The 8086 / 80286 / 80386 / 80486 Instruction

Set
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A Instructions
AAA - Ascii Adjust for Addition
Usage: AAA
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF ( OF, PF, SF, ZF undef i ned)

Changes cont ent s of AL t o val i d unpacked deci mal . The hi gh or der
ni bbl e i s zer oed.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 8 3 4 3 1


AAD - Ascii Adjust for Division
Usage: AAD
Modi f i es f l ags: SF ZF PF ( AF, CF, OF undef i ned)

Used bef or e di vi di ng unpacked deci mal number s. Mul t i pl i es AH by
10 and t he adds r esul t i nt o AL. Set s AH t o zer o. Thi s i nst r uct i on
i s al so known t o have an undocument ed behavi or .

AL : = 10*AH+AL
AH : = 0

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 60 14 19 14 2


AAM - Ascii Adjust for Multiplication

Usage: AAM
Modi f i es f l ags: PF SF ZF ( AF, CF, OF undef i ned)

AH : = AL / 10
AL : = AL mod 10

Used af t er mul t i pl i cat i on of t wo unpacked deci mal number s, t hi s
i nst r uct i on adj ust s an unpacked deci mal number . The hi gh or der
ni bbl e of each byt e must be zer oed bef or e usi ng t hi s i nst r uct i on.
Thi s i nst r uct i on i s al so known t o have an undocument ed behavi or .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 83 16 17 15 2


AAS - Ascii Adjust for Subtraction
Usage: AAS
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF ( OF, PF, SF, ZF undef i ned)

Cor r ect s r esul t of a pr evi ous unpacked deci mal subt r act i on i n AL.
Hi gh or der ni bbl e i s zer oed.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 8 3 4 3 1

ADC - Add With Carry
Usage: ADC dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF OF SF PF ZF

Sums t wo bi nar y oper ands pl aci ng t he r esul t i n t he dest i nat i on.
I f CF i s set , a 1 i s added t o t he dest i nat i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem, r eg 16+EA 7 7 3 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)
r eg, mem 9+EA 7 6 2 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, i mmed 4 3 2 1 3- 4
mem, i mmed 17+EA 7 7 3 3- 6 ( W88=23+EA)
accum, i mmed 4 3 2 1 2- 3


ADD - Arithmetic Addition
Usage: ADD dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF OF PF SF ZF

Adds " sr c" t o " dest " and r epl aci ng t he or i gi nal cont ent s of " dest " .
Bot h oper ands ar e bi nar y.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem, r eg 16+EA 7 7 3 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)
r eg, mem 9+EA 7 6 2 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, i mmed 4 3 2 1 3- 4
mem, i mmed 17+EA 7 7 3 3- 6 ( W88=23+EA)
accum, i mmed 4 3 2 1 2- 3


AND - Logical And
Usage: AND dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF PF SF ZF ( AF undef i ned)

Per f or ms a l ogi cal AND of t he t wo oper ands r epl aci ng t he dest i nat i on
wi t h t he r esul t .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem, r eg 16+EA 7 7 3 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)
r eg, mem 9+EA 7 6 1 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, i mmed 4 3 2 1 3- 4
mem, i mmed 17+EA 7 7 3 3- 6 ( W88=23+EA)
accum, i mmed 4 3 2 1 2- 3


ARPL - Adjusted Requested Privilege Level of Selector (286+ PM)
Usage: ARPL dest , sr c
( 286+ pr ot ect ed mode)
Modi f i es f l ags: ZF

Compar es t he RPL bi t s of " dest " agai nst " sr c" . I f t he RPL bi t s
of " dest " ar e l ess t han " sr c" , t he dest i nat i on RPL bi t s ar e set
equal t o t he sour ce RPL bi t s and t he Zer o Fl ag i s set . Ot her wi se
t he Zer o Fl ag i s cl ear ed.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg - 10 20 9 2
mem, r eg - 11 21 9 4

B Instructions
BOUND - Array Index Bound Check (80188+)
Usage: BOUND sr c, l i mi t
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Ar r ay i ndex i n sour ce r egi st er i s checked agai nst upper and l ower
bounds i n memor y sour ce. The f i r st wor d l ocat ed at " l i mi t " i s
t he l ower boundar y and t he wor d at " l i mi t +2" i s t he upper ar r ay bound.
I nt er r upt 5 occur s i f t he sour ce val ue i s l ess t han or hi gher t han
t he sour ce.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16, mem32 - nj =13 nj =10 7 2
r eg32, mem64 - nj =13 nj =10 7 2

- nj = no j ump t aken


BSF - Bit Scan Forward (386+)
Usage: BSF dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: ZF

Scans sour ce oper and f or f i r st bi t set . Set s ZF i f a bi t i s f ound
set and l oads t he dest i nat i on wi t h an i ndex t o f i r st set bi t . Cl ear s
ZF i s no bi t s ar e f ound set . BSF scans f or war d acr oss bi t pat t er n
( 0- n) whi l e BSR scans i n r ever se ( n- 0) .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg - - 10+3n 6- 42 3
r eg, mem - - 10+3n 7- 43 3- 7
r eg32, r eg32 - - 10+3n 6- 42 3- 7
r eg32, mem32 - - 10+3n 7- 43 3- 7


BSR - Bit Scan Reverse (386+)
Usage: BSR dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: ZF

Scans sour ce oper and f or f i r st bi t set . Set s ZF i f a bi t i s f ound
set and l oads t he dest i nat i on wi t h an i ndex t o f i r st set bi t . Cl ear s
ZF i s no bi t s ar e f ound set . BSF scans f or war d acr oss bi t pat t er n
( 0- n) whi l e BSR scans i n r ever se ( n- 0) .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg - - 10+3n 6- 103 3
r eg, mem - - 10+3n 7- 104 3- 7
r eg32, r eg32 - - 10+3n 6- 103 3- 7
r eg32, mem32 - - 10+3n 7- 104 3- 7



BSWAP - Byte Swap (486+)
Usage: BSWAP r eg32
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Changes t he byt e or der of a 32 bi t r egi st er f r ombi g endi an t o
l i t t l e endi an or vi ce ver sa. Resul t l ef t i n dest i nat i on r egi st er
i s undef i ned i f t he oper and i s a 16 bi t r egi st er .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg32 - - - 1 2
BT - Bit Test (386+)
Usage: BT dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: CF

The dest i nat i on bi t i ndexed by t he sour ce val ue i s copi ed i nt o t he
Car r y Fl ag.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16, i mmed8 - - 3 3 4- 8
mem16, i mmed8 - - 6 6 4- 8
r eg16, r eg16 - - 3 3 3- 7
mem16, r eg16 - - 12 12 3- 7

BTC - Bit Test with Compliment (386+)
Usage: BTC dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: CF

The dest i nat i on bi t i ndexed by t he sour ce val ue i s copi ed i nt o t he
Car r y Fl ag af t er bei ng compl i ment ed ( i nver t ed) .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16, i mmed8 - - 6 6 4- 8
mem16, i mmed8 - - 8 8 4- 8
r eg16, r eg16 - - 6 6 3- 7
mem16, r eg16 - - 13 13 3- 7


BTR - Bit Test with Reset (386+)
Usage: BTR dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: CF

The dest i nat i on bi t i ndexed by t he sour ce val ue i s copi ed i nt o t he
Car r y Fl ag and t hen cl ear ed i n t he dest i nat i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16, i mmed8 - - 6 6 4- 8
mem16, i mmed8 - - 8 8 4- 8
r eg16, r eg16 - - 6 6 3- 7
mem16, r eg16 - - 13 13 3- 7


BTS - Bit Test and Set (386+)
Usage: BTS dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: CF

The dest i nat i on bi t i ndexed by t he sour ce val ue i s copi ed i nt o t he
Car r y Fl ag and t hen set i n t he dest i nat i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16, i mmed8 - - 6 6 4- 8
mem16, i mmed8 - - 8 8 4- 8
r eg16, r eg16 - - 6 6 3- 7
mem16, r eg16 - - 13 13 3- 7
C Instructions
CALL - Procedure Call
Usage: CALL dest i nat i on
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Pushes I nst r uct i on Poi nt er ( and Code Segment f or f ar cal l s) ont o
st ack and l oads I nst r uct i on Poi nt er wi t h t he addr ess of pr oc- name.
Code cont i nues wi t h execut i on at CS: I P.

Cl ocks
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486

r el 16 ( near , I P r el at i ve) 19 7 7+m 3
r el 32 ( near , I P r el at i ve) - - 7+m 3

r eg16 ( near , r egi st er i ndi r ect ) 16 7 7+m 5
r eg32 ( near , r egi st er i ndi r ect ) - - 7+m 5

mem16 ( near , memor y i ndi r ect ) - 21+EA 11 10+m 5
mem32 ( near , memor y i ndi r ect ) - - 10+m 5

pt r 16: 16 ( f ar , f ul l pt r suppl i ed) 28 13 17+m 18
pt r 16: 32 ( f ar , f ul l pt r suppl i ed) - - 17+m 18
pt r 16: 16 ( f ar , pt r suppl i ed, pr ot . mode) - 26 34+m 20
pt r 16: 32 ( f ar , pt r suppl i ed, pr ot . mode) - - 34+m 20
m16: 16 ( f ar , i ndi r ect ) 37+EA 16 22+m 17
m16: 32 ( f ar , i ndi r ect ) - - 22+m 17
m16: 16 ( f ar , i ndi r ect , pr ot . mode) - 29 38+m 20
m16: 32 ( f ar , i ndi r ect , pr ot . mode) - - 38+m 20

pt r 16: 16 ( t ask, vi a TSS or t ask gat e) - 177 TS 37+TS
m16: 16 ( t ask, vi a TSS or t ask gat e) - 180/ 185 5+TS 37+TS
m16: 32 ( t ask) - - TS 37+TS
m16: 32 ( t ask) - - 5+TS 37+TS

pt r 16: 16 ( gat e, same pr i vi l ege) - 41 52+m 35
pt r 16: 32 ( gat e, same pr i vi l ege) - - 52+m 35
m16: 16 ( gat e, same pr i vi l ege) - 44 56+m 35
m16: 32 ( gat e, same pr i vi l ege) - - 56+m 35

pt r 16: 16 ( gat e, mor e pr i v, no par m) - 82 86+m 69
pt r 16: 32 ( gat e, mor e pr i v, no par m) - - 86+m 69
m16: 16 ( gat e, mor e pr i v, no par m) - 83 90+m 69
m16: 32 ( gat e, mor e pr i v, no par m) - - 90+m 69

pt r 16: 16 ( gat e, mor e pr i v, x par ms) - 86+4x 94+4x+m 77+4x
pt r 16: 32 ( gat e, mor e pr i v, x par ms) - - 94+4x+m 77+4x
m16: 16 ( gat e, mor e pr i v, x par ms) - 90+4x 98+4x+m 77+4x
m16: 32 ( gat e, mor e pr i v, x par ms) - - 98+4x+m 77+4x


CBW - Convert Byte to Word
Usage: CBW
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Conver t s byt e i n AL t o wor d Val ue i n AX by ext endi ng si gn of AL
t hr oughout r egi st er AH.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 3 3 1


CDQ - Convert Double to Quad (386+)
Usage: CDQ
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Conver t s si gned DWORD i n EAX t o a si gned quad wor d i n EDX: EAX by
ext endi ng t he hi gh or der bi t of EAX t hr oughout EDX

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none - - 2 3 1
CLC - Clear Carry
Usage: CLC
Modi f i es f l ags: CF

Cl ear s t he Car r y Fl ag.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 2 2 1


CLD - Clear Direction Flag
Usage: CLD
Modi f i es f l ags: DF

Cl ear s t he Di r ect i on Fl ag causi ng st r i ng i nst r uct i ons t o i ncr ement
t he SI and DI i ndex r egi st er s.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 2 2 1


CLI - Clear Interrupt Flag (disable)
Usage: CLI
Modi f i es f l ags: I F

Di sabl es t he maskabl e har dwar e i nt er r upt s by cl ear i ng t he I nt er r upt
f l ag. NMI ' s and sof t war e i nt er r upt s ar e not i nhi bi t ed.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 3 5 1

CLTS - Clear Task Switched Flag (286+ privileged)
Usage: CLTS
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Cl ear s t he Task Swi t ched Fl ag i n t he Machi ne St at us Regi st er . Thi s
i s a pr i vi l eged oper at i on and i s gener al l y used onl y by oper at i ng
syst emcode.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none - 2 5 7 2


CMC - Complement Carry Flag
Usage: CMC
Modi f i es f l ags: CF

Toggl es ( i nver t s) t he Car r y Fl ag

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 2 2 1
CMP - Compare
Usage: CMP dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF OF PF SF ZF

Subt r act s sour ce f r omdest i nat i on and updat es t he f l ags but does
not save r esul t . Fl ags can subsequent l y be checked f or condi t i ons.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem, r eg 9+EA 7 5 2 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, mem 9+EA 6 6 2 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, i mmed 4 3 2 1 3- 4
mem, i mmed 10+EA 6 5 2 3- 6 ( W88=14+EA)
accum, i mmed 4 3 2 1 2- 3


CMPS - Compare String (Byte, Word or Doubleword)
Usage: CMPS dest , sr c
CMPSB
CMPSW
CMPSD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF OF PF SF ZF

Subt r act s dest i nat i on val ue f r omsour ce wi t hout savi ng r esul t s.
Updat es f l ags based on t he subt r act i on and t he i ndex r egi st er s
( E) SI and ( E) DI ar e i ncr ement ed or decr ement ed dependi ng on t he
st at e of t he Di r ect i on Fl ag. CMPSB i nc/ decr ement s t he i ndex
r egi st er s by 1, CMPSWi nc/ decr ement s by 2, whi l e CMPSD i ncr ement s
or decr ement s by 4. The REP pr ef i xes can be used t o pr ocess
ent i r e dat a i t ems.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

dest , sr c 22 8 10 8 1 ( W88=30)


CMPXCHG - Compare and Exchange
Usage: CMPXCHG dest , sr c ( 486+)
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF OF PF SF ZF

Compar es t he accumul at or ( 8- 32 bi t s) wi t h " dest " . I f equal t he
" dest " i s l oaded wi t h " sr c" , ot her wi se t he accumul at or i s l oaded
wi t h " dest " .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg - - - 6 2
mem, r eg - - - 7 2

- add 3 cl ocks i f t he " mem, r eg" compar i son f ai l s


CWD - Convert Word to Doubleword
Usage: CWD
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Ext ends si gn of wor d i n r egi st er AX t hr oughout r egi st er DX f or mi ng
a doubl ewor d quant i t y i n DX: AX.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 5 2 2 3 1
CWDE - Convert Word to Extended Doubleword (386+)
Usage: CWDE
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Conver t s a si gned wor d i n AX t o a si gned doubl ewor d i n EAX by
ext endi ng t he si gn bi t of AX t hr oughout EAX.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none - - 3 3 1

D Instructions
DAA - Decimal Adjust for Addition
Usage: DAA
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF PF SF ZF ( OF undef i ned)

Cor r ect s r esul t ( i n AL) of a pr evi ous BCD addi t i on oper at i on.
Cont ent s of AL ar e changed t o a pai r of packed deci mal di gi t s.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 4 3 4 2 1


DAS - Decimal Adjust for Subtraction
Usage: DAS
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF PF SF ZF ( OF undef i ned)

Cor r ect s r esul t ( i n AL) of a pr evi ous BCD subt r act i on oper at i on.
Cont ent s of AL ar e changed t o a pai r of packed deci mal di gi t s.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 4 3 4 2 1


DEC - Decrement
Usage: DEC dest
Modi f i es f l ags: AF OF PF SF ZF

Unsi gned bi nar y subt r act i on of one f r omt he dest i nat i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 3 2 2 1 2
mem 15+EA 7 6 3 2- 4
r eg16/ 32 3 2 2 1 1

DIV - Divide
Usage: DI V sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: ( AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF undef i ned)

Unsi gned bi nar y di vi si on of accumul at or by sour ce. I f t he sour ce
di vi sor i s a byt e val ue t hen AX i s di vi ded by " sr c" and t he quot i ent
i s pl aced i n AL and t he r emai nder i n AH. I f sour ce oper and i s a wor d
val ue, t hen DX: AX i s di vi ded by " sr c" and t he quot i ent i s st or ed i n AX
and t he r emai nder i n DX.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 80- 90 14 14 16 2
r eg16 144- 162 22 22 24 2
r eg32 - - 38 40 2
mem8 ( 86- 96) +EA 17 17 16 2- 4
mem16 ( 150- 168) +EA 25 25 24 2- 4 ( W88=158- 176+EA)
mem32 - - 41 40 2- 4
E Instructions
ENTER - Make Stack Frame (80188+)
Usage: ENTER l ocal s, l evel
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Modi f i es st ack f or ent r y t o pr ocedur e f or hi gh l evel l anguage.
Oper and " l ocal s" speci f i es t he amount of st or age t o be al l ocat ed
on t he st ack. " Level " speci f i es t he nest i ng l evel of t he r out i ne.
Pai r ed wi t h t he LEAVE i nst r uct i on, t hi s i s an ef f i ci ent met hod of
ent r y and exi t t o pr ocedur es.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

i mmed16, 0 - 11 10 14 4
i mmed16, 1 - 15 12 17 4
i mmed16, i mmed8 - 12+4( n- 1) 15+4( n- 1) 17+3n 4


ESC - Escape
Usage: ESC i mmed, sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Pr ovi des access t o t he dat a bus f or ot her r esi dent pr ocessor s.
The CPU t r eat s i t as a NOP but pl aces memor y oper and on bus.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

i mmed, r eg 2 9- 20 ? 2
i mmed, mem 2 9- 20 ? 2- 4

H Instructions
HLT - Halt CPU
Usage: HLT
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Hal t s CPU unt i l RESET l i ne i s act i vat ed, NMI or maskabl e i nt er r upt
r ecei ved. The CPU becomes dor mant but r et ai ns t he cur r ent CS: I P
f or l at er r est ar t .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 5 4 1

I Instructions
IDIV - Signed Integer Division
Usage: I DI V sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: ( AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF undef i ned)

Si gned bi nar y di vi si on of accumul at or by sour ce. I f sour ce i s a
byt e val ue, AX i s di vi ded by " sr c" and t he quot i ent i s st or ed i n
AL and t he r emai nder i n AH. I f sour ce i s a wor d val ue, DX: AX i s
di vi ded by " sr c" , and t he quot i ent i s st or ed i n AL and t he
r emai nder i n DX.
Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 101- 112 17 19 19 2
r eg16 165- 184 25 27 27 2
r eg32 - - 43 43 2
mem8 ( 107- 118) +EA 20 22 20 2- 4
mem16 ( 171- 190) +EA 38 30 28 2- 4 ( W88=175- 194)
mem32 - - 46 44 2- 4
IMUL - Signed Multiply
Usage: I MUL sr c
I MUL sr c, i mmed ( 286+)
I MUL dest , sr c, i mmed8 ( 286+)
I MUL dest , sr c ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF ( AF, PF, SF, ZF undef i ned)

Si gned mul t i pl i cat i on of accumul at or by " sr c" wi t h r esul t pl aced
i n t he accumul at or . I f t he sour ce oper and i s a byt e val ue, i t
i s mul t i pl i ed by AL and t he r esul t st or ed i n AX. I f t he sour ce
oper and i s a wor d val ue i t i s mul t i pl i ed by AX and t he r esul t i s
st or ed i n DX: AX. Ot her var i at i ons of t hi s i nst r uct i on al l ow
speci f i cat i on of sour ce and dest i nat i on r egi st er s as wel l as a
t hi r d i mmedi at e f act or .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 80- 98 13 9- 14 13- 18 2
r eg16 128- 154 21 9- 22 13- 26 2
r eg32 - - 9- 38 12- 42 2
mem8 86- 104 16 12- 17 13- 18 2- 4
mem16 134- 160 24 12- 25 13- 26 2- 4
mem32 - - 12- 41 13- 42 2- 4
r eg16, r eg16 - - 9- 22 13- 26 3- 5
r eg32, r eg32 - - 9- 38 13- 42 3- 5
r eg16, mem16 - - 12- 25 13- 26 3- 5
r eg32, mem32 - - 12- 41 13- 42 3- 5
r eg16, i mmed - 21 9- 22 13- 26 3
r eg32, i mmed - 21 9- 38 13- 42 3- 6
r eg16, r eg16, i mmed - 2 9- 22 13- 26 3- 6
r eg32, r eg32, i mmed - 21 9- 38 13- 42 3- 6
r eg16, mem16, i mmed - 24 12- 25 13- 26 3- 6
r eg32, mem32, i mmed - 24 12- 41 13- 42 3- 6


IN - Input Byte or Word From Port
Usage: I N accum, por t
Modi f i es f l ags: None

A byt e, wor d or dwor d i s r ead f r om" por t " and pl aced i n AL, AX or
EAX r espect i vel y. I f t he por t number i s i n t he r ange of 0- 255
i t can be speci f i ed as an i mmedi at e, ot her wi se t he por t number
must be speci f i ed i n DX. Val i d por t r anges on t he PC ar e 0- 1024,
t hough val ues t hr ough 65535 may be speci f i ed and r ecogni zed by
t hi r d par t y vendor s and PS/ 2' s.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

accum, i mmed8 10/ 14 5 12 14 2
accum, i mmed8 ( PM) 6/ 26 8/ 28/ 27 2
accum, DX 8/ 12 5 13 14 1
accum, DX ( PM) 7/ 27 8/ 28/ 27 1

- 386+ pr ot ect ed mode t i mi ngs depend on pr i vi l ege l evel s.

f i r st number i s t he t i mi ng i f : CPL I OPL
second number i s t he t i mi ng i f : CPL > I OPL or i n VM 86 mode ( 386)
CPL I OPL ( 486)
t hi r d number i s t he t i mi ng when: vi r t ual mode on 486 pr ocessor
- 486 vi r t ual mode al ways r equi r es 27 cycl es
INC - Increment
Usage: I NC dest
Modi f i es f l ags: AF OF PF SF ZF

Adds one t o dest i nat i on unsi gned bi nar y oper and.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 3 2 2 1 2
r eg16 3 2 2 1 1
r eg32 3 2 2 1 1
mem 15+EA 7 6 3 2- 4 ( W88=23+EA)


INS - Input String from Port (80188+)
Usage: I NS dest , por t
I NSB
I NSW
I NSD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Loads dat a f r ompor t t o t he dest i nat i on ES: ( E) DI ( even i f a
dest i nat i on oper and i s suppl i ed) . ( E) DI i s adj ust ed by t he si ze
of t he oper and and i ncr eased i f t he Di r ect i on Fl ag i s cl ear ed and
decr eased i f t he Di r ect i on Fl ag i s set . For I NSB, I NSW, I NSD no
oper ands ar e al l owed and t he si ze i s det er mi ned by t he mnemoni c.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

dest , por t - 5 15 17 1
dest , por t ( PM) - 5 9/ 29 10/ 32/ 30 1
none - 5 15 17 1
none ( PM) - 5 9/ 29 10/ 32/ 30 1

- 386+ pr ot ect ed mode t i mi ngs depend on pr i vi l ege l evel s.

f i r st number i s t he t i mi ng i f : CPL I OPL
second number i s t he t i mi ng i f : CPL > I OPL
t hi r d number i s t he t i mi ng i f : vi r t ual mode on 486 pr ocessor


INT - Interrupt
Usage: I NT num
Modi f i es f l ags: TF I F

I ni t i at es a sof t war e i nt er r upt by pushi ng t he f l ags, cl ear i ng t he
Tr ap and I nt er r upt Fl ags, pushi ng CS f ol l owed by I P and l oadi ng
CS: I P wi t h t he val ue f ound i n t he i nt er r upt vect or t abl e. Execut i on
t hen begi ns at t he l ocat i on addr essed by t he new CS: I P

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

3 ( const ant ) 52/ 72 23+m 33 26 2
3 ( pr ot . mode, same pr i v. ) - 40+m 59 44 2
3 ( pr ot . mode, mor e pr i v. ) - 78+m 99 71 2
3 ( f r omVM86 t o PL 0) - - 119 82 2
3 ( pr ot . mode vi a t ask gat e) - 167+m TS 37+TS 2
i mmed8 51/ 71 23+m 37 30 1
i mmed8 ( pr ot . mode, same pr i v. ) - 40+m 59 44 1
i mmed8 ( pr ot . mode, mor e pr i v. ) - 78+m 99 71 1
i mmed8 ( f r omVM86 t o PL 0) - - 119 86 1
i mmed8 ( pr ot . mode, vi a t ask gat e) - 167+m TS 37+TS 1
INTO - Interrupt on Overflow
Usage: I NTO
Modi f i es f l ags: I F TF

I f t he Over f l ow Fl ag i s set t hi s i nst r uct i on gener at es an I NT 4
whi ch causes t he code addr essed by 0000: 0010 t o be execut ed.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none: j ump 53/ 73 24+m 35 28 1
no j ump 4 3 3 3
( pr ot . mode, same pr i v. ) - - 59 46 1
( pr ot . mode, mor e pr i v. ) - - 99 73 1
( f r omVM86 t o PL 0) - - 119 84 1
( pr ot . mode, vi a t ask gat e) - TS 39+TS 1


INVD - Invalidate Cache (486+)
Usage: I NVD
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Fl ushes CPU i nt er nal cache. I ssues speci al f unct i on bus cycl e
whi ch i ndi cat es t o f l ush ext er nal caches. Dat a i n wr i t e- back
ext er nal caches i s l ost .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none - - - 4 2

INVLPG - Invalidate Translation Look-Aside Buffer Entry (486+)
Usage: I NVLPG
Modi f i es f l ags: none

I nval i dat es a si ngl e page t abl e ent r y i n t he Tr ansl at i on
Look- Asi de Buf f er . I nt el war ns t hat t hi s i nst r uct i on may be
i mpl ement ed di f f er ent l y on f ut ur e pr ocessor s.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none - - - 12 2

- t i mi ng i s f or TLB ent r y hi t onl y.


IRET/IRETD - Interrupt Return
Usage: I RET
I RETD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF DF I F PF SF TF ZF

Ret ur ns cont r ol t o poi nt of i nt er r upt i on by poppi ng I P, CS
and t hen t he Fl ags f r omt he st ack and cont i nues execut i on at
t hi s l ocat i on. CPU except i on i nt er r upt s wi l l r et ur n t o t he
i nst r uct i on t hat cause t he except i on because t he CS: I P pl aced
on t he st ack dur i ng t he i nt er r upt i s t he addr ess of t he of f endi ng
i nst r uct i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

i r et 32/ 44 17+m 22 15 1
i r et ( pr ot . mode) - 31+m 38 15 1
i r et ( t o l ess pr i vi l ege) - 55+m 82 36 1
i r et ( di f f er ent t ask, NT=1) - 169+m TS TS+32 1
i r et d - - 22/ 38 15 1
i r et d ( t o l ess pr i vi l ege) - - 82 36 1
i r et d ( t o VM86 mode) - - 60 15 1
i r et d ( di f f er ent t ask, NT=1) - - TS TS+32 1

- 386 t i mi ngs ar e l i st ed as r eal - mode/ pr ot ect ed- mode
J Instructions
Jxx - Jump Instructions Table
Mnemoni c Meani ng J ump Condi t i on

J A J ump i f Above CF=0 and ZF=0
J AE J ump i f Above or Equal CF=0
J B J ump i f Bel ow CF=1
J BE J ump i f Bel ow or Equal CF=1 or ZF=1
J C J ump i f Car r y CF=1
J CXZ J ump i f CX Zer o CX=0
J E J ump i f Equal ZF=1
J G J ump i f Gr eat er ( si gned) ZF=0 and SF=OF
J GE J ump i f Gr eat er or Equal ( si gned) SF=OF
J L J ump i f Less ( si gned) SF ! = OF
J LE J ump i f Less or Equal ( si gned) ZF=1 or SF ! = OF
J MP Uncondi t i onal J ump uncondi t i onal
J NA J ump i f Not Above CF=1 or ZF=1
J NAE J ump i f Not Above or Equal CF=1
J NB J ump i f Not Bel ow CF=0
J NBE J ump i f Not Bel ow or Equal CF=0 and ZF=0
J NC J ump i f Not Car r y CF=0
J NE J ump i f Not Equal ZF=0
J NG J ump i f Not Gr eat er ( si gned) ZF=1 or SF ! = OF
J NGE J ump i f Not Gr eat er or Equal ( si gned) SF ! = OF
J NL J ump i f Not Less ( si gned) SF=OF
J NLE J ump i f Not Less or Equal ( si gned) ZF=0 and SF=OF
J NO J ump i f Not Over f l ow ( si gned) OF=0
J NP J ump i f No Par i t y PF=0
J NS J ump i f Not Si gned ( si gned) SF=0
J NZ J ump i f Not Zer o ZF=0
J O J ump i f Over f l ow ( si gned) OF=1
J P J ump i f Par i t y PF=1
J PE J ump i f Par i t y Even PF=1
J PO J ump i f Par i t y Odd PF=0
J S J ump i f Si gned ( si gned) SF=1
J Z J ump i f Zer o ZF=1

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

J x: j ump 16 7+m 7+m 3 2
no j ump 4 3 3 1
J x near - l abel - - 7+m 3 4
no j ump - - 3 1

- I t ' s a good pr ogr ammi ng pr act i ce t o or gani ze code so t he
expect ed case i s execut ed wi t hout a j ump si nce t he act ual
j ump t akes l onger t o execut e t han f al l i ng t hr ough t he t est .
- see J CXZ and J MP f or t hei r r espect i ve t i mi ngs

JCXZ/JECXZ - Jump if Register (E)CX is Zero
Usage: J CXZ l abel
J ECXZ l abel ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Causes execut i on t o br anch t o " l abel " i f r egi st er CX i s zer o. Uses
unsi gned compar i si on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

l abel : j ump 18 8+m 9+m 8 2
no j ump 6 4 5 5
JMP - Unconditional Jump
Usage: J MP t ar get
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Uncondi t i onal l y t r ansf er s cont r ol t o " l abel " . J umps by def aul t
ar e wi t hi n - 32768 t o 32767 byt es f r omt he i nst r uct i on f ol l owi ng
t he j ump. NEAR and SHORT j umps cause t he I P t o be updat ed whi l e FAR
j umps cause CS and I P t o be updat ed.

Cl ocks
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486

r el 8 ( r el at i ve) 15 7+m 7+m 3
r el 16 ( r el at i ve) 15 7+m 7+m 3
r el 32 ( r el at i ve) - - 7+m 3
r eg16 ( near , r egi st er i ndi r ect ) 11 7+m 7+m 5
r eg32 ( near , r egi st er i ndi r ect ) - - 7+m 5
mem16 ( near , memi ndi r ect ) 18+EA 11+m 10+m 5
mem32 ( near , memi ndi r ect ) 24+EA 15+m 10+m 5
pt r 16: 16 ( f ar , dwor d i mmed) - - 12+m 17
pt r 16: 16 ( f ar , PM dwor d i mmed) - - 27+m 19
pt r 16: 16 ( cal l gat e, same pr i v. ) - 38+m 45+m 32
pt r 16: 16 ( vi a TSS) - 175+m TS 42+TS
pt r 16: 16 ( vi a t ask gat e) - 180+m TS 43+TS
mem16: 16 ( f ar , i ndi r ect ) - - 43+m 13
mem16: 16 ( f ar , PM i ndi r ect ) - - 31+m 18
mem16: 16 ( cal l gat e, same pr i v. ) - 41+m 49+m 31
mem16: 16 ( vi a TSS) - 178+m 5+TS 41+TS
mem16: 16 ( vi a t ask gat e) - 183+m 5+TS 42+TS
pt r 16: 32 ( f ar , 6 byt e i mmed) - - 12+m 13
pt r 16: 32 ( f ar , PM 6 byt e i mmed) - - 27+m 18
pt r 16: 32 ( cal l gat e, same pr i v. ) - - 45+m 31
pt r 16: 32 ( vi a TSS) - - TS 42+TS
pt r 16: 32 ( vi a t ask st at e) - - TS 43+TS
m16: 32 ( f ar , addr ess at dwor d) - - 43+m 13
m16: 32 ( f ar , addr ess at dwor d) - - 31+m 18
m16: 32 ( cal l gat e, same pr i v. ) - - 49+m 31
m16: 32 ( vi a TSS) - - 5+TS 41+TS
m16: 32 ( vi a t ask st at e) - - 5+TS 42+TS

L Instructions
LAHF - Load Register AH From Flags
Usage: LAHF

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Copi es bi t s 0- 7 of t he f l ags r egi st er i nt o AH.
Thi s i ncl udes f l ags AF, CF, PF, SF and ZF ot her bi t s
ar e undef i ned.

AH : = SF ZF xx AF xx PF xx CF
Timing:
Clocks
operands
286 386 486 Size in Bytes
none 2 2 3 1
LAR - Load Access Rights (286+ protected)
Usage: LAR dest , sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: ZF

The hi gh byt e of t he of t he dest i nat i on r egi st er i s over wr i t t en
by t he val ue of t he access r i ght s byt e and t he l ow or der byt e
i s zer oed dependi ng on t he sel ect i on i n t he sour ce oper and.
The Zer o Fl ag i s set i f t he l oad oper at i on i s successf ul .
Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
reg16,reg16 14 15 11 3
reg32,reg32 15 11 3
reg16,mem16 16 16 11 3-7
reg32,mem32 16 11 3-7
LEA - Load Effective Address
Usage: LEA dest , sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Tr ansf er s of f set addr ess of " sr c" t o t he dest i nat i on r egi st er .

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
reg,mem 3 2 1 2-4
LEAVE - Restore Stack for Procedure Exit (80188+)
Usage: LEAVE

Modi f i es Fl ags: LEAVE

Rel eases t he l ocal var i abl es cr eat ed by t he pr evi ous ENTER
i nst r uct i on by r est or i ng SP and BP t o t hei r condi t i on bef or e
t he pr ocedur e st ack f r ame was i ni t i al i zed.

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
none 5 4 5 1
LES - Load Pointer Using ES
Usage: LES dest , sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Loads 32- bi t poi nt er f r ommemor y sour ce t o dest i nat i on
r egi st er and ES. The of f set i s pl aced i n t he dest i nat i on
r egi st er and t he segment i s pl aced i n ES. To use t hi s
i nst r uct i on t he wor d at t he l ower memor y addr ess must
cont ai n t he of f set and t he wor d at t he hi gher addr ess
must cont ai n t he segment . Thi s si mpl i f i es t he l oadi ng
of f ar poi nt er s f r omt he st ack and t he i nt er r upt vect or t abl e.

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
reg,mem 7 7 6 2-4
reg,mem (PM) 22 12 5-7
LFS - Load Pointer Using FS
Usage: LFS dest , sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Loads 32- bi t poi nt er f r ommemor y sour ce t o dest i nat i on
r egi st er and FS. The of f set i s pl aced i n t he dest i nat i on
r egi st er and t he segment i s pl aced i n FS. To use t hi s
i nst r uct i on t he wor d at t he l ower memor y addr ess must
cont ai n t he of f set and t he wor d at t he hi gher addr ess must
cont ai n t he segment . Thi s si mpl i f i es t he l oadi ng of f ar poi nt er s
f r omt he st ack and t he i nt er r upt vect or t abl e.

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
reg,mem 7 6 5-7
reg,mem (PM) 22 12 5-7
LGDT - Load Global Descriptor Table (286+ privileged)
Usage: LGDT sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Loads a val ue f r oman oper and i nt o t he Gl obal Descr i pt or Tabl e
( GDT) r egi st er .

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
mem64 11 11 11 5
LGS - Load Pointer Using GS (386+)
Usage: LGS dest , sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Loads 32- bi t poi nt er f r ommemor y sour ce t o dest i nat i on
r egi st er and GS. The of f set i s pl aced i n t he dest i nat i on
r egi st er and t he segment i s pl aced i n GS. To use t hi s
i nst r uct i on t he wor d at t he l ower memor y addr ess must
cont ai n t he of f set and t he wor d at t he hi gher addr ess must
cont ai n t he segment . Thi s si mpl i f i es t he l oadi ng of f ar poi nt er s
f r omt he st ack and t he i nt er r upt vect or t abl e.
Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
reg,mem 7 6 5-7
reg,mem (PM) 22 12 5-7
LIDT - Load Interrupt Descriptor Table (286+ privileged)
Usage: LI DT sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Loads a val ue f r oman oper and i nt o t he I nt er r upt Descr i pt or
Tabl e ( I DT) r egi st er .

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
mem64 12 11 11 5
LLDT - Load Local Descriptor Table (286+ privileged)
Usage: LLDT sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Loads a val ue f r oman oper and i nt o t he Local Descr i pt or Tabl e
Regi st er ( LDTR) .

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
reg16 17 20 11 3
mem16 19 24 11 5
LMSW - Load Machine Status Word (286+ privileged)
Usage: LMSWsr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Loads t he Machi ne St at us Wor d ( MSW) f r omdat a f ound at
" sr c" .

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
reg16 3 10 13 3
mem16 6 13 13 5
LOCK - Lock Bus
Usage: LOCK
LOCK: ( 386+ pr ef i x)

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Thi s i nst r uct i on i s a pr ef i x t hat causes t he CPU asser t bus l ock
si gnal dur i ng t he execut i on of t he next i nst r uct i on. Used t o
avoi d t wo pr ocessor s f r omupdat i ng t he same dat a l ocat i on.
The 286 al ways asser t s l ock dur i ng an XCHG wi t h memor y
oper ands. Thi s shoul d onl y be used t o l ock t he bus pr i or t o
XCHG, MOV, I N and OUT i nst r uct i ons.

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
none 0 0 1 1
LODS - Load String (Byte, Word or Double)
Usage: LODS sr c
LODSB
LODSW
LODSD ( 386+)

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Tr ansf er s st r i ng el ement addr essed by DS: SI ( even i f
an oper and i s suppl i ed) t o t he accumul at or . SI i s i ncr ement ed
based on t he si ze of t he oper and or based on t he i nst r uct i on
used. I f t he Di r ect i on Fl ag i s set SI i s decr ement ed, i f
t he Di r ect i on Fl ag i s cl ear SI i s i ncr ement ed. Use wi t h REP
pr ef i xes.

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
src 5 5 5 1
LOOP - Decrement CX and Loop if CX Not Zero
Usage: LOOP l abel

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Decr ement s CX by 1 and t r ansf er s cont r ol t o " l abel " i f CX
i s not Zer o. The " l abel " oper and must be wi t hi n - 128 or 127
byt es of t he i nst r uct i on f ol l owi ng t he l oop i nst r uct i on

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
label: jump 8+m 11+m 6 2
no jump 4 ? 2 2
LOOPE/LOOPZ - Loop While Equal / Loop While Zero
Usage: LOOPE l abel
LOOPZ l abel

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Decr ement s CX by 1 ( wi t hout modi f yi ng t he f l ags) and
t r ansf er s cont r ol t o " l abel " i f CX ! = 0 and t he Zer o Fl ag i s set .
The " l abel " oper and must be wi t hi n - 128 or 127 byt es of
t he i nst r uct i on f ol l owi ng t he l oop i nst r uct i on.

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
label: jump 8+m 11+m 9 2
no jump 4 ? 6 2
LOOPNE/LOOPNZ - Loop While Not Equal / Loop While Not Zero
Usage: LOOPNZ l abel
LOOPNE l abel

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Decr ement s CX by 1 ( wi t hout modi f yi ng t he f l ags) and
t r ansf er s cont r ol t o " l abel " i f CX ! = 0 and t he Zer o Fl ag
i s cl ear . The " l abel " oper and must be wi t hi n - 128 or 127
byt es of t he i nst r uct i on f ol l owi ng t he l oop i nst r uct i on.

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
label: jump 8+m 11+m 9 2
no jump 4 ? 6 2
LSL - Load Segment Limit (286+ protected)
Usage: LSL dest , sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: ZF

Loads t he segment l i mi t of a sel ect or i nt o t he dest i nat i on
r egi st er i f t he sel ect or i s val i d and vi si bl e at t he cur r ent
pr i vi l ege l evel . I f l oadi ng i s successf ul t he Zer o Fl ag i s set ,
ot her wi se i t i s cl ear ed.

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
386 times are listed "byte granular" / "page granular"
reg16,reg16 14 20/25 10 3
reg32,reg32 20/25 10 3
reg16,mem16 16 21/26 10 5
reg32,mem32 21/26 10 5
LSS - Load Pointer Using SS (386+)
Usage: LSS dest , sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Loads 32- bi t poi nt er f r ommemor y sour ce t o dest i nat i on
r egi st er and SS. The of f set i s pl aced i n t he dest i nat i on
r egi st er and t he segment i s pl aced i n SS. To use t hi s
i nst r uct i on t he wor d at t he l ower memor y addr ess must
cont ai n t he of f set and t he wor d at t he hi gher addr ess must
cont ai n t he segment . Thi s si mpl i f i es t he l oadi ng of f ar poi nt er s
f r omt he st ack and t he i nt er r upt vect or t abl e.

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
reg,mem 7 6 5-7
reg,mem (PM) 22 12 5-7
LTR - Load Task Register (286+ privileged)
Usage: LTR sr c

Modi f i es Fl ags: None

Loads t he cur r ent t ask r egi st er wi t h t he val ue speci f i ed i n " sr c" .

Timing:
Clocks operands 286 386 486 Size Bytes
reg16 17 23 20 3
mem16 19 27 20 5
M Instructions
MOV - Move Byte or Word
Usage: MOV dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Copi es byt e or wor d f r omt he sour ce oper and t o t he dest i nat i on
oper and. I f t he dest i nat i on i s SS i nt er r upt s ar e di sabl ed except
on ear l y buggy 808x CPUs. Some CPUs di sabl e i nt er r upt s i f t he
dest i nat i on i s any of t he segment r egi st er s

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 2 2 2 1 2
mem, r eg 9+EA 3 2 1 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, mem 8+EA 5 4 1 2- 4 ( W88=12+EA)
mem, i mmed 10+EA 3 2 1 3- 6 ( W88=14+EA)
r eg, i mmed 4 2 2 1 2- 3
mem, accum 10 3 2 1 3 ( W88=14)
accum, mem 10 5 4 1 3 ( W88=14)
segr eg, r eg16 2 2 2 3 2
segr eg, mem16 8+EA 5 5 9 2- 4 ( W88=12+EA)
r eg16, segr eg 2 2 2 3 2
mem16, segr eg 9+EA 3 2 3 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg32, CR0/ CR2/ CR3 - - 6 4
CR0, r eg32 - - 10 16
CR2, r eg32 - - 4 4 3
CR3, r eg32 - - 5 4 3
r eg32, DR0/ DR1/ DR2/ DR3 - 22 10 3
r eg32, DR6/ DR7 - - 22 10 3
DR0/ DR1/ DR2/ DR3, r eg32 - 22 11 3
DR6/ DR7, r eg32 - - 16 11 3
r eg32, TR6/ TR7 - - 12 4 3
TR6/ TR7, r eg32 - - 12 4 3
r eg32, TR3 3
TR3, r eg32 6

- when t he 386 speci al r egi st er s ar e used al l oper ands ar e 32 bi t s
MOVS - Move String (Byte or Word)
Usage: MOVS dest , sr c
MOVSB
MOVSW
MOVSD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Copi es dat a f r omaddr essed by DS: SI ( even i f oper ands ar e gi ven) t o
t he l ocat i on ES: DI dest i nat i on and updat es SI and DI based on t he
si ze of t he oper and or i nst r uct i on used. SI and DI ar e i ncr ement ed
when t he Di r ect i on Fl ag i s cl ear ed and decr ement ed when t he Di r ect i on
Fl ag i s Set . Use wi t h REP pr ef i xes.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

dest , sr c 18 5 7 7 1 ( W88=26)
MOVSX - Move with Sign Extend (386+)
Usage: MOVSX dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Copi es t he val ue of t he sour ce oper and t o t he dest i nat i on r egi st er
wi t h t he si gn ext ended.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg - - 3 3 3
r eg, mem - - 6 3 3- 7
MOVZX - Move with Zero Extend (386+)
Usage: MOVZX dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Copi es t he val ue of t he sour ce oper and t o t he dest i nat i on r egi st er
wi t h t he zer oes ext ended.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg - - 3 3 3
r eg, mem - - 6 3 3- 7
MUL - Unsigned Multiply
Usage: MUL sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF ( AF, PF, SF, ZF undef i ned)

Unsi gned mul t i pl y of t he accumul at or by t he sour ce. I f " sr c" i s
a byt e val ue, t hen AL i s used as t he ot her mul t i pl i cand and t he
r esul t i s pl aced i n AX. I f " sr c" i s a wor d val ue, t hen AX i s
mul t i pl i ed by " sr c" and DX: AX r ecei ves t he r esul t . I f " sr c" i s
a doubl e wor d val ue, t hen EAX i s mul t i pl i ed by " sr c" and EDX: EAX
r ecei ves t he r esul t . The 386+ uses an ear l y out al gor i t hmwhi ch
makes mul t i pl yi ng any si ze val ue i n EAX as f ast as i n t he 8 or 16
bi t r egi st er s.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 70- 77 13 9- 14 13- 18 2
r eg16 118- 113 21 9- 22 13- 26 2
r eg32 - - 9- 38 13- 42 2- 4
mem8 ( 76- 83) +EA 16 12- 17 13- 18 2- 4
mem16 ( 124- 139) +EA 24 12- 25 13- 26 2- 4
mem32 - - 12- 21 13- 42 2- 4
N Instructions
NEG - Two's Complement Negation
Usage: NEG dest
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF OF PF SF ZF

Subt r act s t he dest i nat i on f r om0 and saves t he 2s compl ement of
" dest " back i nt o " dest " .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem 16+EA 7 6 3 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)


NOP - No Operation (90h)
Usage: NOP
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Thi s i s a do not hi ng i nst r uct i on. I t r esul t s i n occupat i on of bot h
space and t i me and i s most usef ul f or pat chi ng code segment s.
( Thi s i s t he or i gi nal XCHG AL, AL i nst r uct i on)

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 3 3 3 1 1

NOT - One's Compliment Negation (Logical NOT)
Usage: NOT dest
Modi f i es f l ags: None

I nver t s t he bi t s of t he " dest " oper and f or mi ng t he 1s compl ement .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem 16+EA 7 6 3 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)


O Instructions
OR - Inclusive Logical OR
Usage: OR dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF PF SF ZF ( AF undef i ned)

Logi cal i ncl usi ve OR of t he t wo oper ands r et ur ni ng t he r esul t i n
t he dest i nat i on. Any bi t set i n ei t her oper and wi l l be set i n t he
dest i nat i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem, r eg 16+EA 7 7 3 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)
r eg, mem 9+EA 7 6 2 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, i mmed 4 3 2 1 3- 4
mem8, i mmed8 17+EA 7 7 3 3- 6
mem16, i mmed16 25+EA 7 7 3 3- 6
accum, i mmed 4 3 2 1 2- 3

OUT - Output Data to Port
Usage: OUT por t , accum
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Tr ansf er s byt e i n AL, wor d i n AX or dwor d i n EAX t o t he speci f i ed
har dwar e por t addr ess. I f t he por t number i s i n t he r ange of 0- 255
i t can be speci f i ed as an i mmedi at e. I f gr eat er t han 255 t hen t he
por t number must be speci f i ed i n DX. Si nce t he PC onl y decodes 10
bi t s of t he por t addr ess, val ues over 1023 can onl y be decoded by
t hi r d par t y vendor equi pment and al so map t o t he por t r ange 0- 1023.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

i mmed8, accum 10/ 14 3 10 16 2
i mmed8, accum( PM) - - 4/ 24 11/ 31/ 29 2
DX, accum 8/ 12 3 11 16 1
DX, accum( PM) - - 5/ 25 10/ 30/ 29 1

- 386+ pr ot ect ed mode t i mi ngs depend on pr i vi l ege l evel s.

f i r st number i s t he t i mi ng when: CPL I OPL
second number i s t he t i mi ng when: CPL > I OPL
t hi r d number i s t he t i mi ng when: vi r t ual mode on 486 pr ocessor



OUTS - Output String to Port (80188+)
Usage: OUTS por t , sr c
OUTSB
OUTSW
OUTSD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Tr ansf er s a byt e, wor d or doubl ewor d f r om" sr c" t o t he har dwar e
por t speci f i ed i n DX. For i nst r uct i ons wi t h no oper ands t he " sr c"
i s l ocat ed at DS: SI and SI i s i ncr ement ed or decr ement ed by t he
si ze of t he oper and or t he si ze di ct at ed by t he i nst r uct i on f or mat .
When t he Di r ect i on Fl ag i s set SI i s decr ement ed, when cl ear , SI i s
i ncr ement ed. I f t he por t number i s i n t he r ange of 0- 255 i t can
be speci f i ed as an i mmedi at e. I f gr eat er t han 255 t hen t he por t
number must be speci f i ed i n DX. Si nce t he PC onl y decodes 10 bi t s
of t he por t addr ess, val ues over 1023 can onl y be decoded by t hi r d
par t y vendor equi pment and al so map t o t he por t r ange 0- 1023.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

por t , sr c - 5 14 17 1
por t , sr c ( PM) - - 8/ 28 10/ 32/ 30 1

- 386+ pr ot ect ed mode t i mi ngs depend on pr i vi l ege l evel s.

f i r st number i s t he t i mi ng when: CPL I OPL
second number i s t he t i mi ng when: CPL > I OPL
t hi r d number i s t he t i mi ng when: vi r t ual mode on 486 pr ocessor


P Instructions
POP - Pop Word off Stack
Usage: POP dest
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Tr ansf er s wor d at t he cur r ent st ack t op ( SS: SP) t o t he dest i nat i on
t hen i ncr ement s SP by t wo t o poi nt t o t he new st ack t op. CS i s not
a val i d dest i nat i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16 8 5 4 4 1
r eg32 4 - - 4 1
segr eg 8 5 7 3 1
mem16 17+EA 5 5 6 2- 4
mem32 5 - - 6 2- 4

POPA/POPAD - Pop All Registers onto Stack (80188+)
Usage: POPA
POPAD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Pops t he t op 8 wor ds of f t he st ack i nt o t he 8 gener al pur pose 16/ 32
bi t r egi st er s. Regi st er s ar e popped i n t he f ol l owi ng or der : ( E) DI ,
( E) SI , ( E) BP, ( E) SP, ( E) DX, ( E) CX and ( E) AX. The ( E) SP val ue popped
f r omt he st ack i s act ual l y di scar ded.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none - 19 24 9 1


POPF/POPFD - Pop Flags off Stack
Usage: POPF
POPFD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: al l f l ags

Pops wor d/ doubl ewor d f r omst ack i nt o t he Fl ags Regi st er and t hen
i ncr ement s SP by 2 ( f or POPF) or 4 ( f or POPFD) .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 8/ 12 5 5 9 1 ( W88=12)
none ( PM) - - 5 6 1

PUSH - Push Word onto Stack
Usage: PUSH sr c
PUSH i mmed ( 80188+ onl y)
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Decr ement s SP by t he si ze of t he oper and ( t wo or f our , byt e val ues
ar e si gn ext ended) and t r ansf er s one wor d f r omsour ce t o t he st ack
t op ( SS: SP) .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16 11/ 15 3 2 1 1
r eg32 - - 2 1 1
mem16 16+EA 5 5 4 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)
mem32 - - 5 4 2- 4
segr eg 10/ 14 3 2 3 1
i mmed - 3 2 1 2- 3



PUSHA/PUSHAD - Push All Registers onto Stack (80188+)
Usage: PUSHA
PUSHAD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Pushes al l gener al pur pose r egi st er s ont o t he st ack i n t he f ol l owi ng
or der : ( E) AX, ( E) CX, ( E) DX, ( E) BX, ( E) SP, ( E) BP, ( E) SI , ( E) DI . The
val ue of SP i s t he val ue bef or e t he act ual push of SP.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none - 19 24 11 1

PUSHF/PUSHFD - Push Flags onto Stack
Usage: PUSHF
PUSHFD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Tr ansf er s t he Fl ags Regi st er ont o t he st ack. PUSHF saves a 16 bi t
val ue whi l e PUSHFD saves a 32 bi t val ue.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 10/ 14 3 4 4 1
none ( PM) - - 4 3 1


R Instructions
RCL - Rotate Through Carry Left
Usage: RCL dest , count
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF

+- - - - - +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
+- - - | C | 7 <- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 | <- - +
| +- - - - - +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + |
| |
+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +

Rot at es t he bi t s i n t he dest i nat i on t o t he l ef t " count " t i mes wi t h
al l dat a pushed out t he l ef t si de r e- ent er i ng on t he r i ght . The
Car r y Fl ag hol ds t he l ast bi t r ot at ed out .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, 1 2 2 9 3 2
mem, 1 15+EA 7 10 4 2- 4 ( W88=23+EA)
r eg, CL 8+4n 5+n 9 8- 30 2
mem, CL 20+EA+4n 8+n 10 9- 31 2- 4 ( W88=28+EA+4n)
r eg, i mmed8 - 5+n 9 8- 30 3
mem, i mmed8 - 8+n 10 9- 31 3- 5

RCR - Rotate Through Carry Right
Usage: RCR dest , count
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF

+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +- - - - - +
+- - >| 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - > 0 | C | - - - +
| +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +- - - - - + |
| |
+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +

Rot at es t he bi t s i n t he dest i nat i on t o t he r i ght " count " t i mes wi t h
al l dat a pushed out t he r i ght si de r e- ent er i ng on t he l ef t . The
Car r y Fl ag hol ds t he l ast bi t r ot at ed out .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, 1 2 2 9 3 2
mem, 1 15+EA 7 10 4 2- 4 ( W88=23+EA)
r eg, CL 8+4n 5+n 9 8- 30 2
mem, CL 20+EA+4n 8+n 10 9- 31 2- 4 ( W88=28+EA+4n)
r eg, i mmed8 - 5+n 9 8- 30 3
mem, i mmed8 - 8+n 10 9- 31 3- 5
REP - Repeat String Operation
Usage: REP
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Repeat s execut i on of st r i ng i nst r uct i ons whi l e CX ! = 0. Af t er
each st r i ng oper at i on, CX i s decr ement ed and t he Zer o Fl ag i s
t est ed. The combi nat i on of a r epeat pr ef i x and a segment over r i de
on CPU' s bef or e t he 386 may r esul t i n er r or s i f an i nt er r upt occur s
bef or e CX=0. The f ol l owi ng code shows code t hat i s suscept i bl e t o
t hi s and how t o avoi d i t :

agai n: r ep movs byt e pt r ES: [ DI ] , ES: [ SI ] ; vul ner abl e i nst r .
j cxz next ; cont i nue i f REP successf ul
l oop agai n ; i nt er r upt goof ed count
next :

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 2 1


REPE/REPZ - Repeat Equal / Repeat Zero
Usage: REPE
REPZ
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Repeat s execut i on of st r i ng i nst r uct i ons whi l e CX ! = 0 and t he Zer o
Fl ag i s set . CX i s decr ement ed and t he Zer o Fl ag t est ed af t er
each st r i ng oper at i on. The combi nat i on of a r epeat pr ef i x and a
segment over r i de on pr ocessor s ot her t han t he 386 may r esul t i n
er r or s i f an i nt er r upt occur s bef or e CX=0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 2 1


REPNE/REPNZ - Repeat Not Equal / Repeat Not Zero
Usage: REPNE
REPNZ
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Repeat s execut i on of st r i ng i nst r uct i ons whi l e CX ! = 0 and t he Zer o
Fl ag i s cl ear . CX i s decr ement ed and t he Zer o Fl ag t est ed af t er
each st r i ng oper at i on. The combi nat i on of a r epeat pr ef i x and a
segment over r i de on pr ocessor s ot her t han t he 386 may r esul t i n
er r or s i f an i nt er r upt occur s bef or e CX=0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 2 1
RET/RETF - Return From Procedure
Usage: RET nByt es
RETF nByt es
RETN nByt es
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Tr ansf er s cont r ol f r oma pr ocedur e back t o t he i nst r uct i on addr ess
saved on t he st ack. " n byt es" i s an opt i onal number of byt es t o
r el ease. Far r et ur ns pop t he I P f ol l owed by t he CS, whi l e near
r et ur ns pop onl y t he I P r egi st er .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r et n 16/ 20 11+m 10+m 5 1
r et n i mmed 20/ 24 11+m 10+m 5 3
r et f 26/ 34 15+m 18+m 13 1
r et f ( PM, same pr i v. ) - 32+m 18 1
r et f ( PM, l esser pr i v. ) - 68 33 1
r et f i mmed 25/ 33 15+m 18+m 14 3
r et f i mmed ( PM, same pr i v. ) 32+m 17 1
r et f i mmed ( PM, l esser pr i v. ) 68 33 1


ROL - Rotate Left
Usage: ROL dest , count
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF

+- - - + +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
| C | <- - - +- - | 7 <- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 | <- - +
+- - - + | +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + |
| |
+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +

Rot at es t he bi t s i n t he dest i nat i on t o t he l ef t " count " t i mes wi t h
al l dat a pushed out t he l ef t si de r e- ent er i ng on t he r i ght . The
Car r y Fl ag wi l l cont ai n t he val ue of t he l ast bi t r ot at ed out .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, 1 2 2 3 3 2
mem, 1 15+EA 7 7 4 2- 4 ( W88=23+EA)
r eg, CL 8+4n 5+n 3 3 2
mem, CL 20+EA+4n 8+n 7 4 2- 4 ( W88=28+EA+4n)
r eg, i mmed8 - 5+n 3 2 3
mem, i mmed8 - 8+n 7 4 3- 5


ROR - Rotate Right
Usage: ROR dest , count
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF

+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +- - - +
+- - >| 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - > 0 | - - - +- - - >| C |
| +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | +- - - +
| |
+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +

Rot at es t he bi t s i n t he dest i nat i on t o t he r i ght " count " t i mes wi t h
al l dat a pushed out t he r i ght si de r e- ent er i ng on t he l ef t . The
Car r y Fl ag wi l l cont ai n t he val ue of t he l ast bi t r ot at ed out .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, 1 2 2 3 3 2
mem, 1 15+EA 7 7 4 2- 4 ( W88=23+EA)
r eg, CL 8+4n 5+n 3 3 2
mem, CL 20+EA+4n 8+n 7 4 2- 4 ( W88=28+EA+4n)
r eg, i mmed8 - 5+n 3 2 3
mem, i mmed8 - 8+n 7 4 3- 5
S Instructions
SAHF - Store AH Register into FLAGS
Usage: SAHF
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF PF SF ZF

Tr ansf er s bi t s 0- 7 of AH i nt o t he Fl ags Regi st er . Thi s i ncl udes
AF, CF, PF, SF and ZF.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 4 2 3 2 1

SAL/SHL - Shift Arithmetic Left / Shift Logical Left
Usage: SAL dest , count
SHL dest , count
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF PF SF ZF ( AF undef i ned)

+- - - + +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
| C | <- - | 7 <- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 | <- - 0
+- - - + +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +

Shi f t s t he dest i nat i on l ef t by " count " bi t s wi t h zer oes shi f t ed
i n on r i ght . The Car r y Fl ag cont ai ns t he l ast bi t shi f t ed out .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, 1 2 2 3 3 2
mem, 1 15+EA 7 7 4 2- 4 ( W88=23+EA)
r eg, CL 8+4n 5+n 3 3 2
mem, CL 20+EA+4n 8+n 7 4 2- 4 ( W88=28+EA+4n)
r eg, i mmed8 - 5+n 3 2 3
mem, i mmed8 - 8+n 7 4 3- 5

SAR - Shift Arithmetic Right
Usage: SAR dest , count
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF PF SF ZF ( AF undef i ned)

+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +- - - +
+- - >| 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - > 0 | - - >| C |
| +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +- - - +
| |
+- - - - - +

Shi f t s t he dest i nat i on r i ght by " count " bi t s wi t h t he cur r ent si gn
bi t r epl i cat ed i n t he l ef t most bi t . The Car r y Fl ag cont ai ns t he
l ast bi t shi f t ed out .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, 1 2 2 3 3 2
mem, 1 15+EA 7 7 4 2- 4 ( W88=23+EA)
r eg, CL 8+4n 5+n 3 3 2
mem, CL 20+EA+4n 8+n 7 4 2- 4 ( W88=28+EA+4n)
r eg, i mmed8 - 5+n 3 2 3
mem, i mmed8 - 8+n 7 4 3- 5
SBB - Subtract with Borrow/Carry
Usage: SBB dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF OF PF SF ZF

Subt r act s t he sour ce f r omt he dest i nat i on, and subt r act s 1 ext r a i f
t he Car r y Fl ag i s set . Resul t s ar e r et ur ned i n " dest " .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem, r eg 16+EA 7 6 3 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)
r eg, mem 9+EA 7 7 2 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, i mmed 4 3 2 1 3- 4
mem, i mmed 17+EA 7 7 3 3- 6 ( W88=25+EA)
accum, i mmed 4 3 2 1 2- 3


SCAS - Scan String (Byte, Word or Doubleword)
Usage: SCAS st r i ng
SCASB
SCASW
SCASD ( 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF OF PF SF ZF

Compar es val ue at ES: DI ( even i f oper and i s speci f i ed) f r omt he
accumul at or and set s t he f l ags si mi l ar t o a subt r act i on. DI i s
i ncr ement ed/ decr ement ed based on t he i nst r uct i on f or mat ( or
oper and si ze) and t he st at e of t he Di r ect i on Fl ag. Use wi t h REP
pr ef i xes.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

st r i ng 15 7 7 6 1 ( W88=19)


SETAE/SETNB - Set if Above or Equal / Set if Not Below (386+)
Usage: SETAE dest
SETNB dest
( unsi gned, 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Car r y Fl ag i s cl ear
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETB/SETNAE - Set if Below / Set if Not Above or Equal (386+)
Usage: SETB dest
SETNAE dest
( unsi gned, 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Car r y Fl ag i s set
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3
SETBE/SETNA - Set if Below or Equal / Set if Not Above (386+)
Usage: SETBE dest
SETNA dest
( unsi gned, 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Car r y Fl ag or t he Zer o
Fl ag i s set , ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETE/SETZ - Set if Equal / Set if Zero (386+)
Usage: SETE dest
SETZ dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Zer o Fl ag i s set ,
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETNE/SETNZ - Set if Not Equal / Set if Not Zero (386+)
Usage: SETNE dest
SETNZ dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Zer o Fl ag i s cl ear ,
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETL/SETNGE - Set if Less / Set if Not Greater or Equal (386+)
Usage: SETL dest
SETNGE dest
( si gned, 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Si gn Fl ag i s not equal
t o t he Over f l ow Fl ag, ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3
SETGE/SETNL - Set if Greater or Equal / Set if Not Less (386+)
Usage: SETGE dest
SETNL dest
( si gned, 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Si gn Fl ag equal s t he
Over f l ow Fl ag, ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETLE/SETNG - Set if Less or Equal / Set if Not greater or Equal (386+)
Usage: SETLE dest
SETNG dest
( si gned, 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Zer o Fl ag i s set or t he
Si gn Fl ag i s not equal t o t he Over f l ow Fl ag, ot her wi se set s t he
oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETG/SETNLE - Set if Greater / Set if Not Less or Equal (386+)
Usage: SETG dest
SETNLE dest
( si gned, 386+)
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Zer o Fl ag i s cl ear or t he
Si gn Fl ag equal s t o t he Over f l ow Fl ag, ot her wi se set s t he oper and
t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETS - Set if Signed (386+)
Usage: SETS dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Si gn Fl ag i s set , ot her wi se
set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3
SETNS - Set if Not Signed (386+)
Usage: SETNS dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Si gn Fl ag i s cl ear ,
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3

SETC - Set if Carry (386+)
Usage: SETC dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Car r y Fl ag i s set ,
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETNC - Set if Not Carry (386+)
Usage: SETNC dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Car r y Fl ag i s cl ear ,
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETO - Set if Overflow (386+)
Usage: SETO dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Over f l ow Fl ag i s set ,
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETNO - Set if Not Overflow (386+)
Usage: SETNO dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Over f l ow Fl ag i s cl ear ,
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3
SETP/SETPE - Set if Parity / Set if Parity Even (386+)
Usage: SETP dest
SETPE dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Par i t y Fl ag i s set ,
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SETNP/SETPO - Set if No Parity / Set if Parity Odd (386+)
Usage: SETNP dest
SETPO dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

Set s t he byt e i n t he oper and t o 1 i f t he Par i t y Fl ag i s cl ear ,
ot her wi se set s t he oper and t o 0.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg8 - - 4 3 3
mem8 - - 5 4 3


SGDT - Store Global Descriptor Table (286+ privileged)
Usage: SGDT dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

St or es t he Gl obal Descr i pt or Tabl e ( GDT) Regi st er i nt o t he
speci f i ed oper and.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

mem64 - 11 9 10 5


SIDT - Store Interrupt Descriptor Table (286+ privileged)
Usage: SI DT dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

St or es t he I nt er r upt Descr i pt or Tabl e ( I DT) Regi st er i nt o t he
speci f i ed oper and.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

mem64 - 12 9 10 5


SHL - Shift Logical Left
See: SAL
SHR - Shift Logical Right
Usage: SHR dest , count
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF PF SF ZF ( AF undef i ned)

+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +- - - +
0- - >| 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - > 0 | - - >| C |
+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +- - - +

Shi f t s t he dest i nat i on r i ght by " count " bi t s wi t h zer oes shi f t ed
i n on t he l ef t . The Car r y Fl ag cont ai ns t he l ast bi t shi f t ed out .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, 1 2 2 3 2
mem, 1 15+EA 7 7 2- 4 ( W88=23+EA)
r eg, CL 8+4n 5+n 3 2
mem, CL 20+EA+4n 8+n 7 2- 4 ( W88=28+EA+4n)
r eg, i mmed8 - 5+n 3 3
mem, i mmed8 - 8+n 7 3- 5


SHLD/SHRD - Double Precision Shift (386+)
Usage: SHLD dest , sr c, count
SHRD dest , sr c, count
Modi f i es f l ags: CF PF SF ZF ( OF, AF undef i ned)

SHLD shi f t s " dest " t o t he l ef t " count " t i mes and t he bi t posi t i ons
opened ar e f i l l ed wi t h t he most si gni f i cant bi t s of " sr c" . SHRD
shi f t s " dest " t o t he r i ght " count " t i mes and t he bi t posi t i ons
opened ar e f i l l ed wi t h t he l east si gni f i cant bi t s of t he second
oper and. Onl y t he 5 l ower bi t s of " count " ar e used.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16, r eg16, i mmed8 - - 3 2 4
r eg32, r eg32, i mmed8 - - 3 2 4
mem16, r eg16, i mmed8 - - 7 3 6
mem32, r eg32, i mmed8 - - 7 3 6
r eg16, r eg16, CL - - 3 3 3
r eg32, r eg32, CL - - 3 3 3
mem16, r eg16, CL - - 7 4 5
mem32, r eg32, CL - - 7 4 5


SLDT - Store Local Descriptor Table (286+ privileged)
Usage: SLDT dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

St or es t he Local Descr i pt or Tabl e ( LDT) Regi st er i nt o t he
speci f i ed oper and.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16 - 2 2 2 3
mem16 - 2 2 3 5


SMSW - Store Machine Status Word (286+ privileged)
Usage: SMSW dest
Modi f i es f l ags: none

St or e Machi ne St at us Wor d ( MSW) i nt o " dest " .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16 - 2 10 2 3
mem16 - 3 3 3 5
STC - Set Carry
Usage: STC
Modi f i es f l ags: CF

Set s t he Car r y Fl ag t o 1.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 2 2 1


STD - Set Direction Flag
Usage: STD
Modi f i es f l ags: DF

Set s t he Di r ect i on Fl ag t o 1 causi ng st r i ng i nst r uct i ons t o
aut o- decr ement SI and DI i nst ead of aut o- i ncr ement .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 2 2 1


STI - Set Interrupt Flag (Enable Interrupts)
Usage: STI
Modi f i es f l ags: I F

Set s t he I nt er r upt Fl ag t o 1, whi ch enabl es r ecogni t i on of al l
har dwar e i nt er r upt s. I f an i nt er r upt i s gener at ed by a har dwar e
devi ce, an End of I nt er r upt ( EOI ) must al so be i ssued t o enabl e
ot her har dwar e i nt er r upt s of t he same or l ower pr i or i t y.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 2 2 2 5 1


STOS - Store String (Byte, Word or Doubleword)
Usage: STOS dest
STOSB
STOSW
STOSD
Modi f i es f l ags: None

St or es val ue i n accumul at or t o l ocat i on at ES: ( E) DI ( even i f oper and
i s gi ven) . ( E) DI i s i ncr ement ed/ decr ement ed based on t he si ze of
t he oper and ( or i nst r uct i on f or mat ) and t he st at e of t he Di r ect i on
Fl ag. Use wi t h REP pr ef i xes.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

dest 11 3 4 5 1 ( W88=15)


STR - Store Task Register (286+ privileged)
Usage: STR dest
Modi f i es f l ags: None

St or es t he cur r ent Task Regi st er t o t he speci f i ed oper and.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16 - 2 2 2 3
mem16 - 3 2 3 5
SUB - Subtract
Usage: SUB dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: AF CF OF PF SF ZF

The sour ce i s subt r act ed f r omt he dest i nat i on and t he r esul t i s
st or ed i n t he dest i nat i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem, r eg 16+EA 7 6 3 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)
r eg, mem 9+EA 7 7 2 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, i mmed 4 3 2 1 3- 4
mem, i mmed 17+EA 7 7 3 3- 6 ( W88=25+EA)
accum, i mmed 4 3 2 1 2- 3

T Instructions
TEST - Test For Bit Pattern
Usage: TEST dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF PF SF ZF ( AF undef i ned)

Per f or ms a l ogi cal AND of t he t wo oper ands updat i ng t he f l ags
r egi st er wi t hout savi ng t he r esul t .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 3 2 1 1 2
r eg, mem 9+EA 6 5 1 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
mem, r eg 9+EA 6 5 2 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, i mmed 5 3 2 1 3- 4
mem, i mmed 11+EA 6 5 2 3- 6
accum, i mmed 4 3 2 1 2- 3

V Instructions
VERR - Verify Read (286+ protected)
Usage: VERR sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: ZF

Ver i f i es t he speci f i ed segment sel ect or i s val i d and i s r eadabl e
at t he cur r ent pr i vi l ege l evel . I f t he segment i s r eadabl e,
t he Zer o Fl ag i s set , ot her wi se i t i s cl ear ed.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16 - 14 10 11 3
mem16 - 16 11 11 5

VERW - Verify Write (286+ protected)
Usage: VERW sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: ZF

Ver i f i es t he speci f i ed segment sel ect or i s val i d and i s r at abl e
at t he cur r ent pr i vi l ege l evel . I f t he segment i s wr i t abl e,
t he Zer o Fl ag i s set , ot her wi se i t i s cl ear ed.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg16 - 14 15 11 3
mem16 - 16 16 11 5
W Instructions
WAIT/FWAIT - Event Wait
Usage: WAI T
FWAI T
Modi f i es f l ags: None

CPU ent er s wai t st at e unt i l t he copr ocessor si gnal s i t has f i ni shed
i t s oper at i on. Thi s i nst r uct i on i s used t o pr event t he CPU f r om
accessi ng memor y t hat may be t empor ar i l y i n use by t he copr ocessor .
WAI T and FWAI T ar e i dent i cal .

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none 4 3 6+ 1- 3 1


WBINVD - Write-Back and Invalidate Cache (486+)
Usage: WBI NVD
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Fl ushes i nt er nal cache, t hen si gnal s t he ext er nal cache t o wr i t e
back cur r ent dat a f ol l owed by a si gnal t o f l ush t he ext er nal cache.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

none - - - 5 2


X Instructions
XCHG - Exchange
Usage: XCHG dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Exchanges cont ent s of sour ce and dest i nat i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 4 3 3 3 2
mem, r eg 17+EA 5 5 5 2- 4 ( W88=25+EA)
r eg, mem 17+EA 5 5 3 2- 4 ( W88=25+EA)
accum, r eg 3 3 3 3 1
r eg, accum 3 3 3 3 1

XLAT/XLATB - Translate
Usage: XLAT t r ansl at i on- t abl e
XLATB ( masm5. x)
Modi f i es f l ags: None

Repl aces t he byt e i n AL wi t h byt e f r oma user t abl e addr essed by
BX. The or i gi nal val ue of AL i s t he i ndex i nt o t he t r ansl at e t abl e.
The best way t o descr i be t hi s i s MOV AL, [ BX+AL]

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

t abl e of f set 11 5 5 4 1

XOR - Exclusive OR
Usage: XOR dest , sr c
Modi f i es f l ags: CF OF PF SF ZF ( AF undef i ned)

Per f or ms a bi t wi se excl usi ve OR of t he oper ands and r et ur ns
t he r esul t i n t he dest i nat i on.

Cl ocks Si ze
Oper ands 808x 286 386 486 Byt es

r eg, r eg 3 2 2 1 2
mem, r eg 16+EA 7 6 3 2- 4 ( W88=24+EA)
r eg, mem 9+EA 7 7 2 2- 4 ( W88=13+EA)
r eg, i mmed 4 3 2 1 3- 4
mem, i mmed 17+EA 7 7 3 3- 6 ( W88=25+EA)
accum, i mmed 4 3 2 1 2- 3