Lab 4

EE/CE3111 ElectronicCircuitsLaboratory Spring2014
ProfessorY.Chiu 1
Lab 4: B}T Amplifieis Pait I

Objectives
TheobjectiveofthislabistolearnhowtooperateBJTasanamplifyingdevice.Specifically,wewilllearn
thefollowinginthislab:
ThephysicalmeaningofthelowfrequencysmallsignalparametersofBJTandwaystomeasure
them
The three configurations of BJT amplifiers, i.e., common emitter (CE), common collector (CC),
andcommonbase(CB).CEconfigurationisalsoreferredtoastheinverterconfiguration,and
CCandCBarereferredtoastheemitter(orvoltage)followerandcurrentbuffer,respectively.
BJTisalwaysbiasedintheforwardactiveregion(FAR)inanamplifier
ThetransferfunctionforthethreeBJTamplifierconfigurations
Themeaningofbiasingfortransistorcircuits
Introduction
This lab will equip you with the knowledge and understanding to explain the behavior of BJT in two of
thethreeamplifierconfigurationsmentionedabove.YouwilllearnhowtobiasaBJTinFARandhowto
settheoperatingpointforanamplifier.
For detailed theory about the three configurations, please refer to Chapter 6 (Bipolar Junction
Transistors)ofSedra&Smithoranequivalenttext.
Preparation
1. SimulateinPSpicetheCEamplifierinFig.42.
Obtainthetransferfunctionoftheamplifier.
DeterminetheDCinputvoltagetobiastheBJTinthecenterofthelinearregion.
Determinethesmallsignal(AC)gainoftheamplifierattheoperatingpointabove.
2. Repeatstep2fortheemitterfollowerinFig.43.
Procedure
1. SmallsignalparametersofBJT
WewillusetheconfigurationshowninFig.41tomeasurethesmallsignalparametersoftheBJTtobe
usedinallremainingpartsofthislab.Inthiscircuit,theBJTneedstoremaininFARinordertoprovidea
large voltage gain (please refer to Lab 3 or your textbook about the definition of FAR if necessary). To
bias the BJT in FAR, you will need to vary the base current I
B
to make sure that the collector voltage is
closetoV
CC
/2.Aloadresistorof1kistobeusedinthiscircuit.
ProfessorY.Chiu 2
Figure41:ConfigurationusedtomeasuresmallsignalBJTparameters
g
m
:Transconductance,definedas
g
m
=
I
C
v
BE
|
v
CE
=constunt
(41)
Thisparameterisfoundbymeasuring theratiooftheincrementalchangesincollector current
andbaseemittervoltagebyslightlyvaryingthebasecurrentfromtheoperatingpoint.Youwill
needtovaryV
CC
tomakesurethatV
CE
isconstantinyourmeasurement.

0
:ACcurrentgain,definedas
[
0
=
I
C
I
B
|
v
CE
=constunt
(42)
Thisparameterisfoundbymeasuring theratiooftheincrementalchangesincollector current
and base current by slightly varying the base current from the operating point. You will also
needtovaryV
CC
tomakesurethatV
CE
r
:Inputresistance,orbaseemitterresistance,definedas
r
n
=
v
BE
I
B
|
v
CE
=constunt
(43)
This parameter is found by measuring the ratio of the incremental changes in baseemitter
voltageandbasecurrentbyslightlyvaryingthebasecurrentfromtheoperatingpoint.Youwill
alsoneedtovaryV
CC
tomakesurethatV
CE
r
o
:Outputresistance,orcollectoremitterresistance,definedas
r
o
=
v
CE
I
C
|
v
BE
=constunt
(44)
Thisparameterisfoundbymeasuringtheratiooftheincrementalchangesincollectoremitter
voltageandcollectorcurrentbyslightlyvaryingV
CC
.HowwouldyoumakesureV
BE
isconstantin
thismeasurement?
V
CE,SAT
: Saturation voltage is the minimum voltage you will see across the collectoremitter
junction. To measure this value you can increase the base current until you see no significant
decrementinthecollectoremittervoltage.
ProfessorY.Chiu 3
Figure42:CEamplifier
2. Commonemitteramplifier
MeasuretheIVcharacteristicoftheBJTusingtheprogramBJT_IV_curve.vi.Drawtheloadline
oftheCEamplifierinFig.42ontopoftheIVcharacteristic.
Usetheprogramtranchar.vitoobtainthetransferfunctionoftheamplifier.
Use the information from the above steps to find the DC voltage of the input needed to place
the BJT operating point in the middle of the linear region of the transfer function. This should
yieldaV
CE
nottoofarfromV
CC
/2.
Usethefunctiongeneratorastheinputsource,andsetitupasfollows
o Waveform:sinusoidal
o Offset:theDCinputvoltageyoufound
o Amplitude:0.1V
o Frequency:1kHz
Use the oscilloscope to view the input and output waveforms. Record the smallsignal (AC)
voltagegainandtheDCvaluesofthecollectorvoltageandthecollectorcurrent.
Increasetheamplitudeofthefunctiongeneratoruntilyouseetheoutputclippedatthetopand
bottom of the sine wave. Then use the XY display mode of the oscilloscope, and set the input
signal to Channel 1 and the output signal to Channel 2. What you will see here is the transfer
functionoftheCEamplifier.Usethecursorstomeasurethemaximumaswellastheminimum
outputvoltages.
Figure43:Emitterfollower
ProfessorY.Chiu 4
3. Emitterfollower
Draw the load line of the emitter follower in Fig. 43 on top of the BJT IV characteristic. Note
thattheloadisR
E
inthiscase(theoutputnodeofyourfolloweristheemitter).Youmayassume
I
E
I
C
inthisstep.
Usetheprogramtranchar.vitoobtainthetransferfunctionofthefollower.
Use the information from the above steps to find the DC voltage of the input needed to place
theBJToperatingpointinthemiddleofthelinearregionofthetransferfunction.
Usethefunctiongeneratorastheinputsource,andsetitupasfollows
o Waveform:sinusoidal
o Offset:theDCinputvoltageyoufound
o Amplitude:0.1V
o Frequency:1kHz
Use the oscilloscope to view the input and output waveforms. Record the smallsignal (AC)
voltagegainandtheDCvaluesoftheemittervoltageandthecollectorcurrent.
Increasetheamplitudeofthefunctiongeneratoruntilyouseetheoutputclippedatthetopand
bottom of the sine wave. Then use the XY display mode of the oscilloscope, and set the input
signal to Channel 1 and the output signal to Channel 2. What you will see here is the transfer
function of the follower. Use the cursors to measure the maximum as well as the minimum
outputvoltages.
Analysis
1. Usingyourknowledgeaboutthesmallsignalparametersandthemeasuredoperatingpointsof
the BJT circuits, sketch the transfer function of the CE and emitter follower configurations you
studied in this experiment. Compare your sketches with the curves you measured in the lab.
What other information would you like to know in order to match your sketch to the
measurementresultsprecisely?
2. Is the value of R
B
critical for the CE amplifier and the emitter follower? How sensitive is the
amplifiersmallsignal(AC)gaintoR
B
?

ProfessorY.Chiu 5
Lab 4 Report Instructions

Besides the general guidelines, report the following for this lab:
CE amplifier
1. Plot I-V curves for BJ T with load line, show the load line equation used.
2. Sketch (by hand, PSpice or any drawing program) the CE circuit.
3. Plot Vout vs. Vin curve (transfer function curve), show the range of the linear region (Vin,min,
Vout,max) and (Vout,min, Vout,max) and gain computed from the slope.
4. Show Vin,middle and Vout,middle in linear region.
5. Show AC gain obtained from oscilloscope readings, and the DC values of the Vout and Iout.
6. Show the Vin value to achieve Vout clipping. Explain why clipping occurred at this value.
Emitter follower
1. Plot I-V curve for BJ T with load line, show the load line equation used.
2. Sketch (by hand, PSpice or any drawing program) the follower circuit.
3. Plot Vout vs. Vin curve (transfer function curve), show the range of the linear region (Vin,min,
Vout,max) and (Vout,min, Vout,max) and gain computed from the slope. Explain the difference
between the follower and the CE amplifier.
4. Show Vin,middle & Vout,middle in linear region.
5. Show AC gain obtained from oscilloscope readings, and the DC values of the Vout and Iout.
6. Show the Vin value to achieve Vout clipping. Explain why clipping occurred at this value.
Answer the questions in the Analysis section.

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EE/CE3111 ElectronicCircuitsLaboratory Spring2014

Lab 4: B}T Amplifieis Pait I

Lab 4 Report Instructions

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