TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS

Piezoelectric Ceramics
Electro Ceramic Solutions
2 3
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS
Products and Market Sectors
Security and Defence
Morgan is a leader in the design and manufacture of electroceramics products for the
security and defence markets, having developed and supplied precise and accurate
components for air, land and sea applications for the past 75 years. Our piezoelectric
ceramics and transducers are used in highly specialised applications, including sonar,
instrumentation and communications systems where performance is critical.
Piezoelectric ceramic components and transducers are an essential part of sonar systems
used to detect underwater objects and assist in underwater navigation. Our components
give a high degree of accuracy for sub-sea detecting and sensing and the development of
piezoelectric composite structures has improved the image resolution of sonar systems.
Our piezoelectric ceramic is also found in hydrophones, torpedo guidance systems,
sonobuoy, gyroscopes, mine detection systems and harbour protection and our
transducers are used to give accurate readings in aircraft instrumentation and engine
monitoring.
Our piezoceramic components are versatile, durable and stable even in difcult operating
conditions, making them ideal for use in our custom sensor and transducer systems.
Many of the worlds navies specify our specialist materials for their sonar systems.
Medical
Morgan is a world leader in the design and manufacture of piezoelectric ceramic,
sensors, transducers and dielectric components for the medical market, including
medical instrumentation, therapeutic and diagnostic equipment, surgical tools and in
drug delivery and dialysis equipment.
Our superior piezoelectric ceramic components enable increased resolution of
ultrasonic imaging and are used extensively in medical ultrasound. They are also the
key technology in applications such as blood ow measurement and foetal heart
monitors, providing increased reliability and accurate detection.
The high performance piezoelectric material is used in high power transmission of
high frequency waves to assist with surgical cutting. We supply efcient materials and
complete transducers for small medical tools such as ultrasonic dental descalers and
ultrasonic scalpels, which are used in applications such as cataract removal, whilst our
custom multilayer, bimorph actuator and sensor capabilities are ideal for valve and drug
nebulisation applications.
Our range of sensors designed to detect air bubbles and changes in pressure are a
critical components for infusion and dialysis equipment, protecting the lives of patients
around the globe.
About Morgan Advanced Materials
Morgan Advanced Materials is a global materials engineering company that offers a wide range of high
specication engineered products with extraordinary properties.
From an extensive range of advanced materials we engineer components, assemblies and systems
that deliver signicantly enhanced performance for our customers products or processes. Most are
produced to very high tolerances and many are designed for use in extreme environments.
The company thrives on innovation. Our materials scientists and applications engineers work in
close collaboration with customers to create outstanding, differentiated products that perform more
efciently, more reliably and for longer.
Morgan Advanced Materials has a global presence with over 10,000 employees across 50 countries
serving specialist markets in the energy, transport, healthcare, electronics, petrochemical and industrial
sectors. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange in the engineering sector.
Our Piezoelectric Ceramic Capabilities
Morgan Advanced Materials has over 75 years experience in helping customers design and develop the
most effective and efcient solutions for piezoelectric ceramic components going into their products.
Our applications engineering support is provided as standard across the entire product portfolio.
Our extensive advanced materials knowledge enables us to provide an unrivalled range of materials
by producing our own specic formulations from raw materials which can be customised to specic
requirements in-house. In addition, advanced computer modelling techniques are used throughout the
development of new designs, enabling a faster, more efcient product development process. Ideal for
when timescales are critical.
Our manufacturing sites are ISO 9001 accredited and where required ISO 13485 certied for the
production of products for medical applications.
Markets
Our electroceramic components, transducers and assemblies are utilised in many cutting edge technologies in a range
of markets, including:
Morgan continues to develop new materials and value added assemblies to meet the rapidly expanding opportunities
in these markets.
Defence
Medical
Industrial
Energy
Automotive
Aerospace
4 5
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS
Electronics Commercial Sonar
Morgan Advanced Materials provides high performance piezoelectric ceramic
components and transducers for sonar systems used in range of marine applications
including; depth sounding, navigation and surveillance in the oil exploration industry, and
commercial sh nding.
Our wide bandwidth transducers enable the use of more advanced imaging algorithms
such as Chirp, or Synthetic Aperture Focusing Techniques (SAFT). In addition, higher
frequencies can be used to increase target resolution, whilst lower frequencies remain
available for better deep-water performance.
Our advanced technology can be adapted to higher frequency ranges and a variety of
sizes and shapes that require dual-frequency operation. A key advantage of our dual
frequency transducer is that it offers wideband dual frequency operation through the
same slot, reducing installation times.
Our specialist manufacturing capabilities enable us to supply high quality components
in high volume, at competitive prices. With in-house underwater acoustic test tanks
and pressure testing facilities to validate performance, we are able to offer customised
solutions in short lead times.
Transportation
Morgan provides a wide range of piezoelectric components and solutions for the
transportation industry, such as transducers and actuators for sophisticated high
performance in-vehicle sensing systems used for advanced manufacturing technologies.
Working closely with customers we are helping to improve vehicle safety, performance,
energy efciency and comfort.
As the transportation industry continues to advance and smarter vehicles are developed,
piezoelectric sensors, transducers and actuators are playing an increasingly important
role as the critical input/output devices for many electronic systems. Our piezoceramic
components are highly versatile, durable and stable even in difcult operating conditions,
making them ideal for use in custom vehicle sensor and transducer systems. Our sensor
design expertise makes us an ideal partner during design and early production stages.
With our world-class design expertise and specialist manufacturing capabilities we work
in partnership with our customers to develop competitive tailored solutions to meet
their needs. We produce ceramic components, sensors and transducers within tight
specications, in quantities from one-offs to high quality, cost-effective, high volume
production. We directly supply to many customers in high performance race automotive
applications, as well as other tier one automotive suppliers.
Industrial
Morgan has more than 75 years experience in the manufacture of piezoelectric
ceramic components, sensors, transducers and dielectric components for the industrial
equipment market.
Precision-machined piezoceramic discs are used by many OEMs for automatic level
and distance sensing in industrial equipment and for gas and liquid ow and level
measurement systems.
Non-destructive testing equipment and many high power ultrasonic applications such as
ultrasonic cleaning, welding, inspection and sono-chemistry also use our piezoelectric
ceramics as transducers.
Piezoceramic bimorphs are used as actuators in a wide range of industrial applications
such as textile knitting machines, inkjet printer heads and viscosity meters. They are also
used in coin and bank notes validation systems.
We work in partnership with our customers to develop tailored solutions for specic
industrial needs. Using our design expertise and specialist manufacturing capabilities, we
can produce components within tight specications in whatever quantity is required.
Energy
Morgan supplies piezoelectric components for the latest energy management systems
and for the most advanced smart metering technologies. From smart metering to
energy harvesting, we provide solutions to help designers and manufacturers meet new
standards for efcient delivery of cleaner, greener power all over the world.
Our piezoelectric ceramic components, sensors and transducers are used in high
performance ultrasonic meters to determine gas and water ow measurements for
sophisticated heat and smart metering technologies.
Our superior piezoceramic bimorphs are used in energy harvesting devices, enabling the
efcient conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Energy generation, management and distribution is arguably one of the fastest evolving
industries of modern times and we are working closely with customers to provide
innovative components and sub-assemblies across the power sector.
Products & Market Sectors
6 7
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS
Piezoelectric Phenomena & Materials
Piezoelectricity is the property possessed by some materials of
becoming electrically charged when subjected to a mechanical stress.
Such materials also exhibit the converse effect i.e. the occurrence of
mechanical deformation on application of an electric eld.
Certain compounds can be made piezoelectric by the application
of a high electric eld (polarisation), these are termed ferroelectric
materials. Another important group of piezoelectric materials are
the piezoelectric ceramics, such as PZT. The PZT ceramics are solid
solutions of lead Titanate (PbTiO
3
), and lead Zirconate (PbZrO
3
),
modied by additives. The PZT can be fashioned into components of
almost any shape and size. As well as being strongly piezoelectric, PZT
is hard, strong, chemically inert and completely unaffected by humid
environments. Before polarisation the dipoles in the ferroelectric
material are randomly oriented. The polarisation process involves the
application of an electric eld across the ceramic, usually at an elevated
temperature, causing switching or realignment of the dipoles.
A graph of polarisation versus applied eld yields a closed curve
analogous to the magnetic hysteresis loop. After removal of the
electric eld there is a remanent polarisation in the ceramic which
is responsible for its piezoelectric properties. The resulting ceramic
is now anisotropic and can be returned to its unpolarised isotropic
condition by raising its temperature above the Curie point or by
mechanically overstressing.
Static Performance of Piezoelectric Ceramics
The static performance under the inuence of a steady strain is shown
in the diagram below which illustrates the direct piezoelectric effect.
The effect is exaggerated for clarity.
The diagram below illustrates the reverse piezoelectric effect as
shown. The effect is exaggerated for clarity.
Ageing rates and time stability
Most of the properties of piezoelectric ceramics change gradually with
time. The changes tend to be logarithmic with time after poling. The
ageing rate of various properties depends on the ceramic composition,
the geometry and on the way the ceramic is processed during
manufacture. Because of ageing exact values of various properties
such as dielectric constant, coupling, and piezoelectric constants may
only be specied for a standard time after poling. The longer the time
period after poling, the more stable the material becomes. Exposing
the ceramic to one or more combination of the following conditions
can accelerate the ageing process in any ceramic:
High mechanical stress.
Strong electric de-poling eld.
High temperatures approaching the Curie point.
Material selection should be based on the conditions of a given
application.
Equation for ageing rate
To predict value X at T days after poling:
Where: X
T
is value of interest at T days after poling, Xt is value at
poling date and AR is the Ageing Rate (Positive or Negative)
Nature of Piezoelectric Ceramics
Shapes
In addition to the shapes shown, custom shapes
are also available. Parts can be made to the size
ranges shown, but not in every combination of
thickness and lateral dimensions. A separate list of
standard sizes of parts available can be obtained
on request.
Standard Mechanical Tolerances
Tolerances on machined dimensions apply
to most components. For large size parts,
conrmation of the tolerances achievable will
need to be agreed prior to placing an order.
Components can be produced to tighter
tolerances (e.g. Concentricity within 0.13mm
(0.005) TIR and surface nish (Ra) within 1.6m
(62in)).
Care should be taken not to over-specify a
tolerance as this can signicantly increase costs.
Shapes and Mechanical Tolerances
From To
Diameter 1mm (0.04) 254mm (10)
Thickness 0.08mm (0.003) 25mm (1)
From To
Outside Diameter 1mm (0.04) 150mm (5.9)
Inner Diameter 0.5mm (0.02) 140mm (5.5)
Thickness 0.15mm (0.006) 25mm (1)
From To
Outside Diameter 1mm (0.04) 150mm (5.9)
Inner Diameter 0.5mm (0.02) 140mm (5.5)
Length 1mm (0.04) 150mm (5.9)
From To
Outside Diameter 6mm (0.24) 254mm (10)
Wall Thickness 1mm (0.04) 10mm (0.39)
From To
Diameter 6mm (0.24) 254mm (10)
Thickness 1mm (0.04) 10mm (0.39)
From To
Length 1mm (0.04) 165mm (6.5)
Width 1mm (0.04") 165mm (6.5)
Thickness 0.08mm (0.003) 35mm (1.4)
Disc
Plate (Square & Rectangle)
Ring
Tube
Hemisphere
Focal Bowl
Tapered Stave
Barrel Stave
Legend
PZT Ceramic
Electrode
D T
W
L
T
OD
ID
T
OD
ID
L
OD
ID
T
OD
T
R
W2
W1
L
a
L
T
a
Standard Mechanical Tolerances
Outside Diameter 0.15mm
Inner Diameter 0.15mm
Length & Width 0.15mm
Thickness 0.05mm
Squareness (edge to face) Within 0.15
Concentricity 0.2mm TIR
Surface Flatness (Lapped Parts) 12m (0.012mm)
Surface Flatness (Large Sliced Parts) 15m (0.015mm)
Parallelism (Lapped Parts) 12m (0.012mm)
Parallelism (Large Sliced Parts) 60m (0.06mm)
Surface Finish (Ra) 3m (0.003mm)
As Fired tolerances
0.3mmor 3%whichever is greater
= + X X AR T t (log log )
T t
Field
Strain
Remanent
Stress (Sr)
Field
Field Field
0
Remanent
Polarisation (Pr)
Polarisation
Virgin
Curve
0
+

A) Before Polarisation B) After Polarisation (Ideal Conditions)

P
o
lin
g
A
x
is
P
o
lin
g
A
x
is
(a) (b) (c)
+
+
+
+
+Ve
+
+
-Ve
(d) (e) (f)
8 9
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS
Shape Axes Polarisation Direction
Applied Field
Voltage Output
Modes of Vibration
Displacement Applied Stress
Thin Disc
Plate
Ring
Tube
Rod
Hemisphere
Shear Plates
Radial
Thickness
Frequency Capacitance Displacement (Static) Voltage (Static)
Modes of Vibration, Displacement & Voltage
NOTES: 1 - Equations valid for: (A) plate, disc, ring & shear plate where r, L and W>>thk
2 - All variables are metric; use MKS units
3
1(r)
1 2
3
Length or
Transverse (L or W)
Thickness
3(r)
1
Length (L)
Wall Thickness
Circumferential (Hoop)
3
3(r)
Radial
Thickness
3
Thickness
3
1
Wall Thickness
Radial
thk
W
1
3 2
5 6
Stress or strain
indicated by subscript 5
= f
N
d
r
p
= f
N
L
a
a
=

f
N
d d
2.
( )
r
t
o i
=
+
f
N
d d
2.
( )
r
p
o i
= f
N
t
a
5
= f
N
t
r
t
= f
N
L or W
r
1
= f
N
t
r
t
=
+
f
N
d d
2.
( )
r
c
o i
= f
N
t
r
t
= f
N
L
r
1
=

f
N
d d
2.
( )
r
c
o i
=
+
f
N
d d
2.
( )
r
c
o i

= C
K d
t
. . .
4.
t
3 0
2

= C
K LW
t
. . .
t
3 0

=

C
K d d
t
. . .( )
4.
t
o i 3 0
2 2

= C
K L
In
d
d
2 . . .
t
o
i
3 0

= C
K d
L
. . .
4.
t
3 0
2

=
+
+
C
K d d
d d
. . .( )
4.( )
t
o i
o i
3 0
2

= C
K LW
t
. . .
t
1 0
r
d d V
t
. . 31
= + d d d where ( ) / 2 m o i
L d V . 33
t d V . 33
r
d r V
t
2. . . 31
L
d LV
t
. . 15
t d V . 33
W
d W V
t
. . 31
L
d LV
t
. . 31
t d V . 33

r
d d d V
t
.( ).
2.
o i 31
t d V . 33

L
d LV
d d
2. . .
( ) o i
31
d
d d V
t
. .
m
m 33

= V
g F
d
.
.
r 31
= P where Pressure

= V
g F L
d
4. . .
.
33 3
2
= V
g F t
LW
. .
.
15 3

= V
g F t
d
4. . .
.
33 3
2
= V
g F
W
. 31 1
= V
g F
L
. 31 2
= V
g F t
LW
. .
.
33 3

V
g F
d d
.
2 ( )
r
o i
31

V
g F t
d d
4. . .
( ) o i
33 3
2 2

= V
g F
d
.
. m
31 1
= V
g d P . .
2
o 31
= V
g d
P
.
2
.
o 31
3 - Constants g
31
and g
33
and negative values which result in negative strain (contraction) and negative voltage (opposite polarity)
4 - Each type of material has particular voltage, stress and temperature limitations.
10 11
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS
The coupling factor is a useful expression relating the amount of energy
that can be changed from the electrical form to the mechanical form, or
vice versa, for the different operational modes. The coupling factor can
be expressed as equation 8.
This value, although related, should not be considered the overall
efciency of the electromechanical transduction, since it does not take
into account electrical and mechanical dissipation or losses. When a
transducer is not operating at resonance or if it is not properly tuned
and matched, the efciency can be quite low. A properly designed
transducer can operate at well over 90% efciency.
The pressure P, which a ceramic driver can impart, is given approximately
by equation 9.

Dynamic operation
Under dynamic conditions, the behaviour of the piezoelectric material
is much more complex. It can be characterised in terms of an equivalent
electrical circuit, which exhibits the conditions of parallel and series
resonance frequencies. To approximate these frequencies, measure the
frequency of the minimum impedance (f
r
) and maximum impedance (f
a
)
for the component, since they differ by a very small amount (<0.1%).
The coupling coefcient, K, can be derived from these frequencies. This
derivation is somewhat complex as K is dependent on both the shape
of the component and the mode of vibration. The most useful of these
relationships are described
Static And Quasi-Static Operation
Under static or quasi-static (below resonance) conditions, the magnitude
of the piezoelectric effect is given by piezoelectric d and g constants.
For the case of the direct piezoelectric effect where the material
develops an electric charge from an applied stress, the denitions for d
for constant eld and g for constant dielectric displacement should be
used. For the converse effect where the material develops a strain from
an applied electric eld, the denitions for d and g for constant stress
should be used. These d and g coefcients are related by equation
1 for plates and discs, and equation 2 for rods.
The permittivity of the material is related to both the permittivity of free
space and the dielectric constant of the material according to equation 3.

At frequencies far below the mechanical resonance frequency, the
electromechanical coupling factor, k, can be calculated by equation 4
for plates, equation 5 for discs, equation 6 for rods, and equation 7 for
shear plates.
In addition to the coupling coefcient, the total efciency of a transducer
depends on the mechanical and dielectric losses.
The dielectric losses, tan d, are given by the dissipation factor, D.F., as
described in equation 13.
The mechanical losses can be determined from the mechanical quality
or damping factor, Q
m
, from equation 14.

Q
m
can also be determined approximately from the frequency response
curve as follows.

The frequency difference f
2
- f
1
is the frequency bandwidth at about
3dB where the amplitude is half of its maximum value. Of these losses,
the dielectric losses are usually the most signicant. Therefore, it is
recommended that materials with a low dissipation factor be used for
high power applications, particularly since these losses increase with
power. For high intensity transducers, the overall electro-acoustical
efciency h is given approximately by equation 15.


It should be noted that at high drive levels Q
E
and Q
m
are not constants.
They are usually lower than the low drive level values. The dielectric
permittivity of the material, and therefore the dielectric constant
and capacitance, decreases as the applied frequency (mechanical or
electrical) exceeds each resonant frequency of the particular ceramic
part. For static operation, well below the rst resonance frequency, the
dielectric permittivity is e
T
r

33
(free). For dynamic operation well above all
resonance frequencies of the ceramic part, the material behaves as if it
was clamped (strain=0), and the electric permittivity is e
S
r

33
(clamped).
Between each, the permittivity is the product of the static permittivity
and a loss term based on the coupling of the resonance mode each
resonance point the applied frequency has exceeded, as described
in equation 16 (above rst resonance), equation 17 (above second
resonance), and equation 18 (above third resonance).

Where k
1
, k
2
, and k
3
represent the coupling factors for the particular
resonance. For a thin plate, k
1
and k
2
are k
31
and k
31
(length and width
respectively), and k
3
is k
t
(thickness).
Useful Electromechanical Relationships
= g d .
r
T
31 31 33
= g d .
r
T
33 33 33

= k
T r
T
33
33
0

= k
d
S .
E
r
T 31
2 31
2
11 33

=
+
k
d
S S
2.
.( )
p
r
T E E
2 31
2
33 11 12

= k
d
S .
E
r
T 33
2 33
2
33 33

= k
d
S .
E
r
T 15
2 15
2
44 11
= k
stored energy converted
stored input energy


2
= P d EY . .
E
11


=

+
k
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f f
f
2
. .tan
2
.
( )
(1 )
2
. .tan
2
.
( )
a
r
a r
r
a
r
a r
r
31
2
= k k (1 ) (Bessel function)
P p
2 2

=

k
f
f
f f
f 2
. .tan
2
.
( )
a
r
a r
a
33
2
= = D F
Q
. . tan
1
E

Q
f
f Z C f f 2 . . . .( )
m
a
r r p a r
2
2 2
=
k Q Q
Q
Q
1
1
. .
.
E A
A
m
2
k .(1 )
r
T
33 1
2
k k .(1 ).(1 )
r
T
33 1
2
2
2
k k k .(1 ).(1 ).(1 )
r
T
33 1
2
2
2
3
2
(Discs and plates)
Equation 3
Equation 4
Equation 5
Equation 6
Equation 2
Equation 1
Equation 9
Equation 10
Equation 8
Equation 7
(Rods)
Where k
T
33
is the relative dielectric constant of the material
and e
0
is the permittivity of free space ( 8.854x10
-12
F/m).
Where S is the compliance of the material.
Where d is equal to d
33
for thickness mode operation or d
T
31
for radial or transverse mode, E is the applied electric feld,
and Y
E
11
is Youngs Modulus for that material.
(Plates)
(Plates)
(Discs)
(Rods)
(Discs)
(Rods)
Where Q
E
is the electrical damping.
Where C
P
is the low frequency
capacitance and Z
r
is the minimum
impendance at resonance.
Where Q
A
is the mechanical quality
factor due to the acoustical load alone.
(Above frst resonance)
(Above second resonance)
(Above third resonance)
Equation 11
Equation 12
Equation 15
Equation 16
Equation 17
Equation 18
Equation 13
Equation 14
Frequency (Hz)
G
a
in
=

>
Q
f
f f
Q Only where 3
m
r
2 1
Amax
A
2
max
12 13
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS
For a thin disc, k
1
is k
p
(radial), k
2
is k
t
(thickness), and there is no
third resonance. For a rod, k
1
is k
33
(length), k
2
is k
p
and there is no
third resonance. In addition to f
r
and f
a
(series and parallel resonance
frequencies), there is a frequency f
m
, at which the transducers
electromechanical transduction is maximised. This frequency
represents the maximum sensitivity for receivers or the maximum
output for drivers. This frequency, the bandwidth, and the output are all
dependent on the external resistive load, R
ext
. When k<<1, f
m
may be
calculated using equation 19.



The maximum bandwidth, B, obtainable by electrical tuning, is
approximately equal to the product of the coupling coefcient and the
series or parallel resonance frequency as described in equation 20.
If the mechanical quality factor is high (Q
m
>Q), the external resistance
R
ext
for a fairly at frequency response can be approximated by equation
21 for parallel inductance, or equation 22 for series inductance.
Many of the calculated parameters before are interrelated. Thus, many
useful relationships can be derived. A few of the most useful relationships
are described in equations 23 through 35.
High Signal Properties
PZT400
Series
PZT5A Series
PZT800
Series
AC depoling eld >1.0 0.7 >1.5
AC eld for tan d =
0.04@25C (a)
0.39 0.45 >1.0
% increase of e
T
r

33

at above electric eld
17 11 10
AC eld for tan d =
0.04@100C
0.33 0.045 n/a
Maximum rated
static compressive
stress (maintained)
PARALLEL to the
polar axis
@25C
@100C
82.7
41.4
20.7
20.7
82.7
41.4
% change of e
T
r

33

with stress increase
to rated maximum
compressive stress at
25C (b)
~25% (c) ~ -3% (d) ~18%(c)
% change of d
33

with stress increase
to rated maximum
compressive stress at
25C (b)
15% (c)
~ 0.1%@20.7
~ -13%@34.5
6% (c)
Maximum rated
compressive
stress (maintained)
PERPENDICULAR
to the polar axis
@25C
@100C
55.2
27.6
13.8
13.8
55.2
27.6
Maximum rated
hydrostatic pressure
345 138 345
Compressive
strength
>517 >517 >517
Tensile strength,
static (e)
75.8 75.8 75.8
Tensile strength,
dynamic (peak) (e)
24.1 27.6 34.5
(a) The value of tan d at a given electrical eld is a function of time after poling or after
any major disturbance such as exposure to an elevated temperature.
(b) After appropriate stabilising treatment. This consists of a temperature stabilisation
plus a few minutes soak at the appropriate static stress. The temperature stabilisation
is, however, more important than the stress soak.
(c) In range to 70MPa
(d) In range to 35MPa
(e) These gures are dependant upon conguration and perfection of fabrication.
The static tensile strength gures were obtained from bending tests on thin
Bimorph structures, while the dynamic tensile strength gures were obtained from
measurements of high amplitude resonant vibration rings. The latter tests are more
sensitive to minor aws.

= +

+
=
= >>
= >>
=
+
f f
f f
Q
Q f C R
f f Q R
f f Q R
f
f f
( )
1
1
where 2 . . .
and
for ( 1, small, short circuit condition)
for ( 1, large, no load condition)
2
m a
r a
a p ext
m a ext
m r ext
m
r a
2
= B k f .
r a ,

R
f C k
0.35
. . .
ext
a p
=

S
f L
1
4. . .
D
a
33 2 2
=

S
S
k 1
E
D
33
33
33
2
= d k S . .
r
T E
33 33 33 33
=

S
f L
1
4. . .
E
r
11 2 2
= S S k .(1 )
D E
11 11 31
2
= d k S . .
r
T E
31 31 33 11
= +
= +
d d d
g g g
2.
2.
h
h
33 31
33 31
=

k k
S
S
2
1
.
where (Poisson's ratio)
p E
E
E
2
31
2
12
11
=

k
f f
f
( )
eff
a r
a
2 2
2

k
f
f f
f
f
f
2
. .
1
2
. tan
2
.
a
r a
r
a
r
31

k
f f
f
f f
f
2.51
p
a r
r
a r
r
2

= k
f
f f
f
2
. .
1
tan
2
.
t
r
a r
a

= k
f
f f
f
2
. .
1
tan
2
.
r
a r
a
33
(Parallel inductance)
(Series inductance)
(Rods)
(Rods)
(Rods)
(Plates)
(Plates)
(Hydrostatic charge constant & coeffcient)
Equation 19
Equation 20
Equation 21
Equation 22
Equation 23
Equation 24
Equation 25
Equation 26
Equation 27
Equation 28
Equation 29
Equation 30
Equation 31
Equation 32
Equation 33
Equation 34
Equation 35
Useful Electromechanical Relationships
Table 1: High signal properties for PZT400, PZT800 and PZT5A
series.
In this table units of electrical eld are in kV/mm and stress is in MPa.
14 15
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS
Practical Design Data for PZT500 Series Flexure Elements
PZT Flexure Elements: Bimorph
Parameter Parallel Bimorph Series Bimorph Unit
Deection (m/V)
Bending (m/N)
Resonance
Frequency
(Hz)
Charge Output (C/N)
Capacitance (F)
Voltage Output (V/N)

L
h
9.10
10
2
2

L
W h
7.10
.
11
3
3

L
W h
7.10
.
11
3
3

h
L
400
2

h
L
400
2

L
h
8.10
10
2
2

L
h
4.10
10
2
2

L W
h
8.10
.
t 8

L W
h
2.10
.
t 8

L
L hW
10
. .
t
2
2

L
L hW
2.10
. .
t
2
2
Many applications require displacements far greater than are possible
with simple PZT transducers operating in the d
33
or d
31
modes.
Moreover, the voltages required to produce these displacements are
very high, and because they present a considerable mismatch to air,
these elements are unsuitable for use as electro-acoustic transducers.
A much more compliant structure operating in the d
31
mode is the
exure element, the simplest form of which is the bilaminar cantilever
or bimorph. This consists of two thin PZT strips bonded together.
Bimorphs are usually mounted as a cantilever and usually operate in the
d
31
mode as shown on gure 1.
In a series bimorph PZT strips are connected to the voltage source in
series (See gure 1a), and in a parallel bimorph strips are individually
connected to the voltage source (See gure 1b).
In the series bimorph, one of the PZT strips will always be subject to a
voltage opposite to the polarising voltage, so there is always a danger
of depolarisation. This is also true to the parallel bimorph conguration
of gure 2, but if it is connected as shown in gure 3, both strips
will be driven in the polarisation direction, thereby avoiding drift in
characteristics caused by depolarisation.
Table 2: Summary of equations for bimorphs
U1
U2
+

Vin
Z
H
+
L
Lt
V
F
V
F
Figure 2
Figure 1b
Figure 1a
Figure 3: Flexure element (Bimorph)
Multilayer Flexure Mode Actuators
The use of very thin piezoelectric layers in exure elements requires
much lower driving voltages than classical bimorph actuators.
Basically these elements can be built up three ways:
Gluing a d
31
actuator onto an inactive substrate, like a metal strip
Combining a d
31
actuator with an unpolarised PZT layer
Combining layers of piezoelectric ceramic with an intricate electrode
structure so that the layers expand or contract like a classical bimorph
element.
Figure 4 below illustrates a multilayer parallel bimorph element.
Multilayer Actuators
Figure 4: Multilayer parallel bimorph element
Figure 5: Axial mode multilayer actuator
Since again the maximum strain is around for 1kV/mm (as with discrete
exure elements), the general rule and formulas in this section also
apply to multilayer elements.
Axial Mode Multilayer Actuators (d
33
-mode)
As with classical, axially-stacked actuators, the strain in the direction of
polarisation is twice as large as it is in the transverse direction. However,
to get a large absolute elongation, the dimension of the actuator in the
direction of polarisation must be large as well.
For the multilayer process the thickness is currently limited to about
2mm. Figure 5 shows the structure of such an element.
Since the maximum strain is about at 50V supply voltage, the absolute
increase of its thickness will be about 2m.
For most practical applications it is necessary to stack several of these
elements to form a so called multilayer stacked actuator.
Axial mode multilayer d
33
-mode actuators achieve higher displacements
but also retain high blocking forces which are proportional to cross-
sectional area.
Transversal mode (d
31
) actuators
Multilayer actuators can be produced with layer thicknesses as low as
20-40m. The manufacturing method is completely different from the
classical process of sawing and electroding individual discs or plates.
Because of the very thin layers of PZT, an electrical eld strength of
about 1kV/mm can easily be reached for a drive voltage as low as
around 50V. The elongation per unit length or height is roughly the
same as for of classical actuators. The difference is that the effect
is reached for a much lower voltage. A transversal d
31
-mode type is
shown in gure 6. Note that the element shortens for a drive voltage in
the polarisation direction.
Figure 6: Transversal mode (d31) multilayer actuator
For more information, please visit www.morganelectroceramics.com
Bimorph Actuator
Combination of 2
d
31
actuators
Poling direction
Electrical eld
Displacement
Disclaimer: Please note that all product, product specications and data detailed
in this brochure are subject to change without notice to improve reliability,
function, design or otherwise. Morgan Technical Ceramics Ltd and its afliates
does not assume any responsibility for the correctness of this information nor for
damages consequent to its use. Statements regarding the suitability of products
for certain types of applications are based on knowledge of typical requirements
that are often placed on Morgan products in generic applications.
16 17
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS
Typical Values measured at 20C 1C are provided for design information only. Standard tolerances are approximately 20%of these values. Material properties are measured according to standard IEEE and DOD denitions and measuring techniques.
Material Units PZT401 PZT402 PZT5A1 PZT5A3 PZT802 PZT807 PZT5J1 PZT5H1 PZT5H2
Designation Hard PZT Hard PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Hard PZT Hard PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT
Navy Type I I II II III III V VI VI
EN 50324-1 100 100 200 200 100 100 600 600 600
Thermal Properties
Curie Temperature T
c
C 330 325 370 350 300 300 250 195 195
Max Operating Temperature T
max
C 165 160 185 175 150 150 125 95 95
Mechanical Properties
Density r kg/m
3
7600 7720 7750 7910 7500 7650 7780 7400 7600
Poissons ratio s - 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
Compliances S
E
33
x 10
-12
m
2
/N 15.60 15.57 17.20 17.69 13.50 15.65 17.65 20.80 18.42
S
E
11
x 10
-12
m
2
/N 12.70 12.30 16.70 14.73 11.50 10.90 15.54 16.40 16.93
S
D
33
x 10
-12
m
2
/N 7.76 7.94 9.40 8.77 8.20 7.72 9.00 8.06
S
D
11
x 10
-12
m
2
/N 11.10 10.89 15.00 12.79 10.10 9.90 13.29 14.10 14.24
Y
E
33
x 10
10
N/m
2
6.41 6.42 5.81 5.65 7.41 6.39 5.67 5.43 5.43
Y
E
11
x 10
10
N/m
2
7.87 8.19 5.99 6.80 8.70 9.17 6.44 5.91 5.91
Y
D
33
x 10
10
N/m
2
12.89 12.59 10.64 11.40 12.20 12.95 12.41 12.41
Y
D
11
x 10
10
N/m
2
9.01 9.18 6.67 7.83 9.90 10.10 7.53 7.03 7.03
Electrical Properties
Dielectric Constant K
T
33
- 1395 1320 1800 1936 1150 1105 2750 3400 3311
K
T
11
- 1303 1616 1290 1190 2062 2872
Dielectric Loss tan d - 0.20% 0.22% 2.00% 1.35% 0.30% 0.16% 1.61% 2.50% 1.70%
Coercive Field E
c
kV/mm 1.50 1.44 1.14 0.80
Piezoelectric Properties
Coupling Factors k
p
- 0.58 0.56 0.62 0.62 0.54 0.55 0.65 0.60 0.68
k
31
- 0.35 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.30 0.29 0.38 0.35 0.40
k
33
- 0.67 0.70 0.67 0.71 0.64 0.69 0.75 0.72 0.75
k
t
- 0.42 0.45 0.35 0.47 0.37 0.50 0.32
k
15
- 0.70 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.55 0.63 0.68
Charge or Strain Constants d
33
pC/N or pm/V 315 307 409 425 250 260 554 620 685
d
31
pC/N or pm/V 132 125 176 183 97 93 234 250 240
d
15
pC/N or pm/V 511 495 585 300 294 670 741
Voltage or Stress Constants g
33
x 10
-3
V m/N 26.8 26.3 25.7 24.8 24.6 25.1 22.7 21.9 23.4
g
31
x 10
-3
V m/N 12.0 10.7 11.0 10.6 10.9 10.1 9.3 8.7 9.6
g
15
x 10
-3
V m/N 38.0 36.2 28.9 28.8 32.5 25.8
Frequency Constants N
p
Hz-m 2190 2235 2000 2012 2285 2320 1974 1975 1920
N
1
Hz-m 1636 1650 1370 1400 1700 1450 1375 1420
N
3t
Hz-m 2000 1940 1880 2070 2030 2020 1895 2000
N
5
Hz-m 1800 1944 1465 1750 1717 1430 1670
Mechancial Quality Factor Q
m
- 600 575 60 90 1000 1200 70 65 69
Time Stability
Aging Rate - Dielectric a per decade -4.6% -4.8% -1.6% -1.1% -4.0% -3.5% -2.1% -1.5% -1.7%
Aging Rate - d constants a per decade -5.3% -0.6% -6.3% -1.7% -1.6%
Aging Rate - Coupling a per decade -1.7% -1.9% -0.4% 0.0% -1.5% -1.5% -0.2% -0.2% -0.2%
Aging Rate - Frequency a per decade 1.0% 1.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.9% 0.8% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4%
PZT403 PZT404 PZT406 PZT407 PZT801
Hard PZT Hard PZT Hard PZT Custom Hard PZT
I I I Custom III
100 100 100 Custom 100
320 320 325 315 350
160 160 160 155 175
7600 7650 7800 7900 7750
0.31 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.31
16.80 16.98 15.00 15.00 12.50
13.30 13.23 13.00 12.00 11.49
8.42 7.38
11.80 11.49 10.33
5.95 5.89 6.67 6.67 8.00
7.52 7.56 7.69 8.33 8.70
11.88 13.55
8.47 8.70 9.69
1350 1650 1325 1225 1110
1331 1400 1142
0.30% 0.30% 0.35% 2.50% 0.17%
1.50 1.60
0.58 0.62 0.61 0.64 0.54
0.33 0.36 0.34 0.38 0.32
0.68 0.71 0.70 0.74 0.64
0.35 0.34
0.60 0.72 0.70 0.55
315 372 315 325 275
135 159 130 150 107
515 480 330
26.4 25.5 27.0 30.0 28.1
10.5 10.9 11.0 12.0 10.9
38.7 39.0 28.9
2120 2158 2190 2175 2304
1515 1515 1620 1700
2000 1950 2015 2000 2070
1877 2004
600 457 750 1200 982
-4.6% -5.2% -6.0% -1.0% -5.6%
-3.4% -5.3% -5.6%
-2.1% -1.6% -2.5% -1.5% -2.0%
1.2% 1.2% 0.5% 0.5% 1.1%
Primary Materials Custom Materials
18 19
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS
Typical Values measured at 20C 1C are provided for design information only. Standard tolerances are approximately 20%of these values.
Material Units PZT806 PZT5A2 PZT5A4 PZT501 PZT502 PZT503 PZT504 PZT505 PZT507 PZT508 PZT5K1 PZT5K2 PZT5K4 PZT701 PZT702 PZT703
Designation Hard PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Soft PZT Custom Custom Custom
Navy Type III II II II II Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom
EN 50324-1 100 200 200 200 200 Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom
Thermal Properties
Curie Temperature T
c
C 300 374 360 330 350 285 270 285 165 215 160 150 150 350 325 270
Max Operating Temperature T
max
C 150 185 180 165 175 140 135 140 80 105 80 75 75 175 160 135
Mechanical Properties
Density r kg/m
3
7600 7500 7900 7890 7910 7800 7800 7800 7800 7900 8200 8300 8300 7800 7750 7800
Poissons ratio s - 0.35 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30
Compliances S
E
33
x 10
-12
m
2
/N 14.70 18.80 18.00 18.82 18.07 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.04 18.40 20.03 20.03 12.92 14.42
S
E
11
x 10
-12
m
2
/N 11.70 16.40 16.00 14.83 15.30 15.00 15.00 16.50 16.00 16.30 15.10 15.74 15.55 10.70 12.00 15.00
S
D
33
x 10
-12
m
2
/N 7.40 9.40 8.79 8.96 7.91 8.00 7.53 7.53 7.12 7.75
S
D
11
x 10
-12
m
2
/N 10.80 14.40 12.62 13.14 13.46 12.70 13.01 12.92 9.75 10.83
Y
E
33
x 10
10
N/m
2
6.80 5.32 5.56 5.31 5.53 5.56 5.26 5.00 4.75 4.99 4.99 4.99 7.74 6.93
Y
E
11
x 10
10
N/m
2
8.55 6.10 6.25 6.75 6.54 6.67 6.67 6.06 6.25 6.14 6.37 6.37 6.43 9.35 8.34 6.67
Y
D
33
x 10
10
N/m
2
13.51 10.64 11.38 11.16 12.64 13.28 13.28 13.28 14.04 12.90
Y
D
11
x 10
10
N/m
2
9.26 6.94 7.93 7.62 7.43 7.70 7.70 7.74 10.26 9.24
Electrical Properties
Dielectric Constant K
T
33
- 1250 1800 1850 2243 2003 2100 2000 2600 4400 3910 6200 5986 7066 411 1345 1100
K
T
11
- 1730 1650 1640 1653 1800 3300 4048 5588 6129 720 978
Dielectric Loss tan d - 0.30% 2.00% 1.70% 1.42% 1.48% 2.00% 1.50% 1.90% 1.60% 1.16% 2.00% 1.88% 1.96% 1.38% 0.43% 2.90%
Coercive Field E
c
kV/mm 1.27 1.31 0.91 0.56 0.42 1.28 1.61
Piezoelectric Properties
Coupling Factors k
p
- 0.55 0.60 0.66 0.66 0.64 0.68 0.64 0.72 0.75 0.71 0.77 0.71 0.70 0.51 0.53 0.63
k
31
- 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.39 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.30 0.31 0.37
k
33
- 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.71 0.75 0.74 0.80 0.79 0.75 0.79 0.79 0.67 0.68 0.73
k
t
- 0.45 0.31 0.31 0.35 0.48 0.35 0.37 0.43 0.43
k
15
- 0.69 0.68 0.63 0.62 0.66 0.71 0.63 0.71 0.71 0.68 0.68 0.68
Charge or Strain Constants d
33
pC/N or pm/V 280 374 460 493 463 500 450 610 820 744 870 871 926 166 288 340
d
31
pC/N or pm/V 104 171 195 209 196 215 200 270 360 313 370 381 407 59 116 150
d
15
pC/N or pm/V 585 550 564 585 515 850 684 950 950 360 450 500
Voltage or Stress Constants g
33
x 10
-3
V m/N 26.4 24.8 28.0 24.9 26.1 24.0 25.0 20.0 21.5 15.8 16.5 14.8 45.7 24.2 30.0
g
31
x 10
-3
V m/N 10.9 11.4 13.0 10.5 11.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 9.1 6.8 6.9 6.5 16.2 9.8 10.0
g
15
x 10
-3
V m/N 38.2 37.0 34.4 35.4 33.0 21.0 20.1 17.0 15.5 50.0 46.0 33.0
Frequency Constants N
p
Hz-m 2155 1960 1970 2007 1973 1975 2000 1900 1925 1916 1935 1903 1911 2377 2252 2100
N
1
Hz-m 1660 1400 1400 1420 1400 1450 1400 1420 1420 1410 1410 1720 1700 1500
N
3t
Hz-m 2060 1880 2060 1880 1860 1850 1900 1800 1980 2100 1980 1980 2100 2020
N
5
Hz-m 1780 1746 1717 1667 1656 1663 2068 1959
Mechancial Quality Factor Q
m
- 1200 75 80 85 88 75 75 60 80 59 65 69 63 570 535 80
Time Stability
Aging Rate - Dielectric a per decade -4.1% -0.9% -2.0% -1.3% -0.9% -1.0% -2.0% -1.0% -3.5% -0.5% -1.6% -1.4% 0.2% -0.4% -0.5%
Aging Rate - d constants a per decade -2.9% -0.9% -1.0% -3.1% -0.9% -0.9% 0.1% -0.8%
Aging Rate - Coupling a per decade -2.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.5% -1.5% -0.6% -0.6% -0.5% -0.1% -0.3% -0.1% 0.1% -0.5%
Aging Rate - Frequency a per decade 1.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3% 0.8% 0.2% 0.3% -0.0% 0.1% 0.5%
Custom Materials
Europe
Morgan Advanced Materials
Vauxhall Industrial Estate
Ruabon
Wrexham
LL14 6HY
United Kingdom
T +44 (0) 1978 810 456
F +44 (0) 1978 824 303
[email protected]
Asia
Morgan Advanced Materials
150 Kampong Ampat
05-06A KA Centre
Singapore
368324
Republic of Singapore
T: +65 6595 0000
F: +65 6595 0005
[email protected]
For all enquiries, please contact our specialist sales and manufacturing sites:
North America
Morgan Advanced Materials
232 Forbes Road
Bedford
Ohio
44146-5418
USA
T +1 (440) 232 8600
F +1 (440) 232 8731
[email protected]
South America
Morgan Advanced Materials
Rua Darcy Pereira 83
Distrito Industrial de Santa Cruz
Rio de Janeiro-RJ
23565-190
Brazil
Tel : +55 (21) 3305 7400
Fax: +55 (21) 24181205
Email : [email protected]
Copyright 20.04.2013 | Designed and Produced by refectiondesign.co.uk
Morgan Advanced Materials plc
Registered in England and Wales, Registration No. 286773,
www.morganadvancedmaterials.com
www.morganelectroceramics.com
Morgan Advanced Materials Manufacturing Locations
Many of our manufacturing sites are ISO 9001 and ISO 13485 certifed
TECHNI CAL CERAMI CS