Analysis of a centrifugal pump impeller using ANSYS-CFX

S.Rajendran
1
and Dr.K.Purushothaman
2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna university of Technology,
Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, INDIA.
2
Professor & Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, St.Peters College of Engineering and
Technology, Avadi, Chennai, Tamilnadu, INDIA.
Abstract
ANSYS software package was used to develop a three
dimensional, fully turbulent model of the compressible
flow across a complex geometry of impeller, such as
those found in centrifugal pump. It is a most common
pump used in industries and domestic applications.
The Flow through centrifugal pump impeller is three
dimensional and fully turbulence model. The present
paper describes the simulation of the flow in the
impeller of a centrifugal pump. The analysis of
centrifugal pump impeller design is carried out using
ANSYS-CFX. The complex internal flows in
Centrifugal pump impellers can be well predicted
through ANSYS-CFX. The numerical solution of the
discredited three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-
Stokes equations over an unstructured grid is
accomplished with an ANSYS-CFX. The flow pattern,
pressure distribution in the blade passage, blade
loading and pressure plots are discussed in this paper.
Keywords- Centrifugal pump causing, Centrifugal
pump impeller, Ansys-CFX, Efficiency. and
Pressure
1. Introduction
A centrifugal pump is a kinetic device. Liquid
entering the pump receives kinetic energy from the
rotating impeller. The centrifugal action of the
impeller accelerates the liquid to a high velocity,
transferring mechanical (rotational) energy to the
liquid. That kinetic energy is available to the fluid to
accomplish work. In most cases, the work consists of
the liquid moving at some velocity through a system
by overcoming resistance to flow due to friction from
pipes, and physical restrictions from valves, heat
exchangers and other in-line devices, as well as
elevation changes between the liquid's starting
location and final destination. When velocity is
reduced due to resistance encountered in the system,
pressure increases. As resistance is encountered, the
liquid expends some its energy in the form of heat,
noise, and vibration in overcoming that resistance. The
result is that the available energy in the liquid
decreases as the distance from the pump increases.
The actual energy available for work at any point in a
system is a combination of the available velocity and
pressure energy at that point.
Khin Cho Thin et. al. [1] have carried out
computational analysis of a centrifugal pump and
predicted performance for off-design volume flow
rate and calculated impeller volute disc friction loss,
slip, shock losses, recirculation losses and other
friction losses. E.C. Bcharoudis et. al. [2] have
contributed to reveal the flow mechanisms inside
centrifugal impellers and studied performance by
varying outlet blade angle. They observed a gain in
head more than 7 % with increase in outlet blade
angle from 20
o
to 45
o
. Motohiko Nohmi et. al. [3]
have developed two types of cavitation CFD codes
for centrifugal pump. They observed that at the
cavitation, there is a breakdown of flow rate as throat
is choked by cavities on both suction surface and
pressure surfaces. Vasilios A. et. al. [4] studied
computational analysis of cent r i f ugal pump
i mpel l er by opt i mi zi ng bl ade i nl et geometry.
John S. Anagnostopoulos [5] solved RANS equations
for the impeller of centrifugal pump and
developed fully automated algorithm for impeller
design. M.H.Shojaee Fard and F.A.Boyaghchi [6]
have carried out computational analysis on a
centrifugal pump handling viscous fluids. They
observed performance improvements in centrifugal
pump with increase in the outlet blade angle due to
decrease of wake formation at the exit of the
impeller.
2. Pump specifications
The systematic research on the influence of the various
design aspects of a centrifugal pump in its performance
at various flow rates requires numerical predictions
and experiments. The specifications of centrifugal
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
Vol. 1 Issue 3, May - 2012
ISSN: 2278-0181
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pump undertaken in the current analysis are shown in
Table No.1.
Table No.1. Specifications of centrifugal pump


3. Meshing
Fig.2 Unstructured mesh of the impeller
Fig.3 Mesh refinement around the blade surface and
inflated layers
The geometry and the mesh of a six bladed pump
impeller domain is generated using Ansys
Workbench. An unstructured mesh with tetrahedral
cells is also used for the zones of impeller and volute
as shown in Fig.2.
The mesh is refined in the near tongue region of the
volute as well as in the regions close to the leading
and trailing edge of the blades. Around the blades,
structured hexahedral cells are generated to obtain
better boundary layer details. Fig.3 shows the mesh
near the tongue region. A total of 3570268 elements
are generated for the impeller domain. Mesh statistics
are presented in Table 2.
1 Number of nodes 805234
2 Number of tetrahedral 3415244
3 Number of prisms 250987
4 Number of elements 3572269
5 Number of pyramids 910
Table 2. Mesh statistics are presented.
4. Boundary conditions
Centrifugal pump impeller domain is considered as
rotating frame of reference with a rotational speed of
925 rpm. The working fluid through the pump is
water at 25
o
C. k- turbulence model with turbulence
Blade width b
20 mm
Inlet diameter D
1 150 mm
Outlet diameter D2
280 mm
Pump head H
10
Outlet blade angle
2
20
Speed of the impeller N
925 rpm
Flow rate, Q
0.0125 m
3
/sec
Specific speed N
s
=NQ/H
4
18.39
The diameter of impeller eye
Do= K
0
3(Q/N)
Where K
0
is the constant 4.5 43.5mm
Hydraulic Efficiency
83%
Number of Blades
6
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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intensity of 5% is considered. Inlet static pressure
and outlet mass flow rate of 12.5kg/s are given as
boundary conditions. Three dimensional
incompressible N-S equations are solved with
Ansys-CFX Solver.
5. Results
Centrifugal pump impeller without volute casing
is solved at designed mass flow rate of 12.5
kg/m
3
. The performance results are presented in
Table No.3. The head obtained by the CFD analysis
is 9.4528 m/WG and total efficiency obtained is
91.1029%.
Sl.No Descriptions parameters
1. Diameter of causing 0.280 m
2. Rotational speed 942 rpm
3. Volume of flow rate 0.0125 m
3
/s
4. Head (in) 9.25 m
5. Head (out) 9.45 m
6. Flow Coefficient 0.0931
7. Head Coefficient 0.134
8. Shaft power 14209.01 w
9. Power Coefficient 0.0145
10. Static Efficiency % 64.56
11. Total Efficiency % 95.05
Table No.3: Centrifugal Pump Performance Results
5.1 Pressure Contours on a plane
Besides the centrifugal pump performance results,
the local characteristics of the internal flow field is
accomplished. The Pressure contours at different
span wise locations of 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 and 100%
are shown in Fig.4.
The pressure contours show a continuous pressure
rise from leading edge to trailing edge of the
impeller due to the dynamic head developed by the
rotating pump impeller. It is observed that total
pressure on pressure side of the blade is more than
that of suction side. The difference of pressure from
the pressure side to the suction side of the impeller
blade is increasing from leading edge to trailing
edge of the blade. The minimum value of the static
pressure inside the impeller is located at the leading
edge of the blades on the suction side
The total pressure patterns are varying along the
span of the impeller. Low total pressures are
observed near hub of the impeller. With increase in
span, total pressures are increasing because of high
dynamic head at tip of the blade. A low total
pressure and high velocity is observed near the
leading edge on suction side of the blade
because of the vane thickness. At trailing edge of
the blade total pressure loss is observed for all span
wise locations due to the wake formation at trailing
edge of the blade
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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Fig.4 Pressure contours at different span wise locations of 10,
25, 50, 75, 90 and 100%
5.2 Circumferential Area Averaged Pressure
Circumferential area averaged pressure from hub to
shroud variation with span is shown in Fig. 5. Till
50% span, increase in pressure is observed. After that
uniform pressure is observed with span increments. A
pressure difference of 2000Pa is observed between hub
to shroud
5.3 Blade loading at 50%span
Blade loading plot for the centrifugal impeller at
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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50% span is shown in Fig. 6. Gradual increase of
pressure is observed with stream wise increment.
High pressures on pressure side of the blade and
low pressures on suction side of the blade are
observed.
At leading edge, pressure drop on both pressure and
suction side are observed due to the acceleration of
the flow in to the impeller. At 10% stream wise
location pressure drop is observed on pressure side of
the blade. At trailing edge of the blade, pressure drop
is observed due to the blade wake.
Fig.7. Stream wise variation of mass averaged
total pressure and static pressure [Pa]
5.4 Stream wise variation of area averaged
absolute velocity
Stream wise variation of area averaged absolute
velocity is shown in Fig.8. From 30% stream wise
location, the area averaged absolute velocity is
increasing with stream wise increment due to the
dynamic energy transfer from the impeller to the
fluid. From 90% stream wise location, the area
averaged absolute velocity is decreasing because of
increase in pressure in outlet duct.
5.5 Stream wise variation of mass averaged total
pressure and static pressure
Stream wise variation of mass averaged total
pressure and static pressure is shown in Fig. 7.
Gradual increase in total and static pressure from
inlet to outlet is observed. At low stream wise
locations the mass averaged total and static pressures
are observed constant due to the inlet duct before the
impeller.
From 30% stream wise location the pressures are
increasing due to the dynamic energy transfer from
the rotating impeller to the fluid. From 90% stream
wise location the mass averaged total pressure is
observed constant due to the absence of energy
transfer in outlet duct. However, static pressure
increment is observed because of diffusion in outlet
duct.
5.6 Variation of mass averaged total pressure at
blade leading edge and trailing edge
Variation of mass averaged total pressure contours at
blade leading edge is shown in fig. 9. Mass averaged
total pressure contours at leading edge show a drastic
change in pressures near the blade leading edge.
Variation of mass averaged total pressure contours at
blade trailing edge is shown in Fig. 10. High mass
averaged total pressures on pressure side of the blade
and low mass averaged total pressures on suction side
of the blade are observed. Near the trailing edge of
the blade total pressure loss because of wake is
observed.
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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6. Conclusions
A centrifugal pump impeller is modeled and solved
using computational fluid dynamics, the flow patterns
through the pump, performance results,
circumferential area averaged pressure from hub to
shroud line, blade loading plot at 50 % span, stream
wise variation of mass averaged total pressure and
static pressure, stream wise variation of area averaged
absolute velocity and variation of mass averaged total
pressure contours at blade leading edge and trailing
edge for designed flow rate are presented.
The CFD predicted value of the head at the design
flow rate is approximately H=9.4528 m. The pressure
contours show a continuous pressure rise from
leading edge to trailing edge of the impeller due to
the dynamic head developed by the rotating pump
impeller. Near leading edge of the blade low pressure
and high velocities are observed due to the thickness
of the blade. Near trailing edge of the blade total
pressure loss is observed due to the presence of
trailing edge wake.
7. References
[1] Khin Cho Thin, Mya Mya Khaing, and Khin
Maung Aye, Design and Performance Analysis of
Centrifugal Pump, World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology pp46,2008.
[2] E.C. Bcharoudis, A.E. ilios ,M.D. Mentzos and D.P.
Margaris, Parametric Study of a Centrifugal Pump
Impeller by Varying the Outlet Blade Angle, The open
Mechanical Engineering Journal, pp75-83, 2008,.
[3] Motohiko Nohmi, Akira Goto, Cavitation
CFD in a Centrifugal pump, Fifth international
symposium on cavitations, Osaka, Japan, november2003.
[4] Vasilios A. Grapsas, John S. Anagnostopoulos and
Dimitrios E. Papantonis, Hydrodynamic Design of Radial
Flow Pump Impeller by Surface Parameterization,
International Conference on Experiments / Process /
System Modeling / Simulation / Optimization, Athens, 6-9
July, 2005.
[5] M.H.Shojaee Fard and F.A.Boyaghchi, Studies
on the influence of various blade outlet angles in a
centrifugal pump when handling viscous fluids, American
Journal of Applied Sciences pp.718-724, 2007.
[6] John S. Anagnostopoulos, CFD Analysis and Design
Effects in a Radial Pump Impeller, Wseas Transactions
on Fluid Mechanics, Vol 1, July2006.
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
Vol. 1 Issue 3, May - 2012
ISSN: 2278-0181
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