Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K.

Sinha & Priti Sinha

Slide 1/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 2/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
In this chapter you will learn about:
Computer data
Computer codes: representation of data in binary
Most commonly used computer codes
Collating sequence
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 3/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Numeric Data consists of only numbers 0, 1, 2, , 9
Alphabetic Data consists of only the letters A, B, C,
, Z, in both uppercase and lowercase, and blank
character
Alphanumeric Data is a string of symbols where a
symbol may be one of the letters A, B, C, , Z, in
either uppercase or lowercase, or one of the digits 0,
1, 2, , 9, or a special character, such as + - * / , . (
) = etc.
Data Types
Data Types
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 4/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Computer codes are used for internal representation of
data in computers
As computers use binary numbers for internal data
representation, computer codes use binary coding
schemes
In binary coding, every symbol that appears in the data
is represented by a group of bits
The group of bits used to represent a symbol is called a
byte
Computer Codes
Computer Codes
(Continued on next slide)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 5/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
As most modern coding schemes use 8 bits to represent
a symbol, the term byte is often used to mean a group
of 8 bits
Commonly used computer codes are BCD, EBCDIC, and
ASCII
Computer Codes
Computer Codes
(Continued from previous slide..)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 6/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal
It is one of the early computer codes
It uses 6 bits to represent a symbol
It can represent 64 (2
6
) different characters
BCD
BCD
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 7/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
43 0011 10 L
44 0100 10 M
41 0001 10 J
42 0010 10 K
71 1001 11 I
Octal BCD Code
Char
Digit Zone
70 1000 11 H
67 0111 11 G
66 0110 11 F
65 0101 11 E
64 0100 11 D
63 0011 11 C
62 0010 11 B
61 0001 11 A
22 0010 01 S
23 0011 01 T
24 0100 01 U
25 0101 01 V
26 0110 01 W
27 0111 01 X
30 1000 01 Y
31 1001 01 Z
51 1001 10 R
Octal BCD Code
Char
Digit Zone
50 1000 10 Q
47 0111 10 P
46 0110 10 O
45 0101 10 N
Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric
Characters in BCD
Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric
Characters in BCD
(Continued on next slide)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 8/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Octal
Equivalent
BCD Code
Character
Digit Zone
12 1010 00 0
11 1001 00 9
10 1000 00 8
07 0111 00 7
06 0110 00 6
05 0101 00 5
04 0100 00 4
03 0011 00 3
02 0010 00 2
01 0001 00 1
Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric
Characters in BCD
Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric
Characters in BCD
(Continued from previous slide..)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 9/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Example
Show the binary digits used to record the word BASE in BCD
Solution:
B = 110010 in BCD binary notation
A = 110001 in BCD binary notation
S = 010010 in BCD binary notation
E = 110101 in BCD binary notation
So the binary digits
110010 110001 010010 110101
B A S E
will record the word BASE in BCD
BCD Coding Scheme (Example 1)
BCD Coding Scheme (Example 1)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 10/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Example
Using octal notation, show BCD coding for the word DIGIT
Solution:
D = 64 in BCD octal notation
I = 71 in BCD octal notation
G = 67 in BCD octal notation
I = 71 in BCD octal notation
T = 23 in BCD octal notation
Hence, BCD coding for the word DIGIT in octal notation will be
64 71 67 71 23
D I G I T
BCD Coding Scheme (Example 2)
BCD Coding Scheme (Example 2)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 11/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code
It uses 8 bits to represent a symbol
It can represent 256 (2
8
) different characters
EBCDIC
EBCDIC
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 12/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
D1 0001 1101 J
D2 0010 1101 K
D3 0011 1101 L
D4 0100 1101 M
C9 1001 1100 I
Hex
EBCDIC Code
Char
Zone Digit
C8 1000 1100 H
C7 0111 1100 G
C6 0110 1100 F
C5 0101 1100 E
C4 0100 1100 D
C3 0011 1100 C
C2 0010 1100 B
C1 0001 1100 A
E2 0010 1110 S
E3 0011 1110 T
E4 0100 1110 U
E5 0101 1110 V
E6 0110 1110 W
E7 0111 1110 X
E8 1000 1110 Y
E9 1001 1110 Z
D9 1001 1101 R
Hex
EBCDIC Code
Char
Zone Digit
D8 1000 1101 Q
D7 0111 1101 P
D6 0110 1101 O
D5 0101 1101 N
Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric
Characters in EBCDIC
Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric
Characters in EBCDIC
(Continued on next slide)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 13/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Hexadecima
l Equivalent
EBCDIC Code
Character
Zone Digit
F9 1001 1111 9
F8 1000 1111 8
F7 0111 1111 7
F6 0110 1111 6
F5 0101 1111 5
F4 0100 1111 4
F3 0011 1111 3
F2 0010 1111 2
F1 0001 1111 1
F0 0000 1111 0
Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric
Characters in EBCDIC
Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric
Characters in EBCDIC
(Continued from previous slide..)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 14/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Zoned decimal numbers are used to represent numeric
values (positive, negative, or unsigned) in EBCDIC
A sign indicator (C for plus, D for minus, and F for
unsigned) is used in the zone position of the rightmost
digit
Zones for all other digits remain as F, the zone value
for numeric characters in EBCDIC
In zoned format, there is only one digit per byte
Zoned Decimal Numbers
Zoned Decimal Numbers
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 15/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
D for negative F3F4D5 -345
C for positive F3F4C5 +345
F for unsigned F3F4F5 345
Sign Indicator EBCDIC Numeric Value
Examples Zoned Decimal Numbers
Examples Zoned Decimal Numbers
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 16/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Packed decimal numbers are formed from zoned decimal
numbers in the following manner:
Step 1: The zone half and the digit half of
the rightmost byte are reversed
Step 2: All remaining zones are dropped out
Packed decimal format requires fewer number of bytes
than zoned decimal format for representing a number
Numbers represented in packed decimal format can be
used for arithmetic operations
Packed Decimal Numbers
Packed Decimal Numbers
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 17/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
03456F F3F4F5F6 3456
345D F3F4D5 -345
345C F3F4C5 +345
345F F3F4F5 345
Sign Indicator EBCDIC Numeric Value
Examples of Conversion of Zoned
Decimal Numbers to Packed Decimal Format
Examples of Conversion of Zoned
Decimal Numbers to Packed Decimal Format
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 18/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Example
Using binary notation, write EBCDIC coding for the word BIT. How
many bytes are required for this representation?
Solution:
B = 1100 0010 in EBCDIC binary notation
I = 1100 1001 in EBCDIC binary notation
T = 1110 0011 in EBCDIC binary notation
Hence, EBCDIC coding for the word BIT in binary notation will be
11000010 11001001 11100011
B I T
3 bytes will be required for this representation because each letter
requires 1 byte (or 8 bits)
EBCDIC Coding Scheme
EBCDIC Coding Scheme
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 19/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange.
ASCII is of two types ASCII-7 and ASCII-8
ASCII-7 uses 7 bits to represent a symbol and can
represent 128 (2
7
) different characters
ASCII-8 uses 8 bits to represent a symbol and can
represent 256 (2
8
) different characters
First 128 characters in ASCII-7 and ASCII-8 are same
ASCII
ASCII
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 20/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
38 1000 0011 8
Hexadecimal
Equivalent
ASCII-7 / ASCII-8
Character
Digit Zone
39 1001 0011 9
37 0111 0011 7
36 0110 0011 6
35 0101 0011 5
34 0100 0011 4
33 0011 0011 3
32 0010 0011 2
31 0001 0011 1
30 0000 0011 0
Coding of Numeric and
Alphabetic Characters in ASCII
Coding of Numeric and
Alphabetic Characters in ASCII
(Continued on next slide)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 21/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
4D 1101 0100 M
4C 1100 0100 L
4B 1011 0100 K
49 1001 0100 I
Hexadecimal
Equivalent
ASCII-7 / ASCII-8
Character
Digit Zone
4A 1010 0100 J
48 1000 0100 H
47 0111 0100 G
46 0110 0100 F
45 0101 0100 E
44 0100 0100 D
43 0011 0100 C
42 0010 0100 B
41 0001 0100 A
Coding of Numeric and
Alphabetic Characters in ASCII
Coding of Numeric and
Alphabetic Characters in ASCII
(Continued from previous slide..)
(Continued on next slide)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 22/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
4E 1110 0100 N
4F 1111 0100 O
5A 1010 0101 Z
58 1000 0101 X
Hexadecimal
Equivalent
ASCII-7 / ASCII-8
Character
Digit Zone
59 1001 0101 Y
57 0111 0101 W
56 0110 0101 V
55 0101 0101 U
54 0100 0101 T
53 0011 0101 S
52 0010 0101 R
51 0001 0101 Q
50 0000 0101 P
Coding of Numeric and
Alphabetic Characters in ASCII
Coding of Numeric and
Alphabetic Characters in ASCII
(Continued from previous slide..)
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 23/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Example
Write binary coding for the word BOY in ASCII-7. How many bytes are required
for this representation?
Solution:
B = 1000010 in ASCII-7 binary notation
O = 1001111 in ASCII-7 binary notation
Y = 1011001 in ASCII-7 binary notation
Hence, binary coding for the word BOY in ASCII-7 will be
1000010 1001111 1011001
B O Y
Since each character in ASCII-7 requires one byte for its representation and
there are 3 characters in the word BOY, 3 bytes will be required for this
representation
ASCII-7 Coding Scheme
ASCII-7 Coding Scheme
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 24/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Example
Write binary coding for the word SKY in ASCII-8. How many bytes are
required for this representation?
Solution:
S = 01010011 in ASCII-8 binary notation
K = 01001011 in ASCII-8 binary notation
Y = 01011001 in ASCII-8 binary notation
Hence, binary coding for the word SKY in ASCII-8 will be
01010011 01001011 01011001
S K Y
Since each character in ASCII-8 requires one byte for its representation
and there are 3 characters in the word SKY, 3 bytes will be required for
this representation
ASCII-8 Coding Scheme
ASCII-8 Coding Scheme
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 25/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Why Unicode:
No single encoding system supports all languages
Different encoding systems conflict
Unicode features:
Provides a consistent way of encoding multilingual
plain text
Defines codes for characters used in all major
languages of the world
Defines codes for special characters, mathematical
symbols, technical symbols, and diacritics
Unicode
Unicode
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 26/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Unicode features (continued):
Capacity to encode as many as a million characters
Assigns each character a unique numeric value and
name
Reserves a part of the code space for private use
Affords simplicity and consistency of ASCII, even
corresponding characters have same code
Specifies an algorithm for the presentation of text
with bi-directional behavior
Encoding Forms
UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32
Unicode
Unicode
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 27/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Collating sequence defines the assigned ordering
among the characters used by a computer
Collating sequence may vary, depending on the
type of computer code used by a particular
computer
In most computers, collating sequences follow the
following rules:
1. Letters are considered in alphabetic order
(A < B < C < Z)
2. Digits are considered in numeric order
(0 < 1 < 2 < 9)
Collating Sequence
Collating Sequence
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 28/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Example
Suppose a computer uses EBCDIC as its internal
representation of characters. In which order will this
computer sort the strings 23, A1, 1A?
Solution:
In EBCDIC, numeric characters are treated to be greater
than alphabetic characters. Hence, in the said computer,
numeric characters will be placed after alphabetic
characters and the given string will be treated as:
A1 < 1A < 23
Therefore, the sorted sequence will be: A1, 1A, 23.
Sorting in EBCDIC
Sorting in EBCDIC
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 29/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Example
Suppose a computer uses ASCII for its internal representation of
characters. In which order will this computer sort the strings 23, A1,
1A, a2, 2a, aA, and Aa?
Solution:
In ASCII, numeric characters are treated to be less than alphabetic
characters. Hence, in the said computer, numeric characters will be
placed before alphabetic characters and the given string will be
treated as:
1A < 23 < 2a < A1 < Aa < a2 < aA
Therefore, the sorted sequence will be: 1A, 23, 2a, A1, Aa, a2, and
aA
Sorting in ASCII
Sorting in ASCII
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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 30/30 Chapter 4: Computer Codes Ref. Page
Alphabetic data
Alphanumeric data
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) code
Byte
Collating sequence
Computer codes
Control characters
Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
Hexadecimal equivalent
Numeric data
Octal equivalent
Packed decimal numbers
Unicode
Zoned decimal numbers
Key Words/Phrases
Key Words/Phrases
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