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Lecture2 Notes

The document discusses why compressibility is more important in certain fluid flows. It explains that while all fluids are compressible, small pressure changes can lead to large forces, whereas small density changes lead to small forces. This means that even in low speed flows, accounting for compressibility may be important. It then provides an example comparing the magnitude of forces due to pressure changes versus density changes in a simple low speed case, showing pressure-induced forces are five orders of magnitude larger. Therefore, incompressibility is a good assumption until density changes exceed around 10-15% of the reference density.

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48 views4 pages

Lecture2 Notes

The document discusses why compressibility is more important in certain fluid flows. It explains that while all fluids are compressible, small pressure changes can lead to large forces, whereas small density changes lead to small forces. This means that even in low speed flows, accounting for compressibility may be important. It then provides an example comparing the magnitude of forces due to pressure changes versus density changes in a simple low speed case, showing pressure-induced forces are five orders of magnitude larger. Therefore, incompressibility is a good assumption until density changes exceed around 10-15% of the reference density.

Uploaded by

张立凡
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EML5714/EAS4132Fall2014

Soifeveryfluidiscompressible(i.e.,infinitespeedofsoundisnotpossible),Whyis
compressibilitymoreimportantincertainflows?

Inaflowwhereentropyisconstantitcanbeshownforaperfectgas

JP
P
= y
Jp
p

recallfromThermodynamicsforisentropicprocess[
P
p
y , = const. whereistheratioof
specificheats

Since=1.4forairthismeansthatifpressurechangesby14%thedensitywill
changeby10%Sameorderofmagnitude?

Eveninlowspeedflowsweknowtherewillbepressurechangesyetwemostly
assumetheowtobeincompressiblei.e.,const.

Thekeyisintheforceswhicharisefromthedifferences

SmallPressurechangesleadtolargeforces
Smalldensitychangesleadtosmallforces

EXAMPLELowSpeedFlowOveraWing

ForceduetoP(integratepressurearoundthesurface)

= _P nJA = P A =
P
P
P A F

|
P
= _
P
P
] 1u
5
N

Forcedueto(buoyancy)

F = p g = _
p
p
] p g F

|
P
= _
p
p
] 1.1 N

P
atm
=10
5
N/m
2

T=300K
Area=1m
2

Vol.=0.1m
3

EML5714/EAS4132Fall2014

ThereforeforceofPis5ordersofmagnitudelargerthantheforceduetointhissimplelow
speedcase

Usuallyincompressibilitygooduntilislargerthan1015%of
RangesofFluidVelocity
1. AcousticFluidvelocitiesareextremelysmallcomparedtothespeedofsound
butfractionalchangesin,PandTaresignificant
2. IncompressibleFluidvelocitiesaresmallcomparedtothespeedofsoundand
fractionalchangesinarenotsignificantbuttheyareforPandT
3. CompressibleFluidvelocitiesareontheorderofthespeedofsoundand
fractionalin,PandTaresignificant

FlowRegimesfromAnderson(ModernCompressibleFlow)
EML5714/EAS4132Fall2014

GoverningEquations

1. MassConservation
2. MomentumConservation
3. EnergyConservation
4. StateEqn.

1and2sufficientforincompressiblewithPandV

1,2,3and4necessaryforcompressibleflowsP,V,Tand

4comesfromstudyofthermodynamics

EquationsofstateforanIdealGas

Aslongasthepressureisnottoohighandthetemperatureisnottoolowthestate
ofthegasiswelldescribedbytheIdealGasequationofstate.

P = pRI wbcrc R = C
p
- C

Tisthegastemperatureinabsolutescale
Pisthepressureofthefluid
Risthespecificgasconstant=Universalgasconstant/molecularweight

Validforcaloricallyperfectgasandthermallyperfectgas

1. Caloricallyperfectgas
e=C
v
Tandh=C
p
T,i.e.,constantspecificheats
2. Thermallyperfectgas
e=e(T)andh=(t);de=C
v
dtanddh=C
p
dt,Heatcapacitiesvarythroughtemp.
3. Idealgas
lessrestrictiveheatcapacitencesareafunctionoftemp.andpressure.

ReferenceFrames
LagrangianReferenceframethatfollowsthefluidparceloffixedidentityasitflows

EulerianReferenceframefixedatapointorregioninspacewiththefluidflowing
throughit.

EML5714/EAS4132Fall2014

Definitions
System(closed)afixedsetofidentifiableparticlesofconstantmass;Thisis
usedforstudyingthesamesetofparticlesthroughouranalysis(Lagrangian)
ControlVolume(opensystem)aregionofspacewhichmayormaynotbe
movingandthroughwhichafluidmayflowthereforetheidentityofthe
particlesintheCVmaychangefrominstanttoinstant(Eulerian)
ControlSurfacethegeometricboundingsurfaceoftheCV
InfinitesimalFluidElement
AverysmallCVwithmasscrossingitsboundaries
Averysmallsystemofafixedsetofmatter

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