SHADING COEFFICIENT CALCULATION

SALHIA TOWER, BAHRAIN

Precedent 1: International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)

SHGC Multipliers for Permanent Projections
The window projection factor shall be determined in accordance with Equation 5-1.
PF = A/B

where:
PF = Projection factor (decimal).
A = Distance measured horizontally from the furthest continuous extremity of any overhang, eave, or permanently attached shading device
to the vertical surface of the glazing.
B = Distance measured vertically from the bottom of the glazing to the underside of the overhang, eave, or permanently attached shading
device.

Precedent 2: ASHRAE
SHGC Multipliers for Permanent Projections
Shading devices such as overhangs can reduce solar gains through windows. ASHRAE
90.1 standard allows credit for permanent overhangs that provide significant shading.
The following table has multipliers that reduce the SHGC when overhangs are
present.

Precedent 3: Energy Conservation Building Code of India (ECBC)

Fin Projection Factor Multiplication Method

According to ECBC, An adjusted SHGC, accounting for overhangs and/or side fins can
be calculated by multiplying the SHGC of the unshaded fenestration product times a
multiplication (M) factor.
SHGC (Window + Vertical Fin) = M x SHGC of Glass
where M = Vertical Fin Projection Factor

Precedent 4: Building and Construction Authority of Singapore

Guidelines on ETTV for Buildings

Shading Coefficient (SC):

In general, the shading coefficient of any fenestration system can be obtained by multiplying the shading
coefficient of the glass (or effective shading coefficient of glass with solar control film where a solar control
film is used on the glass) and the shading coefficient if the sun shading devices as follow:

SC=SC1 X SC2
Where,
SC= shading coefficient of the fenestration system
SC1= shading coefficient of glass or effective shading coefficient of glass with solar control film where solar control film is used on glass
SC2= effective shading coefficient of external shading devices
SC2 = Ae x ID + A x Id
A x IT
SC2 =
Where,
G = Ae/A the fraction of area exposed to direct solar radiation

G x ID + Id
IT

Precedent 4: Building and Construction Authority of Singapore

Guidelines on ETTV for Buildings, continued

Shading Coefficient of Shading Device:

To determine the effective SC of a shading device, theoretically, the computation has to be carried out for 12
months of the year. However, as the computation involved is rather tedious and the degree of accuracy
required is not a critical factor, it is deemed sufficient to base the SC computation on 4 representative months
of the year, viz. March, June, September and December. The representative days of these 4 months are march
21, June 22, September 23 and December 22.
Effective SC = M(GxID+Id) +J(GxID+Id)+S(GxID+Id)D(GxID+Id)
MIT+JIT+SIT+DIT
Where,
M denotes March
J denotes June
S denotes September
D denotes December

But this method does not take into account the material of the shading device,
hence, a dynamic performative approach is adopted

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Definition and Process
Shading Coefficient (SC):
Shading Coefficient is the ratio of the solar heat gain through specific fenestration to
the solar heat gain through a 1/8 (3mm) clear glass.
By definition, the shading coefficient of 1/8 in(3mm) thick, clear, double strength
window glass is 1.0**
Effective Shading Coefficient
Step 1: Base case is run with a 3mm clear double strength glass (shading
coefficient of 1.0) with no external shading to calculate solar heat gain.
Step 2: The design case is run with the desired glass and external shading system
for the same orientation and window size as the base case to calculate
solar heat gain.
Step 3: The ratio of solar heat gain through the desired glass to the base case gives
the effective shading coefficient.
Note: As the shading percentage on the window varies due to relative movement of the sun, the effective
shading coefficient also varies throughout the day and year.
**Definition from ASHRAE 90.1

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Window Details

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Validation: Base Case -East Orientation
A test cell with a glazing and shading system similar to that of the project was
modeled in Ecotect.
Base case with 3mm clear glass:

Material and Layers properties input in Ecotect

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Validation: Case 1-East Orientation
Validation case with Viracon VE 1-40 glass
The validation case is run for the 4 representative days as described on slide 7
1. Product Information
Product

2. Material and Layers properties input in Ecotect

VE 1-40

Transmittance
Visible Light

36%

Solar Energy

21%

Ultra-Violet*

10%

Reflectance
Visible Light-Exterior

15%

Visible Light-Interior

19%

Solar Energy

25%

ASHRAE U-Value
Winter Nighttime

0.31 Btu/(hr x sqft x F)

Summer Daytime

0.29 Btu/(hr x sqft x F)

European U-Value
Shading Coefficient
Relative Heat Gain
Solar Factor (SHGC)
LSG

1.6
0.32
68 Btu/hr x sqft
0.28
1.3

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Validation: Case 1-East Orientation
March 21
HOUR

SOLAR
SHADE

INCIDENT
(W/m2)

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

457
668
683
492
365
302
159
129
114
83
59
45

ABSORBED(A)
(W/m2)
3mm
V1-40

37
54
55
40
28
23
13
11
10
7
5
4

76
111
114
82
59
47
26
23
20
15
11
8

June 22

TRANSMITTED (T)
(W/m2)
3mm
V1-40

332
486
497
357
256
204
114
101
89
65
47
35

43
63
64
46
33
26
15
13
11
8
6
5

SHADING
SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICI
(W/m2) (A+T)
ENT (Y/X)
3mm (X) V1-40 (Y)

369
540
552
397
284
227
127
112
99
72
52
39

119
174
178
128
92
73
41
36
31
23
17
13

0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.33

SOLAR INCIDENT
HOUR SHADE (W/m2)

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

442
533
364
471
323
128
114
103
85
63
47

ABSORBED(A)
(W/m2)

TRANSMITTED (T)
(W/m2)

SOLAR HEAT GAIN

(W/m2) (A+T)

3mm

V1-40

3mm

V1-40

3mm (X)

V1-40 (Y)

36
43
30
38
24
7
10
9
7
5
4

74
89
61
77
49
15
20
18
15
11
8

322
389
268
338
214
65
89
81
66
49
37

41
50
35
44
28
8
11
10
9
6
5

115
139
96
121
77
23
31
28
24
17
13

358
432
298
376
238
72
99
90
73
54
41

September 23
HOUR

Ecotect test cell oriented East with

Viracon VE1-40 window glass

ABSORBED(A)
(W/m2)

0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.33
0.31
0.32

Daily Avg. = 0.32

Daily Avg.=0.32

SOLAR INCIDENT
SHADE (W/m2)

SHADING
COEFFICIEN
T (Y/X)

December 22

TRANSMITTED (T)
(W/m2)

SHADING
SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICI
(W/m2) (A+T)
ENT (Y/X)

HOUR

SOLAR
SHADE

INCIDENT
(W/m2)

3mm (X) V1-40 (Y)

ABSORBED(A) (W/m2)

TRANSMITTED (T)
(W/m2)

SOLAR HEAT GAIN

(W/m2) (A+T)

SHADING
COEFFICIEN
T (Y/X)

3mm

V1-40

3mm

V1-40

3mm

V1-40

3mm

V1-40

3mm (X)

V1-40 (Y)

700

0%

0.50

700

0%

518

42

86

377

49

419

135

0.32

800

0%

71

12

53

59

19

0.32

800

0%

611

49

102

445

57

494

159

0.32

900

0%

383

31

64

278

36

309

100

0.32

900

0%

588

47

98

427

55

474

153

0.32

1000

0%

388

29

60

263

34

292

94

0.32

1000

0%

459

35

73

317

41

352

114

0.32

1100

0%

247

16

33

143

18

159

51

0.32

1100

0%

270

18

36

158

20

176

56

0.32

1200

0%

104

13

58

64

20

0.31

1200

100%

61

11

47

52

17

0.33

1300

100%

52

41

46

14

0.30

1300

100%

67

12

53

59

19

0.32

1400

100%

65

12

51

57

19

0.33

1400

100%

71

13

56

62

20

0.32

1500

100%

46

36

40

13

0.33

1500

100%

44

34

38

12

0.32

1600

100%

36

28

31

10

0.32

1600

100%

22

17

19

0.32

1700

100%

17

13

14

0.36

Daily Avg.= 0.34

Daily Avg. = 0.33

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Validation: Case 2-East Orientation
Validation Case with Viracon VE 1-42 glass
1. Product Information
Product

2. Material and Layers properties input in Ecotect

VE 1-42

Transmittance
Visible Light

37%

Solar Energy

24%

Ultra-Violet*

16%

Visible Light-Exterior

19%

Visible Light-Interior

14%

Solar Energy

21%

Reflectance

ASHRAE U-Value
Winter Nighttime

0.31 Btu/(hr x sqft x F)

Summer Daytime

0.29 Btu/(hr x sqft x F)

European U-Value

1.6

Shading Coefficient

0.36

Relative Heat Gain

Solar Factor (SHGC)
LSG

77 Btu/hr x sqft
0.31
1.2

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Validation: Case 2-East Orientation
March 21
INCIDEN
SOLAR
T
ABSORBED(A) TRANSMITTED
HOUR SHADE (W/m2)
(W/m2)
(T) (W/m2)
VE1VE13mm 42
3mm
42

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

442
533
364
471
323
128
114
103
85
63
47

36
43
30
38
24
7
10
9
7
5
4

80
97
67
84
53
16
22
20
17
12
9

322
389
268
338
214
65
89
81
66
49
37

47
57
39
49
31
10
13
12
10
7
5

June 22
SHADING
SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIE
(W/m2) (A+T)
NT (Y/X)
3mm
(X)
VE1-42 (Y)

358
432
298
376
238
72
99
90
73
54
41

127
154
106
133
84
26
35
32
27
19
14

0.35
0.36
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.35
0.34

Daily Avg. = 0.36

SOLAR INCIDENT ABSORBED(A)

HOUR SHADE (W/m2)
(W/m2)
VE13mm
42

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

457
668
683
492
365
302
159
129
114
83
59
45

37
54
55
40
28
23
13
11
10
7
5
4

Ecotect test cell oriented East with

Viracon VE1-42 window glass

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

518
611
588
459
270
61
67
65
46
36
17

42
49
47
35
18
5
6
6
4
3
1

94
111
107
79
39
12
13
13
9
7
3

377
445
427
317
158
47
53
51
36
28
13

49
71
73
52
37
30
17
15
13
9
7
5

369
540
552
397
284
227
127
112
99
72
52
39

132
192
197
141
101
81
45
40
35
25
19
14

0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.35
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.36

December 22

SOLAR HEAT SHADING

SOLAR INCIDENT ABSORBED(A) TRANSMITTED (T) GAIN (W/m2) COEFFICIEN
SHADE (W/m2)
(W/m2)
(W/m2)
(A+T)
T (Y/X)
VE13mm V1-42
3mm 42
3mm
VE1-42 (X)
(Y)

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

332
486
497
357
256
204
114
101
89
65
47
35

Daily Avg. = 0.36

September 23
HOUR

83
121
124
89
64
51
28
25
22
16
12
9

SOLAR HEAT SHADING

GAIN (W/m2) COEFFICI
(A+T)
ENT (Y/X)
3mm VE1-42
3mm VE1-42 (X)
(Y)

TRANSMITTED
(T) (W/m2)

55
65
63
46
23
7
8
7
5
4
2

419
494
474
352
176
52
59
57
40
31
14

149
176
170
125
62
19
21
20
14
11
5

0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.35
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36

Daily Avg. = 0.36

HOUR

INCIDE
SOLAR
NT
SHADE (W/m2)

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%

3
71
383
388
247
104
52
71
44
22

ABSORBED(A)
(W/m2)
3mm

VE1-40

0
6
31
29
16
6
5
6
4
2

1
13
69
66
36
14
10
14
9
4

SOLAR HEAT SHADING

GAIN (W/m2) COEFFICI
(A+T)
ENT (Y/X)
VE13mm VE1-42 3mm (X) 42 (Y)

TRANSMITTED
(T) (W/m2)

2
53
278
263
143
58
41
56
34
17

0
8
41
39
21
8
6
8
5
2

2
59
309
292
159
64
46
62
38
19

1
21
110
105
57
22
16
22
14
6

0.50
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.34
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.32

Daily Avg. = 0.37

Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Validation Case Results
Case 1: Shading Coefficient of VE 1-40 (0.32)= Average of (SCM + SCJ + SCS + SCD)
= 0.32
Case 2: Shading Coefficient of VE 1-42 (0.36)= Average of (SCM + SCJ + SCS + SCD)
= 0.36
Where,
M denotes March
J denotes June
S denotes September
D denotes December

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Viracon V1-40 + Opaque Shading Device
March 21

June 22

SOLAR
INCIDEN
SHADING
SHAD SOLAR
T
ABSORBED(A) TRANSMITTED SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIE
HOUR E
SHADE (W/m2)
(W/m2)
(T) (W/m2)
(W/m2) (A+T)
NT (Y/X)
3mm

V140+Fin

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%

10%
14%
30%
44%
92%
99%
100%

1400
1500
1600
1700

100%
100%
100%
100%

100%
100%
100%
100%

3mm

V140+Fin

3mm

V1V1-40+Fin
40+Fin 3mm (X)
(Y)

442
533
364
471
323
128
114

36
43
30
38
24
7
10

65
74
40
43
12
8
11

322
389
268
338
214
65
89

37
41
23
24
7
5
6

358
432
298
376
238
72
99

102
115
63
67
19
13
17

0.28
0.27
0.21
0.18
0.08
0.18
0.17

103
85
63
47

9
7
5
4

10
8
6
5

81
66
49
37

6
5
3
3

90
73
54
41

16
13
9
8

0.18
0.18
0.17
0.20

Daily Avg.= 0.19

INCIDE
SHADING
SOLAR SOLAR
NT ABSORBED(A) TRANSMITTE SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIEN
HOUR SHADE SHADE (W/m2)
(W/m2)
D (T) (W/m2) (W/m2) (A+T)
T (Y/X)

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

3mm

V140+Fin

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

25%
25%
14%
4%
3%
10%
13%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

457
668
683
492
365
302
159
129
114
83
59
45

Ecotect test cell oriented East

with Viracon VE1-40 window
glass and Opaque fin

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

3mm

V140+Fin

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

10%
14%
30%
52%
99%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

518
611
588
459
270
61
67
65
46
36
17

V140+Fin

3mm

42
49
47
35
18
5
6
6
4
3
1

76
85
67
35
5
6
7
6
5
3
2

377
445
427
317
158
47
53
51
36
28
13

3mm

37
54
55
40
28
23
13
11
10
7
5
4

56
82
95
72
49
34
14
13
11
8
6
4

332
486
497
357
256
204
114
101
89
65
47
35

V1V1-40+Fin
40+Fin 3mm (X)
(Y)

49
71
73
52
37
30
17
15
13
9
7
5

369
540
552
397
284
227
127
112
99
72
52
39

105
153
168
124
86
64
31
28
24
17
13
9

0.28
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.28
0.24
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.23

December 22

SHADIN
G
SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFI
TRANSMITTED
(W/m2) (A+T)
CIENT
(T) (W/m2)
(Y/X)

3mm

V140+Fin

Daily Avg.= 0.27

September 23
INCIDE
SOLAR SOLAR
NT
ABSORBED(A)
HOUR SHADE SHADE (W/m2)
(W/m2)

3mm

V1V1-40+Fin
40+Fin 3mm (X)
(Y)

43
48
38
20
3
3
4
4
3
2
1

419
494
474
352
176
52
59
57
40
31
14

119
133
105
55
8
9
11
10
8
5
3

0.28
0.27
0.22
0.16
0.05
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.16
0.21

Daily Avg.= 0.19

INCIDE
SOLAR SOLAR
NT
ABSORBED(A)
HOUR SHADE SHADE (W/m2)
(W/m2)

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600

3mm

V140+Fin

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%

34%
41%
56%
97%
96%
97%
100%
100%
100%
100%

3
71
383
388
247
104
52
71
44
22

TRANSMITTED
(T) (W/m2)

SOLAR HEAT
GAIN (W/m2)
(A+T)

3mm

V140+Fin

3mm

V140+Fin

3mm
(X)

V1-40+Fin
(Y)

0
6
31
29
16
6
5
6
4
2

0
7
29
6
6
7
5
7
4
2

2
53
278
263
143
58
41
56
34
17

0
4
16
3
3
4
3
4
2
1

2
59
309
292
159
64
46
62
38
19

0
11
45
9
9
11
8
11
6
3

SHADIN
G
COEFFI
CIENT
(Y/X)

0.00
0.19
0.15
0.03
0.06
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.16
0.16

Daily Avg.= 0.13

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Viracon V1-40 + VNE1-63 (Insulating Silkscreen)
March 21

June 22

INCIDEN
HOU SOLAR SOLAR
T
ABSORBED(A) TRANSMITTED
(W/m2)
R SHADE SHADE (W/m2)
(T) (W/m2)

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

3mm

V140+Fin

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

8%
10%
20%
28%
57%
62%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

442
533
364
471
323
128
114
103
85
63
47

SOLAR HEAT GAIN

(W/m2) (A+T)

SHADING
COEFFICI
ENT
(Y/X)

3mm

V140+Fin

3mm

V140+Fin

3mm (X)

V1-40+Fin
(Y)

36
43
30
38
24
7
10
9
7
5
4

67
78
46
54
24
9
13
12
10
7
5

322
389
268
338
214
65
89
81
66
49
37

38
44
26
30
14
5
7
7
5
4
3

358
432
298
376
238
72
99
90
73
54
41

105
122
72
84
38
14
20
19
15
11
8

0.29
0.28
0.24
0.22
0.16
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.20

Daily Avg.=

0.22

HOUR

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

SOLAR
SHADE
3mm

SOLAR
SHADE
V140+Fin

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

25%
25%
14%
4%
3%
10%
13%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

INCIDEN
T
(W/m2)

457
668
683
492
365
302
159
129
114
83
59
45

SHADIN
G
SOLAR
SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFI
SOLAR SHAD INCIDENT ABSORBED(A) TRANSMITTED
(W/m2) (A+T)
CIENT
HOUR SHADE
E
(W/m2)
(W/m2)
(T) (W/m2)
(Y/X)
V13m
V1V1- 3mm
3mm 40+Fin
m 40+Fin 3mm 40+Fin (X) V1-40+Fin (Y)

Ecotect test cell oriented East

with Viracon VE1-40 window
glass and VNE1-63 fin

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

8%
10%
20%
34%
63%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

518
611
588
459
270
61
67
65
46
36
17

42
49
47
35
18
5
6
6
4
3
1

79
90
77
48
16
7
8
7
5
4
2

377
445
427
317
158
47
53
51
36
28
13

37
54
55
40
28
23
13
11
10
7
5
4

56
82
96
73
50
36
16
15
13
9
7
5

332
486
497
357
256
204
114
101
89
65
47
35

32
46
54
41
28
20
9
8
7
5
4
3

SOLAR HEAT GAIN

(W/m2) (A+T)
3mm V1-40+Fin
(X)
(Y)

369
540
552
397
284
227
127
112
99
72
52
39

SHADING
COEFFICI
ENT
(Y/X)

88
128
150
114
78
56
25
23
20
14
11
8

0.24
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.21
0.21

Daily Avg.

0.23

December 22

September 23

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

ABSORBED(A)
TRANSMITTED (T)
(W/m2)
(W/m2)
V1V13mm 40+Fin
3mm
40+Fin

44
50
43
27
9
4
4
4
3
2
1

419
494
474
352
176
52
59
57
40
31
14

123
140
120
75
25
11
12
11
8
6
3
Daily Avg.=

0.29
0.28
0.25
0.21
0.14
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.21
0.22

SHADIN
G
INCIDE
SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFI
SOLAR SOLAR
NT
ABSORBED(A) TRANSMITTED
(W/m2) (A+T)
CIENT
HOUR SHADE SHADE (W/m2)
(W/m2)
(T) (W/m2)
(Y/X)
V1V140+Fi
V13mm V1-40+Fin
3mm 40+Fin
3mm
n
3mm 40+Fin (X)
(Y)

700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%

21%
25%
34%
58%
57%
58%
100%
100%
100%
100%

3
71
383
388
247
104
52
71
44
22

0
6
31
29
16
6
5
6
4
2

0
8
42
27
16
8
6
8
5
2

2
53
278
263
143
58
41
56
34
17

0
5
23
15
9
5
3
5
3
1

2
59
309
292
159
64
46
62
38
19

0
13
65
42
25
13
9
13
8
3

0.00
0.22
0.21
0.14
0.16
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.16

Daily Avg.

0.17

Effective Shading Coefficient - Performative Design Approach:

Results

Effective Shading Coefficient of

Viracon V1-40 (0.32) + Opaque Fin
Effective Shading Coefficient of
Viracon V1-40(0.32) + VNE1-63 (0.24)

= Avg.(SCM + SCJ + SCS + SCD)

= 0.19
= Avg.(SCM + SCJ + SCS + SCD)
= 0.21