MPI Procedure

NSF -ATE Project
Advanced Materials Joining for Tomorrows Manufacturing Workforce

WLD 204
Non Destructive Testing I
Magnetic Testing

NSF -ATE Project 1

INDEX

Magnetic Particle Inspection
General Information

2-6
Articles

7-12
Homework

13-16
Quizzes

17-24
Self-Study

25-35
ASME Procedure

36-46
Labs

47-49

This project was supported, in part,
by the
National Science Foundation
Opinions expressed are those of the authors
And not necessarily those of the Foundation

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MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION (MT)

Magnetic particle inspection is a method for locating surface or near surface
discontinuities in metals that have strong magnetic properties, such as iron and steel.
These metals are said to be ferromagnetic. Both surface and shallow subsurface
discontinuities set up a flux leakage in the magnetic field that can be revealed by
applying magnetic particles to the surface.

Method

There are four basic steps involved in the performance of a magnetic particle inspection:

(1) Cleaning. Each item should be free from grease, oil, or dirt that may interfere with the
inspection. The precleaning does not have to be so exacting as for the liquid penetrant
method.

(2) Magnetizing the part. This can be done with a permanent magnet (such as a horseshoe
magnet), with an electromagnet, or by passing an electric current through the part.

(3) Apply the particles. Once the part has been magnetized, the magnetic particles are
applied either as a dry powder or suspended in a liquid. The particles will be attracted to
any leakage field, thus giving an indication of the discontinuity that disrupted the
magnetic flux.

(4) Interpretation of the results. The inspector must view the magnetically held particles
and make a decision as to the location, size, and shape of discontinuities present. The
results are recorded for future use. The pattern of particles is sometimes transferred to
pressure sensitive tape by pressing the tape down onto the pattern and peeling off the tape
with the particles embedded in it.

MT Systems

Some of the factors that determine the detect ability of discontinuities are the
magnetizing current, the direction and density of the magnetic flux, the method of
magnetization, and the material properties of the weldment to be tested. Either alternating
(ac) or direct (dc) current may be used to generate a magnetic field. Magnetic fields
produced by dc are far more penetrating than those produced by ac. This means dc will
detect discontinuities deeper in the test material.

Magnetism is a physical phenomenon exhibited by ferromagnetic materials such as
lodestone and magnets, and is inseparably associated with moving electricity. Typical
examples are (1) the permanent horseshoe magnet that attracts a nail, (2) the electric coil
of an electromagnet which attracts steel plate, and (3) the magnetic field around a
welding cable which attracts steel grinding dust.

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The magnetic field is visualized in terms of magnetic lines of force. The bar magnet with
its north-south poles exhibits these lines (see Fig. 1-1)

MAGNETIC FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
N S
LINES OF FORCE:

Fig 1-1

The term "magnetic flux" is used to mean the same thing as lines of force. If iron
particles (a ferromagnetic powder) are sprinkled over a glass plate or sheet of paper
above a magnet as in Fig. 1-1, the particles will collect along the flux lines as shown.
Within the magnetic piece itself, the lines are intensely concentrated. However, if there is
a crack in the surface, there will be a distortion of the magnetic field there and an
accumulation of particles at that crack site, as sketched in Fig. 1-2. Field distortion or
leakage occurs at a crack or other discontinuity in a part being inspected. The difficulties
arise in magnetizing the part.

Figure 1-2. Principle of indication
A permanent magnetic yoke (special horseshoe magnet) or an electric magnetic yoke can
be used to produce the lines of force. The lines of force travel between the poles through
MAGNETIC FIELD IN PART
CRACK
Accumulation of partricles due to field disruption
IRON POWDER

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the ferromagnetic part. A discontinuity in the part aligned across the flux field will
produce an indication (see Fig. 1-3).

Figure 1-3.

The part may also be magnetized using an electric current. If a ferromagnetic part such as
a bend specimen is placed in a coil of wire that has direct current flowing through it, the
part will be magnetized with a north pole on one end and a south pole on the other end.
The lines of force travel through the part from pole to pole. When magnetic particles are
dusted over the part, any transverse discontinuities that run across the lines of force and
so disrupt them create a pile-up of particles, thus revealing their presence. This is referred
to as longitudinal or length-wise magnetization to produce a north and south pole in the
part. Defects that run lengthwise of the piece will not be detected (see Fig. 1-4).

Figure 1-4 Longitudinal magnetism

On the other hand, if the electric current is passed directly through the part, the lines of
force travel around the part. This is referred to as circular magnetization and reveals
cracks or discontinuities that are lengthwise of the part (see Fig. 1-5). No north or south
pole created.

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Figure 1-5. Circular magnetism

To detect both longitudinal and transverse cracks, it may be necessary to use both
longitudinal and circular methods of magnetization. This means that the part would be
magnetized in one manner and inspected, and then magnetized in the other manner and
inspected.

Once the part is magnetized, the iron particles are applied. This can be done by dusting
with dry particles or by a liquid bath with particles in suspension.

As a modification of this process, prods can be used to magnetize the part. This is done
by pushing the prods tightly against the part, then turning on the current. The electric
current flows from one prod to the other producing a flow of current causing a magnetic
field. Discontinuities that run perpendicular or across the lines of force give the best
indications. Normally, the prods should not be located more than 6 inches apart (see Fig.
1-6).

Figure 1-6

Advantages
1. Compared to examination of liquid penetrant testing, MT will reveal discontinuities
that are not open to the surface. Cracks filled with carbon, slag, or other contaminants are
not detectable by liquid penetrant inspection, but can be detected with MT.
2. Magnetic particle inspection is generally faster and more economical than liquid
penetrant inspection.
3. Less cleaning is required.

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Disadvantages
1. MT inspection applies only to ferromagnetic materials in which the deposited weld
metal is also ferromagnetic. It cannot inspect non-ferromagnetic material such as
aluminum, magnesium, or the austenitic steels.
2. Difficulties may arise when inspecting weldments where the magnetic characteristics
of the deposited weld metal differ appreciably from those of the base metal or where the
magnetic field is not properly oriented. Sound joints between metals of dissimilar
magnetic characteristics may create misleading magnetic particle indications.
3. Handling the test equipment in the field may be time consuming and expensive.
4. MT is not reliable for finding deep-seated discontinuities. Deep-seated discontinuities
are discovered by other inspection methods such as radiography and ultrasonic; you
should use those methods, plus sectioning of a test sample, to qualify the magnetic
particle procedure if it is to be depended upon for subsurface inspection.
5. Major crack dimensions must be on the order of 0.5 mm.
6. Surface roughness may distort the magnetic field.

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Permission to use requested from Welding Design & Fabrication Verbally granted

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PCC MT HW 1 Name: ________________

1. The temperature at which ferromagnetic materials lose their magnetic properties is
called:

a. magnetic point
b. Curie point
c. non-magnetic point
d. none of the above

2. From the list below, select the one that is not a magnetic inspection method:

a. magnetic painting
b. magnetic particle inspection
c. magnetic printing
d. no correct answer, all are magnetic inspection methods.

3. At which steps, are discontinuities caused during processing which may be detrimental
to the use of the part detected?

a. final inspection
b. in-process inspection
c. receiving inspection
d. none of the preceding

4. If a crack on the surface of a magnetic material is to be found it must:

a. not be filled with foreign material.
b. be of a certain size and shape.
c. cause a magnetic leakage field.
d. all the preceding.

5. What is the group that publishes a guide for employers in establishing qualifications
and certifications of personnel required to perform magnetic particle inspection?

a. M.T. Society
b. ASTM
c. U.S. Department of Defense
d. ASNT

6. What is another term for magnetic line of force?

a. flux.
b. lux
c. Mag-na-lines
d. all the preceding

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7. A part may be magnetized by which type of magnetic field?

a. circular
b. longitudinal
c. all the preceding
d. none of the preceding

8. The continuous method of magnetic particle inspection is used on what type of
material?

a. all materials
b. only aluminum
c. Low-carbon steel
d. only materials with high retentivity

9. Which type of current would you select for subsurface discontinuities?

a. direct current
b. alternating current
c. high frequency
d. any of the preceding

10. Magnetic lines of force flow:

a. from north to south.
b. from south to north.
c. a and b are both correct.
d. only in magnetic material.

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PCC MT HW 2 Name: ______________

1. Half-wave current, used in magnetization with prods and dry magnetic particles,
provide the highest sensitivity for discontinuities that are:

a. open to the surface.
b. parallel to the surface.
c. wholly below the surface
d. intergranular in nature.

2. An electromagnetic yoke usually consists of what type of core material?

a. non-magnetic material
b. soft iron
c. tool steel
d. aluminum

3. What type magnetic field is induced in a part by a magnetizing coil?

a. longitudinal
b. circular
c. field that looks like the coil that produced it
d. a non-leakage field

4. How many amper-turns would be required to produce 70,000 lines per square inch of
flux density in a round part, 10 inches long and 2 inches in diameter?

a. 25,000
b. 700,000
c. 45,000
d. 1 6,666

5. If the flux density of the surface of a 3 inch solid non-magnetic current carrying
conductor is 100,000 lines per square inch, what would be the value six inches from the
conductor?

a. 33,333
b. 600,000
c. 50,000
d. 200,000

6. As in problem 5, if the conductor carrying direct current was a solid ferromagnetic
material and not non-magnetic, the flux density would be higher at the surface do to:

a. magnetic cross-fire.
b. the material permeability.
c. current flowing on outer side of bar.
d. magnetic current enhancement.

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7. If a central conductor is used to magnetize a hollow cylindrical ferro-magnetic part,
where will the flux density be the maximum?

a. surface of conductor
b. center of conductor
c. center of the hollow part
d. inner surface of the hollow part

8. What type of magnetic field is produced using contact prods?

a. circular
b. longitudinal
c. depends on size of part
d. all of the preceding

9. When the induced current method is used for inspecting a part, the magnetizing field is
produced by:

a. direct current.
b. the up-side of the down current.
c. current caused to flow in the part by an alternating magnetic field outside of the part.
d. none of the preceding.

10. Permeability can be defined as:

a. H divided by B.
b. the ration of material density to magnetizing force.
c. B divided by H.
d. U times L over D ratio.

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PCC MT QUIZ 1 Name: _____________

1. Ferromagnetic material is:

a. strongly attracted by a magnet.
b. capable of being magnetized.
c. both a. and b.
d. not capable of being magnetized

2. The permeability of a material describes:

a. the ease with which it can be magnetized.
b. the depth of the magnetic field in the part.
c. the length of time required to demagnetize it.
d. the ability to retain the magnetic field.

3. Why are magnetic particles available in different colors?

a. For color contrast with the part surface.
b. To enhance the detection of indications.
c. For both a. and b.
d. Different colors are used with different magnetic flux values.

4. Which of the following can be magnetized?

a. Iron
b. Nickel
c. Cobalt
d. All of the preceding

5. Which statement is true when related to magnetic lines of force?

a. They never cross.
b. They are most dense at the poles of a magnet.
c. They seek the path of least resistance.
d. All of the preceding.

6. The magnitude of the residual magnetic field in a specimen is dependent on:

a. the l/d ratio (length to diameter).
b. the strength of the applied magnetizing force.
c. the right hand rule.
d. the left hand rule.

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7. A circular field may be induced into a specimen by which of the following methods?

a. Direct induction (head shot)
b. Direct induction (prods)
c. Central conductor
d. All of the preceding

8. An electrical yoke produces:

a. a longitudinal field.
b. a circular field.
c. alternating fields.
d. a swinging field.

9. A magnetic particle build-up from a discontinuity is strongest when the discontinuity is
oriented:

a. 180 degrees to the magnetic field.
b. 45 degrees to the magnetic field.
c. 90 degrees to the magnetic field.
d. 90 degrees to the current flow.

10. The flux within and surrounding a magnetized part or around a conductor carrying a
current is known as:

a. saturation point.
b. magnetic field.
c. ferromagnetic.
d. paramagnetic.

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PCC MT QUIZ 2 Name: ___________________

1. Sub-surface discontinuity indications usually appear:

a. sharp and distinct.
b. sharp and wide.
c. wide and fuzzy.
d. high and loosely held.

2. Which residual field is most difficult to demagnetize?

a. Longitudinal
b. Circular
c. Vector
d. Bimodal

3. Which brings out surface indications most clearly?

a. AC
b. DC
c. Pulsed DC
d. DC with surge

4. Inspecting a part by magnetizing, removing the current flow, then applying the
medium is called the:

a. continuous method.
b. wet method.
c. residual method.
d. dry method.

5. False indications are caused by magnetic particles being held to the part by which of
the following means?

a. Gravity
b. Mechanical
c. Both a. and b.
d. None of the preceding

6. The point at which the magnetism in a material cannot be increased even though the
magnetizing force continues to increase is known as the:

a. salient pole.
b. saturation point.
c. residual point.
d. remnant point.

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7. The strongest magnetic field in a coil is at the:

a. outside edge.
b. inside edge.
c. center.
d. end.

8. What equipment is used to determine if a part has been demagnetized?

a. A magnet on the part
b. A field meter
c. A survey meter
d. Careful observation for clinging magnetic particles

9. Coercive force:

a. describes the means by which the magnetic particles are suspended in the liquid when
using the wet method.
b. describes the magnetizing force used with the continuous method.
c. represents the reverse magnetizing force necessary to remove the residual magnetism
in a material.
d. is not a term used in magnetic particle testing.

10. Demagnetization:

a. may be accomplished by heating a material above its Curie Point.
b. is always necessary.
c. can be performed only with AC.
d. can be performed only with DC.

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PCC MT QUIZ 3 Name: _________________

1. Residual magnetism may be beneficial as an aid:

a. in the deposition of weld metal.
b. in interpretation and evaluation of indications.
c. in demagnetization.
d. All of the above.

2. What type of magnetization uses the formula: Ampere-turns = \45,000\ L/D

a. Circular
b. Longitudinal
c. Parallel
d. Vectored

3. A prime consideration when selecting a powder to be used as a magnetic particle
medium is to select a powder that:

a. provides a high contrast to the surface being tested.
b. provides a low contrast to the surface being tested.
c. will adhere to the surface being tested.
d. requires a high demagnetization current to remove it.

4. When testing a bar with an LD ratio of four in a ten-turn coil, the required current
would be:

a. 45,000 amperes
b. Unknown; more information is needed.
c. 18,000 amperes
d. 1125 amperes.

5. When adding concentrate to any wet magnetic particle suspension liquid it is common
practice:

a. to add powder directly to the suspension liquid.
b. to make a small, slurry-like test mixture of the powder.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above.

6. Which of the following can cause non-relevant magnetic particle indications?

a. Joints between dissimilar metals
b. Brazed joints
c. Roughing tool cuts on surface
d. All of the above

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7. The accumulation of particles at a site on the part surface, collected at and held to the
site by the magnetic leakage field, is called:

a. a discontinuity.
b. a defect.
c. an indication.
d. magnetic writing.

8. Half wave rectified AC (HWDC) is used for detection of:

a. surface defects only.
b. subsurface defects only.
c. surface and subsurface defects.
d. none of the above.

9. Which of the following is a commonly used technique for preserving MT powder
patterns?

a. Clear lacquer
b. Transparent tape
c. Photography
d. All of the above

10. Of the following discontinuity categories, which one is considered most detrimental
to the service life of an item?

a. Subsurface inclusions
b. Subsurface porosity and voids
c. Cracks open to the surface
d. All of the above

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PCC MT QUIZ 4 Name: ________________

1. For which of the following would the wet fluorescent technique be preferred over the
dry technique?

a. When the parts are large and bulky
b. When increased speed and sensitivity are desired
c. When it is desired to use the fluorescent lighting provided in many plants
d. When the parts being inspected are to be field welded

2. Of the following, which is not a valid reason for demagnetization of parts after
magnetic particle testing?

a. If the part is to be radiographed after magnetic particle inspection, residual magnetism
may interfere with the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
b. Residual magnetism may attract chips or small particles in service, causing galling or
mechanical wear.
c. Residual magnetism could interfere with the operation or accuracy of instruments
placed on or near the part during service.
d. Residual magnetism can disturb the welding arc path on parts to be welded.

3. An important factor that must be considered when selecting a method of magnetization
is:

a. location of inspection station
b. alloy, shape, and condition of the part
c. permeability of the part
d. B and C above

4. What happens to a magnetic material when it reaches its Curie temperature?

a. It becomes paramagnetic.
b. It becomes diamagnetic.
c. It becomes nonmagnetic.
d. It becomes radioactive.

5. To examine a part 5" long and 2 in diameter using a 5-turn coil and head-stock
magnetic particle machine, what amperage should be used for longitudinal
magnetization?

a. 3600 amps
b. 3000 amps
c. 10,000 amp-turns
d. 4500 amps

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6. When a magnetic field is created in a part with prods spaced 6 inches apart, the field is
a:

a. solenoid field.
b. longitudinal field.
c. distorted circular field.
d. residual field.

7. Which of the following discontinuities occur as a result of the rolling process?

a. Blowholes and pipe
b. Laminations
c. Fissures
d. All of the above

8. Which of the following discontinuities occur as a result of the forging process?

a. Pipe
b. Laps
c. Laminations
d. All of the above

9. If an indication is formed when using the residual method as well as the continuous
method, it is most likely:

a. very deep and tight.
b. very shallow and open to the surface.
c. a relevant indication.
d. a non-relevant indication.

10. Banding is a common term used to describe:

a. field strength relative to the poles of a permanent magnet.
b. a method of mounting cylindrical objects on a bench system.
c. the appearance of powder patterns at laminations found in heavy plate material.
d. powder patterns created by using excess amperage.

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PCC LEVEL I / 11 MT SELF STUDY-TRAINING PROGRAM

Magnetic Particle

Answer each of the following questions in the space provided, on the back of the page
you are working on or on a separate sheet of paper. The answers should be brief but
complete.

1. In a bar magnet, what direction do magnetic lines of force travel?

2. What is a magnetic field?

3. Explain what is meant by the statement "We live in a magnetic field".

4. If we were to cut a bar magnet in half, what would we have?

5. Is it true that magnetically materials are only attracted to north or south poles of a
magnet?

6. What creates flux leakage in a part that is magnetized?

7. Would you expect a north and south pole to exist at any and all places where flux
leakage occurs?

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8. How do flux lines travel in a horseshoe magnet?

9. Do all ferromagnetic materials contain some iron?

10. Are all bar magnets made of ferromagnetic materials?

11. What magnetic material classification are lead and bronze?

12. Are all paramagnetic materials strongly attracted by a magnetic field?

13. Would tool steel have a high or low permeability?

14. Is the following statement true "all permanent magnets are the result of residual
magnetism"?

15. What happens to the flux density in a material if the magnetizing force is increased
beyond the saturation point?

16. Under what testing or inspection condition is a virgin curve developed?

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17. Do strong permanent magnets have high or low retentivity?

18. Why does a material with low permeability require a high coercive force?

19. If we want to make an electromagnet for picking up heavy objects and move them,
would we use as the core a material that has a fat or thin hysteresis curve? (Explain your
answer)

20. What direction do electrons flow in a circuit and how does this differ from
conventional current flow?

21. What is the relationship of the magnetic lines of force and the current that produces
them?

22. Why is it more important to know the general direction of a magnetic field in a part
than it is to know where the north or south poles are located?

23. Any time electrical current flows through a conductive material what type of
magnetic field is established within the material?

24. How does a circular magnetic field differ from a longitudinal magnetic field?

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25. What is the correlation between the current flowing in the part, to the crack that will
be revealed by the magnetic field that is created by the current flow?

26. Why would a crack that is parallel to a magnetic field not cause a magnetic particle
indication?

27. For a ferromagnetic steel bar that is circular magnetized, the flux density will be
greatest at what location in the part?

28. What are the two main advantages of using a central conductor to magnetize hollow
parts?

29. When using a central conductor, why is it important for the objects being tested to
rest on the conductor?

30. How many times would a hollow round part 2 in diameter need to be rotated and
inspected if the central conductor is 3/4in diameter?

31. What is the difference between amount of flux developed by a coil and flux density?

32. What determines the strength of the magnetic field produced in a coil?

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33. For longitudinal MT inspection using a coil, where is the magnetic field the
strongest?

34. What does effective length of magnetic field in an article mean to us if we are testing
a 36" long part that is many times longer than the coil is wide?

35. If the 36" part in the preceding problem were tool steel, how many coil shots would
be needed to inspect it?

36. Why would undercut cause an indication?

37. How does the technician apply the magnetic particles to the test surface while
conducting the test for wet magnetic particle test?

38. Using a yoke system one would find discontinuities that are oriented in what direction
in relation to the current in the yoke's coil?

39. What are the advantages of using alternating current for magnetic particle inspection?

40. Why is DC selected when looking for subsurface discontinuities?

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41. What are the advantages of using HWDC for MT inspection?

42. What document contains information about current (amperage) requirements for a
particular magnetic particle test?

43. On your first try, would it be best to use a high or low current setting if you are not
sure of the current setting? Why

44. If the current requirements for circular magnetization are 1000 amperes per inch of
thickness, how much current is required to inspect a rectangular bar 3"x5?

45. Using a central conductor that is 5/8" in diameter the following three items are to be
inspected: 2 sleeve, 1 1/2" nut and 1" do-dad. The test current is 800 amperes per inch.
Describe how the test is to be conducted, how many different current settings are to be
used, and how many shots (time the current is turned on and a part or portion of the item
inspected)?

46. What is the maximum spacing recommended when doing MT using the Prod
Method"?

47. Find the current required to inspect a part that is 22 cm thick when using a prod
spacing of 16 cm.

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48. Using the proper equation, find the ampere-turns needed for longitudinal
magnetization of a part 3/4" in diameter and 10 inches long?

49. If the coil we are using has 6 turns, find the current required to test the part in
problem 50.

50. What is meant by the term "liquid vehicle"?

51. Why is it important for magnetic particles to have a thin hysteresis loop?

52. Why would red magnetic particles be selected over black particles for a particular
job?

53. How much is 1 ml in good old American units? (not in book)

54. How is a centrifuge tube used to maintain the quality of a test system?

55. To assure the sensitivity of a wet magnetic particle inspections system, which is more
important pre-cleaning or post-cleaning and why is this so?

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56. Using the "Betz test ring" in a sensitivity test which hole can be found using 600
amperes of direct current?

57. Which current type is most sensitivity to subsurface discontinuities?

58. Why are dry particles more sensitivity when testing for subsurface discontinuities?

59. Discontinuities located at the surface produce what type of indication?

60. List six causes of non-relevant indications?

61. When is it recommended, to demagnetize a part and re-inspect with lower current
values?

62. What is the difference between non-relevant indication and false indication?

63. List at least 3 things about MT indication of grinding cracks that make them
recognizable from the indications of other cracks?

64. Where do hot tears usually occur in a casting?

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65. Under what conditions, can a lamination be detected using magnetic particle
inspection?

66. If you had a choice of AC or DC to inspect a part for fatigue cracks, which would you
select and why?

67. What is the main difference between the wet and dry continuous methods?

68. What type of materials can be inspected with the residual method?

69. Using circular magnetization why can we not get an indication from a discontinuity
that is located at the center of a round test object?

70. Why would using a welding machine to develop the needed current possible cause a
problem when using the prod method?

71. Could a part be demagnetized using circular magnetization? Explain answer.

72. Under normal testing procedures if a part had been inspected using circular
magnetization and it is important to demag it, what should be the first step after
inspecting with the circular field?

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73. To demag a part, we must not only reduce the magnetic field but must also do what to
the magnetic field?

74. Would it be easier to demagnetize a part that has a thin or fat hysteresis curve?

75. Give an example of how demagnetization works

76. Why is AC not the best choice for demagnetization?

77. If we were demagnetizing a mild steel part, what would be the least number of
magnetic reversals used and why?

78. Why are some parts placed in an east-west direction, when demagnetizing them?

79. A part may not need to be demagnetized to zero but residual field strength
must be less than what value?

80. What is the main function of a field indicator?

81. Which element of the test procedure requires the operator to make mathematical
calculations?

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82. We are looking for fine surface cracks and the part has been plated with a
nonmagnetic metal to a thickness of .010 cm. What action should we take before testing
the part?

83. What is one of the fastest and easiest ways to lift an indication, when using dry
magnetic particles?

84. Why are the contact pads on the head stock made of copper braid?

85. What is the recommended minimum black light intensity at the surface of a test
object?

86. Why would one select magnetic rubber inspection over other magnetic particle
methods?

87. What MT test method works on the principle of inducing eddy currents in the part
being inspected?

88. Why would one go to the extra trouble to setup or establish a swinging field in a part?

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Magnetic Particle Testing
ASME
Examination Procedure
PCC-MT- 1

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Magnetic
ASME Particle
Examination Procedure Testing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page No.

1.0 Purpose and Scope 38
2.0 References 38
3.0 Qualification of Personnel 38
4.0 Magnetic Particle Equipmentand Material 38-40
5.0 Preparation for Examination 40
6.0 Method of Examination 40-41
7.0 Examination Coverage 41
8.0 Magnetizing Current 41
9.0 Magnetizing Field Adequacy 42
10.0 Magnetization Techniques 42-43
11.0 Evaluation of Indications 43-44
12.0 Demagnetization 44
13.0 Post-Inspection Cleaning 45
14.0 AcceptanceStandards 45

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1.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

1.1. This procedure establishes the process requirements for Magnetic Particle
Examination.

1.2. This procedure will be followed by PCC when Magnetic Particle
Examination is to be performed on ferromagnetic materials in accordance
with ASME Section V Article 7.

1.3. The frequency of examination will be as required by purchase orders,
specifications, drawings, codes, or other data as required by the customer.

2.0 REFERENCES

2.1. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, 1989 edition, 1989
addenda.

3.0 QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL

3.1. Personnel performing Magnetic Particle Examination will be certified to at
least Level I in accordance with the PCC "Qualification and Certification
of Nondestructive Examination Personnel".

3.2. MT Level I, II, and III personnel may perform all operations necessary in
accordance with this procedure to process the objects being examined.

3.3. Interpretation and evaluation of magnetic particle examination results will
be accomplished by personnel certified as MT Level II or III.

4.0 MAGNETIC PARTICLE EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

4.1. The MT Level III will document approval of any equipment or material
used as an "equivalent" to that specified in this procedure.

4.2. Equipment for Magnetic Particle Examination will be:

4.2.1. Yoke Type - Parker Research Corporation, Model DA-200,
A.C./D.C. Contour Probe; Magnaflux Corporation, Models
Y-5,Y-6,or Y-7 A.C./D.C. Yokes or equivalent.

4.2.2. Portable Unit - Magnaflux Corporation, Model P910, 1000 Amp.
A.C./D.C.; Econospect Corporation, Model M-27D, 1000 Amp.
A.C./D.C.; Econospect Corporation, Model M-27, 1000 Amp.
D.C., or equivalent.

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4.2.3. Black light - Spectronics Corporation, Model BIB-120A;
Magnaflux Corporation, Model ZB-26; or equivalent. 4.2.4. Black
light meter - Magnaflux Corporation Model DM 365X or
equivalent.

4.3. Ferromagnetic particles will be:

4.3.1. Dry visible powder - Magnaflux Corporation, 8A Red, 1 Gray, or
equivalent.

4.3.2. Wet fluorescent - Magnaflux Corporation, 14AM premix
suspension in a distillate carrier in spray cans or equivalent.

4.4. Calibration of Equipment

4.4.1. Frequency. Each piece of magnetizing equipment with an ammeter
will be calibrated at least once a year, or whenever the equipment
has been subjected to major electric repair, periodic overhaul, or
damage. If equipment has not been in use for a year or more,
calibration must be done prior to first use.

4.4.2. Procedure. The accuracy of the unit's meter will be verified by test
equipment traceable to the National Bureau of Standards.
Comparative readings will be taken for at least three different
current output levels encompassing the usable range. (Not required
in an educational unit)

4.4.3. Tolerance. The unit's meter reading will not deviate by more than
+ 10% of full scale, relative to the actual current value as shown by
the test meter.

NOTE: When measuring half-wave rectified current with a direct
current meter, readings will be multiplied by 2.

4.5. Lifting Power of Yokes

4.5.1. The magnetizing force of yokes will be checked at least once a
year, or whenever a yoke has been damaged. If a yoke has not been
in use for a year or more, a check must be done prior to first use.

4.5.2. Each alternating current electromagnetic yoke must have a lifting
power of at least 10 lb. (4.5kg) at the maximum pole spacing that
will be used.

4.5.3. Each direct current or permanent magnetic yoke must have a lifting
power of at least 40 lb. (18.1kg) at the maximum pole spacing that
will be used.

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4.5.4 Each weight will be weighed with a scale from a reputable
manufacturer and stenciled with the applicable nominal weight
prior to first use. A weight need only be verified again if damaged
in a manner that could have caused potential loss of material.

5.0. PREPARATION FOR EXAMINATION

5.1. Satisfactory results are usually obtained when the surfaces are in the as-
welded, as-rolled, as- cast, or as-forged conditions.

5.2. Prior to magnetic particle examination, the surface to be examined and all
adjacent areas within at least 1 in. will be dry and free of all dirt, grease,
lint, scale, welding flux and spatter, oil, or other extraneous matter that
could interfere with the examination.

5.3. Cleaning may be accomplished using detergents, organic solvents,
descaling solutions, paint remover, vapor degreasing, sand or grit blasting,
or ultrasonic cleaning methods.

5.4. Dry powder magnetic particle examination will not be performed if the
surface temperature of the part exceeds 600 F.

5.5. Wet particle suspension and the surface of the part will not exceed 135F.

6.0 METHOD OF EXAMINATION

6.1. Examination will be done by the continuous method; that is, the
magnetizing current remains on while the ferromagnetic particles are
being applied and while excess ferromagnetic particles are removed.

6.2. If dry particles are used, the color of the particles (dry visible powder) will
be selected to provide adequate contrast with the surface being examined.

6.2.1. White light at the surface of the part being examined will be
adequate to distinguish the contrast between the magnetic particles
and the part.

6.3. If wet fluorescent particles are used, the examination will be performed
using a black light. The examination will be performed as follows:

6.3.1. The NDE examiner will allow a minimum of 5 minutes for black
light warm-up (upon initial start-up) before use in examination.

6.3.2. The NDE examiner will maintain a distance between the black
light and the part being examined of no greater than 15".

1) The black light will have a minimum intensity of 800
microwatts/cm2 at 15".

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2) The black light intensity will be checked:

(a) Every eight hours; or

(b) Whenever the work area is changed.

3) A Black Light Meter, which is calibrated annually, will be
used to perform the black light intensity check.

6.3.3. The examination will be performed in a darkened area.

1) Examiners working in darkened areas will allow 5 minutes
for dark adaptation each time the darkened area is entered
from white light or each time the examiner looks into the
direct beam of the black light.

6.3.4. During inspection, personnel will not wear eye glasses which
change color in sunlight.

7.0 EXAMINATION COVERAGE

7.1. All examinations will be conducted with sufficient overlap to assure 100%
coverage of the part or area of the part requiring examination.

7.2. At least two separate examinations will be performed on each area.

7.2.1. During the second examination, the lines of magnetic flux will be
approximately perpendicular to those used during the first
examination.

7.2.2. A different technique for magnetization may be used for the
second examination.

8.0 MAGNETIZING CURRENT

8.1. When allowed, alternating current may be used when the detection of open
to the surface discontinuities is the only concern.

8.2. Direct current will be used for the detection of open to the surface and
subsurface discontinuities.

8.2.1. Whenever direct current is required rectified current may be used.

1) The rectified current for magnetization will be single phase
(half-wave rectified) current.

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9.0 MAGNETIZING FIELD ADEQUACY

9.1. When required by this procedure, the adequacy or direction of the
magnetizing field will be verified with the Magnetic Particle Field
Indicator described in ASME Section V Article 7.

9.1.1. The indicator will be positioned on the surface to be examined.

1) When using the indicator, a suitable flux or field strength is
indicated when a clearly defined line of magnetic particles
forms across the copper face of the indicator when the
magnetic particles are applied simultaneously with the
magnetizing force.

2) When a clearly defined line of particles is not formed, or is
not formed in the desired direction, the magnetizing
technique will be changed or adjusted.

10.0 MAGNETIZATION TECHNIQUES

10.1. Prod Technique

10.1.1. Magnetization is accomplished by portable prod type
electrical contacts pressed against the surface in the area to
be examined.

1) To avoid arcing, a remote control switch will be
provided to permit the current to be turned on after
the prod have been properly position and turned off
prior to removing the prods from the part surface.

10.1.2. Direct or rectified magnetizing current will be used.

1) The current will be 100 to 125 amp/in. of prod
spacing of sections 3/4 in. thick or greater.

2) For sections less than 3/4 in. thick, the current will
be 90 to 110 amp/in. of prod spacing.

10.1.3. Prod spacing will not exceed 8 in. and not be less than 3 in.

10.1.4. The prod tips will be kept clean and dressed.

10.1.5. The open circuit voltage of the magnetizing current source
will not be greater than 25 V.

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10.2. Yoke Technique

10.2.1. This method will only be applied to detect discontinuities
that are open to the surface of the part.

10.2.2. Alternating or direct current electromagnetic yokes will be
used.

NOTE: Except for materials 1/4 in. or less in thickness,
alternating current yokes are superior to direct current
magnet yokes of equal lifting power for the detection of
surface discontinuities.

11.0 EVALUATION OF INDICATIONS

11.1. Discontinuities on or near the surface are indicated by retention of the
examination medium.

11.2. Localized surface irregularities due to machining marks or other surface
conditions may produce nonrelevant indications.

11.2.1. Any indication which is believed to be nonrelevant must be
reexamined to verify whether or not actual defects are present.

1) Surface conditioning may precede the
reexamination.

11.3. Broad areas of particle accumulation that might mask indications from
discontinuities are prohibited, and such areas will be cleaned and
reexamined.

11.4. Relevant indications are indications that result from mechanical
discontinuities.

11.4.1. Linear indications are indications in which the length is
more than three times the width.

11.4.2. Rounded indications are indications which are circular or
elliptical with the length less than three times the width.

11.4.3. An indication of a discontinuity may be larger than the
discontinuity that causes it; however, the size of the
indication and not the size of the discontinuity is the basis
of acceptance or rejection.

11.5. All indications will be evaluated in terms of the appropriate acceptance
standards (paragraph 14.0).

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11.6. A Magnetic particle Examination Report will be used to record
examination results.

11.6.1. The customer will be provided with a copy of this report which
will include as a minimum:

1 ) customer name, contract or job number, and report
date;

2) signature and certification level of magnetic particle
examiner;

3) vessel, tank, part, or weld number;

4) extent of examination;

5) magnetization technique used (i.e., yoke);

6) equipment used;

7) type of ferromagnetic particles used (manufacturer,
color, wet or dry, etc.);

8) magnetization current (type and amperage);

9) when required, demagnetization;

10) interpretation of each magnetic particle indication,
noting relevant and significant non-relevant
indications;

11) evaluation of each relevant magnetic particle
indication noting acceptance or rejection;

12) reference to this procedure and the appropriate
acceptance standards.

12.0 DEMAGNETIZATION

12.1. The part will be demagnetized after completion of the examination when
residual magnetism in the part could interfere with subsequent processing
or usage.

12.2. The effectiveness of the demagnetizing operation can be indicated by the
use of appropriate magnetic field indicators or field strength meters as
required by purchase orders, specifications, drawings, codes, or other data
as required by the customer.

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13.0 POST INSPECTION CLEANING

13.1. Post-test cleaning is necessary where magnetic particle materials could
interfere with subsequent processing or with service requirements. The
customer will specify when post-cleaning is needed and the extent
required.

13.2. Typical post-cleaning techniques employed are:

13.2.1. the use of compressed air to blow off unwanted dry
magnetic particles;

13.2.2. drying of wet particles and subsequent removal by brushing
or compressed air;

13.2.3. removal of wet particles by flushing with solvent.

13.2.4. Other suitable post-test cleaning techniques may be used if
they will not interfere with subsequent requirements.

14.0 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS

14.1. The acceptance standards will be as stated in the referencing code.

14.1.1. The edition of the code used for acceptance will be the
latest issue in affect at the time of the evaluation of the
magnetic particle results or the edition specified by the
customer.

14.2. When performing magnetic particle evaluations, the MT Level II or III
will have available for reference during evaluation a copy of the
acceptance standards from the referencing code.

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PCC Name: ____________________
MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING
LAB 1

OBJECT:

To familiarize the student, with the procedures and application of Magnetic Particle
inspection using the information and data learned in class. (Visible, Particles) will be
used.

PROCDURES:

1. The instructor will provide a number of samples to be inspected. The student must
decide the best way to test the part.

2. Students may work in groups of two or as individuals.

3. At least one defect must be located for each lab. May require inspecting more than one
sample.

4. Each student must write up a complete report that containing lab 1. Use provided form
Student should use one of the discussed methods to preserve indications.

5. Each student should be able to use any and all equipment as discussed or demonstrated
in class.

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PCC Name: ________________
LAB 2

OBJECT:

inspection using the information and data learned in class (Aerosol Suspended Florescent,
Particles) will be used.

PROCDURES:



sample.


in class.

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PCC Name: __________________
LAB 3

OBJECT:

inspection using the information and data learned in Class (Wet Bath Florescent,
Particles)will be used.

PROCDURES:



sample.


in class.

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