Experiment 10: Absorption of Beta and Gamma Rays: Purpose
Experiment 10: Absorption of Beta and Gamma Rays: Purpose
Francisco Vega Physics C1494
Partners: David Platt, Peter Sabino 02/15/09
Experiment 10: Absorption of Beta and Gamma Rays
Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to study the behavior of beta (β) and
gamma (γ) rays passing through matter; to measure the range of β‐particles from a
given source and hence to determine the endpoint of energy decay; and to
determine the absorption coefficient in lead of the gamma radiation from a given
source.
Procedure
In all parts of the experiment, a Geiger counter circuit set up as seen in the
following diagram and picture was used.
• Setting up the Geiger Counter
The source of Thallium‐204 was placed under the Geiger counter tube and
the high voltage was set to 500 V. The high voltage was increased in 20 V steps
until the tube began to count, which was when the high voltage equaled 720 V.
The number of counts, N, for a time interval of ∆t=15 seconds was recorded for
high voltage values that were increased in 20 V steps. This was done until we
noted that the count rate rose by less than 10% for a 100 V increase.
• Background Measurement
No source was placed under the Geiger counter tube, and the counts in a 60
second time interval were recorded. This amount was averaged to be N= 48
counts, which means a background count rate of RB=0.80 counts/sec and
.
.
• Range of β Particles
The Thallium‐204 source was placed on the second shelf below the detector
as seen in the following diagram. The counts were recorded for varying
aluminum absorber thickness until the counting rate reached the background
level.
• Absorption of γ Rays
The Thallium‐204 source was replaced by the Cesium‐137 source. This
Cesium‐137 source was placed on the lowest shelf below the detector as seen in
the following diagram. The counts were recorded for varying lead absorber
thicknesses.
Data Analysis
• Setting up the Geiger Counter
The Geiger counter was calibrated as explained in the procedure and the
results are summarized in the following chart and graph. The final high voltage
value was 860 V and was left there for the remainder of the experiment.
R=N/∆t σR
HV (V) N (Counts) σN (Counts) ∆t (sec) (Counts/sec) (Counts/sec)
Where , , .
Geiger Counter HV Plateau
160
140
120
counts/sec
100
80
60
40
20
0
700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900
HV (V)
• Range of β Particles
The counts were recorded for varying aluminum absorber thickness until the
counting rate reached the background level and the results are summarized
below:
Absorber
thickness (cm Al) R=N/∆t σR
N (Counts) σN (Counts) ∆t (sec) (Counts/sec) (Counts/sec)
0 1204 34.7 15 80 3.5
Where , , . Also, the thickness of
1 Absorber was 0.00508 cm, so the thicknesses given are multiples of this
thickness since the absorbers were added one by one.
Range of Beta Particles
100
10
counts/sec
1
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
absorber thickness (cm Al)
From the line sketched on the graph by hand, we see that the
approximate value of the range is:
r= 0.078 +/ 0.020 cm.
where σr was estimated using 1 σ of the background counting rate, RB.
The value of the maximum beta energy for Thallium‐204 for the range
found was determined using the equation that follows:
, where
E=0.595 +/ 0.118 MeV
The result obtained for E is consistent with the value of 0.765 MeV, as it is
within 2 ’s.
• Absorption of γ Rays
Before we began these measurements we re‐measured the background rate and
obtained a value of RB=1.4 counts/sec.
The counts were recorded for varying lead absorber thicknesses and the results
are summarized below. Two graphs and charts are shown, one showing
counts/sec from the source and the background and another showing
counts/sec for just the source(background corrected).
Absorber
thickness N σN ∆t R=N/∆t σR σm (cm1)
(cm Al) = x (Counts) (Counts) (sec) (Counts/sec) (Counts/sec)
1.30E‐01 176 13.3 15 12 1.0 2.57E-01
Where , , .
1
Since ln R = 14.18e− µx as seen in graph below, σ µ = σR
Rx ln R .
Also, the thickness of 1 Absorber was 1.3mm, so the thicknesses given are
€ multiples of this thickness since the absorbers were added one by one.
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Absorption of Gamma Rays (source +
background)
100
counts/sec
ln(R)= 14.18e‐1.41x
R² = 0.953
10
1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
absorber thickness (cm Pb)
Therefore, taking the averages of σ µ and seeing that µ =1.41cm‐1 from the
graph below we obtain a value of the absorption coefficient of:
µ =1.41 +/ 0.13 cm1
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Absorber €
thickness R=N/∆t σR
(cm Al) = x N (Counts) σN (Counts) ∆t (sec) (Counts/sec) (Counts/sec) σm (cm1)
1.30E‐01 176 13.3 15 10 1.0 3.08E‐01
Where , , .
1
Since ln R = 13.36e− µx as seen in graph below, σ µ = σR
Rx ln R .
Also, the thickness of 1 Absorber was 1.3mm, so the thicknesses given are
€ multiples of this thickness since the absorbers were added one by one.
€
Absorption of Gamma Rays
(background corrected)
100
counts/sec
10
lnR= 13.36e‐1.78x
R² = 0.961
1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
absorber thickness (cm Pb)
Therefore, taking the averages of σ µ and seeing that µ =1.78cm‐1 from
the graph below we obtain a value of the absorption coefficient of:
µ =1.78 +/ 0.20 cm1
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By using the following graph and plotting lines where this µ and its
uncertainty are located, we can estimate the energy of the gamma rays.
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In doing so we obtain a value for the gamma ray energy and its uncertainty as
follows:
Eγ =0.550 +/ 0.05 MeV
This value is close to consistent but may disagree with the accepted value of
Eγ=0.662 as it is within 3 σ Eγ ’s of the accepted value. This measurement is
limited in precision as it is based on handwritten lines drawn on the graph,
which is obviously not very precise. Also, extrapolating the curve on the
absorption of Gamma Rays with limited data points also limits the precision
of this value. €
Another way of detecting Gamma Rays would be to use a Gamma Ray
spectrometer.
Conclusion
Our result in the range of Beta particles part was within 2 ’s,
therefore it was consistent with the given value. Ourr result for the Gamma
Ray part were within 3 σ Eγ , so it was close to consistent. This was expected as
a Geiger counter can not measure Gamma ray photons as precisely.
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