Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.

Here are some example conjunctions:
Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so although, because, since, unless
We can consider conjunctions from three aspects.
Form
Conjunctions have three basic forms:
Single Word
for example: and, but, because, although
Compound (often ending with as or that)
for example: provided that, as long as, in order that
Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)
for example: so...that
Function
Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are
grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
- Jack and Jill went up the hill.
- The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.
Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a
main clause, for example:
- I went swimming although it was cold.
Position
Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.
Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.
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Coordinating Conjunctions
The short, simple conjunctions are called "coordinating conjunctions":
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence (for example words or independent
clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar. A coordinating conjunction shows that the
elements it joins are similar in importance and structure:


+


Look at these examples - the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown
in square brackets [ ]:
I like [tea] and [coffee].
[Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].
Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.
When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, it is always correct to place a
comma before the conjunction:
I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university.
However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really
essential:
She is kind so she helps people.
When "and" is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional:
He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum.
He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.
The 7 coordinating conjunctions are short, simple words. They have only two or three letters.
There's an easy way to remember them - their initials spell:
F A N B O Y S
For And Nor But Or Yet So
Subordinating Conjunctions
The majority of conjunctions are "subordinating conjunctions". Common subordinating
conjunctions are:
after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when,
where, whether, while
A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent)
clause:


+


Look at this example:
main or
independent clause
subordinate or
dependent clause
Ram went swimming although it was raining.

subordinating
conjunction


A subordinate or dependent clause "depends" on a main or independent clause. It cannot exist alone.
Imagine that somebody says to you: "Hello! Although it was raining." What do you understand?
Nothing! But a main or independent clause can exist alone. You will understand very well if somebody
says to you: "Hello! Ram went swimming."
A subordinating conjunction always comes at the beginning of a subordinate clause. It
"introduces" a subordinate clause. However, a subordinate clause can sometimes come after
and sometimes before a main clause. Thus, two structures are possible:


+



Ram went swimming although it was raining.

Definition
Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the
box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless
they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help
themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.
Coordinating Conjunctions
The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions (you can click on the
words to see specific descriptions of each one):
Coordinating Conjunctions
and but or yet for nor so

(It may help you remember these conjunctions by recalling that they all have fewer than four
letters. Also, remember the acronym FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So. Be careful of
the words then and now; neither is a coordinating conjunction, so what we say about
coordinating conjunctions' roles in a sentence and punctuation does not apply to those two
words.)
When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent
clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma:
Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble
meeting the academic requirements.
When the two independent clauses connected by a coordinating
conjunction are nicely balanced or brief, many writers will omit
the comma:
Ulysses has a great jump shot but he isn't quick on his feet.
The comma is always correct when used to separate two
independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. See
Punctuation Between Two Independent Clauses for further
help.
A comma is also correct when and is used to attach the last item
of a serial list, although many writers (especially in newspapers)
will omit that final comma:
Ulysses spent his summer studying basic math, writing, and reading comprehension.

Click on "Conjunction
Junction" to read and hear
Bob Dorough's "Conjunction
Junction" (from Scholastic
Rock, 1973).
Schoolhouse Rock
and its characters and
other elements are
trademarks and service
marks of American
Broadcasting Companies,
Inc. Used with permission.
When a coordinating conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not
used:
Presbyterians and Methodists and Baptists are the prevalent Protestant congregations in
Oklahoma.
A comma is also used with but when expressing a contrast:
This is a useful rule, but difficult to remember.
In most of their other roles as joiners (other than joining independent clauses, that is),
coordinating conjunctions can join two sentence elements without the help of a comma.
Hemingway and Fitzgerald are among the American expatriates of the between-the-wars era.
Hemingway was renowned for his clear style and his insights into American notions of male
identity.
It is hard to say whether Hemingway or Fitzgerald is the more interesting cultural icon of his
day.
Although Hemingway is sometimes disparaged for his unpleasant portrayal of women and for
his glorification of machismo, we nonetheless find some sympathetic, even heroic, female
figures in his novels and short stories.

Subordinating Conjunctions
A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at
the beginning of a Subordinate (or Dependent) Clause and establishes the relationship
between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into
something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.
He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life.
Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies.
Unless we act now, all is lost.
Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below after, before, since
are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to
subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after
although
as
as if
as long as
if
if only
in order that
now that
once
though
till
unless
until
when
as though
because
before
even if
even though
rather than
since
so that
than
that
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
while


Correlative Conjunctions
Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative
conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be
treated as grammatically equal.
She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm.
Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be."
Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.
Correlative conjunctions sometimes create problems in parallel form. Click HERE for help
with those problems. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions.

both . . . and
not only . . . but also
not . . . but
either . . . or
neither . . . nor
whether . . . or
as . . . as
Conjunctive Adverbs
The conjunctive adverbs such as however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, as a result
are used to create complex relationships between ideas. Refer to the section on Coherence:
Transitions Between Ideas for an extensive list of conjunctive adverbs categorized
according to their various uses and for some advice on their application within sentences
(including punctuation issues).

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What is a Conjunction?
You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, and clauses, as in the following example:
I ate the pizza and the pasta.
Call the movers when you are ready.
Co-ordinating Conjunctions
You use a co-ordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join
individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Note that you can also use the
conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions.
In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a co-ordinating conjunction:
Lilacs and violets are usually purple.
In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two nouns.
This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists, for the screenplay was
written by Mae West.
In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "for" is used to link two independent clauses.
Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of his youth dancing on rooftops and swallowing
goldfish.
Here the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two participle phrases ("dancing on rooftops"
and "swallowing goldfish") which act as adverbs describing the verb "spends."
Subordinating Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the
relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).
The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because,"
"before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when,"
"where," "whether," and "while."
Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction:
After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces the dependent clause "After she had learned
to drive."
If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces the dependent clause "If the
paperwork arrives on time."
Gerald had to begin his thesis over again when his computer crashed.
The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer
crashed."
Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer because the mother and baby are
exposed to fewer people and fewer germs.
In this sentence, the dependent clause "because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer
people and fewer germs" is introduced by the subordinating conjunction "because."
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence
elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or,"
"neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative
conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.)
The highlighted words in the following sentences are correlative conjunctions:
Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.
In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "both...and" is used to link the two noun phrases
that act as the compound subject of the sentence: "my grandfather" and "my father".
Bring either a Jello salad or a potato scallop.
Here the correlative conjunction "either...or" links two noun phrases: "a Jello salad" and "a
potato scallop."
Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school.
Similarly, the correlative conjunction "whether ... or" links the two infinitive phrases "to go to
medical school" and "to go to law school."
The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the neighbouring pub.
In this example the correlative conjunction "not only ... but also" links the two noun phrases
("the school" and "neighbouring pub") which act as direct objects.
Note: some words which appear as conjunctions can also appear as prepositions or as adverbs.
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CONJUNCTION
A. Pengertian
A conjunction (conj/cnj) merupakan salah satu macam kata yang menghubungkan 2 item
(kata, kalimat, frasa, atau klausa) secara bersama-sama.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia conjunction disebut juga sebagai kata penghubung, perangkai,
ataupun kata sambung.
B. Bentuk-bentuk conjunctions/ kata penghubung
1. Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions, juga dipanggil coordinators, merupakan kata penghubung yang
menghubungkan dua atau lebih kata, klausa, ataupun kalimat, yang mempunyai bentuk
sintaksis (aturan dalam hal pembuatan kalimat) yang sama. Contoh-contoh kata penghubung
coordinating yaitu: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Untuk memudahkan dalam
menghafalnya biasa disingkat FANBOYS.
Arti dan contoh dalam kalimat:
a. For yang berarti karena.
Contoh: Imamsyah Al-Hadi always keeps the lights on, for he is afraid of sleeping in the
dark.
Kata for lebih umum digunakan sebagai preposition/kata depan yang bermakana untuk.
Contoh:A chew is used for cutting wood.
b. And yang berarti dan.
Contoh: My sister lives in South Sulawesi, and my brother lives in North Sulawesi.
Perhatikan:
Muh. Rifqi enjoys lerning English, and he enjoys playing football.
Muh. Rifqi enjoys learning English and playing football.
(S +V) +koma ( S +V)
c. Nor yang berarti dan.
Contoh: Ali doesnt enjoy learning English , nor does he enjoy football. [kalimat negatif]
d. But yang berarti tetapi.
Contoh:
Muh. Imran enjoys learning English, but he doesnt enjoy playing football.
My shoes are old but comfortable.
e. Yet yang berarti namun.
Contoh: Muh. Imran enjoys learning English, yet he doesnt enjoy playing football.
f. Or yang berarti atau.
Contoh:
Next month I will go to my hometown, or I may just stay in Makassar.
Next month I will go to my hometown or may just stay in Makassar.
g. So yang berarti jadi/ oleh karena itu.
Contoh: I have a dream to go abgroad, so I have to study English more.
2. Correlative conjunction
Correlative conjunctions, juga biasa disebut paired conjunctions, merupakan kata
penghubung yang berpasangan yang menyerasikan atau melaraskan 2 item (kata, kalimat,
frasa, atau klausa). Contohnya: bothand; not onlybut also; eitheror; neithernor.
Arti dan contoh dalam kalimat:
a. Bothand yang beramakna keduanya
Contoh: Both Muh. Syihab and Muh. Hasan basri are the members of New Generation Club.
Dua subjek yang dihubungkan oleh bothand adalah berbentuk jamak.
b. Not onlybut also yang bermakna tidak hanyatapi juga
Contoh:
Not only my sister but also my brother is in Makassar.
Not only my sister but also my brothers are in Makassar.
Ketika ada dua subjek yang dihubungkan oleh not onlybut also, eitheror, or neithernor
maka subject yang lebih dekat dengan kata kerja yang akan menentukan apakah kata kerjanya
berbentuk tunggal atau jamak.
c. Eitheror yang bermakana baikatau/juga
Contoh:
Either my sister or my brother is in Makassar.
Either my sister or my brothers are in Makssar.
d. Neithernor yang bermakna baikmaupuntidak
Contoh:
Neither my sister nor my brother is in Makassar.
Neither my sister nor my brothers are in Makssar.
3. Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjuctions, juga disebut subordinators, merupakan kata penghubung yang
memperkenalkan sebuah kalimat. Kata penghubung subordinating digunakan dalam adverb
clause yang mana tidak bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa adanya kalimat yang menggandengnya.
Contoh kata penghubung subordinating yaitu sebagai berikut.
Time: after, before, when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, by the time, once, whenever,
every time etc.
Cause and effect: because, now that, since etc.
Contrast: even though, although, though etc.
Direct contrast: while, whereas etc.
Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, in case, in the even that etc.
Contoh dalam bentuk kalimat:
Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. [memakai koma]
He went to bed because he was sleepy. [tanpa koma]
Now that the semester is over, Im going to go to my hometown. [memakai koma]
Since its raining, I cant go to campuss. [memakai koma]
Since berarti karena, dan now that berarti karena sekarang.











The Coordinating Conjunction
Recognize a coordinating conjunction when you see one.
And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yetthese are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To
remember all seven, you might want to learn one of these acronyms: FANBOYS, YAFNOBS,
or FONYBAS.
F = for
A = and
N = nor
B = but
O = or
Y = yet
S = so
Y = yet
A = and
F = for
N = nor
O = or
B = but
S = so
F = for
O = or
N = nor
Y = yet
B = but
A = and
S = so
Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. Look at the examples that
follow:
The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and delicious.
The squid eyeball stew is so thick that you can eat it with a fork or spoon.
Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but hates getting his claws
trimmed.
Rocky terrorizes the poodles next door yet adores the German shepherd across the street.
Rocky refuses to eat dry cat food, nor will he touch a saucer of squid eyeball stew.
I hate to waste a single drop of squid eyeball stew, for it is expensive and time-consuming to
make.
Even though I added cream to the squid eyeball stew, Rocky ignored his serving, so I got a
spoon and ate it myself.
Understand the difference between coordination and subordination.
Use a coordinating conjunction when you want to give equal emphasis to two main clauses.
The pattern for coordination looks like this:
main clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main clause.
Subordination, however, emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in the
subordinate clause. Generally, the patterns look like these:
main clause + + subordinate clause.
subordinate clause + , + main clause.
Read the pairs of sentences that follow. The first version coordinates the two ideas. The
second version subordinates one idea to emphasize the other.
To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions, and Frances
promised to remove and label the organs.
To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions if Frances
would promise to remove and label the organs.
Diana stared dreamily at the handsome Mr. McKenzie, but Olivia, who hated economics,
furiously jiggled her foot, impatient to escape the boring class.
While Diana was staring dreamily at the handsome Mr. McKenzie, Olivia furiously jiggled
her foot, impatient to escape the boring economics class that she hated.
At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door, for she could not
tolerate one more minute of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the
stereo.
At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door because she could not
tolerate one more minute of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the
stereo.
Making an A in Anatomy and Physiology has not helped Sima choose a career. She might
decide to make her parents happy and go to medical school, or she might use her knowledge
of the human body to become a sculptor.
Making an A in Anatomy and Physiology has not helped Sima choose a career. Although she
might decide to make her parents happy and go to medical school, she might also use her
knowledge of the human body to become a sculptor.
Kyle refused to eat the salad served with the meal, nor would he touch any green vegetable
put on his plate.
After Kyle refused the salad served with the meal, he then would not touch the green
vegetables put on his plate.
Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at the Mexican diner, so now he can set his math
book on fire with his salsa breath.
Since Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at the Mexican diner, he can now set his math
book on fire with his salsa breath.
Because she gets seasick, Danielle is dreading the spring break cruise, yet she might enjoy
herself once she realizes how many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade the decks.
Even though Danielle is dreading getting seasick on the spring break cruise, she will probably
enjoy herself once she realizes how many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade the decks.
Punctuate coordinating conjunctions correctly.
Three patterns in writing use coordinating conjunctions. Add commas when required.
Pattern 1 Connecting two main clauses
When you connect two main clauses with a coordinating conjunction, use a comma. The
pattern looks like this:
main clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main clause.
Here is an example:
While I am at work, my dog Floyd sleeps on the bed , and my cat Buster naps in the bathtub.
Pattern 2 Connecting two items
You can also use a coordinating conjunction to connect any two items. These items can be
any grammatical unit except main clauses. The pattern looks like this:
item + + coordinating conjunction + item
Here are some examples:
My dog Floyd has too many fleas and too much hair.
My cat Buster has beautiful blue eyes but a destructive personality.
Pattern 3 Connecting three or more items in a series
When you have three or more items in a series, you generally use a comma before the
coordinating conjunction. Some handbooks and style guides will tell you that this comma is
optional, but my advice is to put it in. The pattern looks like this:
item + , + item + , + coordinating conjunction + item
Here is an example:
Swatting olives off the kitchen counter, dragging toilet paper streamers through the house,
and terrorizing Jacques Cousteau, the parakeet, have consumed another of Buster's days.
Yes, you can begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction!
Some teachers warn that beginning a sentence with a coordinating conjunction is wrong.
Teachers will typically tell you this because they are trying to help you avoid writing
fragments. Other times teachers give this advice because their preference is that a sentence
not begin with a coordinating conjunction.
What you should remember is that you break no grammar rule if you begin a sentence with a
coordinating conjunction. Because you might be breaking your instructors' rules, however,
you should ask what their preferences are.
If you decide to begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction, keep these three things in
mind:
Be sure that a main clause follows the coordinating conjunction.
Do not use a coordinating conjunction to begin every sentence. Use this option only when it
makes the flow of your ideas more effective.
Do not use a comma after the coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are not
transitional expressions like for example or first of all. You will rarely use punctuation after
them.
Here are some examples:
While I was answering the telephone, Buster, my cat, jumped onto the kitchen counter and
swatted all of my jalapeo-stuffed olives onto the dirty kitchen floor. So I had to rinse off the
cat hair and crumbs sticking to these delicacies before I could add them to the salad.
Flying down the bumpy path, Genette hit a rock with the front wheel of her mountain bike,
flew over the handlebars, and crashed into a clump of prickly palmetto bushes. Yet even this
accident would not deter her from completing the race.
Only when an interrupter immediately follows the coordinating conjunction do you need to
use commas. Read this example:
We hoped that decorating the top of Christine's cupcake with a dead grasshopper would freak
her out. But, to our amazement, she just popped the whole thing in her mouth, chewed, and
swallowed.

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Parts of Speech
Chapter 8 - Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words. In the sentence
Bob and Dan are friends the conjunction and connects two nouns and in the
sentence He will drive or fly, the conjunction or connects two verbs. In the sentence It
is early but we can go, the conjunction but connects two groups of words.
Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a
sentence. The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the
following ways:
and is used to join or add words together in the sentence They ate and drank.
or is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence He will be here on Monday or
Tuesday.
but is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence She is small but
strong.
so is used to show result as in the sentence I was tired so I went to sleep.
Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will
be discussed more in another class. For now, you should know some of the more
common subordinating conjunctions such as:
after before unless
although if until
as since when
because than while
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. In the sentence
Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and are correlative conjunctions. The
most common correlative conjunctions are:
both . . .and
either . . . or
neither . . . nor
not only . . . but also
Review this lesson as many times as you want, and when you are ready, take the pop
quiz on this chapter.
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