NAME:

E55, Exam 3-2011 Page 1 of 8

BIOL E-55 Developmental Biology
Exam 3 2011


A. Be sure to write your name on EACH PAGE of the examination.

B. If your answer cannot be read, it cannot be graded.

C. If you do not show all of your reasoning, we cannot assign partial
credit. Please BE CONCI SE!

I F YOUR ANSWER HAS I NCORRECT I NFORMATI ON I N I T, POI NTS
WI LL BE DEDUCTED!!!

D. The point value of each problem is noted.

IF YOU WRITE IN PENCIL YOU CANNOT ASK FOR A
REGRADE


Relax and do well!! Good luck!



page 2______ (12 pts)

page 3______ (14 pts)

page 4______ (12 pts)

page 5______ (16 pts)

page 6______ (24 pts)

page 7______ (16 pts)

page 8______ (6 pts)



TOTAL /100 POINTS





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NAME:
E55, Exam 3-2011 Page 2 of 8
Multiple Choice (2 points each). Select the best answer from the choices provided.


______1. One of the approaches of regenerative medicine is to:
A. treat disease using stem cells that have been grown in culture
B. facilitate improved transplantation of organs from non-human vertebrates
C. provide an alternative method for human reproduction
D. provide disease therapy by retrovirus-mediated gene delivery
E. none of the above

______2. Knockdown of VegT in an amphibian embryo would be predicted to:
A. cause excess endoderm formation
B. cause a deficiency in endoderm formation
C. reverse the D-V axis
D. lead to an excess of mesoderm at the margin
E. none of the above

______3. Removal of the AER from a limb bud when the bud is first visible will:
A. lead to a limb with a duplicated proximal-distal axis
B. lead to a limb with an altered dorsal-ventral axis
C. lead to a limb that is missing muscle
D. lead to a limb that is only comprised of proximal elements
E. lead to a limb that is patterned normally in all three axes

______4. The cardiogenic mesoderm derives from
A. intermediate mesoderm
B. paraxial mesoderm
C. the organizer
D. the epidermis
E. lateral plate mesoderm

______5. While they are derived separately, hematopoietic stem cells and
primordial germ cells share which attribute?
A. ability to migrate
B. the ability to develop into the 3 germ layers
C. exist transiently, then are replaced in adulthood
D. are produced in only one embryonic site
E. are produced in association with vasculature

______6. The mesenchymal cells of the limb bud
A. give rise to the bones in the limb
B. contribute to the skeletal muscles of the limb
C. give rise to the feathers of a chick
D. give rise to the fur of a mouse
E. receive uniform doses of Shh



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NAME:
E55, Exam 3-2011 Page 3 of 8
______7. Cardiac bifida is a condition that results from
A. failure of the heart tube to loop
B. failure of neural tube closure
C. failure of vasculogenesis around the heart
D. failure of the cardiogenic fields to migrate
E. both A and D are correct

______8. Which of these organs does not contain cells derived from the endoderm?
A. lungs
B. ovary
C. esophagus
D. gall bladder
E. liver

______9. X-chromosome dosage compensation can occur via
A. transcriptional repression of both X chromosomes
B. transcriptional repression of just one X chromosome
C. transcriptional upregulation of one X chromosome
D. both A and B
E. options A,B, and C are known strategies

______10. Hydra regeneration is accomplished by
A. neoblast proliferation
B. dedifferentiation of existing cells at the wound site
C. reorganization of existing cell types
D. donation of cells from other hydra
E. none of the above

______11. Mature mammalian gonads have the following in common:
A. a population of somatic cells that nurture germ cells
B. hormone producing germ cells
C. derivative of the Wolffian duct comprising the gonad duct system
D. derivative of the Mllerian duct comprising the gonad duct system
E. none of the above

______12. Genotypically XX mice that carry a transgene for SRY would:
A. develop testes
B. develop ovaries
C. develop both testes and ovaries
D. fail to form a gonad
E. form testes with primordial follicles in the tubules

______13. Which is listed in the order of decreasing potency of a stem cell?
A. pluripotent totipotent multipotent
B. totipotent pluripotent multipotent
C. totipotent multipotent pluripotent
D. pluripotent multipotent totipotent
E. none of the above
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NAME:
E55, Exam 3-2011 Page 4 of 8
______14. In a salamander, after denervating and then amputating a limb,
A. a blastema is formed
B. morpholaxis occurs
C. absence of the nAG protein rescues regeneration
D. no regeneration occurs
E. none of the above

______15. Hox genes
A. are homeobox transcription factors
B. regulate dorsal ventral vertebral patterning
C. regulate anterior-posterior patterning of the gut tube
D. A, B and C
E. A and C

______16. The following tissues are not important for proper pancreas development
A. notochord
B. dorsal aorta
C. lungs
D. vitelline vein
E. none of the above

______17. In endochondral ossification, bone forms by
A. mesenchyme directly converting to bone
B. mesenchymal cells becoming cartilage that is later replaced by osteocytes
C. osteocytes differentiate into cartilage and then bone
D. hypertrophic chondrocytes differentiate into osteocytes
E. none of the above

______18. The _______ will become the permanent adult kidney
A. pronephros
B. mesonephros
C. metanephros
D. ureteric bud
E. none of the above

______19. Kidney development requires the reciprocal interaction between these
two tissues
A. metanephrogenic mesenchyme and endoderm
B. metanephrogenic mesenchyme and ureteric bud
C. metanephrogenic mesenchyme and pronephros
D. pronephros and ureteric bud
E. none of the above






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NAME:
E55, Exam 3-2011 Page 5 of 8
______20. Transplantation of donor cells from the ZPA to an anterior host limb bud
will
A. induce an ectopic limb bud in the trunk
B. cause loss of digits
C. cause loss of proximal structures
D. cause duplications of only the proximal structures
E. cause mirror image duplications of the digits


Short Answer Questions.

21. (14 points) In mammals, primary sex determination is dictated by genetic
factors. For the following, circle whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE.


True False (A) An individual with a genotype of XY will retain the Wolffian
duct



True False (B) An XY individual with a gain-of-function mutation in Sox9 would
form an ovary.



True False (C) Inheritance of a Y chromosome dictates degeneration of the
Wolffian duct and differentiation of the Mllerian duct.



True False (D) An XO individual (with a single X and no second chromosome)
would form a testes if they were given a copy of the Sry gene using
transgenics.



True False (E) An XY individual would form an ovary if given an extra copy of
the Dax gene using transgenics.



True False (F) Dosage compensation is necessary in male mammals so that
they do not produce double quantities of proteins encoded on the X
chromosome.



True False (G) An XY individual missing Sox9, but with normal SRY will form
an ovary.

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E-55, Exam 3-2010: Name Page 2 of 8

Multiple Choice (2 points each). Select the best answer from the choices provided.

______1. The cells of the limb bud progress zone give rise to
A. the feathers of a chick wing
B. the muscles of the limb
C. the tendons of the limb
D. the fur of a mouse limb
E. the vasculature of the limb

______2. Depletion of VegT in an amphibian embryo would
A. lead to a dorsalized axis
B. prevent endoderm formation
C. promote endoderm fates
D. lead to a duplicated D-V axis
E. drive formation of a second organizer

______3. Hydra regeneration is accomplished by
A. donation of cells from other hydra
B. dedifferentiation of existing cells at the wound
C. mobilization of neoblasts
D. reorganization of existing cell types
E. cell proliferation

______4. Which structure is formed by cells derived from only one germ layer?
A. testes
B. pancreas
C. intestine
D. forelimb
E. ovary

______5. The apical ectodermal ridge is essential for
A. placement of the limb along the A-P axis
B. patterning the digits
C. patterning the D-V axis of the limb
D. maintaining limb outgrowth
E. patterning the proximo-distal axis of the limb

______6. Thecal cells
A. produce estrogen
B. possess an identical function as Leydig cells
C. possess an identical function as Sertoli cells
D. produce granulosa cells
E. have a similar function as primordial germ cells

______7. In mammals, the bipotential gonad receives contributions from the ________ if the
individual has an XY genotype.
A. lateral plate mesoderm
B. mesonephric kidney tubules
C. yolk sac
D. Mullerian duct
E. pronephric kidney



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E-55, Exam 3-2010: Name Page 3 of 8


______8. Polar granules act to
A. specify mammalian germ cells
B. specify invertebrate germ cells
C. trigger cell division in primordial germ cells
D. pattern the route of germ cell migration in flies
E. induce germ cells in an extraembryonic location in mammals

______9. Hematopoiesis does not normally occur in the ______ during development.
A. liver
B. wall of the aorta
C. yolk sac
D. pancreas
E. bone marrow

______10. When compared, both tumor cells and embryo cells exhibit___________.
A. rapid cell division
B. attachment to a basement membrane
C. short cellular lifespan
D. inability to recruit blood supply
E. stable mesenchymal cell states

______11. The heart arises from ______ region of the _________ mesoderm.
A. anterior; somatic (parietal)
B. posterior; somatic (parietal)
C. anterior; splanchnic (visceral)
D. posterior; splanchnic (visceral)
E. none of the above

______12. A bead soaked in Fgf10 peptide is surgically implanted in the lateral plate mesoderm of
a chick embryo, close to the forelimb bud on the right side of the embryo. What phenotype
will result?
A. the right forelimb bud will stop proliferating
B. the left forelimb bud will stop proliferating
C. a second right forelimb bud will be induced
D. the right forelimb bud will form additional digits
E. the D-V axis of the right forelimb bud will be reversed

______13. In mammals, which organ primordia can give rise to a different organ structure
depending on the genotype?
A. the dorsal pancreatic bud
B. the liver bud
C. the notochord
D. the genital ridge
E. the coelom


______14. The primitive wave of hematopoiesis, unlike the definitive wave, primarily produces
A. red blood cells
B. endothelial cells
C. white blood cells
D. platelets
E. macrophages

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E-55, Exam 3-2010: Name Page 4 of 8

______15. Hox genes are presently thought to be responsible for patterning
A. the locations of hematopoiesis
B. the location of the limb buds
C. the regions of the gut tube
D. both A and B
E. both B and C

______16. Viral-mediated ectopic gene expression can trigger a switch from _____ to _____.
A. mouse fibroblasts to pluripotent progenitors in culture
B. endocrine cells to exocrine cells in the mouse pancreas
C. skeletal muscle to blastema cells in the newt
D. neoblasts to epidermis in the planaria
E. none of the above

______17. Primordial germ cells in mammals travel to the gonad via the ___________.
A. coelom
B. lymphatic system
C. vasculature
D. endoderm
E. blood vessels on the yolk sac

______18. You graft cells from a young hindlimb progress zone onto an old limb bud. What result
do you anticipate?
A. no change to the pattern of hindlimb elements
B. a halt in hindlimb development
C. a duplication of distal structures of the hindlimb
D. a duplication of proximal structures of the hindlimb
E. the deletion of distal structures

______19. Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of an adult stem cell?
A. they can produce just one differentiated cell type
B. they can self-renew
C. they are visibly undifferentiated
D. they are present in adult organs but typically rare
E. all of the above



















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E-55, Exam 3-2009: Name Page 2 of 9

Multiple Choice (2 points each). Select the best answer from the choices provided.

______1. The condition known as phocomelia, in which limbs have stunted length and missing
distal elements, is suggestive of a defect in:
A. the AER
B. the ZPA
C. the negative feedback loop between the AER and ZPA
D. the positive feedback loop between the AER and ZPA
E. more than one answer could be correct

______2. Mature mammalian gonads have the following in common:
A. hormone producing somatic cells
B. a population of germ cells that exclusively nurture other germ cells
C. tubule units that house the germ cells
D. hormone producing Sertoli cells
E. a somatic support population known as granulosa cells

______3. The limb is made from cells originating in:
A. the lateral plate mesoderm
B. the ectoderm
C. the paraxial mesoderm
D. both A and B
E. all of the above

______4. Planaria regeneration is accomplished by:
A. neoblast proliferation
B. dedifferentiation of existing cells at the wound site
C. reorganization of existing cell types
D. donation of cells by other planaria
E. none of the above

______5. Which of the following is a function of the endoderm?
A. neural induction
B. formation of smooth muscle surrounding the intestines
C. formation of the gall bladder
D. blood formation
E. limb formation

______6. Shh activity is essential for:
A. formation of the anterior-most digit
B. D/V patterning of the limb
C. limb bud extension
D. pancreas formation
E. none of the above

______7. Granulosa cells in the female gonad are most similar in function to:
A. thecal cells
B. Sertoli cells
C. primordial germ cells
D. Leydig cells
E. mesonephric tubule cells



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E-55, Exam 3-2009: Name Page 3 of 9


______8. Dosage compensation for inheritance of two X chromosomes can occur through
A. translational repression of both X chromosomes, with their normal transcription
B. translational repression of just one X chromosome, with its normal transcription
C. transcriptional repression of one X chromosome, with no change to translation
D. transcriptional repression of the Y chromosome
E. destruction of one X chromosome during cleavage stages

______9. Germ cells in flies:
A. are directly induced in a location outside of the embryo proper
B. are created by paternal contributions made to the egg upon fertilization
C. are created by maternal contributions made to the unfertilized egg
D. are created by zygotic gene activity in the embryo
E. are formed at the anterior (head) region of the embryo

______10. Differentiation is a stable cellular state, but recent findings in the pancreas show that:
A. direct transdifferentiation via ectopic gene expression is possible
B. transdifferentiation can occur by niche signals
C. transdifferentiation can occur by addition of stem cells to an organ
D. non-pancreas cells can switch to pancreas cell types
E. only stable genetic modification of cells can trigger transdifferentiation

______11. Regenerative abilities are greatest in which of the following animals:
A. the mouse
B. the zebrafish
C. the frog
D. the chick
E. the planaria


______12. In chick embryos, we examined nested and abutting domains of Hox gene expression
in the endoderm field after gastrulation. What does this observation tell us?
A. that endoderm provides regional signals to the overlying mesoderm
B. that a pre-pattern exists in the endoderm
C. it illustrates crosstalk between the mesoderm and endoderm
D. that mesoderm provides regional signals to the underlying endoderm
E. that ectoderm provides regional signals to the underlying endoderm

______13. The pancreatic buds receive inductive signals from:
A. the notochord
B. the vasculature
C. the cardiogenic mesoderm
D. the migrating primordial germ cells
E. more than one answer is correct


______14. The primitive wave of blood formation, as opposed to the definitive wave, does not
produce:
A. red blood cells
B. endothelial cells
C. lymphocytes
D. cardiogenic mesoderm
E. both A and C

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E-55, Exam 3-2009: Name Page 4 of 9


______15. The atrium chambers of the heart
A. arise from cells in the most anterior region of the heart field
B. arise from cells in the central region of the heart field
C. arise from cells on the left side of the embryonic midline
D. arise from cells in the most posterior region of the heart field
E. arise from a population that is intermingled with future ventricle cells

______16. The program of endoderm specification is initiated by
A. zygotic gene transcription
B. inheritance of maternal factors
C. the position of sperm entry into the egg
D. targeted destruction of maternal factors in the eggs animal hemisphere
E. formation of the organizer

______17. Which statement is true about lateral plate mesoderm development in vertebrates?
A. The heart forms from two initially separate primordia.
B. The heart forms from a sheet of cells that invaginates to make a tube.
C. The blood forms exclusively from sheets of cells in the anterior lateral plate.
D. The vessels form exclusively from sheets of cells in the anterior lateral plate.
E. none of the above

______18. A mouse knockout for Fgf10 would be expected to result in:
A. conversion of all appendages to a hindlimb identity
B. halt of limb bud outgrowth
C. failure of limb bud formation
D. absence of posterior digit identities in the limb
E. absence of anterior digit identities in the limb

______19. Stem cells are characterized by:
A. the ability to produce numerous differentiated cell types
B. the ability to self-renew (produce more of themselves)
C. they are visibly undifferentiated
D. they have been located in adult organs
E. all of the above



















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