Adv. Studies Theor. Phys., Vol. 6, 2012, no.

27, 1323 - 1336

Analysis of TE (Transverse Electric)


Modes of Symmetric Slab Waveguide



Harry Ramza

SPECTECH (Spectrum Technology) Research Group
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering
National University of Malaysia
43600 UKM-Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
[email protected]



Farshad Nasimi

SPECTECH (Spectrum Technology) Laboratory
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering
National University of Malaysia
43600 UKM-Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia



Khairul Anuar Ishak

SPECTECH (Spectrum Technology) Laboratory
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering
National University of Malaysia
43600 UKM-Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia



Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman

SPECTECH (Spectrum Technology) Laboratory
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering
National University of Malaysia
43600 UKM-Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

1324 H. Ramza, F. Nasimi, K. A. Ishak, M. S. Ab-Rahman


Abstract

Description of integrated mode profile by determine of , , parameters as
functions of the propagation constant () and effective refractive index (n
eff
). The
profile can be seen from E(x) formula for each guide TE (Transverse Electric)
modes. Assumptions given in this slab waveguide is used for wavelength () 1.55
m, the thickness (d) of the core is 0.9 m with a type of symmetric step-index
slab waveguide, refractive index of n
1
is 3.5 and refractive index of n
2
is 3, also
n
3
= n
1
. The results of analysis are presented in graphical form by combining TE
0

mode, TE
1
mode and TE
2
mode..

Keywords: Propagation constant, effective refractive index, slab waveguide,
symmetric waveguide.


1 Introduction

The analysis of TE modes are started with the electric field polarized along
y direction for a symmetric step index slab waveguide. This calculation is
performed to determine the profile mode slab waveguides, and prove the
characteristics of the TE mode that
3 2
n n > ,
3 1
n n = and the number of
frequency normalization. A schematic diagram of a model for an symmetric slab
waveguide is shown in Fig 1. The refractive index indices of the guiding layer,
substrate and cover are n
g
, n
s
and n
c
respectively. Its assumed that the refractive
index of the substrate is greater than the cover.



Fig 1. A schematic of a symmetric step-index slab waveguide[1].
Depending on whether a total internal reflection occurs at the core-substrate
or/and core-cover interfaces, there are at least three types of modes that may be
supported by waveguide. They are guided modes, substrate radiation modes and
superstrate-cover radiation modes as indicated in Fig 2 below.


Analysis of TE (transverse electric) modes 1325






Fig 2. The ray picture of mode on an-symmetric step index slab waveguide
(a)
c
< non-internal reflection condition, (b)
c
< non-internal
reflection condition(c).
c
> internal reflection condition.

In Fig 2(a) shows that the light beams coming from substrate layer to guiding
layer will occur light beams that came out on the cover layer, this incident is
known as radiation modes [1]. In Fig 2(b) equal to 2(a), for this case, the incident
light angle vanishingly small, or better known as leaky modes. In Fig 2 (c) shows
that the light beam total internal reflection occurs.Text of section 1.


2 Basic Theory

From Fig 1 and Fig 3, there are electric field (E) and magnetic field (H). Two
field of type can performed into two Equations [2],
z y x
E k E j E i E + + = (1)
and
z y x
H k H j H i H + + = (2)
From Maxwell Equation, that;
t
H
E

= (3)
Equation (3) can be expanded into [2],


1326 H. Ramza, F. Nasimi, K. A. Ishak, M. S. Ab-Rahman


[ ]
z y x
z y x
H k H j H i
t
E E E
z y x
k j i
+ +

then,

t
H
k
t
H
j
t
H
i
z
E
x
E
k
z
E
x
E
j
z
E
y
E
i
z
y
x
x
y
x z
y
z

(4)

Condition for slab waveguide is 0 =

y
; therefore Equation (4) becomes [3],
t
H
z
E
x
y

(5)
t
H
z
E
x
E
y
x z

(6)
t
H
x
E
z
y

(7)

As explained in Equation (3), by using Maxwell Equation below;
t
E
n
t
E
H

=
2
0
(8)

from Equation (8) above, it is expanded into,
[ ]
z y x
z y x
E k E j E i
t
n
H H H
z y x
k j i
+ +

2
0

t
H
n k
t
E
n j
t
E
n i
z
H
x
H
k
z
H
x
H
j
z
H
y
H
i
z
y
x
x
y
x z
y
z
2
0
2
0
2
0

(9)

then, it shows that,
t
E
n
z
H
x
y

2
0
(10)

Analysis of TE (transverse electric) modes 1327



t
E
n
x
H
z
H
y
z x

2
0
(11)
t
E
n
x
H
z
y

2
0
(12)


3 TE (Transverse Electric) Mode


Fig 3. TE mode polarization [3].

Assume that is based on physical condition [1-4]
( ) z t j
y y
e E E

=
0
(13)
( ) z t j
x x
e H H

=
0
(14)
( ) z t j
z z
e H H

=
0
(15)
From Equations (13), (14) and (15). They can be performed using differential
Equation,
j
t
E
y
=

and j
z
E
y
=

j
t
H
x
=

and j
z
H
x
=

, also
j
t
H
z
=

and j
z
H
z
=

Main fields that worked in TE mode are
y
E ,
x
H , and
z
H field. Therefore,
Equation (5), (7) and (11) can be simplified into,
x y
H j E j = (16)
z
y
H j
x
E
=

(17)
y
z
x
E n j
x
H
H j
2
0
=

(18)
If Equations (16) and (17) are substituted into Equation (18), they can
performed [3],

1328 H. Ramza, F. Nasimi, K. A. Ishak, M. S. Ab-Rahman


( ) 0
2 2
2
2
= +

y
y
E n k
x
E
(19)
where,
0 0
0 0
1



= = =
c
k
k is free space wave number.
is called the propagation constant.
n is called material refractive index.
Solution of differential Equation orde-2 of Equation (19) is
x n k j
y
x n k j
y y
e E e E E

+ =
2 2 2 2 2 2
02 01

(20)
or
( )
( )x n k B
x n k A E
y
2 2 2
2 2 2
cos
cos

+
=
(21)
i. For area
1
n n
eff
= or cladding (superstrate) [4-9]:
Equation (20) can be changed to be:
x n k j
y
x n k j
y y
e E e E E

+ =
2 2
1
2 2 2
1
2
012 011


from physical behavior is known that 0
y
E ; for x . So,
0
2 2
1
2
< n k
Solution of Equation can be
x
y y
e E E

01

= (22)
where,
012 011 0 y y y
E E E + =
2
1
2 2
n k = (23)
is a positive real number.
ii. For area
2
n n
eff
= or guiding (core) [4-9] :
Equation (20) can be changed to be:
x n k j
y
x n k j
y y
e E e E E

+ =
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2
022 021


or

=
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2
sin cos n k x B n k x A E
y

Solution of Equation above to be,
x j
y
x j
y y
e E e E E

+ =
022 021
(24)
or
) sin( ) cos( x B x A E
y
+ = (25)

Analysis of TE (transverse electric) modes 1329



where
2 2
2
2
= n k (26)
is a real number.

iii. For area
3
n n
eff
= or substrate [4-9]:
Equation (20) can changed to be:

x n k j
y
x n k j
y y
e E e E E

+ =
2 2
3
2
032
2 2
3
2
031

(27)

from physical behavior is known that 0
y
E ; for x . So,
0
2 2
3
2
< n k
Solution of Equation to be
x
y y
e E E

03

= (28)
Where,
2
3
2 2
n k = (29)
is a real number.


4 Calculation and Results

The assumption of this case is the wavelength () 1.55 m. Refractive index
of guided layer (n
2
) is 3.5 and refractive index of substrate layer (n
3
) and cover
layer (n
1
) are 3.00. In the Fig 4 shows that the frequency of normalization or
V-parameter obtained is [7-11]

2
2
2
1
2 n n
d
V

(30)
289 . 3 = V

The value above is obtained from d = 0.45. In Fig 4 below, V - value of is shown
on the dashed line.








1330 H. Ramza, F. Nasimi, K. A. Ishak, M. S. Ab-Rahman




Fig 4. Characteristic Equation diagram TE Modes.


In the Fig 4 above showed that the solid line represent the graph of the even -
TE modes and the dash-dot line represent the graph of the odd - TE modes [12].
Based on the Fig 4, the first confined mode is identified to be at the value of
198 . 1 d while the second confined mode is identified to be in the range of
26396 . 3 34693 . 2 < d .
Basically at the specific value of confined mode ( d ), the parameters of the
equation could be defined by with the value below using the above.

Table 1. Confined mode calculation.

d 1.19800 2.34693 3.26396
V-parameter 3.06300 2.30400 0.40100
even TE modes 3.06300 -2.39100 0.40100
odd TE modes -0.46900 2.30400 -26.53200



Analysis of TE (transverse electric) modes 1331





Fig 5. Mode profile for TE
0
, TE
1
dan TE
2
.

In the Fig 5 shows the mode profile in the slab waveguide. Profile is obtained
from the Equation E
y
(x) on the ordinate axis and the waveguide layer x
1

(substrate), x
2
(guided) and x
3
(cover) on the abscissa axis. TE
0
values that must
be met are:
( )
0
0
2
0
tan
d
d V
d

= (31)

where
0
d is 1.3, then the angle of
0
d is 1.1980
0
.
662 . 2
0
0
= =
d
d
k

.
The results above will be used to determine the propagation constants, namely:
2
0
2
1
2
0
2

=
d
d
n

(32)


1332 H. Ramza, F. Nasimi, K. A. Ishak, M. S. Ab-Rahman


2
2
2
2
0 0
2
n

(33)
Equation (32) and (33) will yield a value of 936 . 13
0
= and 806 . 6
0
= . From
Equation (34), will get the value of effective refractive index ( )
0 , eff
n ,

2
0 0 ,
=
eff
n (34)
438 . 3
0 ,
=
eff
n
For TE
1
values that must be met are:
( )
1
1
2
1
cot
d
d V
d

= (35)
Same as the above case 00 . 2
1
= d , then the angle of
1
d is 2.347
0
. For the
value 215 . 5
1
= k , 195 . 13
1
= , 119 . 5
1
= and 255 . 3
1 ,
=
eff
n . For TE
2
values
that must be met are :
( )
2
2
2
2
tan
kd
kd V
kd

= (36)
for for 00 . 3
2
= d , then the angle of
0
2
264 . 3 = d . Therefore
253 . 7
2
= k , 194 . 12
2
= , 892 . 0
2
= and 008 . 3
2 ,
=
eff
n .


5 Conclusion

We found that the mode profiles is shown by TE
0
TE
1
and TE
2
. V-parameter or
normalized frequency is 3.289. Boundary condition of mode value on the each
layer are -0.9 x
1
< -0.45 for substrate layer, -0.45 x
2
0.45 for guided layer
and 0.45 < x
3
0.9 for cover layer. TE0 TE1 and TE2 as the mode profile that
was calculated. Simulated quantization value is 0.01. Effective refraction index of
material on substrate layer (
0 , eff
n ) is 438 . 3 for TE
0
, effective refractive index on
guided layer (
1 , eff
n ) is 255 . 3 for TE
1
and effective refractive index on cover layer
(
2 , eff
n ) is 008 . 3 for TE
2
.

Acknowledgments

This work is sponsored by Research University Grant from Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan with code number
UKM-GUP-2011-048.
H. R author wish to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Akhiruddin Maddu from Department
Physic from Bogor Agriculture of Institute and Dr. Ary Syahriar DIC from the

Analysis of TE (transverse electric) modes 1333


Indonesia Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology for their
support and encouragement.


References

[1] Cherin A H. An introduction to optical fibers: McGraw-Hill, 1983.
[2] Keiser G. Optical Fiber Communications: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010.
[3] Lee D L. Electromagnetic principles of integrated optics: Wiley, 1986.
[4] Snyder A W. and Love J. Optical waveguide theory. New York: Springer
Verlag, 2007.
[5] Syms R R A. and Cozens J R. Optical guided waves and devices:
McGraw-Hill, 1992.
[6] Kogelnik H. Theory of dielectric waveguides. in Integrated optics, T. Tamir,
Ed., ed Berlin: Springer, 1979.
[7] Kasap S O. Optoelectronics and photonics: principles and practices: Prentice
Hall, 2001.
[8] Khorasani S. and Rashidian B, 2001. Guided light propagation in dielectric
slab waveguide with conducting interfaces. J. Opt. A. Pure Appl. Opt. 3: pp.
380-386.
[9] Yariv A. Optical electronics in modern communications. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1997.
[10] Adams M J. An introduction to optical waveguides. New York: John Wiley
& Sons, 1981.
[11] Calvo M L. and Lakshminarayanan V. Optical waveguides: from theory to
applied technologies: CRC Press, 2007.
[12] Iizuka K. Elements of Photonics: In free space and special media:
Wiley-Interscience, 2002.


Appendix
A. 1. Slab Waveguide Analysis

h

We assumed that cladding >> 2a, with x
2
and x
3
is the width and length of the
slab-waveguide. The two conditions for wave to propagate are :
1. 0
2
> shows that wave propagate through the core.
2. 0
2
< shows that there is no wave propagation through the cladding.

1334 H. Ramza, F. Nasimi, K. A. Ishak, M. S. Ab-Rahman


Continuity boundary condition,
2 1

E n E n = (a. 1)
2 1

H n H n = (a. 2)
with the time and x
3
dependence
( )
3
x t j
e

(a. 3)
The component
y
E is obtained as solution of the reduce wave equation [13]
0
2
2
2
= +

a
x
E
y
(a. 4)
where,
( ) ( ) ax B ax A E a
y
sin cos , 0 + = > (a. 5)
ax
y
Ae E a = < , 0 (a. 6)
For TE mode can be written wave equation,
( ) ( )
[ ] ) (
2 1 3 2 1
3
, , , ,
x t j
e x x E y t x x x E

= (a. 7)

E in direction of
2
x is unlimited uniform value, E is only vary with x and is
expressed as;
( ) 0
1
2
2
2
=

x E
x
(a. 8)
therefore the solution of Eigen value can be written as ;
core :
( ) ( ) ( ) a x a x B x A x E + =
1 1 1 1 1
, sin cos (a. 9)
cladding:
( )
( )
a x ce x E
x
=

1 1 2

1

(a. 10)
( )
( )
a x de x E
x
=
+
1 1 2

1

(a. 11)
with,
core :
2 2
0
2
1
2
1 1
2 2 2
1
2
= = = k n k (a. 12)
Cladding:
2
0
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2
k n k = = = (a. 13)

Boundary condition a x =
Continuity equation is ) ( ) (
1 2 1 1
x E x E = , then
( ) ( )
( ) a
e c a B a A



= + sin cos (a. 14)
if
1
1 2
1
1 1
) ( ) (
x
x E
x
x E

(a. 15)
then
( ) ( )
( ) a
e c a B a A



= + cos sin (a. 16)

Boundary condition a x =
Continuity equation is ) ( ) (
1 2 1 1
x E x E = , then

Analysis of TE (transverse electric) modes 1335


( ) ( )
( ) a
e d a B a A



= sin cos (a. 17)
if
1
1 2
1
1 1
) ( ) (
x
x E
x
x E

then
( ) ( )
( ) a
e d a B a A



= + cos sin (a. 18)
Substitute eq (a. 14) and (a. 17),
( ) ( )
( ) a
e c a B a A



= + sin cos
( ) ( )
( ) a
e d a B a A



= sin cos
Adding above equation,
( ) ( )
( ) a
e d c a A

+ = cos 2 (a. 19)
Substitute eq (a. 16) and (a. 18),
( ) ( )
( ) a
e c a B a A



= + cos sin
( ) ( )
( ) a
e d a B a A



= + cos sin
Subtracting above equation,
( )
( ) a
e d a A



+ = ) (c sin 2 (a. 20)
We can divide eq (a. 20) and (a.19)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) a
a
e d c
e d
a A
a A

+
+
=

) (c
cos 2
sin 2
(a. 21)
then,
( )

= a tan (a. 22)

where
2
h
a =
In complete equation can be written,
( ) 0
2
tan
2
0
2 2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
2 2
0
2
1
=

k n k n
k n k n
h
k n k n
eff
eff
eff
(a. 23)
using the numerical method of the equation above, the effective value of
refractive index could be determined.
A. 2. MATLAB Programming.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Bisection program
function bisect(f,h,a,b)
tol = 0.0000000001;
fa = feval (f, h, a);
fb = feval (f, h, b);
if (tol <= 0)
fprintf(tol should be positive number\n);
return
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

1336 H. Ramza, F. Nasimi, K. A. Ishak, M. S. Ab-Rahman


if (fa*fb > 0)
fprintf(Input a and b are out of interval\n);
else
while 1
if (abs (b-a) <= tol)
break
end
c = (a+b)/2;
fc = feval(f,h,c);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
If (c==a | c==b)
fprintf (maximum possible precission achieved\n);
break
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
if (fa*fc > 0)
a = c;
fa = fc;
else
b = c;
fb = fc;
end
end
fprintf (Neffective value = %18.9f\n, b);
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Execution program
function y=f(h/x)
y=tan((h*pi/1.55)*sqrt(1.468^2-x.^2))
sqrt(x.^2-1.458^2))/(sqrt(1.468^2-x.^2));
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%



Received: September, 2012