Insertion of Single Symbols

To Insert Type Or To Insert Type Or

\infty \hbar
\rightarrow \-> \leftarrow
\uparrow \downarrow

\nearrow \nwarrow

\searrow \swarrow

\leftrightarrow \updownarrow
\Rightarrow \Leftarrow
\Uparrow \Downarrow
\partial \nabla
\le <= \ge >=
\ll << \gg
a\times b () () f(t)\otimes g(t)
a\cdot b a\odot b
x\oplus y a\ominus y
a\mapsto b \hookrightarrow
a\dots b a\cdots b
a\bot b a\top b
A\bigcap B A\bigcup B
A\bigsqcup B A\biguplus B
a\star b \forall
\in \exists
\bigwedge \bigvee
\ne \approx
\equiv \cong
\sim \simeq
\bowtie \box
\subset \emptyset ~=
\therefore \because
\pm +- \mp -+
\angle \propto
22 C 22 \degree C




Grouping and Brackets
To force parentheses to display, you must double them. To prevent brackets from being reformatted,
precede them by the \ character. Some examples follow.
To Display Type Comments
[

] [a/b]
The / command for fractions is
described in a later section.
{

} {a/b}
(

) (a/b) Parentheses display.

+1
a/(b+1)
Parentheses used for grouping do not
display.

( +1)
a/((b+1)) Double parentheses display.
{

{ a\atop b \close y
The \close keyword completes the
opened brace.
The \atop command is described in a
later section.
|
||
+
| |(a|b|f)/(c+d)|
The parentheses are, again, used for
grouping.
|| |

+
|
|a|b|f/(c+d)|
= [

] y=\[<sp>a/b<sp>\]
Backslashes prevent [ and ] from
growing.
\norm a\norm

Superscripts and Subscripts
To Display Type Notes

x_i\times<sp>y^n The spacebar <sp> is needed.

+1

x^(i+1) The parentheses do not show. See grouping.

x_i^n

+1
F_n^(k+1)

+1 F_(n^(k+1)) All of the parentheses are needed.

0
9
(_0^9)H




Division and Stacking
To Display Type Comments
a
b

a/b
a b
c d
+
+

(a+b)/(c+d) Parentheses do not print.
( ) a b
c d
+
+

((a+b))/(c+d)
The double parentheses force the single parentheses
to print in the numerator.

( )
1/ 2
a b
n
c d
f x e
+
+
+
+

((a+b)/(c+d) +
n)/(f(x)+e^(1\/2))<sp>
The / is preceded by \ in the exponential to
provide a horizontal fraction (1/ 2 instead of
1
2
).

If you need to stack expressions without the horizontal division line, use \atop or \matrix. The vertical bar
| can also be used in place of \atop.

To Display Type Comments
a
b

a\atop b or a|b
Do not add spaces between the
expression and the vertical bar.
a b
c d
+
+

(a+b)\atop(c+d) Parentheses do not print.
( )
0
0 0
x
f x
x
=
=

=

f(x)={\matrix (\infty x=0@0 x\ne 0)
\close
The @ character ends a row of the
matrix.
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
x x x
A x x x
x x x
(
(
=
(
(


A=[\matrix(x_11&x_12&x_13@
x_21&x_22&x23@
x_31&x_32&x_33)]
The matrix must be enclosed in ()s. The
& character separates columns of the
matrix. The @ separates rows.

The syntax for matrices tends to lead to expressions that are difficult to read. An easier approach is to
enter the equation editor with <alt>+ and then use the Matrix dropdown menu in the structures group to
insert the closest approximation to the matrix that you need. To add extra columns and rows, click on the
equation and then click on the small blue down-arrow and scroll down to Linear to change the display
to linear, then insert & and @ symbols as appropriate, and return to Professional.



Parentheses size control with \phantom and \smash
The keywords \phantom and \smash can be used to force brackets and parentheses to have a specific size.

To Display Type Comments

[ ]

[\phantom (a\atop b)]<sp>
The \phantom command creates an object as
large as the expression in parentheses, but
does not print it, so you can create, for
example, large empty brackets.
[

[\smash(a\atop b)\close<sp><sp>
\smash creates the object, but makes its size
zero so that the enclosing bracket does not
grow.
[ ] [\hphantom((a+b)/c)]
The \hphantom command creates an object
with the width of the expression in
parentheses, but zero height.
[]
[\vphantom((a+b)/c)]
The \vphantom command creates an object
with the height of the expression in
parentheses, but zero width.

This example shows a Routh matrix that was constructed with the aid of \vphantom.

0
|
|
1 8
4 48

1
4
(48 32) 0

1
0


Without the \vphantom, the vertical spacing of the stack of

symbols on the left would not match with

that of the two columns on the right.

0
|
1 8
4 48

1
4
(48 32) 0

1
0

The syntax is

\open\matrix(s^3@s^2@(1/4) s^1@s^0 )| \matrix(1&8\vphantom(s^3 )@4&48\vphantom(s^2 )@-1/4
(48-32)&0@b_1&0\vphantom(s^0 ))

Yes. I do realize that this example is far more than you want to worry about.




Square Roots and Higher Order Roots
The square root keyword \sqrt operates on the argument that follows it. The equation editor also has
keywords for higher order roots. Examples are:

To Display Type Comments

\sqrt x
+1
\sqrt(x+1)
+1
3

\cbrt(x+1)
+1
4

\qdrt(x+1)

2
4
2

(-b\pm\sqrt(b^2-4ac))/2a<sp>

\sqrt(n&x)<sp> The & separates the root order from the
argument

Integrals, Products and Sums
Integrals, products and sums are inserted with the keywords \sum, \int and \prod. Use subscripts and
superscripts to insert the limits. Examples are:

To Display Type

=0

\sum_(n=0)^N x^n<sp>

=0

\prod_(n=0)^N x^n<sp>
()

\int_-\infty^\infty <sp> <sp> f(t) e^-
i\omega t<sp>dt
()
\iint f(x) dx
()
\iiint f(x) dx
(, )
\oint f(x,y) dl

Function Names
The equation editor switches between variable style or function style, depending on whether it
interprets part of an equation as a variable or a function (compare the two styles in the equation
( ) x y sin = , which would not look right if it were displayed as ( ) x sin y = ). You must type a space after
the function name to allow the editor to interpret it as a function. Some of the functions that are
recognized are:

sin sec arcsin() cosh exp()
cos csc arctan(/) tanh
tan arccos() sinh log()

If a function keyword is not recognized, you can force the editor to treat it as a function if you follow it
with the \funcapply keyword. For example, sinc is not recognized as a function, but the sequence
sinc\funcapply<sp><sp> will produce sinc (as opposed to the less attractive ).




Other Font Changes
Many of the utilities on the Font group of the Home ribbon can be used to modify text within an equation.
The \scriptX command (where X is any single letter) can also be used to quickly create a script letter. For
example \scriptL produces . Similarly, \doubleL produces , and \frakturL produces . The size of an
equation can be increased with the shortcut <control>] and decreased with <control>[. The variable style
can be overridden with several commands. See Gardner [2] for more information.

To Insert Use
a script character (e.g. F ) \scriptF (Notice that there is no space between \script and F)
regular text Enclose in quotes. E.g. a= b produces a = b instead of a b = .
italic text toggle italic on and off with <control>i
bold text toggle bold on and off with <control>b
hello there <control>i hello <control>I there
hello there <control>i hello <control>b there
( ) { }
f x L \scriptL {f(x)}
= ( +) x=\Re(x+iy)
= ( +) y=\Im(x+iy)
a large character x a b = +
Select the character. Then, on the Design ribbon, under the Tools
group, click on Normal Text. Now go to the Home ribbon and
change the font size. Go back to the Design ribbon and click on
Normal Text again to get back to the correct font design (e.g. italic if it
is a variable).*

* Sorry about this level of complication. There should just be a command like \size24 to change the point
size, but there is not. Also, if you try to change font size without first clicking on Normal Text, the font
size of the entire equation changes, rather than just the characters you selected.

Accent Marks, Overbars, Underbars, Above and Below
Certain keywords can be used to place accents, overbars, overbraces and other modifiers on characters
and expressions. Examples are:

To Display Type Comments

force
=
mass times acceleration

\overbrace<sp>F^force =
\overbrace(ma)^mass times
acceleration<sp>
Overbrace text is introduced with ^,
as if it were a superscript.

force
=
mass times acceleration
\underbrace<sp>F^force =
\underbrace(ma)^mass times
acceleration<sp>
Underbrace text is introduced with _,
as if it were a subscript.
+
\overbar(a+b)
( +)

\overparen(a+b)
+ \underbar(a+b)
lim
0
() lim<sp>_(x\rightarrow 0)<sp>f(x) You can replace _ with
\below.
lim
0
() lim<sp>\below(x\rightarrow
0)<sp>f(x)
Because lim is a keyword it is not
displayed in italics.
lim
0
()
lim<sp>\above(x\rightarrow
0)<sp>f(x)



Some accents are designed to fit over a single character. The keyword must be typed after the modified
character and followed by two spaces.

For Type For Type For Type
x\bar<sp><sp> x\ddot<sp><sp> x\hvec<sp><sp>
x\Bar<sp><sp> x\hat<sp><sp> x\tvec<sp><sp>
x\check<sp><sp> x\tilde<sp><sp>
x\dot<sp><sp> x\vec<sp><sp>

Prime marks also follow the expression that they modify, but are followed by only a single space:

To Display Type

x\prime<sp>

x\pprime<sp>

x\ppprime<sp>

Greek Alphabet
To include a Greek letter in an equation, spell the name of the letter, preceded by the backslash character
(\). If the name begins with a lower case letter, a lower case Greek letter is inserted. If the name begins
with an upper case letter, an upper case Greek letter is inserted. The table below provides the names for
each of the lower case Greek letters (with some variations).

For Type For Type For Type For Type
\alpha \eta o \omicron
*
\upsilon
\beta \iota \pi \varpi
\chi \varphi \theta \omega
\delta \kappa \vartheta \xi
\epsilon \lambda \rho \psi
\phi \mu \sigma \zeta
\gamma \nu \tau
*
\omicron should work, but did not when I tried it in the Word 2007 editor. If you have trouble with this
letter, you can use the Symbols group of the Insert ribbon.

Hebrew Characters
The equation editors collection of Hebrew characters is limited to the first four.

\aleph
\beth
\daleth
\gimel

Equation Numbers
The easiest way to number equations is to put the equation in a table. If you wish to have the equation
centered, use a table with three columns so that the left column balances the right column. Here is an
example. The table borders are included for clarity, but in most cases, it is best to remove them.

= cos + sin
Eq. 1



You can make the equations automatically numbered if you click inside the table, go to the References
ribbon, and click on Insert Caption. Choose Equation, and use the label that fits your taste (in this
case, I have used Eq.). Finally, change the borders and shading for the table to None.

To generate additional numbered equations, you can copy and paste the table that you just generated into
different locations and simply change the equation. Highlight the equation number, right click, and select
Update Field to have Word automatically change the number. To simplify matters further, you can just
copy and paste the above table into your document and use it as a template.


{

} = cos
Eq. 2