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    The Power Flow (Loadflow) Problem

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    taufiqishak09
    The document discusses the power flow problem in power systems engineering. The power flow problem aims to determine the voltage magnitudes and angles at all buses in a power network given the network configuration and known power injections and loads. A power flow solution procedure uses numerical methods to solve this problem. Key aspects covered include: - Power flow programs implement power flow solution procedures to analyze power systems - The solution contains voltages and angles at all buses from which real and reactive power flows can be calculated - Buses are categorized as swing, PV, or PQ buses based on the variables that are known for each bus - Injections refer to the real or reactive power injected into or withdrawn from a bus by generators or loads connected to

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Power Flow (Loadflow) Problem

    Uploaded by

    taufiqishak09
    20 views19 pages
    The document discusses the power flow problem in power systems engineering. The power flow problem aims to determine the voltage magnitudes and angles at all buses in a power network given the network configuration and known power injections and loads. A power flow solution procedure uses numerical methods to solve this problem. Key aspects covered include: - Power flow programs implement power flow solution procedures to analyze power systems - The solution contains voltages and angles at all buses from which real and reactive power flows can be calculated - Buses are categorized as swing, PV, or PQ buses based on the variables that are known for each bus - Injections refer to the real or reactive power injected into or withdrawn from a bus by generators or loads connected to

    Original Description:

    Power flow

    Original Title

    Lecture 1 - Loadflow

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses the power flow problem in power systems engineering. The power flow problem aims to determine the voltage magnitudes and angles at all buses in a power network given the network configuration and known power injections and loads. A power flow solution procedure uses numerical methods to solve this problem. Key aspects covered include: - Power flow programs implement power flow solution procedures to analyze power systems - The solution contains voltages and angles at all buses from which real and reactive power flows can be calculated - Buses are categorized as swing, PV, or PQ buses based on the variables that are known for each bus - Injections refer to the real or reactive power injected into or withdrawn from a bus by generators or loads connected to

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views19 pages

    The Power Flow (Loadflow) Problem

    Uploaded by

    taufiqishak09
    The document discusses the power flow problem in power systems engineering. The power flow problem aims to determine the voltage magnitudes and angles at all buses in a power network given the network configuration and known power injections and loads. A power flow solution procedure uses numerical methods to solve this problem. Key aspects covered include: - Power flow programs implement power flow solution procedures to analyze power systems - The solution contains voltages and angles at all buses from which real and reactive power flows can be calculated - Buses are categorized as swing, PV, or PQ buses based on the variables that are known for each bus - Injections refer to the real or reactive power injected into or withdrawn from a bus by generators or loads connected to

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    THE POWER FLOW

    (LOADFLOW) PROBLEM
    1
    Introduction

    The power flow problem is a er! "e##


    $no"n %ro&#e' in the (ie#d o( %o"er
    s!ste's en)ineerin)* "here o#ta)e
    'a)nitudes and an)#es (or one set o(
    &uses are desired* )ien that o#ta)e
    'a)nitudes and %o"er #ee#s (or another
    set o( &uses are $no"n and that a 'ode#
    o( the net"or$ con(i)uration (unit
    co''it'ent and circuit to%o#o)!) is
    aai#a&#e+

    A power flow solution procedure is a nu'erica#


    'ethod that is e'%#o!ed to so#e the %o"er (#o"
    %ro&#e'+

    A power flow program is a co'%uter code that


    i'%#e'ents a %o"er (#o" so#ution %rocedure+

    The power flow solution contains the o#ta)es


    and an)#es at a## &uses* and (ro' this
    in(or'ation* "e 'a! co'%ute the rea# and
    reactie )eneration and #oad #ee#s at a## &uses
    and the rea# and reactie (#o"s across a##
    circuits+

    The a&oe ter'ino#o)! is o(ten used "ith


    the "ord ,#oad- su&stituted (or ,%o"er*-
    i+e+* #oad (#o" %ro&#e'* #oad (#o" so#ution
    %rocedure* #oad (#o" %ro)ra'* and #oad
    (#o" so#ution+ Ho"eer* the (or'er
    ter'ino#o)! is %re(erred as one nor'a##!
    does not thin$ o( ,#oad- as so'ethin) that
    ,(#o"s+-

    The %o"er (#o" %ro&#e' "as ori)ina##! 'otiated


    "ithin %#annin) eniron'ents "here en)ineers
    considered di((erent net"or$ con(i)urations
    necessar! to sere an e.%ected (uture #oad+

    Later* it &eca'e an o%erationa# %ro&#e' as


    o%erators and o%eratin) en)ineers "ere
    re/uired to 'onitor the rea#0ti'e status o( the
    net"or$ in ter's o( o#ta)e 'a)nitudes and
    circuit (#o"s+

    Toda!* the %o"er (#o" %ro&#e' is "ide#!


    reco)ni1ed as a (unda'enta# %ro&#e' (or
    %o"er s!ste' ana#!sis* and there are
    'an! adanced* co''ercia# %o"er (#o"
    %ro)ra's to address it+

    Po"er s!ste' co'%onents 20


    3
    4enerator
    3
    Load
    3
    Trans'ission #ines
    The Power Flow Problem
    4enerator

    4enerators hae 'a.i'u' and 'ini'u' rea# and


    reactie %o"er ca%a&i#ities+

    The 'a.i'u' reactie %o"er ca%a&i#it! corres%onds to


    the 'a.i'u' reactie %o"er that the )enerator 'a!
    %roduce "hen o%eratin) "ith a #a))in) %o"er (actor+ The
    'ini'u' reactie %o"er ca%a&i#it! corres%onds to the
    'a.i'u' reactie %o"er the )enerator 'a! a&sor&
    "hen o%eratin) "ith a #eadin) %o"er (actor+ These
    #i'itations are a (unction o( the rea# %o"er out%ut o( the
    )enerator* that is* as the rea# %o"er increases* the
    reactie %o"er #i'itations 'oe c#oser to 1ero+

    Fi)+ T5+6

    Fi)+ T5+6 i##ustrates seera# i'%ortant


    e#e'ents o( the %o"er (#o" %ro&#e'+ First*
    one notices "e 'a! cate)ori1e each &us
    de%endin) on "hether )eneration and7or
    #oad is connected to it+ 8%eci(ica##!* a &us
    'a! hae )eneration on#! (&uses B1* B6*
    and B9)* #oad on#! (&uses B:* B5* and
    B;)* or neither )eneration or #oad (&uses
    B<* B=* and B>)+

    A &us 'a! hae &oth )eneration and #oad+


    This cate)ori1ation* "hich (ocuses on the
    #oad and )eneration* #eads us to de(ine
    the ter' ,&us in?ection- or 'ore si'%#!*
    ,in?ection+- Its 'eanin) 'ust &e (u##!
    understood

    An injection is the %o"er* either rea# or reactie*


    that is &ein) in?ected into or "ithdra"n (ro' a
    &us &! an e#e'ent hain) its other ter'ina# (in
    the %er0%hase e/uia#ent circuit) connected to
    )round+ 8uch an e#e'ent "ou#d &e either a
    )enerator or a #oad+

    Positie in?ection is de(ined as one "here %o"er


    is (#o"in) (ro' the e#e'ent into the &us+

    @e)atie in?ection is then "hen %o"er is (#o"in)


    (ro' the &us* into the e#e'ent+

    4enerators nor'a##! hae %ositie rea# %o"er


    in?ections* a#thou)h the! 'a! a#so &e assi)ned
    ne)atie rea# %o"er in?ections* in "hich case
    the! are o%eratin) as a 'otor+

    4enerators 'a! hae either %ositie or ne)atie


    reactie %o"er in?ections2 %ositie i( the
    )enerator is o%eratin) #a))in) and de#ierin)
    reactie %o"er to the &us* ne)atie i( the
    )enerator is o%eratin) #eadin) and a&sor&in)
    reactie %o"er (ro' the &us* and 1ero i( the
    )enerator is o%eratin) at unit! %o"er (actor+

    Loads nor'a##! hae ne)atie rea# and


    reactie %o"er in?ections+
    Fi) T5+92 I##ustration o( (a) %ositie in?ection* (&) ne)atie in?ection*
    and (c) net in?ection

    Pk=100
    Qk=30
    (a)
    Pk= - 40
    Qk= -20
    (b)
    Pk=100+(-40)=60
    Qk=30+(-20)=10
    (c)

    Fi)ure T+5+9 (c) i##ustrates the net in?ection


    as the a#)e&raic su' "hen a &us has &oth
    #oad and )enerationA in this case* the net
    in?ection (or &oth rea# and reactie %o"er
    is %ositie (into the &us)+ Thus* the net rea#
    %o"er in?ection is P$BP)$0Pd$* and the
    net reactie %o"er in?ection is
    C$BC)$0Cd$+ We 'a! a#so re(er to the
    net co'%#e. %o"er in?ection as
    8$B8)$08d$* "here 8$BP$D?C$+

    For each &us* there are (our %ossi&#e


    aria&#es that characteri1e the &uses
    e#ectrica# condition+

    The (our aria&#es are rea# and reactie


    %o"er in?ection* P$ and C$* res%ectie#!*
    and o#ta)e 'a)nitude and an)#e* EF$ E
    and $* res%ectie#!+

    There are three &asic t!%es o( &uses20


    3 The swing bus - t"o other co''on ter's (or this &us are slack
    bus and reference bus+ There is on#! one s"in) &us* and it can
    &e desi)nated &! the en)ineer to &e an! )enerator &us in the
    s!ste'+ For the s"in) &us* "e $no" EFE and + The (act that "e
    $no" is the reason "h! it is so'eti'es ca##ed the re(erence
    &us+ This )enerator ,s"in)s- to co'%ensate (or the net"or$
    #osses* or* one 'a! sa! that it ,ta$es u% the s#ac$+-
    3 PV Buses2 For t!%e PF &uses* "e $no" P$ and EF$ E &ut not C$
    or $+ These &uses (a## under the cate)or! o( voltage-controlled
    buses &ecause o( the a&i#it! to s%eci(! (and there(ore to $no")
    the o#ta)e 'a)nitude o( this &us+ Most )enerator &uses (a## into
    this cate)or!* inde%endent o( "hether it a#so has #oad

    PQ Buses2 For t!%e PC &uses* "e $no"


    P$ and C$ &ut not EF$ E or $+ A## #oad
    &uses (a## into this cate)or!* inc#udin)
    &uses that hae not either #oad or
    )eneration+
    The AC Power Flow

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