058:0160 Chapter 2

Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 1

Chapter 2: Pressure Distribution in a Fluid
Pressure and pressure gradient
In fluid statics as !ell as in fluid
d"na#ics the forces actin$ on a
portion of fluid %C&' bounded b" a
CS are of t!o (inds: bod" forces
and surface forces)
*od" Forces: act on the entire bod" of the fluid %force
per unit +olu#e')
Surface Forces: act at the CS and are due to the
surroundin$ #ediu# %force,unit area-
stress')
In $eneral the surface forces can be resol+ed into t!o
co#ponents: one nor#al and one tan$ential to the surface)
Considerin$ a cubical fluid ele#ent !e see that the stress
in a #o+in$ fluid co#prises a 2
nd
order tensor)
.
/0
.
/"
"
/
0
.
//
Face
Direction
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 2
1
1
1
]
1

zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
ij

Since b" definition a fluid cannot !ithstand a shear stress

!ithout #o+in$ %defor#ation' a stationar" fluid #ust
necessaril" be co#pletel" free of shear stress %.
i1
20 i
j') 3he onl" non-0ero stress is the nor#al stress !hich is
referred to as pressure:
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 3
.
ii
=-p
i)e) nor#al stress %pressure' is isotropic) 3his can be easil"
seen b" considerin$ the e4uilibriu# of a !ed$e shaped fluid
ele#ent
5r p
/
2 p
"
2 p
0
2 p
n
2 p
n
0
%one +alue at a point
independent of direction6
p is a scalar'
and 7 ha+e sa#e di#ensions: #3,sure $radient or ele+ation $radient nor#al to strea#line)cular #otion !hich decrease88888888888
9here:

.n 2 -p !hich is co#pressi+e as it should be since fluid cannot
!ithstand tension) %Si$n con+ention based on the fact that p:0 and in the
direction of ;n'
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 <
=ote: For a fluid in #otion the nor#al stress is different
on each face and not e4ual to p)
.
//
.
""
.
00
-p
*" con+ention p is defined as the a+era$e of the nor#al
stresses
( )
1 1
3 3
xx yy zz ii
p + +
3he fluid ele#ent e/periences a force on it as a result of
the fluid pressure distribution if it +aries spatiall")
Consider the net force in the / direction due to p%/t')
3he result !ill be si#ilar for dF
"
and dF
0
6 conse4uentl"
!e conclude:
>
> >
press
p p p
dF i j k
x y z
1

1

]
5r:
p f
force per unit +olu#e due to p%/t')
=ote: if p2constant
0 f
)
d/
d0
d"
pdydz
dydz dx
x
p
p

,
_

+
2
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 5
Equilibrium of a fluid element
Consider no! a fluid ele#ent !hich is acted upon b" both
surface forces and a bod" force due to $ra+it"
d g dF
grav

or
g f
grav

%per unit +olu#e'
?pplication of =e!tons la! "ields:
F a m
( )

+

surface body
f f f a
d f a d

per unit d
viscous pressure
surface
body body
f f f
k g f k g g and g f
+

> >

0 $
%includes
viscous
f
since in $eneral
ij ij ij
p +
'
V
z
V
y
V
x
V
f
p f
viscous
pressure
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
]
1

For @ A2constant the +iscous force !ill ha+e this for# %chapter <')
2
a p g V + +
!ith
V V
t
V
a +

3his is called the =a+ier-Sto(es e4uation and !ill be

discussed further in Chapter <) Consider sol+in$ the =-S
e4uation for p !hen a and & are (no!n)
( ) ' %
2
t x B V a g p +
3his is si#pl" a first order PDB for p and can be sol+ed
readil") For the $eneral case %& and p un(no!n' one
&iscous part
inertial pressure
$radient
$ra+it" +iscous
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 6
#ust sol+e the =S and continuit" e4uations !hich is a
for#idable tas( since the =S e4uations are a s"ste# of 2
nd
order nonlinear PDBs)
9e no! consider the follo!in$ special cases:
1' C"drostatics %
0 V a
'
2' Di$id bod" translation or rotation %
0
2
V
'
3' Irrotational #otion %
0 V
'

identity vector
a a a
2
' % ' %

equation Bernoulli equation uler V V

t cons if
0 0
tan
2

also
2
0 E ) 0 V V if const
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 F
Case (1) Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution
$
p g g k
0 $
i)e)
0

y
p
x
p
and
p
g
z

gdz dp
or

2
1
2
1
1 2
' % dz z g gdz p p
0
2
0
0
r surface s earthG near constant

,
_

r
r
g g
li4uids @ 2 constant %for one li4uid'
p 2 -@$0 H constant
$ases @ 2 @%pt' !hich is (no!n fro# the e4uation
of state: p 2 @D3 @ 2 p,D3
!hich can be inte$rated if 3 23%0' is
(no!n as it is for the at#osphere)
' %z !
dz
"
g
p
dp

058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 8
Manometry
Iano#eters are de+ices that use li4uid colu#ns for
#easurin$ differences in pressure) ? $eneral procedure
#a" be follo!ed in !or(in$ all #ano#eter proble#s:
1)' Start at one end %or a #eniscus if the circuit is
continuous' and !rite the pressure there in an appropriate
unit or s"#bol if it is un(no!n)
2)' ?dd to this the chan$e in pressure %in the sa#e unit'
fro# one #eniscus to the ne/t %plus if the ne/t #eniscus
is lo!er #inus if hi$her')
3)' Continue until the other end of the $a$e %or startin$
#eniscus' is reached and e4uate the e/pression to the
pressure at that point (no!n or un(no!n)
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 J
Hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces
3he force on a bod" due to a pressure distribution is:

#
d# n p F
!here for a plane surface n 2 constant and !e need onl"
consider KFK notin$ that its direction is al!a"s to!ards the
surface:
K K
#
F p d#

)
Consider a plane surface
#B
entirel" sub#er$ed in a
li4uid such that the plane of the surface intersects the free-
surface !ith an an$le L) 3he centroid of the surface is
denoted %
y x
')

sin F y# p#
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 10
9here p is the pressure at the centroid)
3o find the line of action of the force !hich !e call the
center of pressure %/
cp
"
cp
' !e e4uate the #o#ent of the
resultant force to that of the distributed force about an"
arbitrar" a/is)
2
sin
cp
#
#
y F ydF
y d#

=ote:
d# y dF sin
$ # y
% % about $nertia of moment $ d# y
o
#
+

2
2
$
= moment of inertia &"! 'orizontal centroidal axis
sin F p# y#

( )
2
sin sin
cp
y y# y # $ +

# y
$
y y
cp
+

and si#ilarl" for /
cp
!here
=ote that the coordinate s"ste# in the te/t has its ori$in at the centroid
and is related to the one 1ust used b":
( ) y y y and x x x
text text

Hydrostatic Forces on Curved urfaces
x
# y
$
x
xdF F x
xy
cp
#
cp
+

# y x $ $
inertia of product $
xy
xy
xy
+

058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 11
In $eneral Cori0ontal Co#ponents:
y
x
x
y y
#
F F i p n i d#
d#
F p d#

$ $
123
d?
/
2 pro1ection of n d? onto a plane perpendicular to / direction
d?
"
2 pro1ection of n d? onto a plane perpendicular to " direction
3he hori0ontal co#ponent of force actin$ on a cur+ed
surface is e4ual to the force actin$ on a +ertical pro1ection
of that surface includin$ both #a$nitude and line of
action and can be deter#ined b" the #ethods de+eloped
for plane surfaces)
$
z
z z
# #z
F pn k d# p d# ' d#z

9here ' is the depth to an" ele#ent area d# of the
surface) 3he +ertical co#ponent of force actin$ on a
cur+ed surface is e4ual to the net !ei$ht of the total
colu#n of fluid directl" abo+e the cur+ed surface and has
a line of action throu$h the centroid of the fluid +olu#e)
0
"
/

#
d# n p F

058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 12
B/a#ple Dru# Mate
h2D-Dcos2D%1-cosN'
( )
1 cos
'
p ' "
1 4 2 4 3
$
sin cos n i k +
v
$
d# l"d
( ) ( )

d#
n p
l"d k i " F

>
cos
>
sin cos 1
0
+

( )

d l" F i F
x
sin cos 1
>
)
0
2

#
p
"l "
l" l"
2
2 2 cos
<
1
cos
2
0 0
2

,
_

+
( )
2
0
1 cos cos
z
F l" d

,
_

,
_

2 2
2 2 sin
<
1
2
sin
2
2
2
0
2
"
l l"
l" l"

Sa#e force as that on pro1ection of $ate
onto +ertical plane perpendicular
direction
=et !ei$ht of !ater abo+e cur+ed surface
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 13
?nother approach:



l " F F F F l " F
l"
l " l " F
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2 ,
2
1
2
2 ,
2
1
2

,
_

,
_

,
_

058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 1<
Hydrostatic Forces in !ayered Fluids
See te/tboo( 2)F
"uoyancy and tability
?rchi#edes Principle
' 1 % ' 2 % V V B
F F F
2 fluid !ei$ht abo+e 2
?*C
;
fluid !ei$ht abo+e 1
?DC
2 !ei$ht of fluid e4ui+alent to the bod" +olu#e
In $eneral F
*
2 @$

2 sub#er$ed +olu#e')
3he line of action is throu$h the centroid of the displaced
+olu#e !hich is called the center of buo"anc")
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 15
B/a#ple

9ei$ht of the bloc(
{ 0
(p
b
#
& )b'g mg
!here
0

is displaced !ater +olu#e b" the bloc( and

is the
specific !ei$ht of the li4uid)

floatin$ :
sin( :
:
' d
' d
' d
' * ' d )bdg )b'g B &
( b
( b
( b
b
(
b
B
(
&
b
< <
> >

Instantaneous displaced !ater +olu#e:

0 (p
y#

))
0 V
F m y B &

(p
# y

))
0
(p
m y # y +

))
0
(p
#
y y
m

+


cos sin
n n
y # t B t +

b
O
h
M
*
"" M
@
b
d
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 16
Pse initial condition %
) )
0 0
0 t y y y y
' to deter#ine ?
and *:

)
0
0
cos sin
n n
n
y
y y t t

+
9here

(p
n
#
m

period
2
2
(p
m
!
#

Spar *uo"
9e can increase period 3 b" increasin$ bloc( #ass m
and,or decreasin$ !aterline area
(p
#
)
Stabilit": I##ersed *odies

Stable =eutral Pnstable
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 1F
Condition for static e4uilibriu#: %1' QF
+
20 and %2' QI20
Condition %2' is #et onl" !hen C and M coincide
other!ise !e can ha+e either a ri$htin$ #o#ent %stable'
or a heelin$ #o#ent %unstable' !hen the bod" is heeled)
tudy# Floating "odies
For a floatin$ bod" the situation is #ore co#plicated
since the center of buo"anc" !ill $enerall" shift !hen the
bod" is rotated dependin$ upon the shape of the bod" and
the position in !hich it is floatin$)
3he center of buo"anc" %centroid of the displaced
+olu#e' shifts laterall" to the ri$ht for the case sho!n
because part of the ori$inal buo"ant +olu#e ?5* is
transferred to a ne! buo"ant +olu#e B5D)
3he point of intersection of the lines of action of the
buo"ant force before and after heel is called the
#etacenter I and the distance MI is called the
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 18
#etacentric hei$ht) If MI is positi+e that is if I is
abo+e M then the ship is stable6 ho!e+er if MI is
ne$ati+e then the ship is unstable)
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 1J
Consider a ship !hich has ta(en a s#all an$le of heel L
1) L2s#all heel an$le
2) e+aluate the lateral displace#ent of the center of
buo"anc"
x
2
++
3) then fro# tri$ono#etr" !e can sol+e for MI and
e+aluate the stabilit" of the ship:
x
2centroid6
CI2MIHCM
Decall that the center of buo"anc" is at the centroid of the
displaced +olu#e of fluid %#o#ent of +olu#e about "-
a/is ; ship centerplane'

i i
x d x x
3his can be e+aluated con+enientl" as follo!s:
x
2 #o#ent of

before heel %$oes to 0ero due to

s"##etr" of ori$inal buo"ant +olu#e ?RRD
about centerplane'
-
#o#ent of

?5*
H #o#ent of

B5D
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 20
( )

+

,% #%B
d x d x x ' %
x
y
tan
d# x d# y d tan
d# x d# x x
%, %#

+

tan tan
2 2
2
tan
s'ip (aterplane area
x d#

1 4 442 4 4 43
-moment of inertia of s'ip (aterplane = $
..
/ i0e/ $
zz
1
00
tan x $
00
tan
G
$
++ x

tan G +2 ++
%fro# Section &ie!'
00
$
+2

+3 +2 32
i)e) CI2MIHCM
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 21
3his e4uation is used to deter#ine the stabilit" of floatin$
bodies:
If MI is positi+e the bod" is stable
If MI is ne$ati+e the bod" is unstable
Doll: 3he rotation of a ship about the lon$itudinal a/is
throu$h the center of $ra+it")
Consider s"##etrical ship heeled to a +er" s#all an$le N)
Sol+e for the subse4uent #otion due onl" to h"drostatic
and $ra+itational forces)
( ) g i j F
b

>
sin
>
cos
00
$
32 +3

(
g
2 )
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 22
b g
F r 2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
k 32
k 32 3+
k + + 3+
i j i + + j 3+ 2
g
>
sin
>
sin
>
cos sin
>
sin
>
cos
> >

+
+
+

cos
sin G
tan
+2
++

))
$ 2
3
I 2 #ass #o#ent of inertia about lon$ a/is throu$h M
))

2 an$ular acceleration
m
$
k
definition of radius of $"ration
m
$
k
2
$ mk
2
2
k
g32
$
32

3he solution to this e4uation is

t t t
n
n
o
n o

sin
)
cos ' % +
))
sin 0
))
: 0
$ 32
32
for small
$
32 g 32 mg32
$ $ $

+


=ote: recall that
d F 2
o

!here d
is the perpendicular distance fro#
5 to the line of action of
F
)
d


sin 32
3z 2
3
5
F
0 for no initial
+elocit"
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 23
!here o

2 the initial heel an$le

n

2 natural fre4uenc"
2
g32
k

k
g32

Si#ple %unda#ped' har#onic oscillation:

3he period of the #otion is
n
!

g32
k
!
2

=ote that lar$e MI decreases the period of roll

!hich !ould #a(e for an unco#fortable boat ride %hi$h
fre4uenc" oscillation')
Barlier !e found that MI should be positi+e if a ship
is to ha+e trans+erse stabilit" and $enerall" spea(in$ the
stabilit" is increased for lar$er positi+e MI) Co!e+er
the present e/a#ple sho!s that one encounters a Sdesi$n
tradeoffT since lar$e MI decreases the period of roll
!hich #a(es for an unco#fortable ride)
Parametric $oll#
e
e
e
! !
! !
2
2
2
2
2

( )
crest
troug' t 32

+
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 2<
Case (%) $igid "ody &ranslation or $otation
In ri$id bod" #otion all particles are in co#bined
translation and,or rotation and there is no relati+e #otion
bet!een particles6 conse4uentl" there are no strains or
strain rates and the +iscous ter# drops out of the =-S
e4uation
( ) 0
2
V
)
( ) a g p
fro# !hich !e see that
p
acts in the direction of
( ) a g

and lines of constant pressure #ust be perpendicular to
this direction %b" definition
f
is perpendicular to f 2
constant')
3he $eneral case of ri$id bod" translation,rotation is as
sho!n) If the center of rotation is at 5 !here
0
V V
the
+elocit" of an" arbitrar" point P is:
Di$id bod" of
fluid translatin$
or rotatin$
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 25
0 0
r V V +
!here

2 the an$ular +elocit" +ector

and the acceleration is:

( )


3
2
1
0 0
0
r
dt
d
r
dt
V d
a
dt
V d

+ +
1 2 acceleration of 5
2 2 centripetal acceleration of P relati+e to 5
3 2 linear acceleration of P due to U
Psuall" all these ter#s are not present) In fact fluids can
rarel" #o+e in ri$id bod" #otion unless restrained b"
confinin$ !alls for a lon$ ti#e)
1)' Pnifor# Oinear ?cceleration
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 26



p2constant
( ) a g p
constant

x
p
a
x

1)
0
x
a <

p
increase in
H/
2)
0
x
a >

p
decrease in H/
( )
z
p
g a
z

( ) [ ]
V V
i a k a g
x z
+ +
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 2F
1)
0
z
a >

p
decrease in H0
2)
g a and a
z z
< < 0

p
decrease in H0 but slo!er than $
3)
0 K K
z z
a and a g < >

p
increase in H0

unit +ector in the direction of
p
:
( )
$
( )
1
2
2 2
K K
z x
z x
g a k a i
p
s
p
g a a
+ +

1
+ +
]
$
$

lines of constant pressure are perpendicular to
p
)

$ $
$
( )
( )
1
2
2 2
x z
x z
a k g a i
n s j
a g a
+

1
+ +
]
$
$

unit +ector in direction of p2constant
an$le bet!een
$
n
and / a/es:
' %
tan
1
z
x
a g
a
+

In $eneral the pressure +ariation !ith depth is $reater than

in ordinar" h"drostatics6 that is:
1
2 2
2
% '
x z
dp
p s a g a
ds
3
1 + +
]
$
1 4 4 2 4 4 3
!hich is : @$
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 28
pressure gage 3s
cons 3s p

+ )
2') Di$id *od" Dotation
Consider a c"lindrical tan( of li4uid rotatin$ at a constant
rate U 2 U
$
k :
( ) a g p
( )
r e r
r a
V
2
0


( )
r
e r k g a g p >
>
2
+
i)e)
2
p
r
r

p
g
z

058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 2J
and
c z f r p + + ' %
2
2 2

g f p
z
G
c r f gz p + + ' % gz z f ' %
3he constant is deter#ined b" specif"in$ the pressure at
one point6 sa" p 2 p
0
at %r0' 2 %00')
2 2
0
2
+ r gz p p

-4ote5 6ressure is linear in z and parabolic in r1

Cur+es of constant pressure are $i+en b":
2
2 2
0
2
br a
g
r
g
p p
z +

!hich are paraboloids of re+olution conca+e up!ard

!ith their #ini#u# points on the a/is of rotation)
3he position of the free surface is found as it is for linear
acceleration b" conser+in$ the +olu#e of fluid)
)
2
2 2
const gz r p +

058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 30
3he unit +ector in the direction of
p
is:
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 31
[ ]
2 , 1
2 2 2
2
' % ' %
>
>
>
+
+

r g
e r k g
s
r


2
tan
dz
g
slope of s
r
dr

$
r
g
z
r
dr
dz
g
ln
2 2

i)e)

,
_

g
z
+ r
2
1
e/p
equation of
p
surfaces
Case (') Pressure Distribution in (rrotational Flo)
*ernoulli B4uation
[ ] ' % ' ) % ' % )
' %
>
' %
2 2
V V z p V V
t
V
V z p V k g p a
+ +
1
]
1

+ + +



&iscous ter#20 for 2constant and 20 i)e) Potential
flo! solutions also solutions =S under such conditionsW
1) ?ssu#in$ in+iscid flo!: 20
' % ' % ) 2 , 1 z p V V V V
t
V
+
1
]
1

Buler B4uation
2) ?ssu#in$ inco#pressible flo!: 2constant
V V V V gz
p V
t
V
)
2
2
2

1
]
1

+ + +

3) ?ssu#in$ stead" flo!:

0

t
N
s
$
r
0
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 32
gz
p V
B
V B
+ +

2
2
Consider:
B
perpendicular *2 constant
V
perpendicular & and
3herefore *2constant contains strea#lines and +orte/
lines:

058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 33
<) ?ssu#in$ irrotational flo!: 20
0 B
*2 constant %e+er"!here sa#e constant'
5) Pnstead" irrotational flo!
' %
2
)
0
2
)
)
2
t B gz
p
t
gz
p
t
V
V
+ +

+

1
]
1

+ +

+

*%t'2 ti#e dependent constant

058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 3<
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 35
Oar$er speed,densit" or s#aller D re4uire lar$er pressure
$radient or ele+ation $radient nor#al to strea#line)
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 36
Flo) Patterns# treamlines* trea+lines* Pat,lines
1'? strea#line is a line e+er"!here tan$ent to the
+elocit" +ector at a $i+en instant)
2'? pathline is the actual path tra+eled b" a $i+en fluid
particle)

3'? strea(line is the locus of particles !hich ha+e
earlier passed throu$h a particular point)
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 3F
=ote:
1) For stead" flo! all 3 coincide)
2) For unstead" flo! X%t' pattern chan$es !ith ti#e
!hereas pathlines and strea(lines are $enerated as
the passa$e of ti#e)
Strea#line
*" definition !e #ust ha+e
0 dr V
!hich upon e/pansion
"ields the e4uation of the strea#lines for a $i+en ti#e
1
t t
ds
(
dz
v
dy
u
dx

s2 inte$ration para#eter
So if %u+!' (no!n inte$rate !ith respect to s for t2t
1
!ith IC %/
0
"
0
0
0
t
1
' at s20 and then eli#inate s)
Pathline
3he pathline is defined b" inte$ration of the relationship
bet!een +elocit" and displace#ent)
(
dt
dz
v
dt
dy
u
dt
dx

Inte$rate u+! !ith respect to t usin$ IC %
0 0 0 0
t z y x
' then
eli#inate t)
Strea(line
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 38
3o find the strea(line use the inte$rated result for the
pathline retainin$ ti#e as a para#eter) =o! find the
inte$ration constant !hich causes the pathline to pass
throu$h %
0 0 0
z y x
' for a se4uence of ti#es
t <
) 3hen
eli#inate

)
B/a#ple: an ideali0ed +elocit" distribution is $i+en
b":
0
2 1

1

+

+
(
t
y
v
t
x
u
calculate and plot: 1' the strea#lines 2' the pathlines 3'
the strea(lines !hich pass throu$h %
0 0 0
z y x
' at t20)
1)' First note that since !20 there is no #otion in
the 0 direction and the flo! is 2-D
0 2 0 1 0 0
2 1
: ' % at 0
'
2 1
e/p% '
1
e/p%
2 1

1
y + x + y x s
t
s
+ y
t
s
+ x
t
y
ds
dy
t
x
ds
dx

+

and eli#inatin$ s
t
t
n
x
x
y y
y
y
t
x
x
t s
n
2 1
1
e !her ' %
ln ' 2 1 % ln ' 1 %
0
0
0 0
+
+

+ +
3his is the e4uation of the strea#lines !hich pass
throu$h %
0 0
y x
' for all ti#es t)
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 3J
2)' 3o find the pathlines !e inte$rate
0 2 0 1 0 0
2
1
2 1
: ' % ' % 0
' 2 1 % ' 1 %
2 1

1
y + x + y x y x t
t + y t + x
t
y
dt
dy
t
x
dt
dx

+ +
+

no! eli#inate t bet!een the e4uations for %/ "'

2
1
0
0
'Y 1 % 2 1 Z +
x
x
y y
3his is the pathline throu$h %
0 0
y x
' at t20 and does not
coincide !ith the strea#line at t20)
3)' 3o find the strea(line !e use the pathline
e4uations to find the fa#il" of particles that ha+e
passed throu$h the point %
0 0
y x
' for all ti#es
t >
)
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 <0
2
1
0
0
0
2
0
2 0 0
2
1
0
2
0
1
2
1
2 1
1 2 1 : 0
Y 1 ' '% 1 Z% 2 1
2 1
' %
1 ' '% 2 1 %
2
1
1 ' 1 %
' 2 1 %

1
' 2 1 % ' 1 %

1
]
1

,
_

+
+ +
+

1
]
1

+ +
+

+ +
x
x
y
y
t
x
x
t
t
y
y
y
y
t
x
x
t
y
+
x
+
t + y t + x

&,e tream Function

Po!erful tool for 2-D flo!n in !hich & is obtained b"
differentiation of a scalar

!hich auto#aticall" satisfies

the continuit" e4uation)
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 <1
2
2
2
cont): 0
sa": and +
then: % ' % ' 0 b" definitionW
> >
&
> >
&
&
% % ' &'
%&) &' & stead"
%
x y
y x
y x yx xy
y x
z
u v
u
x y
i j
curl k k
,
curl p z
,t
curl curl
u v
x

+


+



+ +


+

2 2 2
2 2 <
> >
'% ' % '
% ' % ' sin$le scalar e4uation but <th orderW
k k
y
y x x y

1

1

]
boundar" conditions %< re4uired':
x y
x y
v u
v 7 u





0 : bod" on
0 : infinit" at
(rrotational Flo)
) : on
) : on
e4uation Oaplace linear order 2nd 0
2
const *
const y 7 *
B

+

y x
x y
v
u




[ and \ are ortho$onal)
Stead" constant propert" flo!
( )
2

yy xx y x z
u v
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 <2
udy vdx dy dx d
vdy udx dy dx d
y x
y x
+ +
+ +


i)e)
const
const
dx
dy v
u
dx
dy

1
-eometric (nterpretation of

*esides its i#portance #athe#aticall"

also has
i#portant $eo#etric si$nificance)

2 constant 2 strea#line
Decall definition of a strea#line:
strea#line a alon$ 0 i)e)
!ith co#pare
0
> > 0 &

+ +

d
udy vdx dy dx d
vdx udy
v
dy
u
dx
j dy i dx dr dr
y x
5r

2constant alon$ a strea#line and cur+es of constant

are the flo! strea#lines) If !e (no!

%/ "' then !e
can plot

2 constant cur+es to sho! strea#lines)

P,ysical (nterpretation
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 <3
)
> > > >
% ')% ' 1


y x
d8 V nd#
dy dx
i j i j ds
y x ds ds
dy dx
d

%note that X and 7 ha+e sa#e di#ensions: #

3
,s'
i)e) chan$e in
d
is +olu#e flu/ and across strea#line
0 d8
)
1 2
2
1
2
1
2 1
)

d d# n V 8
Consider flo! bet!een t!o strea#lines:
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 <<
(ncompressible Plane Flo) in Polar Coordinates
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 : or
0
1
r
1
: continuit"

v rv
r
v
r
rv
r
r
r
1
sa":
1
then % ' % ' 0
as before 0 alon$ a strea#line and
+olu#e flu/ chan$e in strea# function
r
v v
r r
r
r r r
d d8 d

(ncompressible a.isymmetric flo)

058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 <5
( ) ( )



d d8 d
r r z z r
r
r r
r r
v
z r
v
v
z
rv
r
z r
z r


,
_

+
,
_

and strea#line a alon$ 0 before as

0
1 1 1
: then
1

1
: sa"
0
r
1
: continuit"
058:0160 Chapter 2
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 <6
-enerali/ation
Stead" plane co#pressible flo!:
strea#line a is constant and 0 i)e) 0 ' %
1
0
1 1
!ith co#pare
0 SO
function strea# flo! le co#pressib : define
0 ' % ' %
+
+

d d dy dx d
dx dy
vdx udy
x
v
y
u
v
y
u
x
y x
x y
=o!:
1 2
2
1
2 1
' ) %
' ) %





d# n V m
d d# n V m d

Chan$e in

is e4ui+alent to the #ass flu/)