Hyperbolic functions (Sect. 7.
7)
Circular and hyperbolic functions.
Denitions and identities.
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions.
Integrals of hyperbolic functions.
Circular and hyperbolic functions
Remark: Trigonometric functions are also called circular functions.
()
y
x
1
cos ()
sin
The circle x
2
+ y
2
= 1 can be
parametrized by the functions
x = cos(),
y = sin().
Since these functions satisfy
cos
2
() + sin
2
() = 1.
Remark: The parametrization is not unique. Another solution is
x = cos(n), y = sin(n), n N.
Circular and hyperbolic functions
Remark:
Hyperbolic functions are a parametrization of a hyperbola.
y(u)
y
x
1
x(u)
The hyperbola x
2
y
2
= 1 can
be parametrized by the functions
x = f (u), y = g(u),
satisfying the condition
f
2
(u) g
2
(u) = 1.
Remark: A solution is x =
1
2
_
h(u) +
1
h(u)
_
, y =
1
2
_
h(u)
1
h(u)
_
,
x
2
y
2
=
1
4
_
h
2
+
1
h
2
+ 2 h
2
1
h
2
+ 2
_
= 1.
Circular and hyperbolic functions
Remarks:
The hyperbola x
2
y
2
= 1 can be parametrized by
x =
1
2
_
h(u) +
1
h(u)
_
, y =
1
2
_
h(u)
1
h(u)
_
,
where h is any non-zero continuous function satisfying
lim
u
h(u) = , lim
u
h(u) = 0, h(0) = 1.
The hyperbolic trigonometric functions correspond to
h(u) = e
u
.
Denition
The hyperbolic trigonometric functions are dened by
cosh(u) =
e
u
+ e
u
2
, sinh(u) =
e
u
e
u
2
.
Hyperbolic functions (Sect. 7.7)
Circular and hyperbolic functions.
Denitions and identities.
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions.
Integrals of hyperbolic functions.
Denitions and identities
Denition
The complete set of hyperbolic trigonometric functions is given by
cosh(x) =
e
x
+ e
x
2
, sinh(x) =
e
x
e
x
2
,
tanh(x) =
sinh(x)
cosh(x)
, coth(x) =
cosh(x)
sinh(x)
,
csch(x) =
1
sinh(x)
, sech(x) =
1
cosh(x)
.
Remarks:
These functions satisfy identities similar but not equal to
those satised by circular trigonometric functions.
We have seen one of these identities:
cosh
2
(x) sinh
2
(x) = 1.
Denitions and identities
Theorem
The following identities hold,
cosh
2
(x) sinh
2
(x) = 1,
sinh(2x) = 2 sinh(x) cosh(x), cosh(2x) = cosh
2
(x) + sinh
2
(x),
cosh
2
(x) =
1
2
_
1 + cosh(2x)
, sinh
2
(x) =
1
2
_
1 + cosh(2x)
.
Proof: (Only double angle formula for sinh.)
sinh(2x) =
1
2
_
e
2x
1
e
2x
_
=
1
2
__
e
x
_
2
_
1
e
x
_
2
_
.
Recalling the formula a
2
b
2
= (a + b)(a b),
sinh(2x) =
2
4
_
e
x
+
1
e
x
__
e
x
1
e
x
_
= 2 cosh(x) sinh(x).
Denitions and identities
Example
Compute both cosh(ln(7)) and sinh(2 ln(3)).
Solution:
cosh(ln(7)) =
1
2
_
e
ln(7)
+
1
e
ln(7)
_
=
1
2
_
7 +
1
7
_
=
1
2
50
7
.
We conclude that cosh(ln(7)) =
25
7
.
sinh(2 ln(3)) =
1
2
_
e
2 ln(3)
1
e
2 ln(3)
_
=
1
2
_
e
ln(9)
1
e
ln(9)
_
sinh(2 ln(3)) =
1
2
_
9
1
9
_
=
1
2
80
9
sinh(2 ln(3)) =
40
9
.
Hyperbolic functions (Sect. 7.7)
Circular and hyperbolic functions.
Denitions and identities.
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions.
Integrals of hyperbolic functions.
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions
Theorem
The following equations hold,
sinh
(x) = cosh(x) cosh
(x) = sinh(x)
tanh
(x) =
1
cosh
2
(x)
coth
(x) =
1
sinh
2
(x)
sech
(x) =
sinh(x)
cosh
2
(x)
csch
(x) =
cosh(x)
sinh
2
(x)
.
Proof: (Only for sinh.)
sinh
(x) =
1
2
_
e
x
e
x
_
=
1
2
_
e
x
e
x
(1)
_
sinh
(u) =
1
2
_
e
x
+ e
x
_
sinh
(x) = cosh(x).
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions
Example
Compute the derivative of the function y(x) = e
tanh(3x)
.
Solution:
y
(x) = e
tanh(3x)
tanh
(3x) 3.
We only need to remember the rst two formulas in the Theorem
above, since
tanh
(x) =
_
sinh(x)
cosh(x)
_
=
sinh
(x) cosh(x) sinh(x) cosh
(x)
cosh
2
(x)
tanh
(x) =
cosh
2
(x) sinh
2
(x)
cosh
2
(x)
=
1
cosh
2
(x)
.
We conclude that y
(x) =
3e
tanh(3x)
cosh
2
(3x)
.
Hyperbolic functions (Sect. 7.7)
Circular and hyperbolic functions.
Denitions and identities.
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions.
Integrals of hyperbolic functions.
Integrals of hyperbolic functions
Theorem
For every real constant c the following expressions hold,
_
sinh(x) dx = cosh(x) + c,
_
cosh(x) dx = sinh(x) + c,
_
sech
2
(x) dx = tanh(x) + c,
_
csch
2
(x) dx = coth(x) + c,
Proof: The derivative of each right-hand side above is the
integrand in each left-hand side
Remark: There are many other integration formulas, but the ones
above are the most frequently used.
Integrals of hyperbolic functions
Example
Evaluate I =
_
6 cosh(3x ln(2)) dx.
Solution: We try the substitution u = 3x ln(2), then du = 3 dx.
I =
_
6 cosh(u)
du
3
= 2
_
cosh(u) du = 2 sinh(u) + c.
We conclude that I = 2 sinh(3x ln(2)) + c.
Remark: If needed, one can rewrite the sinh above as
sinh(3x ln(2)) =
1
2
_
e
3xln(2)
e
3x+ln(2)
_
sinh(3x ln(2)) =
1
2
_
e
3x
e
ln(2)
e
3x
e
ln(2)
_
=
e
3x
4
e
3x
.
Integrals of hyperbolic functions
Example
Evaluate the integral I =
_
8x
sinh(3x
2
)
cosh
3
(3x
2
)
dx.
Solution: Recall that cosh
(x) = sinh(x). We then try the
substitution
u = cosh(3x
2
), du = sinh(3x
2
) 6x dx.
I =
_
8
1
u
3
du
6
=
4
3
_
u
3
du =
4
3
u
2
(2)
+ c =
2
3
1
u
2
+ c
If we substitute back u = cosh(3x
2
), we obtain
I =
2
3
1
cosh
2
(3x
2
)
+ c.
