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American University of Sharjah: Sadikujjaman Bachu 45254 Muhammad Umar 44734 Muhammad Owais 43804

1. This document describes an experiment conducted to verify Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws using basic electrical components and measurement devices. Resistors of unknown values were measured and calculations were made to determine accuracy. 2. Simple circuits were constructed in series and parallel configurations. Voltage and current measurements at varying levels were recorded and used to calculate resistances. Graphs were plotted to verify linear relationships as predicted by Ohm's Law. 3. Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws were tested on additional circuits. Voltage sums around loops and current sums at nodes were calculated and found to be approximately zero, validating the laws.

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98 views15 pages

American University of Sharjah: Sadikujjaman Bachu 45254 Muhammad Umar 44734 Muhammad Owais 43804

1. This document describes an experiment conducted to verify Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws using basic electrical components and measurement devices. Resistors of unknown values were measured and calculations were made to determine accuracy. 2. Simple circuits were constructed in series and parallel configurations. Voltage and current measurements at varying levels were recorded and used to calculate resistances. Graphs were plotted to verify linear relationships as predicted by Ohm's Law. 3. Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws were tested on additional circuits. Voltage sums around loops and current sums at nodes were calculated and found to be approximately zero, validating the laws.

Uploaded by

Shafayet A Siddique
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

American University of Sharjah




College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering

ELE 225R Electric Circuits and Devices Laboratory
Summer 2013
Section 2



Experiment Number 1
Ohms and Kirchhoffs Law Verification

Name ID
1. Sadikujjaman Bachu 45254
2. Muhammad Umar 44734
3. Muhammad Owais 43804






Writing, Organization, and Format (30%)

Content, Accuracy, and Completeness (70%)

Grade (100%)

2

Table of Content

Description Page No
List of Figures 3
List of Tables 3
Abstract 4
Background 5-8
Procedure and Results 9-13
Discussion and Conclusion 14
References 15
3

List of Figures

List of Tables
Table Description Page No.
1 Resistance Measurement 9
2 Voltage and Current Measurement 10
3 Voltage measurement 12








Figure Description Page No.
1 Digital Multimeter 5
2 DC Power Supply 6
3 Resistor 6
4 Resistor Color Code 7
5 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law 8
6 Kirchhoffs Current Law 8
7 Part B circuit diagram 10
8 V vs. I plot 11
9 Part C circuit diagram 12
Figure Description Page No.
1 Digital Multimeter 5
2 DC Power Supply 6
3 Resistor 6
4 Resistor Color Code 7
5 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law 8
6 Kirchhoffs Current Law 8
7 Part B circuit diagram 10
8 V vs. I plot 11
9 Part C circuit diagram 12
4

Abstract
The main aim of the lab was to gain the basic understanding of simple electrical circuits and the
basic apparatus used to setup electrical circuits. We verified Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws
as well as ohms law with the use of simple circuits and some calculations. In addition to this we
learned how to theoretically calculate the resistance of a resistor by identifying the color bands
on the resistor. In this lab we got familiar with series and parallel configuration of resistors. The
experiments were divided into four different parts:
1. Resistor Measurements.
2. Voltage and current measurements.
3. Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws.
4. Input resistance.













5

Background
Equipment:
Digital Multimeter: This equipment is used to measure voltage, current and resistance
across electrical elements. It can be used to measure both AC and DC values. One cable
is always connected to COMM port and the other is connected to the voltage or current
port. The cable connected to the COMM port is joined to the negative side of the
circuit/element and the other is connected to the positive side. After setting up the
multimeter as required the value can be read from the display.

Figure 1
DC Power Supply: It is used to generate a constant voltage or a constant current. It can
be used to vary the voltage to understand how the current changes across an element or
vice versa.
6


Figure 2
Construction Board: The electrical components are placed on top of this board and are
then connected using connecting wires. Instead of using only wires to make the circuit
this board is used as it simplifies the circuit and is easier to understand because it looks
similar to the circuit diagram.
Resistors: They are electrical components that resist the flow of current through the
circuit and are characterized by an algebraic relation between the voltage across its
terminals and the current through it (V=IR). The unit of resistance is Ohms.

Figure 3
7

Connecting Wires: These are used to connect the electrical components in the circuit.
Resistor Color Code: Most resistors have color bands on them. The first three bands give the
nominal value of the resistor and the forth gives the tolerance. The tolerance of a resistor is
usually 5% which is indicated by the gold band or 10% which is the silver band.

Figure 4
Ohms Law: it states that the current passing through the conductor is proportional to the
voltage across it and is inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor (I=V/R). If V is
plotted against I we get a straight line with R as the gradient.
8

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of the voltages in a closed loop equals to zero.


Figure 5
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL): The sum of the current entering a node equals to the sum of
the current leaving the node.


Figure 6

9

Procedure and Results
Part A: Resistor Measurements
In this part we are given four resistors of unknown resistance to measure their resistance with
two different methods. The first method is to get the nominal resistance of the resistors by using
the color codes. The Digital Multimeter is used to get the other resistance values of the resistors.
The difference between the two readings is used to find the percentage error.
Percentage Error=

*100%
The following data was recorded:
Resistor R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4

Nominal Value () 1.000 0.470 2.200 0.680
%Tolerance 5 5 5 5
Measured Value () 0.991 0.467 2.193 0.680
Percentage Error (%) 0.90 0.64 0.32 0.00
Table 1: Resistance Measurement
None of the resistors exceed the tolerances.
Part B: Voltage and Current Measurements
In this part an unknown resistor is connected in series with a 2.2K resistor. The DC voltage
supply is varied and the voltage and current across the unknown resistor is recorded. To read the
voltage across the unknown resistor the Digital Multimeter is connected in parallel and in series
to find the current.
10


Figure 7
The following data was recorded:
Reading
No.
V
DC
V
R1
(V) I(A) V
R1
(V) I(A) R1()
1 2V 0.3568 0.000735 V
2
-V
1
=0.3572 I
2
-I
1
=7.38*10^-4 484.0
2 4V 0.714 0.001473
3 6V 1.057 0.002179 V
4
-V
3
=0.35 I
4
-I
3
=7.23*10^-4 484.1
4 8V 1.407 0.002902
Table 2: Voltage and Current Measurement
The resistance R
1
is calculated using Ohms law:
R
1
=


A plot of V
R1
vs. I is shown below. R
avg
is given by the slope.
11


Figure 8
R
avg
= 484.75
The percentage error is calculated between the R
avg
and R
1
from Table 1.
PE=

*100%
PE=

*100=0.155%
Part C: Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws
In this part we verify Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws.
y = 484.75x + 0.0004
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
V

(
V
)

I (A)
V vs. I
12

15 VDC
R1: 1K
R2: 680
R3: 2.2K
R4: 470
1 2
3
0
Figure 9
The following data was measured:
Voltage [V] V
10
V
20
V
30

DMM 15.020 5.310 0.934
Table 3
To verify Kirchhoffs Voltage Law the second loop is taken.
V
23
+ V
30
+V
02
= 0
4.38+0.934-5.31=4*10^-3
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law is confirmed because the summation of the voltages is almost zero.
KCL for node 2 is done by measuring the current flowing in each branch using the Digital
Multimeter.
-I
12
+I
23
+I
20
=0
-9.8+2+7.8=0
13


Kirchhoffs Current Law is confirmed.
Part D: Input Resistance
The input resistance can be measure by two methods
R
10
is calculated by:
R
10
=


I
12
and V
10
are measured in part C.
R
10
=1.533
The power supply is disconnected and then R
10
is calculated by using the Digital
Multimeter to get the equivalent resistance.
R
10
=1.532
The discrepancy between the two values obtained by using the two methods is due to
instrumental errors.

14

Discussion and Conclusion
In the first part, resistor color codes and Digital Multimeter was used to determine the resistances
of the unknown resistors. The Percentage error for each resistor is less than 5%, therefore the
results were accurate.
In the second part, the percentage error between the average estimated resistance value and the
measured value was found to be 0.155%, which is very small. This error may have resulted due
to experimental errors and non-ideal behavior of voltmeter and ammeter. Thus Ohms Law is
verified, confirming that voltage is directly proportional to the current and the resistance is the
proportionality constant. In addition to Ohms Law, Kirchhoffs Law was also verified. The sum
of voltage in closed loop and the net current at a node was found to be zero. The slight error
might have resulted from experimental or instrumental errors.
Finally, the internal resistance of the circuit was determined using previously measured current
and voltage values and also by using the Digital Multimeter directly.

15

References
Eltahir, W., Lab #1 Ohms and Kirchhoffs Laws Verification, Retrieved from
www.ilearn.aus.edu
Figure 1, Retrieved from http://hometools.onsugar.com/Digital-Multimeter-13149930
Figure 3, Retrieved from http://theelectronicsproject.blogspot.ae/2013/01/resistor.html
Figure 6, Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws

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