Basu-Fem Notes Me623
Basu-Fem Notes Me623
0
w
H
a
x
y
0
w
H
a
L
a
2h
P
x
x
Plane strain
Plane stress
Axisymmetry
Axisymmetry
Geometry as well as loading should be axisymmetric!
Plane strain
Axisymmetric
C
L
Axisymmetric geometry, Non-
axisymmetric loading
Digression: A little bit of variational calculus
a
b
u(x)
a
b
u(x)
u(x)
y(x)
(x)
Euler equation
Some more interesting problems
Euler equation for several independent variables
This is zero on the boundary
Necessary condition for a function v(x,y) minimising or maximising the
functional J
u(x,y)
v(x,y)
(x,y)
Weak anchoring
What about the other way round?
Linear, differential operator
Example :
Laplace equation
Solving Laplace equation with given boundary conditions is equivalent to minimising
the variational statement
The other way round: strong form to weak form
Example
The route to the variational principle starting from an self-adjoint pde is outlined. The route
for non-self-adjoint cases is not known.
Principle of minimum potential energy
We assume the existence of W
Potential of the loads
Internal energy
Finding a displacement field satisfying the boundary conditions is equivalent to
minimising the above variational statement.
Bar of c/s A, modulus E loaded
by a body force cx where c has
units of force/area
Assignment: This is the Rayleigh-Ritz technique where the problem is reduced to
that of determining a few constant coefficients. Carry out the solution with three
undetermined constants.
Principle of virtual work: weak form of the eqns of equilibrium
Internal virtual work
External virtual work
Virtual work equation
Strong form to weak formanother example (from Reddy,
pp69)
Shear force
Bending moment
A 1-d problem with exact solution
L
x
Piecewise linear approximation: the assumed
displacement method
L
x
Strain displacement matrix
Shape function matrix
V
S
2-d domain, triangular elements
Linear triangle, 3 nodes/element, 2
dofs/node
Shape functions
Strain-displacement matrix
Strains are constant within an element: Constant strain triangle (CST)
x
y
f
S3x
2
3
1
f
S3y
f
S2x
f
S2y
(2,0)
(2,2)
Calculation of nodal forces due to surface tractions:
example
t=thickness of the element
A=surface area of the element
t
A
Assignment 7: Write a Matlab function to generate the plane strain CST
stiffness matrix given the elastic constants and the coordinates of the three
nodes
Example
x
y
El 1
El 2
1
2
3
4
300 psi
1000 lb
3 in
2 in
Thickness (t) = 0.5 in
E= 3010
6
psi
=0.25
(a) Compute the unknown nodal displacements.
(b) Compute the stresses in the two elements.
Realize that this is a plane stress problem and therefore we need to use
psi
E
D
7
2
10
2 . 1 0 0
0 2 . 3 8 . 0
0 8 . 0 2 . 3
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
=
= = At k
u
1
u
2
u
4
v
4
v
2
v
1
Step 2: Compute strain-displacement matrices for the elements
=
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
b c b c b c
c c c
b b b
A
B
Recall
1 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 1
2 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 1
x x c x x c x x c
y y b y y b y y b
= = =
= = =
with
For Element #1:
1(1)
2(2)
4(3)
(local numbers within brackets)
0 ; 3 ; 3
0 ; 2 ; 0
3 2 1
3 2 1
= = =
= = =
x x x
y y y
Hence
0 3 3
2 0 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
= = =
= = =
c c c
b b b
=
2 0 0 3 2 3
0 0 3 0 3 0
0 2 0 0 0 2
6
1
) 1 (
B
Therefore
For Element #2:
=
2 0 0 3 2 3
0 0 3 0 3 0
0 2 0 0 0 2
6
1
) 2 (
B
7
) 2 (
T
) 2 ( ) 2 (
T
) 2 ( ) 2 (
10
2 . 0
0 5333 . 0
0 2 . 0 2 . 1
3 . 0 0 0 45 . 0
2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 1 3 . 0 4 . 1
3 . 0 5333 . 0 2 . 0 45 . 0 5 . 0 9833 . 0
B D B ) 5 . 0 )( 3 ( B D B
=
= = At k
u
3
u
4
u
2
v
2
v
4
v
3
Step 4: Assemble the global stiffness matrix corresponding to the nonzero degrees of
freedom
0
1 4 4 3 3
= = = = = v v u v u
Notice that
Hence we need to calculate only a small (3x3) stiffness matrix
7
10
4 . 1 0 2 . 0
0 983 . 0 45 . 0
2 . 0 45 . 0 983 . 0
= K
u
1
u
2
v
2
u
1
u
2
v
2
Step 5: Compute consistent nodal loads
=
y
x
x
f
f
f
f
2
2
1
=
y
f
2
0
0
y
S y
f f
2
1000
2
+ =
The consistent nodal load due to traction on the edge 3-2
lb
x
dx
x
dx N
tdx N f
x
x
x
S
y
225
2
9
50
2
50
3
150
) 5 . 0 )( 300 (
) 300 (
3
0
2
3
0
3
0
2 3
3
3
0
2 3
3
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
3 2
3
2 3
2
x
N =
lb
f f
y
S y
1225
1000
2
2
=
+ =
Hence
Step 6: Solve the system equations to obtain the unknown nodal loads
f d K =
1225
0
0
4 . 1 0 2 . 0
0 983 . 0 45 . 0
2 . 0 45 . 0 983 . 0
10
2
2
1
7
v
u
u
Solve to get
in
in
in
v
u
u
4
4
4
2
2
1
10 9084 . 0
10 1069 . 0
10 2337 . 0
Step 7: Compute the stresses in the elements
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
d B D =
With
[ ]
[ ] 0 0 10 9084 . 0 10 1069 . 0 0 10 2337 . 0
d
4 4 4
4 4 2 2 1 1
) 1 (
=
= v u v u v u
T
Calculate
psi
=
1 . 76
1 . 1391
1 . 114
) 1 (
In Element #1
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
d B D =
With
[ ]
[ ]
4 4
2 2 4 4 3 3
) 2 (
10 9084 . 0 10 1069 . 0 0 0 0 0
d
=
= v u v u v u
T
Calculate
psi
=
35 . 363
52 . 28
1 . 114
) 2 (
In Element #2
Notice that the stresses are constant in each element
Quadratic traingle (Linear strain triangle)
Can geometry be simplified (plane stress,
strain, axisymm, 3d, ymmetries?)
Material properties? Material? Elastic or
elasto plastic. Model for constitutive
behaviour?
Simplified geometry.
What elements to use?
Mesh. Insert boundary
conditions appropriately.
Solve.
Post process, check the
results.
Solution involves forming
element stiffnesses and loads,
assembling, applying bcs and
solving.
Interpolation and shape functions
The intepolation functions are same as the shape functions we got for the 1-d example.
1
2
3
Quadratic interpolation in 1-d
Bilinear rectangle (through interpolation formulas)
2a
2b
x
y
This is equivalent to assuming a displacement variation with <1 x y xy> terms
An example: Classical Kirchoff Plate
Completeness, compatibility etc.
Requirements of a FE model
Monotonic convergence
Completeness Element must represent rigid body modes + constant strain states
Element must rotate and translate
as a rigid body.
orthonormality
Generalised eigenproblem
Parasitic shear gets worse with (a/b) ratio. This condition is known as shear locking.
For completeness we require:
Rigid body modes to be represented (in 2-d two translations and one rotation)
Constant strain states must be represented (in 2-d two normal and one shear strain)
Interelement continuity of displacements must be satisfied.
Rigid body modes for a plane stress quad
Flexural modes, 0.495, 0.495
Shear mode, 0.769
Stretch mode,
0.769
Uniform
extension mode
1.43
Parasitic shear makes the Q4 element unusable in bending
More on convergence
Starting from a trial function and always adding more terms to it (equivalent to h 0 in
FEM) will always make the potential go towards a lower value.
Decrease in the total potential implies increase in the strain energy. Thus predicted
stiffness is always higher than actual in FE analysis.
Spatially anisotropic elements depend on coordinate
orientations.
Rate of convergence depends on the completeness
of the polynomial used.
Pascals triangle
Isoparametric element formulation
First proposed by: B.M. Irons, Engineering applications of numerical integration in
stiffness methods, AIAA J ournal, v4, n11, 1966, 2035-2037.
The Q4 element revisited
1
2
3 4
r=-1
r=1
r=1/2
s=-1
s=1/2
s=-1/2
2
3
4
s=1
r=-1/2
r
s
x
y
Parent element Physical element
1
1
1
1
Calculation of gradients in 2-d
J
J acobian matrix
Follows from the Q4 element done
earlier. Put a=b=1.
Stiffness matrix needs to be integrated numerically.
Numerical integration: Gauss quadrature-1d
r=1
r=-1
Sampling points between -1 and 1
Weights
r=-1
r=1
The idea behind a quadrature scheme.
0.5555
0.5555
0.8888
0.77459,
-0.77459
0
3
0.34785
0.34785
0.65214
0.65214
0.86114
-0.86114
0.33998
-0.33998
4
1
1
0.57735,
-0.57735
2
2 0 1
weights Sampling points n
Gauss quadrature: sample points and weights
Important rule: n point Gauss quadrature integrates a polynomial of order 2n-1 exactly
GI in 2-d
For the Q4 element, 2X2 quadrature is required
1
r s
r
2
rs s
2
r
3
r
2
s rs
2
s
3
2X2
Write a MATLAB code to formulate the stiffness matrix of a 4 noded quadrilateral
isoparametric element given the nodasl coordinates. Use Gauss quadrature.
Assume material properties as E = 200 Gpa and Poissons ratio=0.3.
Term paper topics
Group 1: Model the problem of a line load on a half space. Compare with the theoretical
solution of stresses near the load point. Refine the mesh to see if you converge to the exact
solution.
Group 2: Model a hard elliptical inclusion in a softer matrix. The matrix is infinitely large
compared to the inclusion and is subjected to uniaxial stresses applied at infinity. Find out
the theoretical solution to this problem and check how the strains inside the inclusion vary
with its ellipticity. Change the Poissons ratio of the matrix and the inclusion and see how the
stress fields in the matrix and inclusion change.
Group 3: Model a sharp crack in a infinite body. Find out the theoretical solution to this
problem. The stresses at the crack tip should be infinite. Compare with the theoretical
solution and see whether with mesh refinement you can get close to the theoretical solution.
Group 4: Model the problem of a series of periodically placed holes in a thin film. This
problem has already been discussed. Discuss further with Dr Ghatak.
Group 5: Model the bending of a functionally graded beam where the gradation is
exponential in the depth direction. Compare with the solution for a homogeneous beam to
see the differences due to the property variation.
Group 6: Model an internally pressurised hollow cylinder in plane strain. Start with a thick
cylinder and using theoretical results show how, as you move towards a thin cylinder the
solution changes.
Group 7: Analyse using you own code a deep beam using a structured mesh composed of
linear strain and constant strain triangles. Check all stresses with theoretical estimates.
Check convergence with mesh refinement.
Group 8: Verify the Euler buckling load of a slender beam using Finite Elements. Your
solutions may break down at the point of buckling. How good are your estimates compared
to the theoretical solutions?
Group 9: Analyse using your own code a internally pressurised plane strain thick cylinder
and check the results with theoretical estimates.
Group 10: Model a infinite wedge with tractions on one of the boundaries. Verify the stress
solutions near the tip of the wedge with theoretical estimates. What happens in the case of
a right angled wedge subject to shear tractions on one edge?
Group 11: A beam is rotating at a fixed angular velocity about its geometric center. Find the
stress distribution in the beam and compare with theoretical results.
Group 12: Solve the stresses for a 90 degree curved beam of inner radius a and outer
radius b subjected to a normal sinusoidal loading Asin( ). Find solutions to the problem as
varies from 0 to 2. Comment on the solution at =1;
Group 13: Solve the problem of a heavy beam on a elastic foundation. Compare your
results with theoretical solutions for different beam aspect ratios. Investigate when the
theoretical solution breaks down.
Group 14: An infinite plate subjected to a remote tensile load contains an elliptical hole.
Using a FEM simulation determine the stress concentration at the tip of the ellipse as a
function of the ellipticity of the hole. Compare with theoretical results.
Step by step guide to formulating a problem in FEA
Eg. Heat conduction in a 2-d domain
Q1. What are the governing equations and boundary conditions for the problem?
Q2. What is the variable to be solved for?
T(x,y) a scalar quantity 1 dof per node.
Q3. Does a variational statement exist?
Check for self-adjointness if self adjoint write variational principle
In this case self adjointness exists and hence
is the variational principle. Thus the correct T(x,y) makes the
above a minimum and also satisfies all the boundary conditions.
If variational principle does not exist, use a weighted residual method (we will learn
about it later)
Q.4 Variational principle exists. Now what?
If we use the Rayleigh Ritz principle, we should start the discretisation right away. Will
deal with that route later..
Q5. What element to choose?
Tricky. Eigenvalue analysis may help. Experience may too.
Let us choose a 4 noded iso-p quad in this case.Thus
What if we used the Rayleigh Ritz technique?
Define geometry
Mesh geometry
Loop over elements
Form local stiffness
Form surface force vector if required
Assemble stiffness
Assemble forces
end
Apply essential boundary conditions
Solve
Post process results
Method of weighted residuals
weights
Example: beam bending
Example 2: Heat transfer in 2-d
Some special elements: singular elements
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Include if node I is defined
x
y
Vanishes at x=0 J acobian is
singular at x=0
2
3
5
7
1,4,8
6
Singularity exists all over the element.
Eg. Show that singularity exists along x axis.
What happens if 1,4,8 are given different node
numbers?
Infinite Finite elements
1
1
2
3
a
Errors in FE analysis
Round off errors in ill-conditioned
systems
P
Discretisation error
From Cook, Malkaus
and Plesha (2002)
In a linear element, displacement error is proportional to the square of element size while
strain error is linearly proportional to element size.
Displacements are more accurate near the nodes, strains are accurate inside elements.
Eg. For a problem meshed with 3 noded triangles, p=1
Thus error in energy O(h
2
)
Change to 6 noded triangle: p=2 and energy error O(h
4
)
Reduce element size by half: error reduced by a factor of 4.