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Per Unit System - Practice Problem Solved For Easy Understanding

1. The document discusses calculating per-unit impedances for components in a power system by first establishing common base values for voltage, current, and impedance. 2. A base current of 223 MVA is assumed to calculate per-unit impedances. The voltage base is determined by the transformer ratings. 3. The base impedance is calculated using the formula Zbase = Vbase2/Sbase. Then per-unit impedances are found by dividing component impedances by the appropriate base impedance.

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117 views

Per Unit System - Practice Problem Solved For Easy Understanding

1. The document discusses calculating per-unit impedances for components in a power system by first establishing common base values for voltage, current, and impedance. 2. A base current of 223 MVA is assumed to calculate per-unit impedances. The voltage base is determined by the transformer ratings. 3. The base impedance is calculated using the formula Zbase = Vbase2/Sbase. Then per-unit impedances are found by dividing component impedances by the appropriate base impedance.

Uploaded by

tareen372a
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Per Unit System Practice Problem Solved

For Easy Understanding


By Admin On June 26, 2011 32 Comments
Lets understand the concept of per unit system by solving an example. In the one-line diagram
below, the impedance of various components in a power system, typically derived from their
nameplates, are presented. The task now is to normalie these values using a common base.
!igure "# $neline %iagram $f & 'ower (ystem
)ow that you have carefully examined the system and its parameters, the e*uivalent impedance
diagram for the above system would look something like the following.

!igure +# Impedance %iagram $f & 'ower (ystem
,esistive impedance for most components have been ignored. ,otating machines have been
replaced with a voltage source behind their internal reactance. -apacitive effects between lines
and to ground are ignored as well.
To obtain the new normalied per unit impedances, first we need to figure out the base values
.(base, /base, 0base1 in the power system. !ollowing steps will lead you through the process.
Step 1: Assume a system base
&ssume a system wide of "223/&. This is a random assumption and chosen to make
calculations easy when calculating the per unit impedances.
(o, 4 "223/&
Step 2: Identify te voltage base
/oltage base in the system is determined by the transformer. !or example, with a ++5++2k/
voltage rating of T" transformer, the on the primary side of T" is ++k/ while the
secondary side is ++2k/. It does not matter what the voltage rating of the other components are
that are encompassed by the one.
(ee figure below for the voltage bases in the system.
!igure 6# /oltage 7ase In The 'ower (ystem
Step !: "alculate te base impedance
The base impedance is calculated using the following formula#
$hms8888888888888888888888888.
.."1
!or T-Line "# 4 9:9 $hms
!or T-Line +# 4 "+" $hms
!or 6-phase load# 4 ".+" $hms
Step #: "alculate te per unit impedance
The per unit impedance is calculated using the following formulas#
88888888888888888888888888888..
.+1
888888888888..61
The voltage ratio in e*uation .61 is not e*uivalent to transformers voltage ratio. It is the ratio of
the transformers voltage rating on the primary or secondary side to the system nominal voltage
on the same side.
!or T-line " using e*uation .+1# 4 2." pu
!or T-line + using e*uation .+1# 4 2.; pu
!or 6-'hase load#
'ower !actor#
Thus,
4 "."9<;=>".;6+?@ $hms
'er unit impedance of 6-phase load using e*uation .+14 4 2.<;=>".+??@ pu
!or generator, the new per unit reactance using e*uation .61
4 2.+ pu
!or transformer T"# 4 2.+ pu
!or transformer T+# 4 2."; pu
!or transformer T6# 4 2."? pu
!or transformer T9# 4 2.+ pu
!or 3otor, 4 2.+; pu
The e*uivalent impedance network with all the impedances normalied to a common system
base and the appropriate voltage base is provided below.
'er Anit Impedance %iagram
Summary:
". &ssume a (base for the entire system.
+. The /base is defined by the transformer and any off-nominal tap setting it may have.
6. 0base is derived from the (base and /base.
9. The new per unit impedance is obtained by converting the old per unit impedance on old
base values to new ones. (ee e*uations .+1 and .61.

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