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Formula Sheet: PS+QR Qs

1. The document provides formulas for factoring polynomials, exponent rules, the quadratic formula, properties of points and lines, equations of circles, definitions of average rate of change and functions, properties of quadratic and polynomial functions, and exponential and logarithmic rules. 2. Key formulas include those for factoring polynomials, the quadratic formula, distance and slope formulas for lines, the equation of a circle, definitions of average rate of change and the vertex of a parabola. 3. Theorems are stated for the division algorithm, rational zeros of polynomials, the intermediate value theorem, and the remainder theorem. Rules are given for exponents, logarithms, and their inverses.

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TsehayMegersa
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61 views4 pages

Formula Sheet: PS+QR Qs

1. The document provides formulas for factoring polynomials, exponent rules, the quadratic formula, properties of points and lines, equations of circles, definitions of average rate of change and functions, properties of quadratic and polynomial functions, and exponential and logarithmic rules. 2. Key formulas include those for factoring polynomials, the quadratic formula, distance and slope formulas for lines, the equation of a circle, definitions of average rate of change and the vertex of a parabola. 3. Theorems are stated for the division algorithm, rational zeros of polynomials, the intermediate value theorem, and the remainder theorem. Rules are given for exponents, logarithms, and their inverses.

Uploaded by

TsehayMegersa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Formula Sheet

1 Factoring Formulas
For any real numbers a and b,
(a +b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab +b
2
Square of a Sum
(a b)
2
= a
2
2ab +b
2
Square of a Dierence
a
2
b
2
= (a b)(a +b) Dierence of Squares
a
3
b
3
= (a b)(a
2
+ab +b
2
) Dierence of Cubes
a
3
+b
3
= (a +b)(a
2
ab +b
2
) Sum of Cubes
2 Exponentiation Rules
For any real numbers a and b, and any rational numbers
p
q
and
r
s
,
a
p/q
a
r/s
= a
p/q+r/s
Product Rule
= a
ps+qr
qs
a
p/q
a
r/s
= a
p/qr/s
Quotient Rule
= a
psqr
qs
(a
p/q
)
r/s
= a
pr/qs
Power of a Power Rule
(ab)
p/q
= a
p/q
b
p/q
Power of a Product Rule

a
b

p/q
=
a
p/q
b
p/q
Power of a Quotient Rule
a
0
= 1 Zero Exponent
a
p/q
=
1
a
p/q
Negative Exponents
1
a
p/q
= a
p/q
Negative Exponents
Remember, there are dierent notations:
q

a = a
1/q
q

a
p
= a
p/q
= (a
1/q
)
p
1
3 Quadratic Formula
Finally, the quadratic formula: if a, b and c are real numbers, then the quadratic polynomial
equation
ax
2
+bx +c = 0 (3.1)
has (either one or two) solutions
x =
b

b
2
4ac
2a
(3.2)
4 Points and Lines
Given two points in the plane,
P = (x
1
, y
1
), Q = (x
2
, y
2
)
you can obtain the following information:
1. The distance between them, d(P, Q) =

(x
2
x
1
)
2
+ (y
2
y
1
)
2
.
2. The coordinates of the midpoint between them, M =

x
1
+x
2
2
,
y
1
+y
2
2

.
3. The slope of the line through them, m =
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
=
rise
run
.
Lines can be represented in three dierent ways:
Standard Form ax +by = c
Slope-Intercept Form y = mx +b
Point-Slope Form y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
where a, b, c are real numbers, m is the slope, b (dierent from the standard form b) is the y-intercept,
and (x
1
, y
1
) is any xed point on the line.
5 Circles
A circle, sometimes denoted

, is by denition the set of all points X := (x, y) a xed distance r,
called the radius, from another given point C = (h, k), called the center of the circle,

def
= {X | d(X, C) = r} (5.1)
Using the distance formula and the square root property, d(X, C) = r d(X, C)
2
= r
2
, we see
that this is precisely

def
= {(x, y) | (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
} (5.2)
which gives the familiar equation for a circle.
2
6 Functions
If A and B are subsets of the real numbers R and f : A B is a function, then the average rate
of change of f as x varies between x
1
and x
2
is the quotient
average rate of change =
y
x
=
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
=
f(x
2
) f(x
1
)
x
2
x
1
(6.1)
Its a linear approximation of the behavior of f between the points x
1
and x
2
.
7 Quadratic Functions
The quadratic function (aka the parabola function or the square function)
f(x) = ax
2
+bx +c (7.1)
can always be written in the form
f(x) = a(x h)
2
+k (7.2)
where V = (h, k) is the coordinate of the vertex of the parabola, and further
V = (h, k) =

b
2a
, f

b
2a

(7.3)
That is h =
b
2a
and k = f(
b
2a
).
8 Polynomial Division
Here are the theorems you need to know:
Theorem 8.1 (Division Algorithm) Let p(x) and d(x) be any two nonzero real polynomials.
There there exist unique polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = d(x)q(x) +r(x)
or
p(x)
d(x)
= q(x) +
r(x)
d(x)
where 0 deg(r(x)) < deg(d(x))
Here p(x) is called the dividend, d(x) the divisor, q(x) the quotient, and r(x) the remainder.
Theorem 8.2 (Rational Zeros Theorem) Let f(x) = a
n
x
2
+ a
n1
x
n1
+ + a
1
x + a
0
be a
real polynomial with integer coecients a
i
(that is a
i
Z). If a rational number p/q is a root, or
zero, of f(x), then
p divides a
0
and q divides a
n

3
Theorem 8.3 (Intermediate Value Theorem) Let f(x) be a real polynomial. If there are real
numbers a < b such that f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs, i.e. one of the following holds
f(a) < 0 < f(b)
f(a) > 0 > f(b)
then there is at least one number c, a < c < b, such that f(c) = 0. That is, f(x) has a root in the
interval (a, b).
Theorem 8.4 (Remainder Theorem) If a real polynomial p(x) is divided by (x c) with the
result that
p(x) = (x c)q(x) +r
(r is a number, i.e. a degree 0 polynomial, by the division algorithm mentioned above), then
r = p(c)
9 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
First, the all important correspondence
y = a
x
log
a
(y) = x (9.1)
which is merely a statement that a
x
and log
a
(y) are inverses of each other.
Then, we have the rules these functions obey: For all real numbers x and y
a
x+y
= a
x
a
y
(9.2)
a
xy
=
a
x
a
y
(9.3)
a
0
= 1 (9.4)
and for all positive real numbers M and N
log
a
(MN) = log
a
(M) + log
a
(N) (9.5)
log
a

M
N

= log
a
(M) log
a
(N) (9.6)
log
a
(1) = 0 (9.7)
log
a
(M
N
) = N log
a
(M) (9.8)
4

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