S Domain Analysis The Laplace Transform The Laplace Transform of a function, f(t), is defined as; }
= = 0 ) ( ) ( )] ( [ dt e t f s F t f L st The Inverse Laplace Transform is defined by } +
= = j j ts ds e s F j t f s F L o o t ) ( 2 1 ) ( )] ( [ 1 2 The Laplace Transform An important point to remember: ) ( ) ( s F t f The above is a statement that f(t) and F(s) are transform pairs. What this means is that for each f(t) there is a unique F(s) and for each F(s) there is a unique f(t). If we can remember the Pair relationships between approximately 10 of the Laplace transform pairs we can go a long way. 3 The Laplace Transform Laplace Transform of the unit step. | 0 0 1 1 )] ( [
}
= = st st e s dt e t u L s t u L 1 )] ( [ = The Laplace Transform of a unit step is: s 1 4 The Laplace Transform Time Differentiation: Making the previous substitutions gives, | | } }
+ = = (
0 0 0 ) ( ) 0 ( 0 ) ( ) ( | dt e t f s f dt se t f e t f dt df L st st st So we have shown: ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( f s sF dt t df L = (
5 The Laplace Transform Final Value Theorem: If the function f(t) and its first derivative are Laplace transformable and f(t) has the Laplace transform F(s), and the exists, then ) ( lim s sF s ) ( ) ( lim ) ( lim = = f t f s sF 0 s t Again, the utility of this theorem lies in not having to take the inverse of F(s) in order to find out the final value of f(t) in the time domain. This is particularly useful in circuits and systems. 6 Circuit Element Modeling in S Domain 1.0 Energy Sources 7 i(t) I(s) + _ + _ v(t) V(s) 2.0 Resistance Time Domain Complex Frequency Domain 8 3.0 Inductor ( ) di(t) v t =L L dt L [V L (t)] = V L (S) Mesh-Current Model Nodal-Analysis Model 9 4.0 Capacitor 1 ( ) ( ) (0) 0 t v t i t dt v c c C = + } 10 Circuit Analysis in the S Domain 11 Summary 12 Example Find vo(t) in the circuit, assuming zero initial conditions 13 Solution 14 The Transfer function The transfer function is a key concept in signal processing because it indicates how a signal is processed as it passes through a network. It is a fitting tool for finding the network response, determining (or designing for) network stability, and network synthesis. The transfer function of a network describes how the output behaves in respect to the input. It specifies the transfer from the input to the output in the s domain, assuming no initial energy.
15 The Transfer function The transfer function is also known as the network function.
there are four possible transfer functions:
16 Application Determine the Transfer Function H(s) = Vo(s)/Io(s) of the circuit 17 Application find: (a) the transfer function H(s) = Vo/Vi , (b) the response when vi (t) =u(t) V
18 (b) 19 SINUSOIDAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS ) cos( 0 u e + t B ( ) ) ( cos | ) ( | 0 e u e e j H t j H B Z + + ) (s H Circuit represented by network function 20 Application solution a) Calculate the transfer function Vo/Vi b) if V i = 2cost(400t) V, what is the steady state expression of Vo. 21 Thats all Folks ! 22
