Nuclear Program of Iran

Topic
Weapons of Mass Destruction
&
Nuclear Program of Iran
Submitted to
Sir Sami ullah
Lashari
Submitted by
Ashfaq
Sanaullah
FA08-BBA-135-
10A
Nuclear weapons
Nuclear weapons are, in sheer power, nuclear weapon
is the world most destructive weapons, a small nuclear weapon can destroy a big
city in very rare time. Defending against nuclear weapons is very difficult at last.
To understand about the power of nuclear weapons, one we need to know about
how nuclear weapons work.
Fission (Atomic weapon)
When a fission weapon explode, one type of atom
(element) split into with less total mass the lost mass is transferred into energy
according to Albert Einstein famous formula E= mc which shows that a little bit
of mass is equal to a great deal of energy.
Two element split in this way and each has been used to make fission weapons
these are Uranium and plutonium.
Fusion weapon (Hydrogen bomb)

Fusion weapon are very expensive and for to
built these weapons, we need very technical technology. These types of
technology most get by the richest country and have advanced in technology.
In fusion weapon two atom of hydrogen variant fuse together into a large atom and
releasing energy. This reaction can occur only at high temperature.
Nuclear weapons include not only blast of explosion but also its radiation and
heat.
Heat creates very high temperature. Radiations create radiation sickness, due to
this thousand of people died in few days. These heat and radiation have long term
effect and also create health problem.
Nuclear power states
There are 9 states
i. United states (1945)
ii. Russia (1949)
iii. United Kingdom (1952)
iv. France (1960)
v. China (1964)
vi. India (1974)
vii. Israel (1979??)
viii. Pakistan (1998)
ix. North Korea (2006)
In which first 5 are internationally recognized and signed (NPT) and three
Pakistan, India, China are declared nuclear state but not signed NPT and Israel
Officially neither confirms nor denies possessing nuclear weapons.
Use of Nuclear Weapons in World

United sate of amerce is the only state which
used atomic bomb during the war. U.S used atomic bomb in 1945 (during 2nd
world war) on two cities of Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In these attacks as
many as 140000 people was died in Hiroshima and 80000 in Nagasaki. According
to fact half of people from those causalities were died in on the day of attack.
Approximately 231 died due to leukemia and 334 due to solid cancer by the
radiations released by nuclear bomb.
Most of the people died were civilians.
Nuclear Program of Iran
Iran nuclear program was firstly launched in 1950s. United state helped Iran, as
part of the Atoms for Peace program. The support and encouragement of U.S and
Europe was continued before Islamic revolution (at the end of government of king
shah).
After Islamic revolution government temporarily disbanded nuclear program, and

then restore with less support of west in pre revolution era.
Iran's first nuclear power plant, Bushehr I, is expected to be operational in

2009.There are no current plans to complete the Bushehr II reactor. Iran also want
to built other 19 nuclear projects and have mental picture in mind. Iran has
announced that it is working on a new 360 MWe nuclear power plant to be located
in Darkhovin. Iran has also indicated that it will seek more medium-sized nuclear
power plants and uranium mines for the future.
 1950 to 1970:-
Iran nuclear program was started in 1953 when
(CIA) support those groups who disposed the democratically elected prime
minister
(Mohammed Mossadegh), and brought king (Mohammed Raza Shah Pahlavi) in
power.
A civil nuclear co-operation program was established under the U.S. Atoms for
Peace program. In 1967, the Tehran Nuclear Research Center (TNRC) was
established, run by the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI). The TNRC
was equipped with a U.S.-supplied, 5-megawatt nuclear research reactor, which
became operational in 1967 and was fueled by highly enriched uranium.
Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968 and ratified it in
1970, making Iran's nuclear program subject to International Atomic Energy
agency verification.
President Gerald Ford signed a directive in 1976 offering Tehran the chance to
buy and operate a U.S.-built reprocessing facility for extracting plutonium from
nuclear reactor fuel. The deal was for a complete 'nuclear fuel cycle'. At the
time, Richard Cheney was the White House Chief of Staff, and Donald
Rumsfeld was the Secretary of Defense. The Ford strategy paper said the
"introduction of nuclear power will both provide for the growing needs of Iran's
economy and free remaining oil reserves for export or conversion to
petrochemicals."
 Post Revolution, 1979-1989

After the Islamic revolution
Iran informed to International Atomic energy Agency (IAEA). They want to
restart nuclear program, using indigenously made nuclear fuel. Iran paid the U.S.
to deliver new fuel and upgrade its power in accordance with a contract signed
before the revolution. The U.S. delivered neither the fuel nor returned the billions
of dollars payment it had received.
 European reactions
In January 1979, the company who’s working at
Iran nuclear project stopped working and withdraws from them. These companies
are Kraftwerk union and framatome. Before withdraws one of them reactor is 50%
and other is 85% completed. Kraft said that this action is due to non payment of
$450 million debt.
Another result of the 1979 revolution was that, France also refused to give any
enriched uranium to Iran, and could not refund Iran investment in Eurodif
(France).
 U.S. reaction.
The United States after 1983 persuaded the IAEA to
terminate its project to assist Iran in producing enriched uranium.
April 1984, the U.S. State Department said, "We believe it would take at least two
to three years to complete construction of the reactors at Bushehr." The
spokesperson also said that the light water power reactors at Bushehr "are not
particularly well-suited for a weapons program."
 1990-2002
Iran and Russian federation make a joint research
organization. Russian federation helped Iran in providing nuclear fuel, expert and
technical information. Five Russian institution including federal space agency
helped Tehran to improve its missile.
In 1995, Iran signed a contract with Russia to resume work on the partially-
complete Bushehr plant, installing into the existing Bushehr I building, with
completion expected in 2009. There are no current plans to complete the Bushehr
II reactor.
 2002 to onward
In 2003 Iran suspended the program and
allowed international inspectors to in and began negotiation with Britain, France
and Germany.
But when ahmadinejad become the president of Iran had taken strong opinion on
restarting its nuclear program, and ignoring United Nations security demand to
stop nuclear program.
American and international inspector concerned that Iran seem to made significant
progress in three type of technology necessary for effective nuclear weapons
1 Enriching uranium to weapon grade

2 Developing a missile capable rang targeted the Israel and part of west
3 Designing a warhead that will fit on the missile.
In September 2009, Iran said that its revolutionary Guard test fired missiles with
sufficient range to strike Israel, part of Europe and American based in Persian
Gulf.
President Obama broke President George W. Bush policies by offering directly

negotiate with Tehran, but he continued called Iran nuclear program is a threat to
the region.
And like President Bush he also failed to persuade Russia and China to consider
imposing tough sanctioned on Iran.
On Sept. 25, 2009, President Obama and leaders of Britain and France
accused Iran of building a secret underground plant to manufacture nuclear fuel,
saying the country has hidden the covert operation from international weapons
inspectors for years.
In talks between Iran, the United States and other major powers in October 2009,
the first such discussions in which the United States has participated fully, Iran
agreed to quickly open the newly revealed plant to international inspection. It also
agreed to send most of its openly declared enriched uranium outside Iran, to be
turned into fuel for a small reactor that produces medical isotopes.
American officials remained skeptical about whether Iran would follow through,
and many suspected that other secret sites remain hidden.
On 1st October 2009, Iran and five permanent member of Security Council held a
meeting to solved Iran nuclear issue. The five members of Security Council are
U.S, Britain, China, Russia and France. This meeting was lead by the European
Unions foreign policy chief, Javier Solana. I said that their nuclear program is safe
and for peaceful purpose. Western counties have no threats from our nuclear
program.
Follow up meeting took place in Vienna.
Time is critical to President Obama because he seeking the space to make a
broader deal with Iran, and the ability to hold off Israel, which continuous to hint
that it could take military action if it believed Iran was getting close e to the ability
to produce nuclear weapons.
Latest News
The Nation (news paper) 7 December, 2009
Interview with Head of Iran's Atomic Energy Organization (AEO) Ali Akbar
Salehi.
On the IAEA resolution against Iran:

"It is true that the director-general may have a say to some extent but he cannot
make decisions. We have the Board of Governors that makes the decisions for the
IAEA. From what I learned, in the last move concerning the resolution, Dr.
Mohamed] ElBaradei tried very hard and spoke with the Germans that it is not
wise and prudent to table this resolution and that tabling this resolution will not be
conducive. In Fordo not only we have not introduced any nuclear material but also
we have yet to even introduce any centrifuge equipment there. It is only the basic
structure that has been constructed there…"
On the fuel needed for the Tehran Research Reactor:
"Because of our past experience with the West, going to thirty years ago, the first
time we demanded the fuel for the research reactor was from the Americans. We
paid the money but they did not pay the money back, neither did they send us the
fuel… then it was with the Germans and the French and they are currently holding
our natural uranium in their countries. So it is only natural for us not to trust them
and ask for some kind of an objective guarantee…"
On the possibility of further sanctions against Iran:
"India itself is not a member of the NPT. It has tested a [nuclear] bomb and for
thirty five years or forty years it has been under the so-called international
sanctions — it was not a sanction but let's say it was a so-called sanction — vis-à-
vis their nuclear activities and I don't understand the logic behind the move…
sanctions may create some little problems but it will not really disturb us to the
extent that makes us relent to their wishes…"
On plans to construct 10 more enrichment plants:
"We are in need of 20 thousands megawatts that means 20 [times the amount the]
Natanz [facility can produce]. Now the government has decided to have ten sites
with the same size as Natanz; of course when I say with the same size as Natanz it
is concerning the amount of fuel that is produced and it is about thirty times
speedier [than Natanz]. Every site will be producing [fuel] thirty times speedier
[than Natanz] which is enough for one nuclear power plant."
On Iran's standing in the world:

"Iran compared to what it was in the past centuries has never been as strong as it is
now. And the West, during the past few decades, has never been as weak as it is
now. They should realize this. So [in case of] any kind of confrontation...the least
of consequences are not known to anybody…any kind of confrontation with Iran
will lead to unknown consequence."
On the Iranian nuclear case:
"I think it is about time to come and make an axis of providence and to get wise
people around the table and try to find a way that would save the faces of all those
who are involved in this fabricated Iranian nuclear crisis…I call it fabricated
because it is really fabricated."
On Iran's adherence to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT):
"I think the West is trying to force us out of the NPT because they have noticed
that we are so insistent on adherence to the NPT and this is not to the liking of the
West. I don't know what they are really after because already there are some
voices in Iran from the Parliament, from among the [country's] politicians and the
media that are asking the government of Iran to mull over pulling out of the NPT.
Attack on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Fig 1 Fig 2
Fig 3 Fig 4

Nuclear Program of Iran

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Topic

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Fusion weapon (Hydrogen bomb)

Use of Nuclear Weapons in World

After Islamic revolution government temporarily disbanded nuclear program, and

Iran's first nuclear power plant, Bushehr I, is expected to be operational in

 Post Revolution, 1979-1989

1 Enriching uranium to weapon grade

President Obama broke President George W. Bush policies by offering directly

On the IAEA resolution against Iran:

On Iran's standing in the world:

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