'udeOio#ream!(P
Nin%'udeO%onio!(P
.oid main()Q
%'r%r()R
%ou#OOGFe'%ome #o Na#iona' Co''ege o& >%ien%e and Te%(no'ogyHR
%ou#OOGFe'%ome #o #(e /onder&u' /or'd o& C++SGR
ge#%(()R
T
An&.e)?
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!"5" La#o)ato)y Acti%itie& <P)eli+ Pe)iod=
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C !a
<R*nning Si+1le C// P)og)a+=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e
program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 1 o& Compu#er
Programming Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
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,ami'iari-e /i#( #(e 'ogin pro%e and #(e en.ironmen# o& C++!
App'y #(e bai% o& program deign and a'gori#(m de.e'opmen#!
Ue an edi#or and %ompi'er and be ab'e #o %ompi'e and run e1i#ing program!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Crea#e a program #(a# /i'' prin# #(e name) age and %oure o& #(e #uden#! Ue co*t and iner#ion
#ream opera#or #o dip'ay #(e #e1# on #(e %reen o& your %ompu#er.
Sa+1le O*t1*t
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C !#
<R*nning Si+1le C// P)og)a+=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e
program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
Name* "ri#ine Mae Magpuao2
$aproa
Age* I5 year o'd
Coure* 7>C>
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T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 1 o& Compu#er
Programming Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
,ami'iari-e /i#( #(e 'ogin pro%e and #(e en.ironmen# o& C++!
Under#and #(e bai% o& program deign and a'gori#(m de.e'opmen#!
Learn #(e bai% o& an edi#or and %ompi'er and be ab'e #o %ompi'e and run e1i#ing
program!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Crea#e a %'a named* The T)ee! T(e program (ou'd ou#pu# #(e &o''o/ing 'ine on #(e %reen*
Sa+1le O*t1*t
I ,'o/%(ar#ing
'"! O#$ecti%e&
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i #opi%) #uden# /i'' be ab'e #o*
"no/ #(e diCeren# #ype o& 9o/%(ar#
"no/ #(e ymbo' and guide'ine in dra/ing a 9o/%(ar#!
App'y #(e ue o& 9o/%(ar# #o %++ programming!
'"' Bac(g)o*nd
2lo.cha)t& are a .iua' ou#'ining #oo') ued #o repreen# an a'gori#(m!
I #(in@ #(a# I (a'' ne.er ee)
a poem a 'o.e'y a a #ree!
A #ree /(oe (ungry mou#( i
preed
Again# #(e Ear#(J /ee# 9o/ing
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Ty1e& of 2lo.cha)t
P)og)a+ 2lo.cha)t U de%ribe grap(i%a''y in de#ai' #(e 'ogi%a' opera#ion and #ep
/i#(in a program and #(e e0uen%e in /(i%( #(ee #ep are #o be e1e%u#ed &or #(e
#ran&orma#ion o& da#a #o produ%e #(e needed ou#pu#!
Sy&te+ 2lo.cha)t U grap(i% repreen#a#ion o& #(e pro%edure in.o'.ed in %on.er#ing da#a
on inpu# media #o da#a in ou#pu# &orm! I# i''u#ra#e /(i%( da#a i ued or produ%ed a#
.ariou poin# in a e0uen%e o& opera#ion! Por#ray #(e in#era%#ion among da#a (ard/are
and peronne'!
2lo.cha)t Sy+#ol&
Sa+1le 2lo.cha)t? Sa+1le P)og)a+

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'"' P)oced*)e
In dra/ing a proper 9o/ %(ar#) a'' ne%eary re0uiremen# (ou'd be 'i#ed ou# in
'ogi%a' order
T(e 9o/%(ar# (ou'd be %'ear) nea# and eay #o &o''o/! T(ere (ou'd no# be any room
&or ambigui#y in under#anding #(e 9o/ %(ar#!
T(e uua' dire%#ion o& #(e 9o/ o& a pro%edure or y#em i &rom 'e&# #o rig(# or #op #o
bo##om!
On'y one 9o/ 'ine (ou'd %ome ou# &rom a pro%e ymbo'!
On'y one 9o/ 'ine (ou'd en#er a de%iion ymbo') bu# #/o or #(ree 9o/ 'ine) one &or
ea%( poib'e an/er) (ou'd 'ea.e #(e de%iion ymbo'!
On'y one 9o/ 'ine i ued in %on?un%#ion /i#( #ermina' ymbo'!
Fri#e /i#(in #andard 9o/ %(ar# ymbo' brie9y! A ne%eary) you %an ue #(e
anno#a#ion ymbo' #o de%ribe da#a or %ompu#a#iona' #ep more %'ear'y!
I& #(e 9o/%(ar# be%ome %omp'e1) i# i be##er #o ue %onne%#or ymbo' #o redu%e #(e
number o& 9o/ 'ine! A.oid #(e in#ere%#ion o& 9o/ 'ine i& you /an# #o ma@e i# more
eCe%#i.e and be##er /ay o& %ommuni%a#ion!
Enure #(a# #(e 9o/%(ar# (a a 'ogi%a' start and fnish.
I# i ue&u' #o #e# #(e .a'idi#y o& #(e 9o/%(ar# by paing #(roug( i# /i#( a imp'e #e#
da#a!
'"0 P)e la# Acti%itie&<P)eli+ Pe)iod=
IDENTI2ICATIONAENUMERATION
<2lo.cha)ting=
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Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
In&t)*ction&? A&#er reading C(ap#er I o& Compu#er Programming 1 Manua') an/er #(e gi.en
0ue#ion! T(e 0ue#ion are in#ended #o #e# and rein&or%e your under#anding o& @ey %on%ep#!
Fri#e your an/er on #(e pa%e pro.ided be&ore ea%( number!
VVVVVVV1! I# i a .iua' ou#'ining #oo') ued #o repreen# an a'gori#(m!
VVVVVVVI! I# i a #ype o& 9o/%(ar# #(a# de%ribe grap(i%a''y in de#ai' #(e 'ogi%a' opera#ion and
#ep /i#(in a program!
VVVVVVV6! I# i a #ype o& 9o/%(ar# ued #o por#ray #(e in#era%#ion among da#a (ard/are and
peronne'!
VVVVVVVK! T(i ymbo' repreen# an inpu#Wou#pu# pro%e in an a'gori#(m) u%( a reading inpu#
or /ri#ing ou#pu#!
VVVVVVVL! T(i ymbo' indi%a#e #(e #ar#ing or #opping poin# in #(e 'ogi%!
4!1: 2 Gi.e #(e 4 bai% ymbo' ued in 9o/%(ar#ing!

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Page 15
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6 7ai% E'emen# o& C++
0"! O#$ecti%e&
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i #opi%) #uden# /i'' be ab'e #o*
App'y %orre%# ue o& diCeren# da#a #ype!
Re%ogni-e iden#i+er!
$e%'are and ini#ia'i-e .ariab'e!
App'y %orre%# ue o& diCeren# ?a.a opera#or!!
0"' Bac(g)o*nd
To /ri#e a meaning&u' program you mu# 'earn #(e diCeren# #ype o& da#a #ype) iden#i+er)
reer.ed /ord and yn#a1 ru'e o& any programming 'anguage! Dou mu# 'earn on (o/ #o
de%'are and ini#ia'i-e .ariab'e and (o/ #o ue diCeren# #ype o& opera#or in #(e program!
Data Ty1e& re&er #o #(e @ind o& da#a #(a# .ariab'e %an aume) (o'd or #a@e on in a
programming 'anguage and &or /(i%( opera#ion are au#oma#i%a''y pro.ided!
T(ere are diCeren# #ype o& da#a #ype in C++ programming #(oe are) (or#) in# and 'ong
under in#egra' da#a #ype) #(ey are ued #o repreen# /(o'e number) /(i'e 9oa# and doub'e
under 9oa#ing poin# da#a #ype are ued #o repreen# number /i#( de%ima' poin#! To
repreen# #/o #a#e in #(e program) you %an ue boo' da#a #ype under 7oo'ean da#a #ype! I&
you /an# #o prin# #e1# on #(e %reen you %an ue %(ar da#a #ype!
IdentiDe)& are #o@en #(a# repreen# #(e name o& %'ae) me#(od or &un%#ion /(i'e
(ey.o)d& i a /ord #(a# i e# aide by #(e 'anguage &or a pe%ia' purpoe and %an on'y be
ued in a pe%i+ed manner!
Combina#ion o& da#a #ype and iden#i+er name i %a''ed a %a)ia#le) .ariab'e i an i#em o& da#a
ued #o #ore #a#e o& ob?e%#!
In %ompu#er programming) #(ere are diCeren# #ype o& opera#or #(oe are ari#(me#i%
opera#or) %ondi#iona' opera#or) in%remen# and de%remen# opera#or) re'a#iona' opera#or
and 'ogi%a' opera#or!
0"0 P)oced*)e
Decla)ing and InitialiEing Ba)ia#le
Oda#a #ypeP OnameP Aini#ia' .a'ueBR
Exa+1le?
in# num X 1:R
%(ar nameA1IB X G"a#e Ade'ineHR
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A)ith+etic O1e)ato)& per&orm ma#(ema#i%a' opera#ion 'i@e addi#ion) ub#ra%#ion)
mu'#ip'i%a#ion and di.iion!
OPERATOR USE DESCRIPTION
+ op1+opI Add op1 and opI
Y op1YopI Mu'#ip'ie op1 and opI
W op1WopI $i.ide op1 by opI
Z op1ZopI Compu#e #(e remainder o& di.iding op1
by opI
2 op12opI >ub#ra%# opI &rom op1
Exa+1le O*t1*t



Inc)e+ent and Dec)e+ent O1e)ato)& - Aide &rom #(e bai% ari#(me#i% opera#or) #(ere
are a'o a unary in%remen# opera#or (++) and unary de%remen# opera#or (22)! In%remen# and
$e%remen# opera#or in%reae and de%reae a .a'ue #ored in a number .ariab'e by 1!
OPERATOR USE DESCRIPTION
++ op++ In%remen# op by 1) e.a'ua#e #o #(e .a'ue o& op
be&ore i# /a in%remen#ed
++ ++op In%remen# op by 1) e.a'ua#e #o #(e .a'ue o& op
Nin%'udeOio#ream!(P
Nin%'udeO%onio!(P
.oid main()Q
in# num1R
in# numIR
%'r%r()R
%ou#OOGEn#er ,ir#
Number*HOOend'R
%inPPnum1R
%ou#OOGEn#er >e%ond
Number*HOOend'R
%inPPnumIR
%ou#OOGT(e um i*HOOG
GOOnum1+numIR
ge#%(()R
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a&#er i# /a in%remen#ed
22 op22 $e%remen# op by 1) e.a'ua#e #o #(e .a'ue o& op
be&ore i# /a de%remen#ed
22 22op $e%remen# op by 1) e.a'ua#e #o #(e .a'ue o& op
a&#er i# /a in%remen#ed
Exa+1le?
in# i X 1:R
in# ? X 6R
in# @ X :R
@ X ++?+iR
( F 4/!G F !4
@ X ?+++iR
( F 0/!G F !0
Conditional O1e)ato) <H?= - I a #ernary opera#or! T(i mean #(a# i# #a@e in 6 argumen#
#(a# #oge#(er &orm %ondi#iona' e1preion!
T(e #ru%#ure o& an e1preion uing a %ondi#iona' opera#or i*
e1p1[e1pI*e1p6
F(erein e1p1 i a boo'ean e1preion /(ere reu'# mu# ei#(er be #rue or &a'e! I& e1p1 i
#rue) e1pI i #(e .a'ue re#urned! I& i# i &a'e) #(en e1p6 i re#urned!
Relational O1e)ato)& %ompare I .a'ue and de#ermine #(e re'a#ion(ip be#/een #(oe
.a'ue! T(e ou#pu# o& e.a'ua#ion i #(e boo'ean .a'ue #rue or &a'e!
OPERATOR USE DESCRIPTION
P op1PopI op1 i grea#er #(an opI
PX op1PXopI op1 i grea#er #(an or e0ua'
#o opI
O op1OopI op1 i 'e #(an opI
OX op1OXopI op1 i 'e #(an or e0ua' #o
opI
XX op1XXopI op1 and opI are e0ua'
SX op1SXopI op1 and opI are no# e0ua'
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Exa+1le O*t1*t
in# i X 65R i P ? X : (,a'e)
in# ? X KIR
%ou#OOGiP?XHOO(iP?)R
Logical O1e)ato)& (a.e one or #/o boo'ean operand #(a# yie'd a boo'ean reu'#! T(ere are
4 'ogi%a' opera#or!
a" Logical AND<II= and #oolean logical AND<I=
Logi%a' AN$ uppor# (or#2%ir%ui# e.a'ua#ion or par#ia' e.a'ua#ion) /(i'e boo'ean 'ogi%a'
AN$ doenJ#!
I& e1p1 i &a'e) #(e opera#or ne.er e.a'ua#e e1pI!
J! J' Re&*lt
T T T
T , ,
, T ,
, , ,
Exa+1le? O*t1*t
AAlogical AND :
in# i X :R 1:
in# ? X 1:R : (&a'e)
%ou#OOiOOend'R
%ou#OO?OOend'R
%ou#OO(iP1:) \\ (++?P3)R
AA #oolean logical AND :
%ou#OO(iP1:) \ (++?P3)R 11
: (&a'e)
#" Logical OR<KK= and #oolean logical incl*&i%e OR<K=
Logi%a' OR uppor# (or#2%ir%ui# e.a'ua#ion or par#ia' e.a'ua#ion) /(i'e ] doenJ#!
I& e1p1 i #rue) #(e opera#or ne.er e.a'ua#e e1pI!
J! J' Re&*lt
T T T
T , T
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, T T
, , ,
Exa+1le? O*t1*t
AAlogical OR :
in# i X :R 1:
in# ? X 1:R : (&a'e)
%ou#OOiOOend'R
%ou#OO?OOend'R
%ou#OO(iP1:) ]] (++?P3)R
AA #oolean logical incl*&i%e OR :
%ou#OO(iP1:) ] (++?P3)R 11
: (&a'e)
c" Logical Not <!= - T(e 'ogi%a' no# #a@e in one argumen#) /(erein #(e argumen# %an be an
e1preion .ariab'e or %on#an#!
Exa+1le O*t1*t
boo' .a'1 X #rueR : (&a'e)
boo' .a'I X &a'eR 1 (#rue)
%ou#OO(S.a'1)R
%ou#OO(S.a'I)R
d" Boolean Logical Excl*&i%e OR <L= - T(e reu'# o& ^ i #rue i& and on'y i& on'y one
operand i #rue and #(e o#(er i &a'e!
Exa+1le O*t1*t?
J! Re&*lt
T ,
, T
J! J' Re&*lt
T T ,
T , T
, T T
, , ,
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boo' .a'1 X #rueR : (&a'e)
boo' .a'I X #rueR 1 (#rue)
%ou#OO(.a'1^.a'I)R
.a'1 X &a'eR
.a'I X #rueR
%ou#OO(.a'1^.a'I)R
0"4 P)e la# Acti%itie& <P)eli+ Pe)iod=
IDENTI2IN> DATATPES
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
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ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
In&t)*ction&? Iden#i&y /(i%( imp'e da#a #ype or @ey/ord %ou'd be ued #o repreen# #(e .a'ue!
_a'ue In#egra' ,'oa#ing 7oo'ean C(ara%#er "ey/ord
1! #rue
I! 1K
6! 5!<6
K! de&au'#
L! :!1E24
4! &a'e
5! 2K:
<! C(ar
3! :!:
1:!1I5
TRUEA2ALSE
<Relational and Logical O1e)ato)&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
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In&t)*ction&? E.a'ua#e #(e 'ogi%a' e1preion in Co'umn 1 and %ir%'e a'' poib'e an/er in
Co'umn I!
EJPRESSION RESULT
1! in# num1 X 6) numI X IR
(num1 P numI)
T , (or#2%ir%ui#
I! doub'e (our X 1I!<R
((our P K:!I)
T , (or#2%ir%ui#
6! in# &unny X 5R
(&unny SX1)
T , (or#2%ir%ui#
K! %(ar 'e##er X `AJR
(`aJ O 'e##er)
T , (or#2%ir%ui#
L! doub'e y X 2 I!6R
y PX :!:R
T , (or#2%ir%ui#
4! (or# %oun# X 1R
%oun# OXKR
T , (or#2%ir%ui#
5! boo' 9ag X #rueR
in# a X I) b X L) % X 1:R
(a Y b OX % \\ S 9ag)
T , (or#2%ir%ui#
<! S (&a'e ]] &a'e) ]] #rue T , (or#2%ir%ui#
3! &a'e \\ #rue \\ &a'e T , (or#2%ir%ui#
1:! S &a'e ]] (&a'e ]] S #rue) T , (or#2%ir%ui#
PRO>RAMMIN> OUTPUT
<A)ith+etic O1e)ato)&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
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In&t)*ction&? 7aed on #(e gi.en program egmen#) read #(e %ode and /ri#e #(e ou#pu# o& #(e
program!
1! Nin%'ude Oio#reamP An&.e)?
Nin%'ude O%onio!(P
.oid main() Q
%'r%r%()R
in# 1 X 6:R
in# y X IR
%ou# OO 1 Y y + 3 W 6 OO end'R
ge#%(()R
T

I! F(a# i ou#pu# by # (e &o''o/ing 'ine o& %ode[ An&.e)?
%ou# OO ( < Y K Y I + 4 ) W I + KR
CORRECT T,E CODE
<A)ith+etic O1e)ato)&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
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In&t)*ction&? $e#ermine i& #(ere i an error in ea%( o& #(e &o''o/ing program egmen#! I& #(ere
i an error) pe%i&y /(e#(er i# i a 'ogi% error or %ompi'a#ion error) %ir%'e #(e error in #(e program
and /ri#e #(e %orre%#ed %ode in #(e pa%e pro.ided be'o/!
Code A An&.e)
Nin%'udeOio#ream!(P
Nin%'udeO%onio!(P
.oid main()Q
%'r%r%()R
in# 1 X 6:R
in# y X IR
%ou# OO 1 Y y + 3 W 6 OO end'R
ge#%(()R
T
Code B
T(e &o''o/ing %ode (ou'd de%'are an in#eger .ariab'e and aign i# #(e .a'ue 4!
in# 1#P'a%e An&.e)
1#P'a%e X 4R
3.5 La#o)ato)y Acti%itie& <P)eli+ Pe)iod=
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C '
<Decla)ing and P)inting Ba)ia#le&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
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ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e
program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 6 o& Compu#er
Programming 1 Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
$e%'are and ini#ia'i-e .ariab'e!
Ue co*t #o ou#pu# #e1# and .ariab'e
Ue diCeren# #ype o& da#a #ype!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Crea#e a program #(a# de%'are diCeren# .ariab'e #(en ou#pu# #(e .a'ue o& #(oe .ariab'e!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C 0a
<A)ith+etic O1e)ato)&=
Number X 1:
Le##er X a
Reu'# X
#rue
>#r X
(e''o
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Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e
program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 6 o& Compu#er
Programming 1 Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
Ue ma#(ema#i%a' repreen#a#ion in C++ o& ari#(me#i% e1preion by pre%eden%e!
Ue co*t #o ou#pu# #e1# and .ariab'e
Ue cin #o inpu# da#a &rom #(e uer
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Crea#e a program #(a# ou#pu# #(e a.erage o& 6 number! Le# #(e .a'ue o& #(e 6 number be 1:) I:
and KL!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
Number 1 X 1:
Number I X I:
Number 6 X KL
A.erage i X IL
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LABORATOR ACTIBIT C 0#
<A)ith+etic O1e)ato)&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e
program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 6 o& Compu#er
Programming 1 Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
Ue ma#(ema#i%a' repreen#a#ion in C++ o& ari#(me#i% e1preion by pre%eden%e!
Ue co*t #o ou#pu# #e1# and .ariab'e
Ue cin #o inpu# da#a &rom #(e uer

De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+

Crea#e a program #(a# /i'' a''o/ #(e uer #o inpu# .a'ue &or amoun# and /i'' de#ermine #(e .a'ue o&
0uar#er) ni%@e')
dime and penny in de%reaing .a'ue o& amoun#!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
En#er Amoun#* K:
auar#er (IL) X 1
Ni%@e' (1:) X 1
$ime (L) X 1
Penny (1) X :
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K $e%iion Con#ro' >#ru%#ure

4"! O#$ecti%e&
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i #opi%) #uden# /i'' be ab'e #o*
$e#ermine #(e diCeren%e o& #(e diCeren# #ype o& de%iion %on#ro' #ru%#ure!
App'y #(e %orre%# ue o& i& #a#emen#) i&2e'e #a#emen#) i&2e'e i& #a#emen#) ne#ed
i&
and /i#%( #a#emen# !
4"' Bac(g)o*nd
Our program are made up o& #(e #(ree bai% %on#ro' #ru%#ureR #(oe are e0uen%e)
de%iion %on#ro' #ru%#ure and repe#i#ion %on#ro' #ru%#ure! >e0uen%e >#ru%#ure i de+ned
a #(e #raig(# &or/ard e1e%u#ion o& one pro%eing #ep a&#er ano#(er) /(i'e >e'e%#ion
>#ru%#ure %an be de+ned a #(e preen#a#ion o& a %ondi#ion) and #(e %(oi%e be#/een #/o
a%#ion depending on /(e#(er #(e %ondi#ion i #rue or &a'e! Repe#i#ion Con#ro' >#ru%#ure %an
be de+ned a #(e preen#a#ion o& a e# o& in#ru%#ion #o be per&ormed repea#ed'y) a 'ong a
#(e %ondi#ion i #rue!
4"0P)oced*)e
Ty1e& of Deci&ion <Selection= St)*ct*)e
Single-Selection St)*ct*)e - I# e'e%# or ignore a ing'e a%#ion!
If-&election &t)*ct*)e - >pe%i+e #(a# a #a#emen# or b'o%@ o& %ode /i'' be e1e%u#ed i&
and on'y i& a %er#ain boo'ean #a#emen# i #rue!
The if &tate+ent ha& the fo)+M 2lo.cha)t
I&(boo'eanVe1preion)
#a#emen#R
Boolean_ex
p
Statement
T F
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or
i&(boo'eanVe1preion)Q
#a#emen# 1R
#a#emen# IR
T
Do*#le-Selection St)*ct*)e - I# e'e%# be#/een I diCeren# a%#ion!
if-el&e &t)*ct*)e N I ued /(en /e /an# #o e1e%u#e a %er#ain #a#emen# i& a
%ondi#ion i #rue and a diCeren# #a#emen# i& #(e %ondi#ion i &a'e!
The if-el&e &tate+ent ha& the fo)+M 2lo.cha)t
i&(boo'eanVe1p)
#a#emen#R
e'e
#a#emen#R
or %an be /ri##en aR
i&(boo'eanVe1p)Q
#a#emen# 1R
#a#emen# IR
T
e'eQ
#a#emen# 1R
#a#emen# IR
T
if-el&e-if &t)*ct*)e - T(e #a#emen# in #(e e'e2%'aue o& an i&2e'e b'o%@ %an be ano#(er
i&2e'e #ru%#ure! T(i %a%ading o& #ru%#ure a''o/ u #o ma@e more %omp'e1 e'e%#ion!
The if-el&e &t)*ct*)e ha& the fo)+M 2lo.cha)t
i&(boo'eanVe1p1)
#a#emen# 1R
e'e i&(boo'eanVe1pI)
#a#emen# IR
e'e
#a#emen# 6R
T F
Boolean_ex
p
Statement 1 Statement 2
T F
boolean_
exp1
Statement 1
Statement 2
boolean_
exp2
Statement 2
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Ne&ted-If - T(e in%'uion o& one or more i& #a#emen# /i#(in an e1i#ing i& #a#emen#!
The ne&ted-if &t)*ct*)e ha& the fo)+M 2lo.cha)t
i&(boo'eanVe1preion1)Q
i&(boo'eanVe1preionI)
#a#emen#1R
T
e'eQ
#a#emen#IR
T
M*lti1le-Selection St)*ct*)e - I# e'e%# #(e a%#ion #o per&orm &rom many diCeren#
a%#ion!

S.itch State+ent& - >/i#%( %on#ru%# a''o/ bran%(ing on mu'#ip'e ou#%ome!

The &.itch &tate+ent ha& the fo)+O 2lo.cha)t
/i#%((/i#%(Ve1preion)Q
%ae %aeVe'e%#or1*
#a#emen# 1R
#a#emen# IR
brea@R
%ae %aeVe'e%#orI*
#a#emen# 1R
#a#emen# IR
brea@R
de&au'#*
#a#emen# 1R
#a#emen# IR
brea@R
T
4"0 P)e la# Acti%itie& <Midte)+ Pe)iod=
PRO>RAMMIN> OUTPUT
T
F
bool_ex
p1
Statement
else
end
bool_ex
p1
T
case_selector
1
Statement 1
case_selector
2
case_selector
3
T
T
break;
break;
break;
default block
statements
F
F
F
Statement 2
Statement 3
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
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Page 31
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<Deci&ion Cont)ol St)*ct*)e&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
In&t)*ction&? 7aed on #(e gi.en program egmen#) read #(e %ode and /ri#e #(e ou#pu# o& #(e
program! Ue #(e #/o aignmen# #a#emen# &or number 1 #o L!
in# 1X 4R
boo' &ound X &a'eR
1! i& (1 P 1:)
%ou#OOH1 i grea#er #(an 1:EnHR
%ou#OOHe'e%#ion a''o/ de%iion ma@ingHR
I! i& (1 P : \\ 1 O 1:)
%ou#OOH1 i in rangeEnHR
%ou#OOHT(e .a'ue o& 1 iH+1R
6! i& (1 S X4 \\ S&ound)
%ou#OOHProb'em 6 i #rueEnHR
%ou#OOHEnd o& Prob'em 6EnHR
K! i& (1 P : \\ 1 O 1:)
%ou#OOH1 i in rangeEnHR
e'e
%ou#OOH1 i no# in rangeEnHR
L! i& (1 XX 4 \\ &ound)
%ou#OOHProb'em L i #rueEnHR
e'e Q
%ou#OOHProb'em L i &a'eEnHR
%ou#OOH7o#( %ondi#ion mu# be #rueEnHR
T
%ou#OOHEnd o& Prob'em LHR
PRO>RAMMIN> OUTPUT
<Deci&ion Cont)ol St)*ct*)e&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
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Page 32
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ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
In&t)*ction&? 7aed on #(e gi.en program egmen#) read #(e %ode and /ri#e #(e ou#pu# o& #(e
program!
1! in# #empera#ure X 5<R
in# mon#( X 4R
%(ar name AB X G"a#e Ade'ineHR
i& (#empera#ure PX 5: \\ mon#( PX4)
%ou#OOHFear /(i#e (oe!EnHR
e'e i& (name XX G"a#e Ade'ineH)
%ou#OOHFear /(i#e (oe!EnHR
e'e
%ou#OOHFear b'a%@ (oe!EnHR
I! F(a# i #(e ou#pu# o& #(e program in number 1 /(en #empera#ure X 5:) mon#( X L and
name X G"ri#ineH[
6! F(a# i #(e ou#pu# o& #(e program in number 1 /(en #empera#ure X 4:) mon#( X L and
name X GDour nameH[
4"4La#o)ato)y Acti%itie& <Midte)+ Pe)iod=
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C !
<If-el&e State+ent=
Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
Technology
www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 33
of 53
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e
program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er K o& Compu#er
Programming Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
Ue i&2e'e #a#emen# #o ma@e de%iion baed on #(e #ru#( or &a'i#y o& a %ondi#ion!
Ue ari#(me#i% opera#or #o per&orm %a'%u'a#ion!
App'y #(e ue o& 9o/%(ar#ing in %++ programming!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
$ra/ a 9o/%(ar# o& a program #(a# %ompu#e #(e bonu o& #(e emp'oyee regarding #o #(eir
mon#('y a'arie and dip'ay #o#a' a'ary! <Note? Po.cha)ting .a& di&c*&&ed on the cha1te)
' of la#o)ato)y +an*al=!
Condi#ion*
I& mon#('y a'ary i grea#er #(an or e0ua' #o 1:::) bonu i 1::: bu# i& mon#('y a'ary i 'e #(an
1::: bonu i L:Z o& #(e mon#('y a'ary!
7aed on #(e 9o/%(ar# deri.e #(e 'ogi% #o %ome up /i#( #(e %orre%# program %ode!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C '
Emp'oyee Name* "a#e Ade'ine M! $aproa
>a'ary* 4:::
7onu* 1:::
To#a' >a'ary* 5:::
Emp'oyee Name* "a#e Ade'ine M! $aproa
>a'ary* L::
7onu* IL:
To#a' >a'ary* 5L:
Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
Technology
www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 34
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<If-el&e-if State+ent=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er K o& Compu#er
Programming Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
Ue i&2e'e2i& #a#emen# #o ma@e de%iion baed on #(e #ru#( or &a'i#y o& a %ondi#ion!
Ue ari#(me#i% opera#or #o per&orm %a'%u'a#ion!
Ue re'a#iona' opera#or #o %ompare .a'ue!
App'y #(e ue o& 9o/%(ar#ing in %++ programming!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
$ra/ a 9o/%(ar# o& a program #(a# /i'' %ompu#e #(e &are in #rain #ranpor#a#ion! A@ #(e uer #o
inpu# #ype o& paenger! Te# i& #(e #ype o& paenger i #ype A) 7) C! A@ #(e uer #o inpu# &are)
%a( #(en %ompu#e &or #(e %(ange! <Note? Po.cha)ting .a& di&c*&&ed on cha1te) '
of la#o)ato)y +an*al=!
Condi#ion*
2 Type A paenger i an ordinary paenger ge# :Z di%oun#!
2 Type 7 paenger i a #uden# ge# 1:Z di%oun#!
2 Type C paenger i enior %i#i-en ge# I:Z di%oun#!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
Type o& Paenger* A
Inpu# ,are* <!::
$i%oun#* No di%oun#
Ca(* 1:!::
C(ange* I!::
Type o& Paenger* 7
Inpu# ,are* <!::
$i%oun#* 1!::
Ca(* 1:!::
C(ange* 6!::
Type o& Paenger* C
Inpu# ,are* <!::
$i%oun#* I!::
Ca(* 1:!::
C(ange* K!::
Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
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Page 35
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LABORATOR ACTIBIT C 0
<S.itch State+ent=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er K o& Compu#er
Programming Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
Fri#e %ode uing /i#%( #a#emen#!
Ue re'a#iona' opera#or #o %ompare .a'ue!
App'y #(e ue o& 9o/%(ar#ing in %++ programming!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
$ra/ a 9o/%(ar# o& a program #(a# ge# a number a inpu# &rom #(e uer and ou#pu# #(e
e0ui.a'en# o& #(e number in /ord! T(e number inpu##ed (ou'd range &rom 121:! I& #(e uer
inpu# a number #(a# i no# in #(e range) ou#pu# GIn.a'id NumberH! <Note? Po.cha)ting .a&
di&c*&&ed on cha1te) ' of la#o)ato)y +an*al=!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
En#er a Number* 1
T(e Number i one
En#er a Number* 11
In.a'id Number
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
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Page 36
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L Repe#i#ion Con#ro'
>#ru%#ure

5"! O#$ecti%e&
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i #opi%) #uden# /i'' be ab'e #o*
$e#ermine #(e diCeren%e o& #(e diCeren# #ype o& repe#i#ion %on#ro' #ru%#ure!
App'y #(e %orre%# ue o& /(i'e) do2/(i'e and &or 'oop!
5"' Bac(g)o*nd
O&#en in programming one need a #a#emen# or b'o%@ o& #a#emen# #o repea# during
e1e%u#ion! T(i %an be a%%omp'i(ed uing a loo1! A 'oop i a %on#ro' #ru%#ure #(a# %aue
repe#i#ion o& %ode /i#(in a program!
C++ (a #(ree #ype o& 'oop! T(e +r# /e /i'' %onider i #(e .hile loo1) #(e /(i'e 'oop i a
1)e-te&# or to1 te&t 'oop! >in%e /e #e# #(e e1preion be&ore en#ering #(e 'oop) i& #(e #e#
e1preion in #(e /(i'e 'oop i ini#ia''y &a'e) #(en no i#era#ion o& #(e 'oop /i'' be e1e%u#ed! I&
#(e programmer /an# #(e 'oop #o be e1e%u#ed a# 'ea# on%e) #(en a 1o&t-te&t or #otto+
te&t 'oop (ou'd be ued! C++ pro.ide #(e do-.hile loo1 &or #(i purpoe! A do2/(i'e 'oop
i imi'ar #o a /(i'e 'oop e1%ep# #(a# #(e #a#emen# inide #(e 'oop body are e1e%u#ed be&ore
#(e e1preion i #e#ed! T(e fo) loo1 i o&#en ued &or app'i%a#ion #(a# re0uire a %oun#er!
5"0P)oced*)e
Ty1e& of Re1etition St)*ct*)e
3hile Loo1&
The .hile loo1 ha& the fo)+O
/(i'e(e1preion)
#a#emen#R
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
Technology
www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 37
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or
/(i'e(e1preion)Q
#a#emen# 1R
#a#emen# IR
T
Do-3hile Loo1&
The do-.hile loo1 ha& the fo)+O
do Q
#a#emen# 1R
#a#emen# IR
/(i'e(e1preion)R
2o) Loo1&
The fo) loo1 ha& the fo)+O
&or(Ini#ia'i-a#ionE1preionR LoopCondi#ionR >#epE1preion)Q
#a#emen#1R
#a#emen# IR
Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
Technology
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Page 38
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5"4 P)e la# Acti%itie& <Midte)+ Pe)iod=
CORRECT T,E CODES
<Re1etition Cont)ol St)*ct*)e&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
In&t)*ction&? $e#ermine i& #(ere i an error in ea%( o& #(e &o''o/ing program egmen#! I& #(ere
i an error) pe%i&y /(e#(er i# i a 'ogi% error or %ompi'a#ion error) %ir%'e #(e error in #(e program
and /ri#e #(e %orre%#ed %ode in #(e pa%e pro.ided be'o/!
1! /(i'e (% OX L)Q
produ%# YX %R
%++R
I! &or (y X !1R y SX 1!:R y +X !1)
%ou#OOyOOend'R
6! %oun#er X IR
do Q
%ou#OO%oun#erOOend'R
%oun#er +X IR
T F(i'e (%oun#er O 1::)R
K! ,or (1 X 1::) 1 PX 1) 1++)
%ou#OO1OOend'R
L! ,or (1 X 13R 1PX 1R 1 +X I )
%ou#OO1OOend'R
Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
Technology
www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 39
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5"5 La#o)ato)y Acti%itie& <Midte)+ Pe)iod=
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C 4
<Re1etition Cont)ol St)*ct*)e&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er L o& Compu#er
Programming Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
Ue /(i'e) do2/(i'e and &or repe#i#ion #a#emen# #o e1e%u#e #a#emen# in a program
repea#ed'y!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Crea#e a program #(a# prin# your name a (undred #ime! $o #(ree .erion o& #(i program
uing a /(i'e 'oop) a do2/(i'e 'oop and a &or 'oop!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
En#er Dour Name* "a#e Ade'ine M!
$aproa
My Name i "a#e Ade'ine M!
$aproa
The na+e
.ill #e
1)inted a
h*nd)ed
ti+e&"
Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
Technology
www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 40
of 53
4 Array

9"! O#$ecti%e&
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i #opi%) #uden# /i'' be ab'e #o*
Ue array da#a #ru%#ure #o repreen# a e# o& re'a#ed da#a i#em!
Ue array #o #ore) or# and ear%( 'i# and #ab'e o& .a'ue!
To de%'are and ini#ia'i-e array and re&er #o indi.idua' e'emen# o& array!
9"' Bac(g)o*nd
I# i poib'e #o (a.e a %o''e%#ion o& memory 'o%a#ion) a'' o& /(i%( (a.e #(e ame da#a #ype)
grouped #oge#(er under one name! >u%( a %o''e%#ion i %a''ed an a))ay! Li@e e.ery
.ariab'e) an array mu# be de+ned o #(a# #(e %ompu#er %an Greer.eH #(e appropria#e
amoun# o& memory! T(i amoun# i baed upon #(e #ype o& da#a #o be #ored and #(e number
o& 'o%a#ion! !
,o''o/ing #(e ru'e o& .ariab'e de+ni#ion) #(e da#a #ype i gi.en +r#) &o''o/ed by #(e name o&
#(e array) and #(en #(e #o#a' number o& memory 'o%a#ion en%'oed in bra%@e#! T(e number
o& memory 'o%a#ion mu# be an in#eger e1preion grea#er #(an -ero and %an be gi.en ei#(er
a a named %on#an# or a a 'i#era' %on#an#! Ea%( e'emen# o& an array) %oni#ing o& a
par#i%u'ar memory 'o%a#ion /i#(in #(e group) i a%%eed by gi.ing #(e name o& #(e array and
a poi#ion /i#( #(e array (ub%rip#)! In C++ #(e ub%rip#) ome#ime re&erred #o a inde1) i
en%'oed in 0uare bra%@e#! T(e numbering o& #(e ub%rip# a'/ay begin a# : and end
/i#( one 'e #(an #(e #o#a' number o& 'o%a#ion! Array are genera''y pro%eed inide 'oop
o #(a# #(e inpu#Wou#pu# pro%eing o& ea%( e'emen# o& #(e array %an be per&ormed /i#(
minima' #a#emen#!
9"0P)oced*)e
Decla)ing and InitialiEing an A))ay
,orm*
WW one Ndi+en&ional a))ay
O#ypeP arrayNameR
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
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Page 41
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AAt.oNdi+en&ional a))ay
O#ypeP arrayName ABbABR
E1amp'e*
AAone Ndi+en&ional a))ay
in# #empALBR
in# #empera#ure AB X Q3<) 33) 35) 34) 1::TR
AAt.oNdi+en&ional a))ay
in# myIn#Array A6B AKBR
in# a AB AB X QQ1) I) 6) KT) QL) 4) 5) <T) Q3) 1:) 11) 1ITTR
Sa+1le P)og)a+ <One-di+en&ional A))ay=
in# #empALBR
in# iR
&or(iX:R iOLR i++)Q
%ou#OOGEn#er a Tempera#ure*HR
%inPP#empAiBR T
%ou#OOend'R
&or(iX:R iOL R i++)Q
%ou#OOGTempera#ureHOO GiHOO#empAiBOOend'R
O*t1*t?
Sa+1le P)og)a+ <T.o-di+en&ional A))ay=
in# numA<BA<BR
&or(in# yX:R yO<R y++)Q
%ou#OOend'R
&or(in# 1X:R 1O<R 1++)Q
numA1BAyBX1:Y1+yR
%ou#OO1OOG)HOOyOOGXGOOnumA1BAyBOOGE#HR
O*t1*t?
Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
Technology
www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 42
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9"4 P)e la# Acti%itie& <P)e-Dnal Pe)iod=
MULTIPLE C,OICE
<Decla)ing and Mani1*lating Data into A))ay&=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
In&t)*ction&? C(ooe #(e 'e##er o& #(e %orre%# an/er! Fri#e your an/er on #(e pa%e pro.ided
be&ore ea%( number!
VVVVVV1! F(i%( o& #(e &o''o/ing de%'are an array o& in# named img[
a! in# imgR %! in# imgABR
b! in#AB imgR d! in# img X in#ABR
VVVVVVI! F(a# are #(e 'ega' inde1e &or #(e array ar) gi.en #(e &o''o/ing de%'ara#ion*
in# ar AB X QI) K) 4) < T
a! :)1)I)6 %! I)K)4)<
b! 1)I)6)K) d! :)I)K)4
VVVVVV6! F(a# i #(e ou#pu# o& #(e &o''o/ing %ode &ragmen#*
in# ar AB X QI) K) 4) < TR
%ou#OOarA:B+arA1BR
a! I )4 %! <
b! I) K d! 4
VVVVVVK! Mo/ many %omponen# are %on#ained in #(e &o''o/ing array de%'ara#ion[
doub'e .a'ue A1KBR
a! 1L %! 16
b! 1K d! 14
VVVVVVL! ,or /(i%( o& #(e &o''o/ing app'i%a#ion i an array NOT ui#ab'e*
a! Mo'ding #(e %ore on #/e'.e mid#ermJ e1am o& a %'a!
b! Mo'ding #(e name) o%ia' e%uri#y number) age) and in%ome o& one indi.idua'!
%! Mo'ding #(e #empera#ure reading #a@en e.ery (our #(roug(ou# a day!
d! Mo'ding #(e #o#a' a'e a #ore made in ea%( o& #/e'.e mon#(!
Committed to
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Page 43
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IDENTI2ICATION
<Mani1*lating Data in a T.o-Di+en&ional A))ay=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
I! In&t)*ction&? Iden#i&y #(e an/er #(a# /i'' be# de%ribe #(e &o''o/ing #a#emen#! Fri#e your
an/er on #(e pa%e pro.ided be&ore ea%( number!
1! Gi.en *
in# #a# AILB A6BR
Mo/ many %omponen# are in #(e array #a#[
I! Gi.en*
in# #a# AIBA6B X QK) K) K) 6) 1I) 1LTR
in# #o#a'Mi# X :R
&or(in# ro/ X :R ro/ O IR ro/++)
#o#a'Mi# +X #a# Aro/B A:BR
F(a# i #(e .a'ue o& #o#a'Mi#[
6! Gi.en*
in# #a# AIB A6B X QK) K) K) 6) 1I) 1LTR
in# a#7a# AIB X Q:TR

&or(in# ro/ X :R ro/ O IR ro/++)
Q
&or(in# %o'umn X :R %o'umn O 6R %o'umn++)
a#7a# Aro/B +X #a# Aro/B A%o'umnBR
%ou#OO GP'ayerH OO ro/ + 1OOH/a up #o ba#HOOa#7a#Aro/BOOH#ime! EnHR
T
F(a# i ou#pu#[

Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
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Technology
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9"5 La#o)ato)y Acti%itie& <P)e-Dnal Pe)iod=
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C !
<One-di+en&ional A))ay=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 4 o& Compu#er
Programming 1 Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
$e%'are array and pro%e ea%( array e'emen# indi.idua''y!
Ini#ia'i-e array a# de%'ara#ion!
Pro%e da#a in an array!
Ue 'ooping #ru%#ure #o manipu'a#e array e'emen#!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Crea#e a program #(a# /i'' a@ #(e uer #o inpu# I$ number and dip'ay #(e %orreponding
name and %ore! Ue an array &or I$ /(i%( %on#ain 1) I)6)K)L)array name %on#ain
T)E)$)c)O)N),)E)M)M)I)A)P)I) and array %ore 3<)31)<4)<I)3:! Ea%( I$ aigned 6 'e##er name and
%ore!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
En#er I$ Number* 1
Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
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Page 45
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LABORATOR ACTIBIT C !a
<One-di+en&ional A))ay=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 4 o& Compu#er
Programming 1 Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
$e%'are array and pro%e ea%( array e'emen# indi.idua''y!
Ini#ia'i-e array a# de%'ara#ion!
Pro%e da#a in an array!
Ue 'ooping #ru%#ure #o manipu'a#e array e'emen#!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Crea#e a program /(i%( read poi#i.e in#eger &rom #(e uer and #ore #(ee one in an array!
Uer %an en#er a ma1imum o& 1:: number! >#op #a@ing inpu# /(en uer en#er 21!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
I$ Number* 1
Name* TE$
>%ore* 3<
P'eae en#er #(e number (21 #o end
inpu#)
1
I
6
21
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
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Page 46
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LABORATOR ACTIBIT C '
<M*lti-di+en&ional A))ay=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 4 o& Compu#er
Programming 1 Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
$e%'are #/o dimeniona' array and pro%e ea%( array e'emen# indi.idua''y!
Ini#ia'i-e #/o dimeniona' array a# de%'ara#ion!
Pro%e da#a in an array!
Ue 'ooping #ru%#ure #o manipu'a#e array e'emen#!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Gi.en #(e array de%'ara#ion) in# num AIB ALB XQ Q1)5)4)L)K)T) Q6)K)L)4)5TTR %ompu#e #(e um &or
ea%( ro/ and %o'umn!
Sa+1le O*t1*t?
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
Technology
www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 47
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1 5 4 L K S*+ F
'0
6 K L 4 5 S*+ F
'5
4 !! !! !! !! S*+ F
4;
5 ,un%#ion and Re%urion

:"! O#$ecti%e&
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i #opi%) #uden# /i'' be ab'e #o*
Con#ru%# program modu'ar'y &rom &un%#ion!
Ue %ommon ma#( &un%#ion a.ai'ab'e in %++ #andard 'ibrary!
Ue re%uri.e &un%#ion!
:"' Bac(g)o*nd
,un%#ion a''o/ #(e programmer #o modu'ari-e a program by epara#ing i# #a@ in#o e'&2
%on#ained uni#! Dou (a.e ued &un%#ion in e.ery program you (a.e /ri##en! T(ee &un%#ion
are ome#ime re&erred #o a uer2de+ned &un%#ion or programmed2de+ned &un%#ion! T(e
#a#emen# in #(e &un%#ion bodie are /ri##en on'y on%e are reued &rom per(ap e.era'
'o%a#ion in a program and are (idden &rom o#(er &un%#ion!
,un%#ion i in.o@ed by a &un%#ion %a'') and /(en #(e %a''ed &un%#ion %omp'e#e i# #a@) i#
ei#(er re#urn a reu'# or imp'y re#urn %on#ro' #o #(e %a''er! An ana'ogy #o #(i program
#ru%#ure i #(e (ierar%(i%a' &orm o& managemen#! A bo imi'ar #o #(e %a''ing &un%#ion a@ a
/or@er imi'ar #o #(e %a''ed &un%#ion #o per&orm a #a@ and repor# ba%@ #(e reu'# a&#er
%omp'e#ing #(e #a@! T(e bo &un%#ion doe no# @no/ (o/ #(e /or@er &un%#ion per&orm i#
deigna#ed #a@! T(e /or@er may a'o %a'' o#(er /or@er &un%#ion) unbe@no/n# #o #(e bo!
T(i (iding o& imp'emen#a#ion de#ai' promo#e good o&#/are engineering!


:"0P)oced*)e
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
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www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 48
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Decla)e the f*nction U T(e de%'ara#ion) %a''ed #(e &un%#ion pro#o#ype) #e'' #(e %ompu#er #(e
name) re#urn #ype and parame#er o& #(e &un%#ion! T(i #a#emen# i p'a%ed a&#er
Nin%'udeOio#ream!(P and o#(er (eader and be&ore in# main(.oid)!
DeDne the f*nction U T(e &un%#ion de+ni#ion #e'' #(e %ompi'er /(a# #a@ #(e &un%#ion /i''
be per&orming! A &un%#ion de+ni#ion %anno# be %a''ed un'e #(e &un%#ion i de%'ared! T(e
&un%#ion pro#o#ype and #(e &un%#ion de+ni#ion mu# agree e1a%#'y on #(e re#urn #ype) #(e
name) and #(e parame#er! T(e on'y diCeren%e be#/een #(e &un%#ion pro#o#ype and #(e
&un%#ion (eader i a emi2%o'on! T(e &un%#ion de+ni#ion i p'a%ed a&#er #(e end o& #(e in# main
(.oid) &un%#ion!
T(e &un%#ion de+ni#ion %oni# o& #(e &un%#ion (eader and i# body! T(e (eader i e1a%#'y 'i@e
#(e &un%#ion pro#o#ype) e1%ep# #(a# i# %on#ain no #ermina#ing emi%o'on!
I& #(e &un%#ion %a'' i#e'& i# i %a''ed a )ec*)&i%e f*nction! A re%uri.e de+ni#ion i one in /(i%(
ome#(ing i de+ned a a ma''er .erion o& i#e'&! Re%urion 'i@e a 'oop #op /(en a %er#ain
%ondi#ion i me#! T(e %ondi#ion #(a# %aue #(e re%uri.e &un%#ion #o #op i %a''ed #(e bae %ae
o& #(e re%uri.e &un%#ion! In re%urion) a e# o& #a#emen# i repea#ed by (a.ing a &un%#ion %a''
i#e'&! Moreo.er) a e'e%#ion %on#ro' #ru%#ure i ued #o %on#ro' #(e repea#ed %a'' in re%urion!
Exa+1le O*t1*t
unigned 'ong &a%#oria'(unigned 'ong)R
in# main()Q
:S X 1
1S X 1
IS X I
6S X 4
KS X IK
LS X 1I:
4S X 5I:
5S X L:K:
<S X K:6I:
3S X 64I<<:
1:S X 64I<<::
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
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Page 49
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&or(in# %oun#er X :R %oun#er OX 1:R %oun#er++)
%ou#OOe#/(I) OO%oun#erOOHSXHOO&a%#oria'(%oun#er)OOend'R
re#urn :R
T
WWre%uri.e de+ni#ion o& &un%#ion &a%#oria'
unigned 'ong &a%#oria'(unigned 'ong number)
Q
i&(number OX 1)
re#urn 1R
e'e
re#urn number Y &a%#oria' (number 2 1)R
T
:"4 P)e la# Acti%itie& <2inal Pe)iod=
SENTENCE COMPLETION
<2*nction& and Rec*)&ion=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
In&t)*ction&? ,i'' in #(e miing #a#emen#! Fri#e your an/er on #(e pa%e pro.ided a&#er
ea%( number!
1! A &un%#ion i in.o@ed /i#( a VVVVVVVVVVVV!
I! A .ariab'e #(a# i @no/n on'y /i#(in #(e &un%#ion in /(i%( i# i de+ned i %a''ed a
VVVVVVVVVVVV!
6! T(e VVVVVVVVVVV#a#emen# in a %a''ed &un%#ion pae #(e .a'ue o& an e1preion ba%@ #o
#(e %a''ing &un%#ion!
K! T(e @ey/ord VVVVVVVVVVVV i ued in a &un%#ion (eader #o indi%a#e #(a# a &un%#ion doe no#
re#urn a .a'ue or #o indi%a#e #(a# a &un%#ion %on#ain no parame#er!
L!5! T(e #(ree /ay #o re#urn %on#ro' &rom a %a''ed &un%#ion #o a %a''er are VVVVVVVV)
VVVVVVV and VVVVVVVV!
<!3! A re%uri.e &un%#ion #ypi%a''y (a #/o %omponen#* One #(a# pro.ide a mean &or
#(e re%urion #o #ermina#e by #e#ing &or a VVVVVVVV %ae and one #(a# e1pree #(e
prob'em a a re%uri.e %a'' &or 'ig(#'y imp'er prob'em #(an #(e origina' %a''!
Committed to
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1:! In %++) i# i poib'e #o (a.e .ariou &un%#ion /i#( #(e ame name #(a# opera#e on
diCeren# #ype or number o& argumen#! T(i i %a''ed &un%#ion VVVVVVVVVVV!
:"5 La#o)ato)y Acti%itie& <2inal Pe)iod=
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C !
<U&e)-deDned f*nction=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 5 o& Compu#er
Programming 1 Manua'!
Committed to
Excellence !
COMPUTER STUDIES
National College of Science and
Technology
www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 51
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A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
$eign a program /i#( uer2de+ned .a'ue2re#urning &un%#ion /i#( and /i#(ou#
parame#er!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Crea#e a program #(a# inpu# a erie o& in#eger and pae #(em one a# a #ime #o &un%#ion
e.en) /(i%( ue #(e modu'u opera#or #o de#ermine /(e#(er an in#eger i e.en! T(e &un%#ion
(ou'd #a@e an in#eger argumen# and re#urn #rue i& #(e in#eger i e.en and &a'e o#(er/ie!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C '
<Math f*nction=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 5 o& Compu#er
Programming 1 Manua'!
En#er an in#eger* <
< i an e.en in#eger
En#er an in#eger* 6
6 i an odd in#eger
En#er an in#eger* 33
33 i an odd in#eger
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
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A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
Ue %ommon ma#( &un%#ion a.ai'ab'e in %++ #andard 'ibrary!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
A par@ing garage %(arge I!:: peo minimum &ee #o par@ &or up #o #(ree (our! T(e garage
%(arge an addi#iona' :!L: %en#a.o per (our &or ea%( (our or par# #(ereo& in e1%e o& #(ree
(our! T(e ma1imum %(arge &or any gi.en IK (our period i 1:!:: peo! Aume #(a# no %ar
par@ &or 'onger #(an IK (our a# a #ime! Crea#e a program #(a# %a'%u'a#e and prin# #(e par@ing
%(arge &or ea%( o& #(ree %u#omer /(o par@ed #(eir %ar in #(i garage ye#erday! Dou (ou'd
en#er #(e (our par@ed &or ea%( %u#omer! Dour program (ou'd prin# #(e reu'# and (ou'd
%a'%u'a#e and prin# #(e #o#a' o& ye#erdayJ re%eip#! T(e program (ou'd ue #(e &un%#ion
%a'%u'a#eC(arge #o de#ermine #(e %(arge &or ea%( %u#omer!
Sa+1le O*t1*t
LABORATOR ACTIBIT C 0
<Rec*)&i%e f*nction=
Na+e? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Date?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ea)ASec? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sco)e?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
T(i prob'em i in#ended #o be o'.ed in a %'oed2'ab eion /i#( a #ea%(ing ai#an# or
in#ru%#or preen#! T(e prob'em i di.ided in#o #(ree par#*
1! Lab Ob?e%#i.e!
I! $e%rip#ion o& #(e Prob'em!
6! >amp'e Ou#pu#!
Read #(e prob'em de%rip#ion and e1amine #(e amp'e ou#pu#R #(en #udy #(e #emp'a#e %ode!
Compi'e and e1e%u#e #(e program! Compare your ou#pu# /i#( #(e amp'e ou#pu# pro.ided!
Car Mour C(arge
1 1!L I!::
I K!: I!L:
6 IK!: 1:!::
TOTAL I3!L 1K!L:
Committed to
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COMPUTER STUDIES
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Technology
www.ncst.edu.ph
Page 53
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La# O#$ecti%e&
T(i 'ab /a deigned #o rein&or%e programming %on%ep# &rom C(ap#er 5 o& Compu#er
Programming 1 Manua'!
A&#er %omp'e#ing #(i a%#i.i#y you /i'' be ab'e #o*
$eign an a'gori#(m #o ue a re%uri.e &un%#ion!
Ue a re%uri.e &un%#ion &or in#egra' pro%eing!
De&c)i1tion of the P)o#le+
Crea#e a program #(a# /i'' ue a re%uri.e &un%#ion po/er (bae) e1ponen#) #(a#) /(en in.o@ed)
re#urn bae e1ponen#!
,or e1amp'e) po/er (6) K) X 6Y6Y6Y6! Aume #(a# e1ponen# i an in#eger grea#er #(an or e0ua'
#o 1!
T(e re%uri.e #ep /ou'd ue #(e re'a#ion(ip
and #(e #ermina#ing %ondi#ion o%%ur /(en e1ponen# i e0ua' #o 1) be%aue
Sa+1le O*t1*t
En#er a bae and an e1ponen#* 6
K
6 raied #o #(e K i <1