1

CHUNNU PRASAD


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Disability is a social category and being recognized late by the various government and non-
government organization and civil societies. Disables are today engaged to developed skills and
used as a resource for the society and the country as a whole. 2011 Census report by etending
eight types of disability has been collected to identify the social groups in all categories in general
and !cheduled Castes "!C#s$ and !cheduled %ribes "!%#s$ in particular.

%his paper is an attempt to recognize the disables in the category of !C#s and !%#s at large. &t also
attempts to identify the condition of those !C#s and !%#s who are being discriminated and
ecluded not only on the basis of caste but also due to different types of disability which lead to
multiple eclusion from the mainstream society.

Key Words' Disability( !ocial !ecurity( !ocial )roups( !cheduled Castes and !cheduled %ribes(
*ducation( +olicy( ,eservation




Disability in any society is defined by the humans itself. Before independence disability has
been visualized as the curse in the society as the bad things or sin done in his/her last birth and
this is more pathetic when it comes to the other social groups like the Scheduled Castes (SCs)
and Scheduled Tribes (STs). But the change in the sensitivity at large has been identified for the
last two decades due to educational opportunities. Today disabled is not seen as a sin rather their
skills are used as a resource for the society and the country as a whole.

The question on disability was investigated in all the censuses since 1872 to 1993. The question
on disability was totally out of the census discourse from 1941 to 1971 and it was more pathetic
when it comes to the disable SCs and STs are concerned. In 1981 census report the information
on three types of disability was collected but it was dropped in 1991 census report. During 2001
census, the question was again included and information on five types of disability was collected
which followed by increased in 2011 census report information by extending eight types of
2

disability to identify the social groups in all categories. These eight types of disabilities are as
follows;
1. In Seeing: One eyed persons were treated as disabled at census 2001. At the census 2011
such persons have not been treated as disabled in seeing. At the census 2011 enumerators
were asked to apply a simple test to ascertain blurred vision. At census 2001 no such
instructions were given.
2. In Hearing: Persons using hearing aid have been treated as disabled at census 2011.
They were not treated as disabled at the census 2001. Persons having problem in hearing
through one ear although the other ear is functioning normally was considered having
hearing disability in census 2001. But in census 2011, such persons were not considered
as disabled.
3. In Speech: Definition was made clearer in census 2011 to record persons with speech
disability. For instance, persons who speak in single words and are not able to speak in
sentences was specifically mentioned to be treated as disabled.
4. In Movement: Specific mention of the following was made in the definition for Census
2011:
a) Paralytic persons.
b) Those who crawl.
c) Those who are able to walk with the help of aid.
d) Have acute and permanent problems of joints/muscles.
e) Have stiffness or tightness in movement or have loose, involuntary movements or
tremours of the body or have fragile bones.
f) Have difficulty balancing and coordinating body movement.
g) Have loss of sensation in body due to paralysis, Leprosy etc.
h) Have deformity of body like hunch back or are dwarf.
5. Mental Retardation: New category introduced at census 2011. Mental Retardation was
covered under the category of mental disability at census 2001.
6. Mental Illness: New category introduced at census 2011. Mental Illness was covered
under the category of mental disability at census 2001.
7. Multiple Disabilities: New category introduced at census 2011. The question has been
designed to record as many as three types of disabilities from which the individual was
reported to be suffering.
8. Any Other: New category introduced at census 2011 to ensure complete coverage. This
option enabled respondents to report those disabilities which are not listed in the
question. In such cases, where informant was not sure about the type of disability this
option of reporting disability as Any Other was available to her/him.











3

Table: A
HOUSEHOLDS
Indicator Absolute Percentage
2001 2011 2001 2011
All Households
Total 19,35,79,954 24,94,54,252 100.0 100.0
Rural 13,77,73,323 16,85,65,486 100.0 100.0
Urban 5,58,06,631 8,08,88,766 100.0 100.0
Scheduled Caste
Total 3,25,26,101 4,16,94,816 16.8 16.7
Rural 2,59,83,792 3,18,03,728 18.9 18.9
Urban 65,42,309 98,91,088 11.7 12.2
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Castes, 2011, Office of the
Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Table: B
SCHEDULED CASTE POPULATION
Indicator Absolute Percentage Growth rate
(2001-11)
2001 2011 2001 2011
Total Population
Total 1,02,86,10,328 1,21,05,69,573 100.0 100.0 17.7
Rural 74,23,02,537 83,34,63,448 100.0 100.0 12.3
Urban 28,63,07,791 37,71,06,125 100.0 100.0 31.7
Scheduled Castes
Total 16,66,35,700 20,13,78,086 16.2 16.6 20.8
Rural 13,30,10,878 15,38,50,562 17.9 18.5 15.7
Urban 3,36,24,822 4,75,27,524 11.7 12.6 41.3
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Castes, 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India


The Scheduled Caste households indicated that in 2011 total households is 16.7 percent as
compared to the 2001 household census as about 16.8 percent. The total rural household is 18.9
percent and urban is 12.2 percent in 2011 as compared to rural 18.9 percent and 11.7 percent
subsequently in 2001. Table B on the SC population gives different picture when we compare
both the 2001 and 2011 census report. The total SC population in 2011 is 16.6 percent as
compare to 2001 in 16.2 with a growth rate of 20.8 percent. The rural SC population is 18.5
percent in 2011 and urban is 12.6 percent as compare to the rural 17.9 percent and urban 11.7
respectively in 2001.








4

Table: C
PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION 2011
State/ Union Territory Percentage State/Union Territory Percentage
Top 5 Bottom 5
Scheduled Castes
Punjab 31.9 Mizoram 0.1
Himachal Pradesh 25.2 Meghalaya 0.6
West Bengal 23.5 Goa 1.7
Uttar Pradesh 20.7 D & N Haveli 1.8
Haryana 20.2 Daman & Diu 2.5
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Castes, 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India


Table: D
PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION 2011 (MAJOR STATES)
State/Union Territory Percentage State/Union Territory Percentage
Top 5 Bottom 5
Scheduled Castes
Punjab 31.9 Gujarat 6.7
West Bengal 23.5 Assam 7.2
Uttar Pradesh 20.7 Jammu & Kashmir 7.4
Haryana 20.2 Kerala 9.1
Tamil Nadu 20.0 Maharashtra 11.8
Major States: States having Population 10 million and above.
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Castes, 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India


The highest percentage to the total SC population is in the state of Punjab: 31.9 percent,
Himachal Pradesh: 25.2 percent, West Bengal: 23.5 percent, Uttar Pradesh: 20.7 percent and
Haryana: 20.2 percent whereas the less percentage states of Mizoram: 0.1 percent, Meghalaya:
0.6 percent, Goa: 1.7 percent, Dadar and Nagar Haveli: 1.8 percent and Daman and Diu: 2.5
percent respectively. On the other hand the major five states having more than 10 million SC
population according to 2011 census is Punjab: 31.9 percent, West Bengal: 23.5 percent, Uttar
Pradesh: 20.7 percent, Haryana: 20.2 percent, Tamil Nadu: 20.0 percent whereas the less
populated states are Gujarat: 6.7 percent, Assam: 7.2 percent, Jammu and Kashmir: 7.4 percent,
Kerala: 9.1 percent and Maharashtra: 11.8 percent respectively.










5

Table: E
CHILD POPULATION (0-6 YEARS)
Indicator Absolute Proportion to population
2001 2011 2001 2011
Total Child Population
Total 16,38,19,614 16,44,78,150 15.9 13.6
Rural 12,63,92,327 12,12,85,762 17.0 14.6
Urban 3,74,27,287 4,31,92,388 13.1 11.5
Scheduled Castes
Total 2,89,14,095 2,92,00,529 17.4 14.5
Rural 2,39,32,402 2,33,43,549 18.0 15.2
Urban 49,81,693 58,56,980 14.8 12.3
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Castes, 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India


The total child population from 0-6 years in the census 2011 indicated 13.6 percent whereas in
2001 it was 15.9 percent. In 2011 the rural population is 14.6 percent and the urban is 11.5
percent whereas in 2001 it was 17.0 percent for rural and 13.1 percent for urban. So far the SC
population from 0-6 years is concerned; it recorded 14.5 percent in 2011 census report as
compare to 17.4 percent in 2001 census report. In 2011 census the rural population is 15.2
percent and the urban population is 12.3 percent whereas in 2001 the rural population was 18.0
percent and 14.1 percent in 2001 census report.

TABLE: F
HOUSEHOLDS
Indicator Absolute Percentage
2001 2011 2001 2011
All Households
Total 19,35,79,954 24,94,54,252 100.0 100.0
Rural 13,77,73,323 16,85,65,486 100.0 100.0
Urban 5,58,06,631 8,08,88,766 100.0 100.0
Scheduled Tribes
Total 1,64,64,357 2,14,67,179 8.5 8.6
Rural 1,50,13,498 1,92,57,983 10.9 11.4
Urban 14,50,859 22,09,196 2.6 2.7
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Tribes, 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India


The total STs household percentage according to 2011 census report is 8.6 percent whereas the
rural percentage is 11.4 percent and urban is 2.7 percent. As compare to 2001 census report the
ST household percentage was 8.5 percent whereas the rural percentage was 10.9 percent and
urban was 2.6 percent.





6

TABLE: G
POPULATION
Indicator Absolute Percentage Growth rate
(2001-11) 2001 2011 2001 2011
Total Population
Total 1,02,86,10,328 1,21,05,69,573 100.0 100.0 17.7
Rural 74,23,02,537 83,34,63,448 100.0 100.0 12.3
Urban 28,63,07,791 37,71,06,125 100.0 100.0 31.7
Scheduled Tribes
Total 8,43,26,240 10,42,81,034 8.2 8.6 23.7
Rural 7,73,38,597 9,38,19,162 10.4 11.3 21.3
Urban 69,87,643 1,04,61,872 2.4 2.8 49.7
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Tribes, 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India


The total ST population percentage according to 2011 census report is 8.6 percent whereas the
rural is 11.3 percent and urban is 2.8 percent. As compare to the 2001 census report it was 8.2
percent whereas the rural percentage was 10.4 percent and urban was 2.4 percent respectively. In
between the 2001 to 2011 the decadal growth rate recorded 23.7 percent whereas the rural
growth rate is 21.3 percent and urban is 49.7 percent.

TABLE: H
PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION 2011
State/ UnionTerritory Percentage State/Union Territory Percentage
Top 5 Bottom 5
Scheduled Tribes
Lakshadweep 94.8 Uttar Pradesh 0.6
Mizoram 94.4 Tamil Nadu 1.1
Nagaland 86.5 Bihar 1.3
Meghalaya 86.1 Kerala 1.5
Arunachal Pradesh 68.8 Uttarakhand 2.9
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Tribes, 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India


The top five states/union territories having highest percentage of total ST population according
to 2011 census report is Lakshadweep: 94.8 percent, Mizoram: 94.4 percent. Nagaland: 86.5
percent, Meghalaya: 81.6 percent and Arunachal Pradesh: 68.8 percent whereas the bottom five
states/union territories having lowest percentage to total population according to 2011 census is
Uttar Pradesh: 0.6 percent, Tamil Nadu: 1.1 percent, Bihar: 1.3 percent, Kerala: 1.5 percent and
Uttarakhand: 2.9 percent respectively.







7

TABLE: I
PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION 2011
(Major States)
State/ UnionTerritory Percentage State/ UnionTerritory Percentage
Top 5 Bottom 5
Scheduled Tribes
Chhattisgarh 30.6 Uttar Pradesh 0.6
Jharkhand 26.2 Tamil Nadu 1.1
Odisha 22.8 Bihar 1.3
Madhya Pradesh 21.1 Kerala 1.5
Gujarat 14.8 Uttarakhand 2.9
Major States: States having Population 10 million and above.
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Tribes, 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India

The total ST percentage to total population to the states having population of 10 million and
above according to 2011 census report is Chhattisgarh: 30.6 percent, Jharkhand: 26.2 percent,
Madhya Pradesh 21.1 percent, Gujarat: 14.8 percent whereas the five bottom major states having
low population is Uttar Pradesh: 0.6 percent, Tamil Nadu: 1.1 percent, Bihar: 1.3 percent, Kerala:
1.5 percent and Uttarakhand: 2.9 percent respectively.

TABLE: J
CHILD POPULATION (0-6 years)
Indicator Absolute Proportion to population
2001 2011 2001 2011
Total Child Population
Total 16,38,19,614 16,44,78,150 15.9 13.6
Rural 12,63,92,327 12,12,85,762 17.0 14.6
Urban 3,74,27,287 4,31,92,388 13.1 11.5
Scheduled Tribes
Total 1,55,60,227 1,67,04,825 18.5 16.0
Rural 1,44,95,695 1,53,64,457 18.7 16.4
Urban 10,64,532 13,40,368 15.2 12.8
Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Tribes, 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India

The total child population from 0-6 years in the 2011 census indicated 13.6 percent whereas in
2001 it was 15.9 percent. In census 2011 the rural population is 14.6 percent and the urban is
11.5 percent whereas in 2001 it was 17.0 percent for rural and 13.1 percent for urban. So far the
ST population from 0-6 years is concerned according to 2011 census report it is 16.0 percent
whereas the rural proportion to population is 16.4 percent and urban is 12.8 percent. As compare
to the 2001 census report the total proportion to the population was 18.5 percent whereas the
rural proportion was 18.7 percent and urban was 15.2 percent.





8

Table: K
Disabled Population by Sex and Residence India, 2011
Residence Persons Males Females
Total 26,810,557 14,986,202 11,824,355
Rural 18,631,921 10,408,168 8,223,753
Urban 8,178,636 4,578,034 3,600,602
Source: C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2001 and 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India

Table: L
Decadal Change in Disabled Population by Sex and Residence, India, 2001-11
Absolute Increase Percentage Decadal Growth
Residence Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
Total 4,903,788 2,380,567 2,523,221 22.4 18.9 27.1
Rural 2,243,539 997,983 1,245,556 13.7 10.6 17.8
Urban 2,660,249 1,382,584 1,277,665 48.2 43.3 55.0
Source: C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2001 and 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India

Table: M
Disabled Population by Sex and Residence India (2011) in Percentage
Residence Persons Males Females
Total 2.21 2.41 2.01
Rural 2.24 2.43 2.03
Urban 2.17 2.34 1.98
Source: C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2001 and 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India


Table: N
Percentage of Disabled to total population India, 2001
Residence Persons Males Females
Total 2.13 2.37 1.87
Rural 2.21 2.47 1.93
Urban 1.93 2.12 1.71
Source:C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2001 and 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India

As per the 2011 census report the total disable population by sex residence wise recorded
26,810557 out of which 14,986,202 are males and 11,824,355 are females. So far the rural
population are concerned the total population are 18,631,94 out of which 10,40,8168 are males
and 82, 23, 753 are females. For urban the total population are 1,78,638 out of which 45,78,034
are males and 36,00,602 are females. As per the comparison with the 2011 census report with
2001 census report is concerned the total growth rate of the disable population during the ten
years period is recorded 22.4 percent out of which the male population are 18.9 percent and
female population are 27.1 percent respectively. So far the total rural decadal percentage is
concerned it is 13.7 percent out of which 10.6 percent are male and 17.8 percent are females. For
9

urban the total decadal population growth are 48.2 percent out of which 43.3 percent are males
and 55.0 percent are females.
If we observed the total percentage of disable population by sex as per the 2011 census report the
total persons are 2.21 percent out of which 2.42 percent are males and 2.01 are females. So far
the total rural percentage is concerned it is 2.24 percent out of which 2.43 percent are males and
2.03 percent are females. For urban the total persons are 2.17 out of which 2.34 percent are
males and 1.98 percent are females. The percentage of disabled to total population according to
2011 census report is 2.13 percent out of which 2.37 percent are males and 1.87 percent is
females. The total rural persons are 2.21 percent out of which 2.47 percent are males and 1.93
percent is females. For urban the total persons are 1.93 percent out of which 2.12 percent are
males and 1.71 percent are females.

Table: O
Proportion of Disabled Population by Social Groups India, 2011 (in percentage)
Social Group Persons Males Females
Total 2.21 2.41 2.01
Scheduled Castes 2.45 2.68 2.20
Scheduled Tribes 2.05 2.18 1.92
Other than SC/ST 2.18 2.37 1.98
Source: C-Series, Tables C-20, C-20SC and C-20ST, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India


The total proportion of disabled population by social groups according to 2011 census report is
2.21 percent out of which 2.45 percent are SCs, 2.05 percent are STs and 2.18 percent are other
social groups other than the SCs and STs. The total male population is 2.41 percent out of
which 2.68 percent are SCs, 2.18 are STs and 2.37 percent are other social groups. The total
female population is 2.01 percent out of which 2.20 percent are SCs, 1.92 percent are STs and
1.98 percent is other social groups.


Table: P
Disabled Population by Type of Disability India (2011)
Type of Disability Persons Males Females
Total 26,810,557 14,986,202 11,824,355
In Seeing 5,032,463 2,638,516 2,393,947
In Hearing 5,071,007 2,677,544 2,393,463
In Speech 1,998,535 1,122,896 875,639
In Movement 5,436,604 3,370,374 2,066,230
Mental Retardation 1,505,624 870,708 634,916
Mental Illness 722,826 415,732 307,094
Any Other 4,927,011 2,727,828 2,199,183
Multiple Disability 2,116,487 1,162,604 953,883
Source:C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India



10

Table: Q
Disabled Population by Type of Disability (%) India (2011)
Type of Disability Persons Males Females
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
In Seeing 18.8 17.6 20.2
In Hearing 18.9 17.9 20.2
In Speech 7.5 7.5 7.4
In Movement 20.3 22.5 17.5
Mental Retardation 5.6 5.8 5.4
Mental Illness 2.7 2.8 2.6
Any Other 18.4 18.2 18.6
Multiple Disability 7.9 7.8 8.1
Source:C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India

Table: R
Percentage Share of Disabled Population by Type of Disability among Social Groups
India, 2011 (in percentage)
Type of Disability Total SCs STs Others
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
In Seeing 18.8 19.1 20.0 18.6
In Hearing 18.9 17.4 19.3 19.2
In Speech 7.5 5.2 5.3 8.3
In Movement 20.3 20.5 22.5 20.0
Mental Retardation 5.6 5.1 4.9 5.8
Mental Illness 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.8
Any Other 18.4 22.9 16.5 17.4
Multiple Disability 7.9 7.3 8.9 7.9
Source:C-Series, Tables C-20, C-20SC and C-20ST, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India


In 2011 census report identified eight kinds of disability vis--vis in seeing, in hearing, in speech,
in movement, mental retardation, mental illness, any other and multiple disability. The
percentage to total disabled population by types of disability according to 2011 census report in
seeing the total persons are 18.18 percent out of which 17.6 percent are males and 20.2 percent re
females. In the category of hearing the total persons are 18.8 percent out of which 17.9 percent
are males and 20.2 percent are females. In the category of speech the total persons recorded are
7.5 percent out of which 7.5 percent are males and 7.4 percent are females. In the category of
movement the total persons recorded are 20.3 percent out of which 22.5 percent are males and
17.5 percent are females. In the category of mental retardation the total person recorded are 5.6
percent out of which 5.8 percent are males and 5.4 are females. In the category of mental illness
the total person are 2.7 percent out of which 2.8 percent are males and 2.6 percent are females. In
the any other category the total persons are 18.4 percent out of which 18.2 percent are males and
18.6 percent are females. In the category of multiple disabilities the total disable person recorded
are 7.9 percent out of which the males are 7.8 percent and females are 8.1 percent respectively.



11

Table: S
Disabled Population by Age and Sex India (2011)
Age Group Persons Males Females
All Ages 2.21 2.41 2.01
0-4 1.14 1.18 1.11
5-9 1.54 1.63 1.44
10-19 1.82 1.96 1.67
20-29 1.97 2.22 1.70
30-39 2.09 2.41 1.77
40-49 2.31 2.66 1.94
50-59 2.83 3.16 2.47
60-69 4.15 4.41 3.89
70-79 6.22 6.26 6.19
80-89 8.41 8.33 8.48
90+ 8.40 7.88 8.85
Age Not Stated 3.07 3.21 2.91
Source: C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India

Table: T
Proportion of Disabled Population in the Respective Age Groups
(SCs, STs and Others) India (2011)
Age Group Total SCs STs OTH
All Ages 2.21 2.45 2.05 2.18
0-4 1.14 1.25 0.95 1.15
5-9 1.54 1.67 1.37 1.53
10-19 1.82 1.98 1.64 1.81
20-29 1.97 2.21 1.73 1.94
30-39 2.09 2.38 1.83 2.06
40-49 2.31 2.64 2.14 2.26
50-59 2.83 3.30 2.95 2.72
60-69 4.15 4.89 5.13 3.90
70-79 6.22 7.45 8.45 5.81
80-89 8.41 9.79 11.55 7.97
90+ 8.40 9.06 10.30 8.14
Age Not Stated 3.07 3.25 2.78 3.06
Source:C-Series, Tables C-20, C-20SC and C-20ST, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India

The total percentage share of disables population by types of disability among social groups in
India according to 2011 census report are categorized into eight categories. In the type of
disability in seeing category the total population is 18.8 percent out of which SCs are 19.1
percent, STs are 20.0 percent and other social groups are 18.6 percent. In the category of
hearing the total population is 18.9 percent out of which SCs are 17.4 percent, STs are 19.3
percent and other social groups are 19.2 percent. In the category of speech the total population is
7.5 percent out of which SCs are 5.2 percent, STs are 5.3 percent and other social groups are
20.3 percent. In the category of movement the total population recorded is 20.3 percent out of
which SCs are 20.5 percent, STs are 22.5 percent and other social groups are 20.8 percent. In
the category of mental retardation the total population is 5.6 percent out of which SCs are 5.1
12

percent, STs are 4.9 percent and other social groups are 5.8 percent. In the category of mental
illness the total population recorded is 2.7 percent out of which SCs are 2.4 percent, STs are 2.6
percent and other social groups are 2.8 percent. In the other category the total population
recorded is 18.4 percent out of which SCs are 22.9 percent, STs are 16.5 percent and other
social groups are 17.4 percent and in the category of multiple disability the total population
recorded as per the 2011 census report is 7.9 percent out of which SCs are 7.3 percent, STs are
8.9 percent and other social groups are 7.9 percent respectively.

To sum up in order to achieve equity of access to education and in other sector it needs to exploit
with the system with special reference to SCs and STs having disabilities. These aspects could
be capitalize by making educational opportunities accessible to the target beneficiaries,
managing the effective implementation of policy and maintaining checks and balances time to
time, disable friendly set-up of institutions with academic and vocational trainings, use of mixed-
media courseware with extensive use of assistive technology, quantity and quality of skills and
linked to the industries so that their skills are linked to the livelihood and lastly strong
mechanism to be developed so that inclusive environment and non-discriminatory attitude could
be provided to the disabled SCs and ST for inclusive and casteless society.

The disable SCs and STs social groups in particular could be given more attention as compare
to other social groups because of their multiple exclusion from the main stream society. No
doubt the disability is a homogeneous social group category but this needs to go further when it
comes to the SCs and STs because they are the most vulnerable communities in the society and
needs special attention for their social, economic and political empowerment.
(Views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflects the views of the
Institution)

CHUNNU PRASAD, PhD is an Academic Officer, NIOS, MHRD, Government of India
<chunnurasad!"mai#$com%, <chunnurasad!nios$ac$in%


REFERENCES
Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Castes, 2011, Office of the
Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Tribes, 2011, Office of the
Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Prasad, Chunnu (2014), Crossing Historical Barricades: Socio-Educational
Empowerment Through Open and Distance Learning, Indian Journal of Open Learning,
Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India, 17
th
June,
(http://journal.ignouonline.ac.in/iojp/index.php/IJOL/author/submission/964)
Prasad, Chunnu (2014), Understanding Census of India in Reference to the Scheduled
Caste Populations of North East India Region, National Seminar on Dalit Studies:
Continuities and Change on 20
th
and 21
st
March, by Dr. Ambedkar Chair, Centre for the
Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi