Mechanical Engineering (2)

Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta

Chapter 6
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Chapter 6: Screwed Joints
6.1 Introduction
A screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical groove on a y g g
cylindrical surface. The number of screw that are made by cutting helical
groove (s) may be single (single threaded screw) or double (double threaded
screw) Similarly triple and quadruple (i e multiple start) threads may be screw). Similarly, triple and quadruple (i.e. multiple-start) threads may be
formed. The helical grooves may be cut either right hand or left hand.
A screwed joint is mainly composed of two elements i.e. a bolt and nut. The sc ewed jo s a y co posed o wo e e e s .e. a bo a d u . e
screwed joints are widely used where the machine parts are required to be
readily connected or disconnected without damage to the machine or the
fastening This may be for the purpose of holding or adjustment in assembly or fastening. This may be for the purpose of holding or adjustment in assembly or
service inspection, repair, or replacement or it may be for the manufacturing or
assembly reasons.
The parts may be rigidly connected or provisions may be made for
predetermined relative motion.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 6
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6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Screwed Joints
Following are the advantages and disadvantages of the screwed joints.
Advantages Advantages
1. Screwed joints are highly reliable in operation.
2. Screwed joints are convenient to assemble and disassemble.
3. A wide range of screwed joints may be adopted to various operating
conditions.
4. Screws are relatively cheap to produce due to standardization and highly y p p g y
efficient manufacturing processes.
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of the screwed joints is the stress concentration in the The main disadvantage of the screwed joints is the stress concentration in the
threaded portions which are vulnerable points under variable load conditions.
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6.3 Important Terms Used in Screw Threads
The following terms used in screw threads, as shown in Fig. 6.1, are important
from the subject point of view : from the subject point of view :
Fig. 6.1. Terms used in screw threads.
1. Major diameter. It is the largest diameter of an external or internal screw j g
thread. The screw is specified by this diameter. It is also known as outside or
nominal diameter.
2 Minor diameter It is the smallest diameter of an external or internal screw 2. Minor diameter. It is the smallest diameter of an external or internal screw
thread. It is also known as core or root diameter.
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3. Pitch diameter. It is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the surface of
which would pass through the thread at such points as to make equal the
width of the thread and the width of the spaces between the threads It is also width of the thread and the width of the spaces between the threads. It is also
called an effective diameter.
4. Pitch. It is the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding point
h on the next.
Pitch =1/ No. of threads per unit length of screw
5. Lead. It is the distance between two corresponding points on the same helix. p g p
Lead is equal to the pitch in case of single start threads, it is twice the pitch
in double start, thrice the pitch in triple start and so on.
6 Crest It is the top surface of the thread 6. Crest. It is the top surface of the thread.
7. Root. It is the bottom surface created by the two adjacent flanks of the
thread.
8 D th f th d It i th di l di t b t th t d t 8. Depth of thread. It is the perpendicular distance between the crest and root.
9. Flank. It is the surface joining the crest and root.
10. Angle of thread. It is the angle included by the flanks of the thread.
11. Slope. It is half the pitch of the thread.
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11.4 Forms of Screw Threads
The following are the various forms of screw threads.
1 British standard whitworth (B S W) thread This is a British standard 1. British standard whitworth (B.S.W.) thread. This is a British standard
thread profile and has coarse pitches, Fig. 6.2. These threads are used for
special purposes.
Th B i i h d d h d i h fi i h (B S F ) d h The British standard threads with fine pitches (B.S.F.) are used where great
strength at the root is required, for line adjustments and where the connected
parts are subjected to increased vibrations as in aero and automobile work. p j
The British standard pipe (B.S.P.) threads with fine pitches are used for steel
and iron pipes and tubes carrying fluids.
Fig. 6.2. British standard whitworth
(B.S.W) thread.
Fig. 6.3. British association (B.A.)
thread.
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2. British association (B.A.) thread. This is a B.S.W. thread with fine pitches,
Fig. 6.3. These threads are used for instruments and other precision works.
3 American national standard thread The American national standard 3. American national standard thread. The American national standard
thread has flat crests and roots. The flat crest can withstand more rough
usage than sharp V-threads, Fig. 6.4. These threads are used for general
b l d d h l purposes e.g. on bolts, nuts, screws and tapped holes.
4. Unified standard thread. The three countries i.e., Great Britain, Canada
and United States came to an agreement for a common screw thread system g y
with the included angle of 60, in order to facilitate the exchange of
machinery. The thread has rounded crests and roots, as shown in Fig. 6.5.
Fig. 6.4. American national standard
thread.
Fig. 6.5. Unified standard thread.
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5. Square thread. The square threads Fig.6.6, because of their high efficiency,
are widely used for transmission of power in either direction (such as feed
mechanisms of machine tools valves spindles screw jacks etc) The square mechanisms of machine tools, valves, spindles, screw jacks etc). The square
threads are not so strong as V-threads but they offer less frictional resistance
to motion than Whitworth threads.
6 A th d It i difi ti f th d Fi 6 7 b t It i h 6. Acme thread. It is a modification of square thread, Fig.6.7, but It is much
stronger and can be easily produced. These threads are frequently used on
screw cutting lathes, brass valves, cocks and bench vices.
Fig. 6.6. Square thread.
Fig. 6.7. Acme thread.
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7. Knuckle thread. It is also a modification of square thread, rounded top and
bottom, Fig.6.8. These threads are used for rough and ready work. They are
usually found on railway carriage couplings hydrants necks of glass bottles usually found on railway carriage couplings, hydrants, necks of glass bottles
and large moulded insulators used in electrical trade.
8. Buttress thread. It is used for transmission of power in one direction only,
Fi 6 9 Th f i i d l ll l h i Thi h d i Fig.6.9. The force is transmitted almost parallel to the axis. This thread units
the advantage of both square and V-threads. It has a low frictional resistance
characteristics of the square thread and have the same strength as that of V- q g
thread. The spindles of bench vices are usually provided with buttress thread.
The various proportions of buttress thread are shown in.
Fig. 6.9. Buttress thread.
Fig. 6.8. Knuckle thread.
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9. Metric thread. It is an Indian standard thread and is similar to B.S.W.
threads. It has an included angle of 60 instead of 55. The basic profile of
the thread is shown in Fig 6 10 the thread is shown in Fig. 6.10.
Fig. 6.10. Metric thread.
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6.5 Location of Screwed Joints
The choice of type of fastenings and its location are very important. The
fastenings should be located in such a way so that they will be subjected to fastenings should be located in such a way so that they will be subjected to
tensile and/or shear loads and bending of the fastening should be reduced to a
minimum. The bending of the fastening due to misalignment, tightening up
loads, or external loads are responsible for many failures. In order to relieve
fastenings of bending stresses, the use of clearance spaces, spherical seat
washers, or other devices may be used. , y
6.6 Common Types of Screw Fastenings
Following are the common types of screw fastenings :
1 Through bolts A through bolt (simply a bolt) Fig 6 11(a) is passed 1. Through bolts. A through bolt (simply a bolt), Fig. 6.11(a), is passed
through drilled holes in the two parts to be fastened together and clamped
them securely to each other as the nut is screwed on to the threaded end. The
through bolts are made with either hexagonal or square heads. A through
bolt should pass easily in the holes, when put under tension. If the load acts
perpendicular to the axis the holes should be reamed so that the bolt shank perpendicular to the axis the holes should be reamed so that the bolt shank
fits snugly there in. The through bolts according to their usage may be
known as machine bolts, carriage bolts, automobile bolts, eye bolts etc.
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2. Tap bolts. A tap bolt or screw differs from a bolt. It is screwed into a tapped
hole of one of the parts to be fastened without the nut, Fig. 6.11 (b).
3 Studs A stud is threaded at both ends One end of the stud is screwed into a 3. Studs. A stud is threaded at both ends. One end of the stud is screwed into a
tapped hole of the parts to be fastened, while the other end receives a nut on
it, Fig. 6.11(c). Studs are chiefly used instead of tap bolts for securing
i ki d f f i d li d l various kinds of covers e.g. covers of engine and pump cylinders, valves,
chests etc. This is due to the fact that when tap bolts are unscrewed or
replaced, they have a tendency to break the threads in the hole. This p y y
disadvantage is overcome by the use of studs.
Fig. 6.11
4. Cap screws. The cap screws are similar to tap bolts except that they are of
small size and a variety of shapes of heads are available as shown in Fig. 6.12.
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Fig. 11.12. Types of cap screws.
5. Machine screws. These are similar to cap screws with the head slotted for a
screw driver. These are generally used with a nut.
6. Set screws. The set screws, Fig. 6.13. are used to prevent relative motion , g p
between the two parts. Aset screw is screwed through a threaded hole in one
part so that its point presses against the other part. They may be used instead
of key to prevent relative motion between a hub and a shaft in light power of key to prevent relative motion between a hub and a shaft in light power
transmission members. They may also be used in connection with a key,
where they prevent relative axial motion of the shaft, key and hub assembly.
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Fig. 6.13. Set screws.
The diameter of the set screw (d) may be obtained from the following ( ) y g
expression:
d = 0.125 D + 8 mm
Where; D is the diameter of the shaft (in mm) on which the set screw is Where; D is the diameter of the shaft (in mm) on which the set screw is
pressed.
The tangential force (in N) at the surface of the shaft is given by,
(d )
2 3
F = 6.6 (d )
2.3
Torque transmitted by a set screw,
and power transmitted (in watts), where; N is the speed in r.p.m.
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6.7 Locking Devices
Ordinary thread fastenings, generally, remain tight under static loads, but many
of these fastenings become loose under the action of variable loads or when of these fastenings become loose under the action of variable loads or when
machine is subjected to vibrations. The loosening of fastening is very
dangerous and must be prevented. In order to prevent this, a large number of
locking devices are available, some of which are discussed below :
1. Jam nut or lock nut. A most common locking device is a jam or lock nut.
It has about 0.5 to 2/3 thickness of the standard nut. The thin lock nut is
first tightened down with ordinary force, and then the upper nut is tightened
down upon it, Fig. 6.14 (a).
To overcome the difficult in tighten the thin nut the thin nut is placed on To overcome the difficult in tighten the thin nut, the thin nut is placed on
the top as shown in Fig. 6.14 (b).
If the nuts are really tightened down as they should be, the upper nut
i il l d h h b Th f h carries a greater tensile load than the bottom one. Therefore, the top nut
should be thicker one with a thin nut below it because it is desirable to put
whole of the load on the thin nut. In order to overcome both the difficulties,,
both the nuts are made of the same thickness, Fig. 6.14 (c).
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Chapter 6
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Fi 6 14 J t l k t
2. Castle nut. It consists of a
hexagonal portion with a cylindrical
Fig. 6.14. Jam nut or lock nut.
hexagonal portion with a cylindrical
upper part which is slotted in line
with the centre of each face, Fig.
6 15 It is extensively used on jobs 6.15. It is extensively used on jobs
subjected to sudden shocks and
considerable vibration such as in
automobile industry.
Fig. 6.15. Castle nut.
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3. Sawn nut. It has a slot sawed about half way through, Fig. 6.16. After the
nut is screwed down, the small screw is tightened which produces more
friction between the nut and the bolt This prevents the loosening of nut friction between the nut and the bolt. This prevents the loosening of nut.
4. Penn, ring or grooved nut. It has a upper portion hexagonal and a lower
part cylindrical, Fig. 6.17. It is largely used where bolts pass through
d i bl h i d h i i connected pieces reasonably near their edges such as in marine type
connecting rod ends. The bottom portion is cylindrical and is recessed to
receive the tip of the locking set screw. The bolt hole requires counter-boring p g q g
to receive the cylindrical portion of the nut. In order to prevent bruising of
the latter by the case hardened tip of the set screw, it is recessed.
Fig. 6.16. Sawn nut.
Fig. 6.17. Penn, ring or grooved nut.
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5. Locking with pin. The nuts may be locked by means of a taper pin or cotter
pin passing through the middle of the nut as shown in Fig. 6.18 (a). But a split
pin is often driven through the bolt above the nut Fig 6 18 (b) pin is often driven through the bolt above the nut, Fig. 6.18 (b).
6. Locking with plate. A form of stop plate or locking plate is shown in Fig.
Fig. 6.18. Locking with pin.
6. oc g w p e. o o s op p e o oc g p e s s ow g.
11.20. The nut can be adjusted and subsequently locked through angular
intervals of 30 by using these plates.
Fig. 6.19. Locking with plate. g g p
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7. Spring lock washer. A spring lock washer is shown in Fig. 6.20. As the nut
tightens the washer against the piece below, one edge of the washer is caused
to dig itself into that piece thus increasing the resistance so that the nut will to dig itself into that piece, thus increasing the resistance so that the nut will
not loosen so easily. There are many kinds of spring lock washers
manufactured, some of which are fairly effective.
Fig. 6.20. Locking with washer.
6.8 Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading
The following stresses in screwed fastening due to static loading are important
from the subject point of view : from the subject point of view :
1. Internal stresses due to screwing up forces,
2. Stresses due to external forces, and
3 S d bi i f (1) d (2) 3. Stress due to combination of stresses at (1) and (2).
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6.8.1 Initial Stresses due to Screwing up Forces
The following stresses are induced in a bolt, screw or stud when it is screwed
up tightly up tightly.
1. Tensile stress due to stretching of bolt; Bolts are designed on the basis of
direct tensile stress with a large factor of safety in order to account for the
indeterminate stresses. The initial tension in a bolt, based on experiments, may
be found by the relation
P
i
= 2840 d N
i
Where; P
i
= Initial tension in a bolt, and
d = Nominal diameter of bolt, in mm.
The above relation is used for making a joint fluid tight like steam engine The above relation is used for making a joint fluid tight like steam engine
cylinder cover joints etc. When the joint is not required as tight as fluid-tight
joint, then the initial tension in a bolt may be reduced to half of the above
l I h value. In such cases
P
i
= 1420 d N
The small diameter bolts may fail during tightening, therefore bolts of smaller y g g g,
diameter (less than M 16 or M 18) are not permitted in making fluid tight
joints.
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If the bolt is not initially stressed, then the maximum safe axial load which may
be applied to it, is given by
P = Permissible stress Cross sectional area at bottom of the thread P = Permissible stress Cross-sectional area at bottom of the thread
The stress area may be obtained from Table 6.1 or it may be found by using the
relation
Stress area =
Where; d
p
= Pitch diameter, and ;
p
,
d
c
= Core or minor diameter.
2. Torsional shear stress caused by the frictional resistance of the threads
during its tightening; The torsional shear stress caused by the frictional
resistance of the threads during its tightening may be obtained by using the
torsion equation. We know that q
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Where; = Torsional shear stress,
T = Torque applied, and
d = Minor or core diameter of the thread d
c
Minor or core diameter of the thread.
It has been shown during experiments that due to repeated unscrewing and
tightening of the nut, there is a gradual scoring of the threads, which increases
h i l i i (T) the torsional twisting moment (T).
3. Shear stress across the threads; The average thread shearing stress for the
screw (s) is obtained by using the relation : ( ) y g
Where; b = Width of the thread section at the root Where; b Width of the thread section at the root.
The average thread shearing stress for the nut is;
Wh d M j di t Where; d = Major diameter.
4. Compression or crushing stress on threads; The compression or crushing
stress between the threads (
c
) may be obtained by using the relation :
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Where; d = Major diameter Where; d = Major diameter,
d
c
= Minor diameter, and
n = Number of threads in engagement.
5. Bending stress if the surfaces under the head or nut are not perfectly
parallel to the bolt axis; When the outside surfaces of the parts to be
connected are not parallel to each other, then the bolt will be subjected to co ec ed e o p e o e c o e , e e bo w be subjec ed o
bending action. The bending stress (
b
) induced in the shank of the bolt is
given by;
Where; x = Difference in height between the extreme corners of the nut or
head head,
l = Length of the shank of the bolt, and
E = Youngs modulus for the material of the bolt.
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Table 6.1. Design dimensions of screw threads, bolts and nuts
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6.8.2 Stresses due to External Forces
The following stresses are induced in a bolt when it is subjected to an external
load load.
1. Tensile stress. The bolts, studs and screws usually carry a load in the
direction of the bolt axis which induces a tensile stress in the bolt.
Let; d
c
= Root or core diameter of the thread, it may be taken as 0.84d

t
= Permissible tensile stress for the bolt material.
n = number of bolts.
We know that external load applied,
2. Shear stress; Sometimes, the bolts are used to prevent the relative
movement of two or more parts, as in case of flange coupling, then the shear
stress is induced in the bolts The shear stresses should be avoided as far as stress is induced in the bolts. The shear stresses should be avoided as far as
possible. It should be noted that when the bolts are subjected to direct shearing
loads, they should be located in such a way that the shearing load comes upon
th b d (i h k) f th b lt d t th th d d ti the body (i.e. shank) of the bolt and not upon the threaded portion.
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In some cases, the bolts may be relieved of shear load by using shear pins.
When a number of bolts are used to share the shearing load, the finished bolts
should be fitted to the reamed holes should be fitted to the reamed holes.
Let; d = Major diameter of the bolt, and
n = Number of bolts.
Sh i l d i d b h b l Shearing load carried by the bolts,
3. Combined tension and shear stress; When the bolt is subjected to both
tension and shear loads, as in case of coupling bolts or bearing, then the
diameter of the shank of the bolt is obtained from the shear load and that of diameter of the shank of the bolt is obtained from the shear load and that of
threaded part from the tensile load. Adiameter slightly larger than that required
for either shear or tension may be assumed and stresses due to combined load
h ld b h k d f h f ll i i i l should be checked for the following principal stresses.
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6.8.3 Stress due to Combined Forces
The resultant axial load on a bolt depends upon the following factors :
1 The initial tension due to tightening of the bolt 1. The initial tension due to tightening of the bolt,
2. The external load, and
3. The relative elastic yielding (springiness) of the bolt and the connected
members.
When the connected members are very yielding as compared with the bolt,
which is a soft gasket, Fig. 6.21(a), then the resultant load on the bolt is g , g ( ),
approximately equal to the sum of the initial tension and the external load. On
the other hand, if the bolt is very yielding as compared with the connected
members Fig 6 21(b) then the resultant load will be either the initial tension members, Fig. 6.21(b), then the resultant load will be either the initial tension
or the external load, whichever is greater. The actual conditions usually lie
between the two extremes. In order to determine the resultant axial load (P) on
h b l h f ll i i b d the bolt, the following equation may be used :
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Fig. 6.21 g
Where; P
1
= Initial tension due to tightening of the bolt,
P
2
= External load on the bolt and P
2
External load on the bolt, and
a = Ratio of elasticity of connected parts to the elasticity of bolt.
K is given in table 6.1
T bl 6 1 V l f K f diff t t f j i t Table 6.1 Values of K for different types of joints
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6.9 Design of Cylinder Covers
The cylinder covers may be secured by means of bolts or studs, but studs are
preferred The possible arrangement of securing the cover with bolts and studs preferred. The possible arrangement of securing the cover with bolts and studs
is shown in Fig. 6.22 (a) and (b) respectively. The bolts or studs, cylinder cover
plate and cylinder flange may be designed as discussed below:
Fig. 6.22
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1. Design of bolts or studs
In order to find the size and number of bolts or studs, the following procedure
may be adopted.
Let; D = Diameter of the cylinder,
p = Pressure in the cylinder,
d
c
= Core diameter of the bolts or studs,
n = Number of bolts or studs, and

tb
= Permissible tensile stress for the bolt or stud material.
We know that upward force acting on the cylinder cover,
This force is resisted by n number of bolts or studs provided on the cover. This force is resisted by n number of bolts or studs provided on the cover.
Resisting force offered by n number of bolts or studs,
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Then;
Usually the size of the bolt is assumed. If the value of n as obtained from the y
above relation is odd or a fraction, then next higher even number is adopted.
The bolt or stud size should be >= 16 mm to avoid the breaking of it due to the
i h i f b l (i l ) h id l k f f h j i tightening of bolts (internal stresses), that provide a leak proof for the joint.
The tightness of the joint also depends upon the circumferential pitch of the
bolts or studs.
The pitch circle diameter (D
p
) = D + 2t + 3d
1
(20(d
1
)

< D
p
< 30 (d
1
)

)
outside diameter of the cover is kept as; outside diameter of the cover is kept as;
Do = D
p
+ 3d
1
= D + 2t + 6d
1
Where; t = Thickness of the cylinder wall Where; t = Thickness of the cylinder wall.
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2. Design of cylinder cover plate
The thickness of the cylinder cover plate (t1) and
th thi k f th li d fl (t2) b the thickness of the cylinder flange (t2) may be
determined as ;
Let us consider the semi-cover plate, Fig. 6.23. et us co s de t e se cove p ate, g. 6. 3.
The cover plate is subjected to a bending stress
(bending moment) due to the difference between
h f h (i h h lf li d )
Fig. 6.23. Semi-cover
l f li d the center of the pressure (in the half cylinder), y,
and the center of the tightening force of the bolts,
x.
plate of a cylinder.

t
= M / Z.
M = (P/2) * (x-y) = (P/2) (0.318 D
p
0.212 D
p
)
M = 0.053 P * D
p
while; z = (1/6) * w * t
1
2
Where ; w = plate width = D
o
2 d
1
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3. Design of cylinder flange
The thickness of the cylinder flange (t2) may be
determined from bending consideration determined from bending consideration.
The load of the bolt produces bending stress in
the portion of the cylinder flange shown in Fig.
i h i 6.24 in the section X-X.
From the geometry of the figure, we find that
eccentricity of the load from section X-X is y
e = Pitch circle radius (Radius of bolt hole +
Thickness of cylinder wall)
=
B di d b l i M/ Z
Fig. 6.24. A portion of the
cylinder flange
Bending stress due to one bolt is
t
= M / Z.
Where; M is the bending moment = (P*e)/ n
z = (1/6) * w * t
1
2
cylinder flange.
R = D/2 + t
n = number of the bolts,
( )
1
,
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Example 6.1. Amild steel cover plate is to be designed for an inspection hole in
the shell of a pressure vessel. The hole is 120 mm in diameter and the pressure
inside the vessel is 6 N/mm2 Design the cover plate along with the bolts inside the vessel is 6 N/mm2. Design the cover plate along with the bolts.
Assume allowable tensile stress for mild steel as 60 MPa and for bolt material
as 40 MPa.
Example 6.2. A steam engine of effective diameter 300 mm is subjected to a
steam pressure of 1 5 N/mm2 The cylinder head is connected by 8 bolts having steam pressure of 1.5 N/mm2. The cylinder head is connected by 8 bolts having
yield point 330 MPa and endurance limit at 240 MPa. The bolts are tightened
with an initial preload of 1.5 times the steam load. A soft copper gasket is used
to make the joint leak-proof. Assuming a factor of safety 2, find the size of bolt
required. The stiffness factor for copper gasket may be taken as 0.5.
Mechanical Engineering (2)
Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 6
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6.10 Bolted Joints under Eccentric Loading
There are many applications of these bolted joints such as a wall bracket, pillar
crane etc The eccentric load may be; crane, etc. The eccentric load may be;
1. Parallel to the axis of the bolts,
2. Perpendicular to the axis of the bolts, and
3. In the plane containing the bolts.
a) Eccentric Load Acting Parallel to the Axis of Bolts
Consider a bracket having a rectangular base bolted to a wall by means of four Consider a bracket having a rectangular base bolted to a wall by means of four
bolts, Fig. 6.25. Each bolt is subjected to a direct tensile load of
W
t1
= W / n , where n is the number of bolts.
Fig. 6.25. Eccentric load
acting parallel to the axis
f b l of bolts.
Mechanical Engineering (2)
Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 6
Fall 1433 36
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Further the load Wtends to rotate the bracket about the edge A-A. Due to this,
each bolt is stretched by an amount that depends upon its distance from the
tilting edge Since the stress is a function of elongation therefore each bolt will tilting edge. Since the stress is a function of elongation, therefore each bolt will
experience a different load which also depends upon the distance from the
tilting edge.
B E i f b h b l

But; E is constant for both bolts;
2
2
1
1
l l

2 1

=
2
2
1
1
A
W
A
W

Assume the geometry for the bolts l and A is constant.

2 1

2
2
1
1
l l

W W * * l W W
Take moment about the edge;
2
2
1
1

W W
2
1 2
2
1 2
1
* *
l
l W W
W =

=
Then;
2 2 1 1
* * l W l W WL + =
) ( 2
* *
2
1
2
1
1
1 2
l l
l l W
W W
t
+
= =
Mechanical Engineering (2)
Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 6
Fall 1433 37
EngM328
The total tensile load on the most heavily loaded bolt,
W
t
= W
t1
+ W
t2
If d is the core diameter of the bolt and is the tensile stress for the bolt If d
c
is the core diameter of the bolt and
t
is the tensile stress for the bolt
material, then total tensile load,
Ex.6.3. A crane runway bracket, Fig.
6 26 Determine the tensile and 6.26. Determine the tensile and
compressive stresses produced in the
section X-X when the magnitude of the
h l l d i 15 kN wheel load is 15 kN.
Also; find the maximum stress produced
in the bolts used for fastening the bracket
to the roof truss.
Fig. 6.26
Mechanical Engineering (2)
Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 6
Fall 1433 38
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b) Eccentric Load Acting Perpendicular to the Axis of Bolts
A wall bracket carrying an eccentric load perpendicular to the axis of the bolts,
Fig 6 27 Fig. 6.27.
Fig 6 27 Eccentric load perpendicular to the axis of bolts Fig. 6.27. Eccentric load perpendicular to the axis of bolts.
In this case, the bolts are subjected to direct shearing load which is equally
shared by all the bolts. Therefore direct shear load on each bolts,
W W/ h i b f b lt W
s
= W/n, where n is number of bolts.
The eccentric load W will try to tilt the bracket in the clockwise direction about
the edge A-A. The bolts will be subjected to tensile stress due to the turning
moment. The maximum tensile load on a heavily loaded bolt (W
t
) may be
obtained as discussed in the previous case.
Mechanical Engineering (2)
Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 6
Fall 1433 39
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Maximum tensile load on bolt 3 or 4,
When the bolts are subjected to shear as well as tensile loads, then the
equivalent loads may be determined by the following relations :
E i l il l d Equivalent tensile load,
and equivalent shear load, q
Knowing the value of equivalent loads the size of the bolt may be determined Knowing the value of equivalent loads, the size of the bolt may be determined
for the given allowable stresses.
Mechanical Engineering (2)
Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 6
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Ex. 6.4. For supporting the travelling crane in a workshop, the brackets are
fixed on steel columns, Fig. 6.28. The maximum load that comes on the bracket
is 12 kN acting vertically at a distance of 400 mm from the face of the column is 12 kN acting vertically at a distance of 400 mm from the face of the column.
The vertical face of the bracket is secured to a column by four bolts, in two
rows (two in each row) at a distance of 50 mm from the lower edge of the
b k D i h i f h b l if h i ibl l f h il bracket. Determine the size of the bolts if the permissible value of the tensile
stress for the bolt material is 84 MPa. Also find the cross-section of the arm of
the bracket which is rectangular. g
Fig 6 28 Fig. 6.28
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1. Find the size of 14 bolts required for a C.I. steam engine cylinder head. The diameter of the
cylinder is 400 mm and the steam pressure is 0.12 N/mm2. Take the permissible tensile stress as
35 MPa.
2. The cylinder head of a steam engine is subjected to a pressure of 1 N/mm2. It is held in position
by means of 12 bolts. The effective diameter of the cylinder is 300 mm. A soft copper gasket is
used to make the joint leak proof. Determine the size of the bolts so that the stress in the bolts
does not exceed 100 MPa.
3. A steam engine cylinder of 300 mm diameter is supplied with steam at 1.5 N/mm2. The cylinder
cover is fastened by means of 8 bolts of size M 20. The joint is made leak proof by means of
suitable gaskets. Find the stress produced in the bolts.
4. The effective diameter of the cylinder is 400 mm. The maximum pressure of steam acting on the
cylinder cover is 1.12 N/mm2. Find the number and size of studs required to fix the cover. Draw
a neat proportioned sketch for the elevation of the cylinder cover.
5. A steam engine cylinder has an effective diameter of 200 mm. It is subjected to a maximum
steam pressure of 1.75 N/mm2. Calculate the number and size of studs required to fix the
cylinder cover onto the cylinder flange assuming the permissible stress in the studs as 30 MPa.
Take the pitch circle diameter of the studs as 320 mm and the total load on the studs as 20%
higher than the external load on the joint. Also check the circumferential pitch of the studs so as
to give a leak proof joint.
6. A steam engine cylinder of size 300 mm 400 mm operates at 1.5 N/mm2 pressure. The
cylinder head is connected by means of 8 bolts having yield point stress of 350 MPa and
endurance limit of 240 MPa. The bolts are tightened with an initial preload of 1.8 times the
steam lead. The joint is made leak-proof by using soft copper gasket which renders the effect of
external load to be half. Determine the size of bolts, if factor of safety is 2 and stress
concentration factor is 3.
7. A mounting plate for a drive unit is fixed to the support by means of four M 12 bolts as shown
in Fig. 1. The core diameter of the bolts can be considered as 9.858 mm. Determine the
maximum value of W if the allowable tensile stress in bolt material is 60 MPa.

Fig. 1
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8. A pulley bracket, as shown in Fig. 2, is supported by 4 bolts, two at A-A and two at B-B.
Determine the size of bolts using an allowable shear stress of 25 MPa for the material of the
bolts.
9. A wall bracket, as shown in Fig. 3, is fixed to a wall by means of four bolts. Find the size of the
bolts and the width of bracket. The safe stress in tension for the bolt and bracket may be
assumed as 70 MPa.

Fig. 2 Fig. 3
10. A bracket is bolted to a column by 6 bolts of equal size as shown in Fig. 4. It carries a load of
50 kN at a distance of 150 mm from the centre of column. If the maximum stress in the bolts is
to be limited to 150 MPa, determine the diameter of bolt.

Fig.4 Fig. 5
11. A bracket, as shown in Fig. 6, is fixed to a vertical steel column by means of five standard
bolts. Determine: (a) The diameter of the fixing bolts, and (b) The thickness of the arm of the
bracket. Assume safe working stresses of 70 MPa in tension and 50 MPa in shear.

Fig. 6