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A Generalization of The Butterfly Theorem: Mathematical Communications 157

This document presents a generalization of the butterfly theorem using complex coordinates. It proves that if points A, B, C, D are on a circle and M is the orthogonal projection of the circle's center onto a line, then M is the midpoint between points E=M∩AB and F=M∩CD if and only if M is also the midpoint between points G=M∩AC, H=M∩BD, K=M∩AD, and L=M∩BC. This generalizes previous versions of the butterfly theorem presented by other authors. The proof uses complex coordinates and properties of lines in the complex plane.

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91 views4 pages

A Generalization of The Butterfly Theorem: Mathematical Communications 157

This document presents a generalization of the butterfly theorem using complex coordinates. It proves that if points A, B, C, D are on a circle and M is the orthogonal projection of the circle's center onto a line, then M is the midpoint between points E=M∩AB and F=M∩CD if and only if M is also the midpoint between points G=M∩AC, H=M∩BD, K=M∩AD, and L=M∩BC. This generalizes previous versions of the butterfly theorem presented by other authors. The proof uses complex coordinates and properties of lines in the complex plane.

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Dương Minh Đức
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Mathematical Communications 5(2000), 157-160 157

A generalization of the buttery theorem


Vladimir Volenec

Abstract. In this paper a new generalization of the well-known


buttery theorem is given using the complex coordinates.
Key words: buttery theorem
AMS subject classications: 51M04
Received May 25, 2000 Accepted October 20, 2000
Let us prove the following theorem.
Theorem 1. Let A, B, C, D be four points on a circle K with the centre O and let
M be the orthogonal projection of the point O onto the given straight line M. If
M is the midpoint of two points E = M AB and F = M CD, then M is the
midpoint of the points G = M AC and H = M BD and the midpoint of the
points K = M AD and L = M BC.
Figure 1
If G = H = M and M is a chord of K, then we obtain a well-known buttery
theorem (cf. [1] and [2]).

Department of Mathematics, University of Zagreb, Bijenicka c. 30, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia,
e-mail: [email protected]
158 V. Volenec
If M is a chord of K, then we have Klamkins generalization of the buttery
theorem (cf. [3]).
If G = H = M, then we obtain a Sledges generalization of the buttery theorem
(cf. [4]).
We shall prove the Theorem using the complex coordinates of the points in a
Gauss plane of complex numbers. If a point Z has a complex coordinate z, then
we write Z = (z). Let z be the conjugated complex number of z. We shall need a
lemma.
Lemma 1. Any straight line M has an equation of the form
z +t z = s, (1)
where Z = (z) is any point of this line, S = (s) is the point symmetric to the origin
O with respect to the line M, and t is a unimodular number, i.e. |t| = 1 or t

t = 1
holds.
Figure 2
Proof. If O M (Figure 2), then we have the equality |z s| = |z|, i.e. the
number
zs
z
= is unimodular. Therefore, we have
z s
z
=
1

. Multiplying these
two equalities we obtain (z s)( z s) = z z, i.e. sz +s z = s s. But, this is equation
(1) if we put
t =
s
s
. (2)
Obviously t

t = 1. If O M, then let P = (p) and Q = (p) be two points


symmetrical with respect to the origin O and with respect to the straight line M
(Figure 3). Then we have the equality |z p| = |z + p|, i.e. the number
zp
z+p
=
is unimodular. Therefore,
z p
z+ p
=
1

. Multiplying these two equalities we obtain


(z + p)( z + p) = (z p)( z p), i.e. pz + p z = 0. If we put t =
p
p
, then we have
equation (1) again, but now s = 0 holds.
A generalization of the butterfly theorem 159
Figure 3
Proof of Theorem. Let K be the unit circle with the centre in the origin O
and let a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, k, l be the complex coordinates of the points A, B, C, D,
E, F, G, H, K, L. The equation
z +ab z = a +b (3)
is the equation of a straight line L because |ab| = |a| |b| = 1. According to a a = 1
and b

b = 1, we obtain a + ab a = a + b and b + ab

b = a + b, i.e. A, B L.
Therefore, (3) is the equation of the straight line AB. Now, let M have equation
(1). Substracting equations (1) and (2) we obtain (t ab) z = s a b. Therefore,
for the point E = M AB the rst of two equalities
e =
s a b
t ab
,

f =
s c d
t cd
(4)
holds, and analogously the second equality (4) holds for the point F = M CD.
The point S = (s) is symmetrical to the point O = (0) with respect to the line M.
Therefore, the points E and F have the midpoint M if and only if e + f = s, i.e.
e +

f = s. This condition can be written in the form
(t cd)(s a b) + (t ab)(s c d) = s(t ab)(t cd) (5)
because of (4). According to (2), i.e. the equality st = s (which is satised in the
case s = 0, too), equality (5) can be transformed in the form
st (a +b +c +d)t +abc +abd +acd +bcd abcd s = 0,
which is symmetrical with respect to the coordinates a, b, c, d. Therefore, we obtain
the same condition for g +

h = s and for

k +

l = s. Q.E.D.
References
[1] H. Eves, A survey of geometry, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1963., p. 171.
[2] H. S. M. Coxeter, Projective geometry, Blaisdell, New York, 1964., p. 78.
160 V. Volenec
[3] M. S. Klamkin, An extension of the buttery theorem, Math. Mag. 38(1965),
206208.
[4] J. Sledge, A generalization of the buttery theorem, J. of Undergraduate
Math. 5(1973), 34.

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