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ALRAD IMAGING ALRAD IMAGING ALRAD IMAGING ALRAD IMAGING

Alder House, Turnpike Road Industrial Estate,
Newbury, Berkshire, RG14 2NS, UK
Tel: 01635 30345 Fax: 01635 32630
Email: [email protected] Web: www.alrad.co.uk


Tech. Note: CCTV LENS TERMINOLOGY


FOCAL LENGTH
The focal length of the lens is measured in mm and directly relates to the angle of view that will be achieved.
Short focal lengths provide wide angles of view and long focal lengths become telephoto, with narrow angles of
view. A "normal" angle of view is similar to what we see with our own eye, and has a relative focal length equal
to the pick up device. See our separate sheet CCTV Lens Selection Calculator which shows a table for
determining the focal length of a Lens. We can also supply a Mylar circular slide-rule or the VM300 View Finder
Lens, which gives an optical way (via the eye-piece, and read-off scale), of finding the desired focal length.
CAMERA FORMAT
The size of the camera's imaging device (CCD) also affects the angle of view, with the smaller devices creating
narrower angles of view when used on the same lens. The format of the lens, however, is irrelevant to the angle
of view, it merely needs to project an image which will cover the device, i.e.: the same format of the camera or
larger. This also means that 1/3" cameras can utilize the entire range of lenses from 1/3" to 1", with a 1/3" 8mm
lens giving the same angle as a 2/3" 8mm lens. The latter combination also provides increased resolution and
picture quality as only the centre of the lens is being utilized, where the optics can be ground more accurately.
COMMON IMAGE SENSOR SIZES
In the table below, left; Format Type" refers to the commonly used type designation for CCD & CMOS etc
sensors; The inch format size is a hangover from the previous era of Vacuum Pick-Up Tube Sensors and does
not easily calculate to the actual CCD size as illustrated in the diagram below, right. "Aspect Ratio" refers to
the ratio of Width to Height, "Dia." refers to the diameter of the tube size (this is simply the Type converted to
millimetres), "Diagonal / Width / Height" are the dimensions of the sensors image producing area.
CCD Sensor sizes (mm)
Format
Type
Aspect
Ratio
Dia.
(mm)
Diagonal
mm
Width
mm
Height
mm
1/4" 4:3 7.056 5.000 3.600 2.700
1/3.6" 4:3 7.056 5.000 4.000 3.000
1/3.2" 4:3 7.938 5.680 4.536 3.416
1/3" 4:3 8.467 6.000 4.800 3.600
1/2.7" 4:3 9.407 6.721 5.371 4.035
1/2.5" 4:3 10.160 7.182 5.760 4.290
1/2" 4:3 12.700 8.000 6.400 4.800
1/1.8" 4:3 14.111 8.933 8.5 6.8
1/1.7" 4:3 14.941 9.500 7.600 5.700
2/3" 4:3 16.933 11.000 8.800 6.600
1" 4:3 25.400 16.000 12.800 9.600
4/3" 4:3 33.867 22.500 18.000 13.500
1.8" 3:2 45.720 28.400 23.700 15.700
35mm Film 3:2 n/a 43.300 36.000 24.000

Face view of a Camera Pick-Up Tube
Sensor, with a CCD superimposed on
the imaging face, to illustrate the
correlation of Format Types.

Note: Typical sizes for camera tubes
were: , 2/3 & 1 diameter.
Illustration of Sensor Format Types
Camera
Tube
CCD or
CMOS
2
C or CS MOUNT
Most CCTV Cameras and Lenses are generally CS-Mount. With CS-Mount Cameras, both types of Lenses can
be used, but the C-Mount Lens requires a 5mm spacer ring (Part # VM400) to be fitted between the camera and
lens - to achieve a focused image. Machine Vision Cameras are still mainly C-Mount, with a few exceptions
being CS-Mount or even the Larger F-Mount. It is not possible to use CS-Mount Lenses on C-Mount cameras.
The C and CS-Mount Lenses have a common thread diameter of 1 x 32TPI. The Back-Focus Distance (the
distance from the front of the Cameras Sensor or image plain to the end of the Lens Mount) is 17.525mm for C-
Mount and 12.5mm for CS-Mount. Some Cameras have a Lens Mount which can be mechanically adjusted to
fine tune the Back-Focus Distance. This fine tuning ability is particularly important for Fixed-Focus (usually
Wide-Angle) Lenses and Zoom Lenses where it is essential to keep par-focus through the zoom range.
F MOUNT
Machine Vision Cameras, with larger format sensors (usually bigger than 1), particularly Line-Scan Cameras,
require a larger format Lens than the 1 C-Mount. These cameras generally use the standard Nikon
photographic camera bayonet F-Mount. We can supply a variety of F-Mount Lenses from several manufactures.

M12 Mount (D-Mount) or M13 Mount
Most compact and Board (PCB) Cameras with smaller sensors (1/3 & ), usually have an optional M12 Mount.
This uses the common 12mm diameter x 0.5mm pitch thread Mini Board Lenses; which are sometimes referred
to as D-Mount (not to be confused with the larger D-Mount Cinema-Photography Lenses).
The M13-Mount Lens is less common, having a 13mm diameter x 1mm pitch thread (Panasonic & Watec).
These lower cost compact Board Lenses offer comparable quality to the more expensive Larger Format (C & F
Mount etc) - on VGA & XGA resolutions. They are not usually fitted with an iris diaphragm or focus mechanism.
(The usual method to obtain sharp focus is to physically screw the lens in or out of its camera mount).
These Lenses are generally 1/3format and thus only suitable for cameras with 1/3 or sensors.
It is also possible to use the M12 or M13-Mount Lenses on C or CS-Mount Cameras (with1/3 & sensors), by
using a suitable adaptor. As the cameras become smaller, there are also other Mounts used e.g. M10, M9 etc.

F-STOP
The lens usually has two measurements of F-Stop or Aperture, the maximum Aperture (minimum F-Stop) when
the lens iris diaphragm is fully open, and the minimum aperture (maximum F-Stop) just before the iris completely
closes. The F-Stop has a number of effects upon the final image. A low minimum F-Stop will mean the lens can
pass more light in dark conditions (often called a Fast Lens), allowing the camera to produce a better image at
night. A maximum F-Stop may be necessary where there is a very high level of light or reflection, as this will
prevent the camera from "whiting out" or over exposing, and thereby help maintain a constant video level. Some
Auto-Iris Lenses are supplied with Neutral Density spot filters, to increase the maximum F-Stop. The F-Stop also
directly affects the depth of field (as explained below).
DEPTH OF FIELD (DoF)
The Depth of Field refers to the area within the field of view which is in focus. A large depth of field means that a
large percentage of the field of view is in focus, from objects close to the lens often to infinity. A shallow depth of
field has only a small section of the field of view in focus. The depth of field is influenced by several factors. A
wide angle lens generally has a larger depth of field than a telephoto lens, and a higher F stop setting typically
has a larger depth of field than a lower setting. With auto iris lenses, the automatic adjustment of the aperture
also means constant variation of depth of field. The small depth of field is most apparent at night when the lens
iris diaphragm is fully open and the depth of field is at its minimum. Objects that were in focus during the day
may become out of focus at night.
AUTO (AI) or MANUAL IRIS (MI)
Generally we tend to use auto iris lenses externally where there are variations in the lighting levels. Manual iris
lenses are used normally for internal applications where the light level remains constant. However, with the
introduction of electronic iris cameras it is now possible to use manual iris lenses in varying light conditions and
the camera will electronically compensate the shutter speeds. There are several considerations to this option
though: the setting of the F-Stop becomes critical; if the iris is opened fully to allow the camera to work at night,
the depth of field or focus (DOF) will be very small and it may be more difficult to achieve sharp focus even
during the day. The camera can maintain normal video levels, but it cannot affect the depth of field. If the iris is
closed to increase the depth of field, the low light sensitivity performance of the camera will be reduced.
VIDEO DRIVE (VD) or DIRECT DRIVE (DD)
With Auto-Iris lenses it is necessary to control the operation of the iris to maintain perfect picture levels. Video
driven lenses contain amplifier circuitry to convert the video signal from the camera into iris motor control. With
Direct Drive lenses, the camera must contain the amplifier circuitry, and the lens now only contains the
galvanometric iris motor (making it less expensive). The deciding factor depends on the auto iris output of the
camera. Most now have both types, except Machine Vision Cameras, which generally do not have any drives.
Dave Cass, June 2004, issue 5: October 2007