Process area (CMMI)

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The latest version of Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)--CMMI for Development,
Version 1.2contains 22 Process Areas that describe the aspects of product development that
are to be covered by organizational processes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Process Area Organization
2 Maturity Levels
3 Goals and Practices
o 3.1 Generic Goals and Practices
4 Process Areas
o 4.1 Causal Analysis and Resolution (CAR)
o 4.2 Configuration Management (CM)
o 4.3 Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR)
o 4.4 Integrated Project Management +IPPD (IPM)
o 4.5 Measurement and Analysis (MA)
o 4.6 Organizational Innovation and Deployment (OID)
o 4.7 Organizational Process Definition +IPPD (OPD)
o 4.8 Organizational Process Focus (OPF)
o 4.9 Organizational Process Performance (OPP)
o 4.10 Organizational Training (OT)
o 4.11 Product Integration (PI)
o 4.12 Project Monitoring and Control (PMC)
o 4.13 Project Planning (PP)
o 4.14 Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA)
o 4.15 Quantitative Project Management (QPM)
o 4.16 Requirements Development (RD)
o 4.17 Requirements Management (REQM)
o 4.18 Risk Management (RSKM)
o 4.19 Supplier Agreement Management (SAM)
o 4.20 Technical Solution (TS)
o 4.21 Validation (VAL)
o 4.22 Verification (VER)
5 Changes made in Version 1.2
6 References
7 Further reading
[edit] Process Area Organization
In CMMI models, the process areas are organized in alphabetical order according to their
acronym. However, process areas can be grouped according to maturity levels or process area
categories.
[edit] Maturity Levels
There are Five maturity levels. However, maturity level ratings are awarded for levels 2 through
5.
Maturity Level 2 - Managed
CM - Configuration Management
MA - Measurement and Analysis
PMC - Project Monitoring and Control
PP - Project Planning
PPQA - Process and Product Quality Assurance
REQM - Requirements Management
SAM - Supplier Agreement Management
Maturity Level 3 - Defined
DAR - Decision Analysis and Resolution
IPM - Integrated Project Management +IPPD
OPD - Organizational Process Definition +IPPD
OPF - Organizational Process Focus
OT - Organizational Training
PI - Product Integration
RD - Requirements Development
RSKM - Risk Management
TS - Technical Solution
VAL - Validation
VER - Verification
Maturity Level 4 - Quantitatively Managed
QPM - Quantitative Project Management
OPP - Organizational Process Performance
Maturity Level 5 - Optimizing
CAR - Causal Analysis and Resolution
OID - Organizational Innovation and Deployment
[edit] Goals and Practices
There are two categories of goals and practices: generic and specific. Specific goals and practices
are specific to a process area. Generic goals and practices are a part of every process area. A
process area is satisfied when organizational processes cover all of the generic and specific goals
and practices for that process area.
[edit] Generic Goals and Practices
Generic goals and practices are a part of every process area.
GG 1 Achieve Specific Goals
o GP 1.1 Perform Specific Practices
GG 2 Institutionalize a Managed Process
o GP 2.1 Establish an Organizational Policy
o GP 2.2 Plan the Process
o GP 2.3 Provide Resources
o GP 2.4 Assign Responsibility
o GP 2.5 Train People
o GP 2.6 Manage Configurations
o GP 2.7 Identify and Involve Relevant Stakeholders
o GP 2.8 Monitor and Control the Process
o GP 2.9 Objectively Evaluate Adherence
o GP 2.10 Review Status with Higher Level Management
GG 3 Institutionalize a Defined Process
o GP 3.1 Establish a Defined Process
o GP 3.2 Collect Improvement Information
GG 4 Institutionalize a Quantitatively Managed Process
o GP 4.1 Establish Quantitative Objectives for the Process
o GP 4.2 Stabilise Subprocess Performance
GG 5 Institutionalize an Optimizing Process
o GP 5.1 Ensure Continuous Process Improvement
o GP 5.2 Correct Root Causes of Problems
Specific Goals and Practices
Each process area is defined by a set of goals and practices. These goals and practices appear
only in that process area.
[edit] Process Areas
CMMI for Development, Version 1.2 contains 22 process areas indicating the aspects of
product and service development that are to be covered by organizational processes.
[edit] Causal Analysis and Resolution (CAR)
A Support process area at Maturity Level 5
Purpose
The purpose of Causal Analysis and Resolution (CAR) is to identify causes of defects and
other problems and take action to prevent them from occurring in the future.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Determine Causes of Defects
o SP 1.1 Select Defect Data for Analysis
o SP 1.2 Analyze Causes
SG 2 Address Causes of Defects
o SP 2.1 Implement the Action Proposals
o SP 2.2 Evaluate the Effect of Changes
o SP 2.3 Record Data
Generic Practices by Goal
GG 1 Achieve Specific Goals
o GP 1.1 Perform Specific Practices
GG 2 Institutionalize a Managed Process
o GP 2.1 Establish an Organizational Policy
o GP 2.2 Plan the Process
o GP 2.3 Provide Resources
o GP 2.4 Assign Responsibility
o GP 2.5 Train People
o GP 2.6 Manage Configurations
o GP 2.7 Identify and Involve Relevant Stakeholders
o GP 2.8 Monitor and Control the Process
o GP 2.9 Objectively Evaluate Adherence
o GP 2.10 Review Status with Higher Level Management
GG 3 Institutionalize a Defined Process
o GP 3.1 Establish a Defined Process
o GP 3.2 Collect Improvement Information
GG 4 Institutionalize a Quantitatively Managed Process
o GP 4.1 Establish Quantitative Objectives for the Process
GP 4.2 Stabilize Subprocess Performance
GG 5 Institutionalize an Optimizing Process
o GP 5.1 Ensure Continuous Process Improvement
o GP 5.2 Correct Root Causes of Problems
[edit] Configuration Management (CM)
A Support process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Configuration Management (CM) is to establish and maintain the integrity of
work products using configuration identification, configuration control, configuration status
accounting, and configuration audits.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Establish Baselines
o SP 1.1 Identify Configuration Items
o SP 1.2 Establish a Configuration Management System
o SP 1.3 Create or Release Baselines
SG 2 Track and Control Changes
o SP 2.1 Track Change Requests
o SP 2.2 Control Configuration Items
SG 3 Establish Integrity
o SP 3.1 Establish Configuration Management Records
o SP 3.2 Perform Configuration Audits
[edit] Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR)
A Support process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) is to analyze possible decisions using
a formal evaluation process that evaluates identified alternatives against established criteria.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Evaluate Alternatives
o SP 1.1 Establish Guidelines for Decision Analysis
o SP 1.2 Establish Evaluation Criteria
o SP 1.3 Identify Alternative Solutions
o SP 1.4 Select Evaluation Methods
o SP 1.5 Evaluate Alternatives
o SP 1.6 Select Solutions
[edit] Integrated Project Management +IPPD (IPM)
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Integrated Project Management +IPPD (IPM) is to establish and manage the
project and the involvement of the relevant stakeholders according to an integrated and defined
process that is tailored from the organization's set of standard processes.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Use the Project's Defined Process
o SP 1.1 Establish the Project's Defined Process
o SP 1.2 Use Organizational Process Assets for Planning Project Activities
o SP 1.3 Establish the Project's Work Environment
o SP 1.4 Integrate Plans
o SP 1.5 Manage the Project Using the Integrated Plans
o SP 1.6 Contribute to the Organizational Process Assets
SG 2 Coordinate and Collaborate with Relevant Stakeholders
o SP 2.1 Manage Stakeholder Involvement
o SP 2.2 Manage Dependencies
o SP 2.3 Resolve Coordination Issues
IPPD Addition:
SG 3 Apply IPPD Principles
o SP 3.1 Establish the Projects Shared Vision
o SP 3.2 Establish the Integrated Team Structure
o SP 3.3 Allocate Requirements to Integrated Teams
o SP 3.4 Establish Integrated Teams
o SP 3.5 Ensure Collaboration among Interfacing Teams
[edit] Measurement and Analysis (MA)
A Support process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Measurement and Analysis (MA) is to develop and sustain a measurement
capability that is used to support management information needs.
Specific Practices by Goal
'SG 1 Align Measurement and Analysis Activities'
o SP 1.1 Establish Measurement Objectives
Resources,People,Facilities and Techniques.

o SP 1.2 Specify Measures
Information Needs Document,Guidance,Reference and Reporting.

o SP 1.3 Specify Data Collection and Storage Procedures
Sources,Methods,Frequency and Owners.

o SP 1.4 Specify Analysis Procedures
Rules,Alarms,SPC and Variance.
SG 2 Provide Measurement Results
o SP 2.1 Collect Measurement Data
Actual,Plan,Automatic and Manual.

o SP 2.2 Analyze Measurement Data
Evaluate,Drill Down,RCA.

o SP 2.3 Store Data and Results
Store,Secure,Accessible,History and Evidence.

o SP 2.4 Communicate Results
Information Sharing,Dash Boards,Up to Date,Simple and Interpret.
[edit] Organizational Innovation and Deployment (OID)
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 5
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Innovation and Deployment (OID) is to select and deploy
incremental and innovative improvements that measurably improve the organization's processes
and technologies. The improvements support the organization's quality and process-performance
objectives as derived from the organization's business objectives.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Select Improvements
o SP 1.1 Collect and Analyze Improvement Proposals
o SP 1.2 Identify and Analyze Innovations
o SP 1.3 Pilot Improvements
o SP 1.4 Select Improvements for Deployment
SG 2 Deploy Improvements
o SP 2.1 Plan the Deployment
o SP 2.2 Manage the Deployment
o SP 2.3 Measure Improvement Effects
[edit] Organizational Process Definition +IPPD (OPD)
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Process Definition +IPPD (OPD) is to establish and maintain a
usable set of organizational process assets and work environment standards. For IPPD,
Organizational Process Definition +IPPD also covers the establishment of organizational rules
and guidelines that enable conducting work using integrated teams.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Establish Organizational Process Assets
o SP 1.1 Establish Standard Processes
o SP 1.2 Establish Lifecycle Model Descriptions
o SP 1.3 Establish Tailoring Criteria and Guidelines
o SP 1.4 Establish the Organization's Measurement Repository
o SP 1.5 Establish the Organization's Process Asset Library
o SP 1.6 Establish Work Environment Standards
IPPD Addition:
SG 2 Enable IPPD Management
o SP 2.1 Establish Empowerment Mechanisms
o SP 2.2 Establish Rules and Guidelines for Integrated Teams
o SP 2.3 Balance Team and Home Organization Responsibilities
[edit] Organizational Process Focus (OPF)
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Process Focus (OPF) is to plan, implement, and deploy
organizational process improvements based on a thorough understanding of the current strengths
and weaknesses of the organization's processes and process assets.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Determine Process Improvement Opportunities
o SP 1.1 Establish Organizational Process Needs
o SP 1.2 Appraise the Organization's Processes
o SP 1.3 Identify the Organization's Process Improvements
SG 2 Plan and Implement Process Improvements
o SP 2.1 Establish Process Action Plans
o SP 2.2 Implement Process Action Plans
SG 3 Deploy Organizational Process Assets and Incorporate Lessons Learned
o SP 3.1 Deploy Organizational Process Assets
o SP 3.2 Deploy Standard Processes
o SP 3.3 Monitor Implementation
o SP 3.4 Incorporate Process-Related Experiences into the Organizational Process
Assets
[edit] Organizational Process Performance (OPP)
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 4
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Process Performance (OPP) is to establish and maintain a
quantitative understanding of the performance of the organization's set of standard processes in
support of quality and process-performance objectives, and to provide the process-performance
data, baselines, and models to quantitatively manage the organization's projects.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Establish Performance Baselines and Models
o SP 1.1 Select Processes
o SP 1.2 Establish Process-Performance Measures
o SP 1.3 Establish Quality and Process-Performance Objectives
o SP 1.4 Establish Process-Performance Baselines
o SP 1.5 Establish Process-Performance Models
[edit] Organizational Training (OT)
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Training (OT) is to develop the skills and knowledge of people
so they can perform their roles effectively and efficiently.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Establish an Organizational Training Capability
o SP 1.1 Establish the Strategic Training Needs
o SP 1.2 Determine Which Training Needs Are the Responsibility of the
Organization
o SP 1.3 Establish an Organizational Training Tactical Plan
o SP 1.4 Establish Training Capability
SG 2 Provide Necessary Training
o SP 2.1 Deliver Training
o SP 2.2 Establish Training Records
o SP 2.3 Assess Training Effectiveness
[edit] Product Integration (PI)
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Product Integration (PI) is to assemble the product from the product
components, ensure that the product, as integrated, functions properly, and deliver the product.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Prepare for Product Integration
o SP 1.1 Determine Integration Sequence
o SP 1.2 Establish the Product Integration Environment
o SP 1.3 Establish Product Integration Procedures and Criteria
SG 2 Ensure Interface Compatibility
o SP 2.1 Review Interface Descriptions for Completeness
o SP 2.2 Manage Interfaces
SG 3 Assemble Product Components and Deliver the Product
o SP 3.1 Confirm Readiness of Product Components for Integration
o SP 3.2 Assemble Product Components
o SP 3.3 Evaluate Assembled Product Components
o SP 3.4 Package and Deliver the Product or Product Component
[edit] Project Monitoring and Control (PMC)
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Project Monitoring and Control (PMC) is to provide an understanding of the
project's progress so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken when the project's
performance deviates significantly from the plan.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Monitor Project Against Plan
o SP 1.1 Monitor Project Planning Parameters
o SP 1.2 Monitor Commitments
o SP 1.3 Monitor Project Risks
o SP 1.4 Monitor Data Management
o SP 1.5 Monitor Stakeholder Involvement
o SP 1.6 Conduct Progress Reviews
o SP 1.7 Conduct Milestone Reviews
SG 2 Manage Corrective Action to Closure
o SP 2.1 Analyze Issues
o SP 2.2 Take Corrective Action
o SP 2.3 Manage Corrective Action
[edit] Project Planning (PP)
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Project Planning (PP) is to establish and maintain plans that define project
activities.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Establish Estimates
o SP 1.1 Estimate the Scope of the Project
o SP 1.2 Establish Estimates of Work Product and Task Attributes
o SP 1.3 Define Project Lifecycle
o SP 1.4 Determine Estimates of Effort and Cost
SG 2 Develop a Project Plan
o SP 2.1 Establish the Budget and Schedule
o SP 2.2 Identify Project Risks
o SP 2.3 Plan for Data Management
o SP 2.4 Plan for Project Resources
o SP 2.5 Plan for Needed Knowledge and Skills
o SP 2.6 Plan Stakeholder Involvement
o SP 2.7 Establish the Project Plan
SG 3 Obtain Commitment to the Plan
o SP 3.1 Review Plans that Affect the Project
o SP 3.2 Reconcile Work and Resource Levels
o SP 3.3 Obtain Plan Commitment
[edit] Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA)
A Support process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA) is to provide staff and
management with objective insight into processes and associated work products.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Objectively Evaluate Processes and Work Products
o SP 1.1 Objectively Evaluate Processes
o SP 1.2 Objectively Evaluate Work Products and Services
SG 2 Provide Objective Insight
o SP 2.1 Communicate and Ensure Resolution of Noncompliance Issues
o SP 2.2 Establish Records
[edit] Quantitative Project Management (QPM)
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 4
Purpose
The purpose of the Quantitative Project Management (QPM) process area is to quantitatively
manage the project's defined process to achieve the project's established quality and process-
performance objectives.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Quantitatively Manage the Project
o SP 1.1 Establish the Project's Objectives
o SP 1.2 Compose the Defined Processes
o SP 1.3 Select the Subprocesses that Will Be Statistically Managed
o SP 1.4 Manage Project Performance
SG 2 Statistically Manage Subprocess Performance
o SP 2.1 Select Measures and Analytic Techniques
o SP 2.2 Apply Statistical Methods to Understand Variation
o SP 2.3 Monitor Performance of the Selected Subprocesses
o SP 2.4 Record Statistical Management Data
[edit] Requirements Development (RD)
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3.
Purpose
The purpose of Requirements Development (RD) is to produce and analyze customer, product,
and product component requirements.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Develop Customer Requirements
o SP 1.1 Elicit Needs
o SP 1.2 Develop the Customer Requirements
SG 2 Develop Product Requirements
o SP 2.1 Establish Product and Product Component Requirements
o SP 2.2 Allocate Product Component Requirements
o SP 2.3 Identify Interface Requirements
SG 3 Analyze and Validate Requirements
o SP 3.1 Establish Operational Concepts and Scenarios
o SP 3.2 Establish a Definition of Required Functionality
o SP 3.3 Analyze Requirements
o SP 3.4 Analyze Requirements to Achieve Balance
o SP 3.5 Validate Requirements
[edit] Requirements Management (REQM)
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Requirements Management (REQM) is to manage the requirements of the
project's products and product components and to identify inconsistencies between those
requirements and the project's plans and work products.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Manage Requirements
o SP 1.1 Obtain an Understanding of Requirements
o SP 1.2 Obtain Commitment to Requirements
o SP 1.3 Manage Requirements Changes
o SP 1.4 Maintain Bidirectional Traceability of Requirements
o SP 1.5 Identify Inconsistencies Between Project Work and Requirements
[edit] Risk Management (RSKM)
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Risk Management (RSKM) is to identify potential problems before they occur
so that risk-handling activities can be planned and invoked as needed across the life of the
product or project to mitigate adverse impacts on achieving objectives.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Prepare for Risk Management
o SP 1.1 Determine Risk Sources and Categories
o SP 1.2 Define Risk Parameters
o SP 1.3 Establish a Risk Management Strategy
SG 2 Identify and Analyze Risks
o SP 2.1 Identify Risks
o SP 2.2 Evaluate, Categorize, and Prioritize Risks
SG 3 Mitigate Risks
o SP 3.1 Develop Risk Mitigation Plans
o SP 3.2 Implement Risk Mitigation Plans
[edit] Supplier Agreement Management (SAM)
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Supplier Agreement Management (SAM) is to manage the acquisition of
products from suppliers.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Establish Supplier Agreements
o SP 1.1 Determine Acquisition Type
o SP 1.2 Select Suppliers
o SP 1.3 Establish Supplier Agreements
SG 2 Satisfy Supplier Agreements
o SP 2.1 Execute the Supplier Agreement
o SP 2.2 Monitor Selected Supplier Processes
o SP 2.3 Evaluate Selected Supplier Work Products
o SP 2.4 Accept the Acquired Product
o SP 2.5 Transition Products
[edit] Technical Solution (TS)
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Technical Solution (TS) is to design, develop, and implement solutions to
requirements. Solutions, designs, and implementations encompass products, product
components, and product-related lifecycle processes either singly or in combination as
appropriate.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Select Product Component Solutions
o SP 1.1 Develop Alternative Solutions and Selection Criteria
o SP 1.2 Select Product Component Solutions
SG 2 Develop the Design
o SP 2.1 Design the Product or Product Component
o SP 2.2 Establish a Technical Data Package
o SP 2.3 Design Interfaces Using Criteria
o SP 2.4 Perform Make, Buy, or Reuse Analyses
SG 3 Implement the Product Design
o SP 3.1 Implement the Design
o SP 3.2 Develop Product Support Documentation
[edit] Validation (VAL)
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Validation (VAL) is to demonstrate that a product or product component fulfills
its intended use when placed in its intended environment.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Prepare for Validation
o SP 1.1 Select Products for Validation
o SP 1.2 Establish the Validation Environment
o SP 1.3 Establish Validation Procedures and Criteria
SG 2 Validate Product or Product Components
o SP 2.1 Perform Validation
o SP 2.2 Analyze Validation Results
[edit] Verification (VER)
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Verification (VER) is to ensure that selected work products meet their specified
requirements.
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Prepare for Verification
o SP 1.1 Select Work Products for Verification
o SP 1.2 Establish the Verification Environment
o SP 1.3 Establish Verification Procedures and Criteria
SG 2 Perform Peer Reviews
o SP 2.1 Prepare for Peer Reviews
o SP 2.2 Conduct Peer Reviews
o SP 2.3 Analyze Peer Review Data
SG 3 Verify Selected Work Products
o SP 3.1 Perform Verification
o SP 3.2 Analyze Verification Results
[edit] Changes made in Version 1.2
Only changes made to the set of Process Areas are considered here. For more information about
the changes made to Version 1.2, see the Version 1.2 Release Notes or for the definitive list of
changes, take the CMMI Version 1.2 Upgrade Training.
The following Process Areas have been removed (all on Maturity Level 3):
o Organisational Environment for Integration (OEI)
o Integrated Teaming (IT)
o Integrated Supplier Management (ISM)
The following additions have been made within existing Process Areas:
o IPM SG3 and SG4 were eliminated, new SG3 was added (as an IPPD addition)
o OPD SG2 was added (as an IPPD addition)
o OPF two SPs were extracted from the old SG3 and combined with two new SPs
to create the new SG3
o REQD SP3.5 was renamed Validate Requirements
o SAM SP2.1 was eliminated, two new SPs added in SG2
o TS SP1.2 was incorporated into RD SP 3.1
o VER SP3.2 was renamed Analyze Verification Results
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