1

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
1. (b), (c) and (d) are quadratic equations.
2. (a) 3x 4 = x
2
x
2
3x + 4 = 0
(b) x(4 x) = 5
4x x
2
= 5
x
2
4x + 5 = 0
(c) (x 1)(5 + x) = 2x
5x + x
2
5 x = 2x
x
2
+ 4x 5 2x = 0
x
2
+ 2x 5 = 0
(d) x 2 =
4x
x + 1
(x 2)(x + 1) = 4x
x
2
+ x 2x 2 = 4x
x
2
5x 2 = 0
(e) 5(x + 3)(2x 1) = (x + 3)(4 x)
5(2x
2
x + 6x 3) = 4x x
2
+ 12 3x
10x
2
5x + 30x 15 = 4x x
2
+ 12 3x
10x
2
+ 25x 15 = x x
2
+ 12
10x
2
+ 25x 15 x + x
2
12 = 0
11x
2
+ 24x 27 = 0
3. (a) Substitute x = 1 into the expression,
x
2
2x + 1 = 1
2
2(1) + 1
= 0
Thus, x = 1 is a root.
(b) Substitute x = 2 into the expression,
5x
2
3x = 5(2)
2
3(2)
= 20 + 6
= 26 (6)
Thus, x = 2 is not a root.
(c) Substitute x = 2 into 3x
2
and 4x + 4 respectively,
3x
2
= 3(2)
2
= 12
4x + 4 = 4(2) + 4
= 12
Since LHS = RHS, therefore x = 2 is a root.
4. (a) (x + 5) = 0
x = 5
Hence, x = 5 is a root.
(b) 2x 1 = 0
x =
1
2
Hence, x =
1
2
is a root.
(c) When (1 3x) = 0
x =
1
3
When (x + 3) = 0
x = 3
Hence, x = 3 is not a root.
5. (a) x
2
9 = 0
Try using the factors of 9, that is, 1, 9, 1, 9,
3, 3.
When x = 3 or x = 3,
x
2
9 = 0
Therefore, x = 3 and x = 3 are the roots.
Alternative
Using improvement method,
x x
2
9
1 8
2 5
3 0
1 8
2 5
3 0
Therefore, x = 3 and x = 3 are the roots.
2
Quadratic Equations
2
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
(b) x
2
3x 4 = 0
Try using the factor of 4,
that is, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4.
When x = 1, x
2
3x 4 = 1 3 4
= 6 0
When x = 1, x
2
3x 4 = 1 + 3 4
= 0
When x = 4, x
2
3x 4 = 4
2
3(4) 4
= 0
Therefore, x = 1 and x = 4 are the roots.
(c) 3x
2
3x 6 = 0
x
2
x 2 = 0
Try using the factors of 2, that is, 1, 1, 2, 2.
When x = 1, x
2
x 2 = 1 1 2
= 2 0
When x = 1, x
2
x 2 = 1 + 1 2
= 0
When x = 2, x
2
x 2 = 4 2 2
= 0
Therefore, x = 1 and x = 2 are the roots.
6. (a) 3x
2
= x
3x
2
x = 0
x(3x 1) = 0
x = 0 or 3x 1 = 0
x =
1

3
(b) x
2
4 = 0
x
2
= 4
x =
AB
4
= 2
(c) x
2
+ 3x + 2 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
(d) 4x
2
2x 6 = 0
2x
2
x 3 = 0
(2x 3)(x + 1) = 0
2x 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x =
3

2
or
x = 1
(e) 3x
2
8 = 2x
3x
2
2x 8 = 0
(3x + 4)(x 2) = 0
3x + 4 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x =
4

3
or x = 2
(f) (x 1)(x + 2) = 2x
x
2
+ 2x x 2 = 2x
x
2
x 2 = 0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
x 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 2 or x = 1
(g)
x + 3

2x 1
= x + 3
x + 3 = (x + 3)(2x 1)
= 2x
2
x + 6x 3
2x
2
+ 5x 3 x 3 = 0
2x
2
+ 4x 6 = 0
x
2
+ 2x 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
7. (a) x
2
+ 4x = 1
x
2
+ 4x + 2
2
= 1 + 2
2
(x + 2)
2
= 5
x + 2 =
AB
5
x =
AB
5 2
=
AB
5 2 or
AB
5 2
= 0.2361 or 4.236
(b) 2x
2
+ 4x 3 = 0
x
2
+ 2x
3

2
= 0
x
2
+ 2x =
3

2
x
2
+ 2x + 1
2
=
3

2
+ 1
2
(x + 1)
2
=
5

2
x + 1 =
ABB
5

2
x =
ABB
5

2
1
=
ABB
5

2
1 or
ABB
5

2
1
= 0.5811 or 2.581
(c) (x 1)(x 2) = 1
x
2
3x + 2 = 1
x
2
3x = 1 2
x
2
3x +
1
3

2
2
2
= 1 +
1
3

2
2
2

1
x
3

2
2
2
=
5

4
3
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
x
3

2
=
ABB
5

4
x =
ABB
5

4
+
3

2
=
ABB
5

4
+
3

2
or
ABB
5

4
+
3

2
= 2.618 or 0.3820
(d)
2x 1

1 +
11

2
x
=
2

1 3x
(2x 1)(1 3x) = 2 11x
2x 6x
2
1 + 3x = 2 11x
6x
2
5x + 1 2 11x = 0
6x
2
16x 1 = 0
6x
2
16x = 1
x
2

16

6
x =
1

6
x
2

8

3
x =
1

6
x
2

8

3
x +
1
4

3
2
2
=
1

6
+
1
4

3
2
2

1
x
4

3
2
2
=
1

6
+
16

9
=
35

18
x
4

3
=
ABBB
35

18
x =
ABBB
35

18
+
4

3
=
ABBB
35

18
+
4

3

or
ABBB
35

18
+
4

3
= 2.728 or 0.06110
8. (a) x
2
+ 4x = 1
x
2
+ 4x 1 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 1
x =
b
ABBBBBB b
2
4ac

2a
=
4
ABBBBBBBBB 4
2
4(1)(1)

2(1)
=
4
ABB 20

2
=
4 +
ABB 20

2
or
4
ABB 20

2
= 0.236 or 4.236
(b) 2x
2
+ 4x 3 = 0
So, a = 2, b = 4 and c = 3
x =
b
ABBBBBB b
2
4ac

2a
=
4 ABBBBBBBBB 4
2
4(2)(3)

2(2)
=
4
ABB 40

4
=
4 +
ABB 40

4
or
4
ABB 40

4
= 0.581 or 2.581
(c) (x 1)(x 2) = 1
x
2
3x + 2 = 1
x
2
3x + 1 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = 1
x =
b
ABBBBBB b
2
4ac

2a
=
(3) ABBBBBBBBBB (3)
2
4(1)(1)

2(1)
=
3
AB
5

2
=
3 +
AB
5

2
or
3
AB
5

2
= 2.618 or 0.382
(d)
2x 1

1 +
11

2
x
=
2

1 3x
(2x 1)(1 3x) = 2 11x
2x 6x
2
1 + 3x = 2 11x
6x
2
16x 1 = 0
So, a = 6, b = 16 and c = 1
x =
b
ABBBBBB b
2
4ac

2a
=
(16) ABBBBBBBBBBBB (16)
2
4(6)(1)

2(6)
=
16 ABBB 280

12
=
16 + ABBB 280

12
or
16 ABBB 280

12
= 2.728 or 0.061
9. (a) Sum of roots = 1 + 3
= 4
Product of roots = 1 3
= 3
Hence, the quadratic equation is x
2
4x + 3 = 0.
(b) Sum of roots = 2 + 5
= 3
Product of roots = (2)(5)
= 10
4
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Hence, the quadratic equation is
x
2
3x + (10) = 0
x
2
3x 10 = 0
(c) Sum of roots = ( 6) + (1)
= 7
Product of roots = (6)(1)
= 6
Hence, the quadratic equation is
x
2
(7)x + 6 = 0
x
2
+ 7x + 6 = 0
(d) Sum of roots =
1

2
+ 7
=
15

2
Product of roots =
1
1

2
2
(7)
=
7

2
Hence, the quadratic equation is
x
2

15

2
x +
7

2
= 0
2x
2
15x + 7 = 0
(e) Sum of roots = 4 + 4
= 8
Product of roots = 4 4
= 16
Hence, the quadratic equation is x
2
8x + 16 = 0.
10. (a) x
2
3x 4 = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 3
product of roots = 4
(b) x
2
+ 8x + 1 = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 8
product of roots = 1
(c) 2x
2
6x 7 = 0
x
2
3x
7

2
= 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 3
product of roots =
7

2
(d) (x 1)(x + 3) = 8
x
2
+ 2x 3 8 = 0
x
2
+ 2x 11 = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 2
product of roots = 11
(e)
x 2

2x + 1
=
x

5
5(x 2) = x(2x + 1)
5x 10 = 2x
2
+ x
2x
2
4x + 10 = 0
x
2
2x + 5 = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 2
product of roots = 5
11. (a) 4x
2
5x + 1 = 0
So, a = 4, b = 5 and c = 1
b
2
4ac = (5)
2
4(4)(1)
= 25 16
= 9 . 0
Hence, the two roots are distinct.
(b) 3x
2
+ 2x + 6 = 0
So, a = 3, b = 2 and c = 6
b
2
4ac = 2
2
4(3)(6)
= 4 72
= 68 , 0
Hence, there is no real roots.
(c) x
2
+ 4x + 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 4
b
2
4ac = 4
2
4(1)(4)
= 0
Hence, the two roots are equal.
(d) 5x 8 = x
2
x
2
5x + 8 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 5 and c = 8
b
2
4ac = (5)
2
4(1)(8)
= 25 32
= 7 , 0
Hence, there is no real roots.
(e) (x 3)(2x + 1) = 6x
2x
2
5x 3 6x = 0
2x
2
11x 3 = 0
So, a = 2, b = 11 and c = 3
b
2
4ac = (11)
2
4(2)(3)
= 121 + 24
= 145 . 0
Hence, there are two different roots.

(f) 2x 1 =
4x

3x + 5
(2x 1)(3x + 5) = 4x
6x
2
+ 10x 3x 5 4x = 0
6x
2
+ 3x 5 = 0
So, a = 6, b = 3 and c = 5
b
2
4ac = 3
2
4(6)(5)
= 9 + 120
= 129 . 0
Hence, there are two different roots.
5
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
12. 2x
2
kx + 2 = 0
So, a = 2, b = k and c = 2
Since the roots are equal,
then b
2
4ac = 0
(k)
2
4(2)(2) = 0
k
2
= 16
k = 4
13. x
2
3x k = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = k
Since the roots are different,
then b
2
4ac . 0
(3)
2
4(1)(k) . 0
9 + 4k . 0
4k . 9
k .
9

4
14. kx
2
+ 4x 1 = 0
So, a = k, b = 4 and c = 1
Since the roots are not real,
then b
2
4ac , 0
4
2
4k(1) , 0
4
2
+ 4k , 0
4k , 16
k , 4
15. kx
2
+ hx 4 = 0
So, a = k, b = h and c = 4
Since the roots are equal,
then b
2
4ac = 0
h
2
4k( 4) = 0
h
2
+ 16k = 0
16. 2x
2
+ px = k
2x
2
+ px k = 0
So, a = 2, b = p and c = k
Since the roots are not real,
then b
2
4ac , 0
p
2
4(2)(k) , 0
p
2
+ 8k , 0
17. px
2
qx = 4
px
2
qx 4 = 0
So, a = p, b = q and c = 4
Since the roots are different,
then b
2
4ac . 0
(q)
2
4(p)( 4) . 0
q
2
+ 16p . 0
18. x
2
kx + 9 = 6x
x
2
kx 6x + 9 = 0
x
2
(k + 6)x + 9 = 0
So, a = 1, b = (k + 6) and c = 9
Since the roots are equal,
then b
2
4ac = 0
[(k + 6)]
2
4(1)(9) = 0
(k + 6)
2
36 = 0
(k + 6)
2
= 36
k + 6 = 6
k = 6 6
= 6 6 or 6 6
= 0 or 12
19. (x 4)(2x + 3) = k
2x
2
+ 3x 8x 12 k = 0
2x
2
5x 12 k = 0
So, a = 2, b = 5 and c = 12 k
Since the roots are real,
then b
2
4ac > 0
(5)
2
4(2)(12 k) > 0
25 + 96 + 8k > 0
121 + 8k > 0
8k > 121
k >
121

8
20. Given y = 4x 1 ................................ 1
and y = kx
2
+ 3x 2 ....................... 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
4x 1 = kx
2
+ 3x 2
kx
2
+ 3x 4x 2 + 1 = 0
kx
2
x 1 = 0
So, a = k, b = 1 and c = 1
Since the straight line intersects the curve at two
different points,
then b
2
4ac . 0
(1)
2
4(k)(1) . 0
1 + 4k . 0
4k . 1
k .
1

4
21. Given y = hx k ................................. 1
and y = 4x
2
5x + 6 ....................... 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
hx k = 4x
2
5x + 6
4x
2
5x hx + 6 + k = 0
4x
2
(5 + h)x + 6 + k = 0
So, a = 4, b = (5 + h) and c = 6 + k
6
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Since the straight line does not intersect the curve,
then b
2
4ac , 0
[(5 + h)]
2
4(4)(6 + k) , 0
(5 + h)
2
96 16k , 0
25 + 10h + h
2
96 16k , 0
h
2
+ 10h 16k , 96 25
h
2
+ 10h 16k , 71
1. (2 x)(x + 1) =
1

4
x(x 5)
2x + 2 x
2
x =
1

4
x
2

5

4
x
x x
2
+ 2 =
1

4
x
2

5

4
x
1

4
x
2
+ x
2

5

4
x x 2 = 0

5

4
x
2

9

4
x 2 = 0
Multiply both sides by 4,
5x
2
9x 8 = 0
So, a = 5, b = 9 and c = 8
x =
b
ABBBBBB b
2
4ac
2a
=
(9) ABBBBBBBBBBB (9)
2
4(5)(8)
2(5)
=
9 ABBB 241
10
=
9 + ABBB 241
10
or
9 ABBB 241
10
= 2.452 or 0.6524
2. 2x
2
+ ABpx = q 1
2x
2
+ ABpx + 1 q = 0
So, a = 2, b = ABp and c = 1 q
Since the equation has two equal roots,
then b
2
4ac = 0
(ABp)
2
4(2)(1 q) = 0
p 8(1 q) = 0
p 8 + 8q = 0
8q = 8 p
q =
8 p
8
3. Sum of roots = 5 +
2
3
=
15 + 2
3
=
13
3
Product of roots = (5)
1
2

3
2
=
10

3
Hence, the quadratic equation is
x
2

1

13

3
2
x +
1

10

3
2
= 0
x
2
+
13

3
x
10

3
= 0
Multiply both sides by 3,
3x
2
+ 13x 10 = 0
4. x
2
kx + 4 = 8x
x
2
kx 8x + 4 = 0
x
2
(k + 8)x + 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = (k + 8) and c = 4
Since the roots are equal,
then b
2
4ac = 0
[(k + 8)]
2
4(1)(4) = 0
(k + 8)
2
16 = 0
(k + 8)
2
= 16
k + 8 = 4
k = 4 8
= 4 8 or 4 8
= 4 or 12
5. 4nx
2
+ x + 4nx + n 2 = 0
4nx
2
+ (1 + 4n)x + n 2 = 0
a = 4n, b = 1 + 4n, c = n 2
For two equal roots,
b
2
4ac = 0
(1 + 4n)
2
4(4n)(n 2) = 0
1 + 8n + 16n
2
16n
2
+ 32n = 0
40n + 1 = 0
n =
1
40
6. 3x
2
4x + p 1 = 0
a = 3, b = 4, c = p 1
b
2
4ac , 0
(4)
2
4(3)(p 1) , 0
16 12p + 12 , 0
28 12p , 0
28 , 12p

28
12
, p
p .
7
3
7
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
1. Substitute x = 5 into 3x
2
px + 6 = 0,
3(5)
2
p(5) + 6 = 0
75 5p + 6 = 0
5p = 81
p =
81
5
2. 2x
2
+ px + q = 0
x
2
+
p

2
x +
q

2
= 0
Sum of roots =
p

2
2 + (3) =
p

2
1 =
p

2
p = 2
Product of roots =
q

2
2(3) =
q

2
q = 12
3. px
2
+ 2x = px + q 1
px
2
+ 2x + px + 1 q = 0
px
2
+ (2 + p)x + 1 q = 0
x
2
+
1
2 + p
p
2
x +
1
1 q
p
2
= 0
Sum of roots =
1
2 + p
p
2

1

2
+ ( 4) =
2

p
1

2

p
=
5

2
p =
4

5
Product of roots =
1 q
p

1

2
( 4) =
1 q
4
5
2 = (1 q)
1
5
4
2
=
5
4

5
4
q

5
4
q =
13
4
q =
13
5
4. (x 1)(x + 2) = 3(x 1)
x
2
+ 2x x 2 = 3x 3
x
2
+ x 2 3x + 3 = 0
x
2
2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)
2
= 0
x = 1
5. x 4 =
x
x + 2
(x 4)(x + 2) = x
x
2
+ 2x 4x 8 = x
x
2
3x 8 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = 8
x =
b
ABBBBBB b
2
4ac
2a
=
(3)
ABBBBBBBBBBB (3)
2
4(1)(8)
2(1)
=
3
ABB 41
2
=
3 +
ABB 41
2
or
3
ABB 41
2
= 4.702 or 1.702
6.
6

5
y = y
2
1
Multiply both sides by 5,
6y = 5y
2
5
5y
2
6y 5 = 0
So, a = 5, b = 6 and c = 5
x =
b
ABBBBBB b
2
4ac
2a
=
( 6) ABBBBBBBBBBB ( 6)
2
4(5)(5)
2(5)
=
6
ABBBBBBB
36 + 100
10
=
6 ABBB 136
10
=
6 + ABBB 136
10
or
6 ABBB 136
10
= 1.766 or 0.5662
7. x
2
6x + 1 = (x
2
6x + 3
2
) 3
2
+ 1
Completing
the square
= (x 3)
2
8
Compare (x 3)
2
8 with (x + m)
2
+ n,
therefore m = 3 and n = 8.
8
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
8. x
2
4x + 2 = 0
x
2
4x + 2
2
2
2
+ 2 = 0
(x 2)
2
2 = 0
Hence, a = 1, b = 2 and c = 2.
9. 3x
2
6x 1 = 0
x
2
2x
1

3
= 0
x
2
2x + 1
2
1
2

1

3
= 0
(x 1)
2
1
1

3
= 0
(x 1)
2

4

3
= 0
Hence, a = 1, b = 1 and c =
4

3
.
10. 2x
2
+ 4x + 1 = 0
x
2
+ 2x +
1

2
= 0
x
2
+ 2x + 1
2
1
2
+
1

2
= 0
(x + 1)
2

1

2
= 0
2x
2
+ 4x + 1 = 8
(x + 1)
2

1

2
= 8
(x + 1)
2
= 8 +
1

2
=
17
2
(x + 1) =
ABBB
17
2
x = 1 +
ABBB
17
2
or 1
ABBB
17
2
= 1.915 or 3.915
11. Sum of roots =
1

3
+ (5)
=
1

3
5
=
14

3
Product of roots =
1
1

3
2
(5)
=
5

3
Therefore, the quadratic equation is
x
2

1

14
3
2
x +
1

5

3
2
= 0
x
2
+
14

3
x
5

3
= 0
3x
2
+ 14x 5 = 0
12. 2x
2
+ 6x 9 = 0
x
2
+ 3x
9

2
= 0
(a) Sum of roots = 3
(b) Product of roots =
9

2
13. 2x
2
kx +
h

2
= 0
x
2

k

2
x +
h

4
= 0
Sum of roots =
k

2
4 + (5) =
k

2
1 =
k

2
k = 2
Product of roots =
h

4
4(5) =
h

4
h = 80
14. 2x
2
+ 4x 7 = 0
x
2
+ 2x
7

2
= 0
a + b = 2 and ab =
7

2
Sum of the roots 2a and 2b = 2a + 2b
= 2(a + b)
= 2(2)
= 4
Product of the roots 2a and 2b = (2a)(2b)
= 4ab
= 4
1

7

2
2
= 14
Hence, the quadratic equation is
x
2
( 4)x + (14) = 0
x
2
+ 4x 14 = 0
15. Let a and 3a are the roots of quadratic equation
2x
2
2 = 8x 4k
2x
2
8x + 4k 2 = 0
x
2
4x + 2k 1 = 0
Sum of roots = 4
a + 3a = 4
4a = 4
a = 1
Product of roots = 2k 1
a(3a) = 2k 1
3a
2
= 2k 1
3(1)
2
= 2k 1
2k = 4
k = 2
9
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
16. 3x
2
5x 2 = 0
(3x + 1)(x 2) = 0
x =
1

3
or 2
Since a . 0 and b , 0, then a = 2 and b =
1

3
Sum of roots = (a 1) +
1
b +
3

4
2
= (2 1) +
1

1

3
+
3

4
2
= 1
1

3
+
3

4
=
17
12
Product of roots = (a 1)
1
b +
3

4
2
= (2 1)
1

1

3
+
3

4
2
= (1)
1
4 + 9
12
2
=
5
12
Hence, the quadratic equation is x
2

17
12
x +
5
12
= 0
12x
2
17x + 5 = 0
17. x
2
+ (1 p)x + 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 1 p and c = 4
Since the roots are equal,
then b
2
4ac = 0
(1 p)
2
4(1)(4) = 0
(1 p)
2
= 16
1 p = 4
p = 4 1
p = 4 1 or 4 1
p = 3 or 5
18. x
2
2x = 9(2x 5) 5p
= 18x 45 5p
x
2
2x 18x + 45 + 5p = 0
x
2
20x + 45 + 5p = 0
So, a = 1, b = 20 and c = 45 + 5p
Since the roots are equal,
then b
2
4ac = 0
(20)
2
4(1)(45 + 5p) = 0
400 180 20p = 0
220 20p = 0
20p = 220
p =
220
20
= 11
19. 3px 5 = (qx)
2
1
3px 5 = q
2
x
2
1
q
2
x
2
3px 1 + 5 = 0
q
2
x
2
3px + 4 = 0
So, a = q
2
, b = 3p and c = 4
Since the roots are equal,
then b
2
4ac = 0
(3p)
2
4q
2
(4) = 0
9p
2
16q
2
= 0
9p
2
= 16q
2

p
2
q
2
=
16
9

1
p

q
2
2
=
1
4

3
2
2

p

q
=
4

3
p : q = 4 : 3
20. 4x
2
5x + t + 2 = 0
So, a = 4, b = 5 and c = t + 2
Since the roots are distinct,
then b
2
4ac . 0
(5)
2
4(4)(t + 2) . 0
25 16t 32 . 0
16t . 7
t ,
7
16
21. (p 1)x
2
8x = 4
(p 1)x
2
8x 4 = 0
So, a = p 1, b = 8 and c = 4
Since the roots are not real,
then b
2
4ac , 0
(8)
2
4(p 1)( 4) , 0
64 + 16p 16 , 0
16p + 48 , 0
16p , 48
p ,
48

16
p , 3
22. Given y = 3x k ................................ 1
and y = 4 x
2
................................. 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
3x k = 4 x
2
x
2
+ 3x k 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = k 4
Since the straight line intersects the curve at two
different points,
then b
2
4ac . 0
3
2
4(1)(k 4) . 0
9 + 4k + 16 . 0
4k + 25 . 0
4k . 25
k .
25
4
10
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
23. Given y = 2x 1 ................................ 1
and y = x
2
+ p ................................. 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
2x 1 = x
2
+ p
x
2
2x + 1 + p = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2 and c = 1 + p
Since the straight line is a tangent to the curve,
then b
2
4ac = 0
(2)
2
4(1)(1 + p) = 0
4 4 4p = 0
4p = 0
p = 0
24. x
2
px + q = 0
So, a = 1, b = p and c = q
Since the roots are equal,
then b
2
4ac = 0
(p)
2
4(1)(q) = 0
p
2
4q = 0 .............................. 1
Given q + p
2
= 1 .............................. 2
2 1, 5q = 1
q =
1

5
Substitute q =
1

5
into 1,
p
2
4
1
1

5
2
= 0
p
2

4

5
= 0
p
2
=
4

5
p =
ABB
4

5
= 0.8944 or 0.8944
25. (a) 4x 6 + 3x
2
= 0
3x
2
+ 4x 6 = 0
So, a = 3, b = 4 and c = 6
x =
b
ABBBBBB b
2
4ac
2a
=
4
ABBBBBBBBB 4
2
4(3)( 6)
2(3)
=
4 ABB 88
6
=
4 + ABB 88
6
or
4 ABB 88
6
= 0.8968 or 2.230
(b) px
2
+ 2px + p = 3x
px
2
+ 2px + 3x + p = 0
px
2
+ (2p + 3)x + p = 0
So, a = p, b = (2p + 3) and c = p
Since the roots are not real,
then b
2
4ac , 0
(2p + 3)
2
4(p)(p) , 0
4p
2
+ 12p + 9 4p
2
, 0
12p + 9 , 0
12p , 9
p ,
3

4
26. (a) x
2
+ px
1

2
pq = qx
x
2
+ px qx
1

2
pq = 0
x
2
+ (p q)x
1

2
pq = 0
So, a = 1, b = p q and c =
1

2
pq
b
2
4ac = (p q)
2
4(1)
1

1

2
pq
2
= p
2
2pq + q
2
+ 2pq
= p
2
+ q
2
Since p
2
. 0 and q
2
. 0 for all values of p and q,
then p
2
+ q
2
. 0 for all values of x.
That is, b
2
4ac . 0 for all values of x.
Hence, the quadratic equation has roots for all
values of p and q.
(b) Given a and b are the roots of 3x
2
8x + 2 = 0.
3x
2
8x + 2 = 0
x
2

8

3
x +
2

3
= 0
Sum of roots = a + b
=
8

3
Product of roots = ab
=
2

3
For the roots
2

a
and
2

b
,
Sum of roots =
2

a
+
2

b
=
2b + 2a
ab
=
2(b + a)
ab
=
2
1
8

3
2
2

3
= 2
8

3

3

2
= 8
11
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Product of roots =
1
2

a
21
2

b
2
=
4
ab
=
4
2

3
= 4
3

2
= 6
Hence, the quadratic equation with roots
2

a
and

2

b
is x
2
8x + 6 = 0.
27. (a) Given y + px 1 = 0
y = 1 px ................. 1
and x
2
3x = y(y 3)
x
2
3x = y
2
3y ................ 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
x
2
3x = (1 px)
2
3(1 px)
x
2
3x = 1 2px + p
2
x
2
3 + 3px
p
2
x
2
x
2
+ 3x 2px + 3px + 1 3 = 0
(p
2
1)x
2
+ (3 + p)x 2 = 0
So, a = p
2
1, b = 3 + p and c = 2
Since the straight line touches the curve at only
one point,
then b
2
4ac = 0
(3 + p)
2
4(p
2
1)(2) = 0
9 + p
2
+ 6p + 8p
2
8 = 0
9p
2
+ 6p + 1 = 0
(3p + 1)
2
= 0
3p + 1 = 0
p =
1

3
(b) 2x
2
4x + 1 = 0
x
2
2x +
1

2
= 0
Sum of roots = a + b
= 2
Product of roots = ab
=
1

2
Sum of new roots = (a + 2) + (b + 2)
= a + b + 4
= 2 + 4
= 6
Product of new roots = (a + 2)(b + 2)
= ab + 2(a + b) + 4
=
1

2
+ 2(2) + 4
= 8
1

2
=
17
2
Hence, the quadratic equation is
x
2
6x +
17
2
= 0
2x
2
12x + 17 = 0
28. Given x
2
6x + p = 0 has roots a and b.
Sum of roots = a + b
= 6
Product of roots = ab
= p
Also given 2x
2
+ qx + 28 = 0 has roots 2a and 2b.
x
2
+
q

2
x + 14 = 0
Sum of roots =
q

2
2a + 2b =
q

2
2(a + b) =
q

2
2(6) =
q

2
q = 24
Product of roots = 14
(2a)(2b) = 14
4ab = 14
4p = 14
p =
14
4
=
7

2
(b) Given k and 2k and the roots of the quadratic
equation x
2
+ hx + p = 0.
Sum of roots = k + 2k
= h
3k = h
k =
h

3
................... 1
Product of roots = k(2k)
= p
2 k
2
= p .................... 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
2
1

h

3
2
2
= p
2
1
h
2
9
2
= p
p =
2

9
h
2
29. (a) a and b are roots of 2x
2
= ax b.
2x
2
ax + b = 0
x
2

a

2
x +
b

2
= 0
12
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Sum of roots = a + b
=
a

2
....................... 1
Product of roots = ab
=
b

2
.................. 2
Given a 2b = 0
a = 2b ...................... 3
Substitute 3 into 1,
2b + b =
a

2
3b =
a

2
b =
a

6
................................. 4
Substitute 3 into 2,
2b(b) =
b

2
b
2
=
b

4
................................... 5
Substitute 4 into 5,

1
a

6
2
2
=
b

4

a
2
36
=
b

4
a
2
= 9b
(b) 2tx x = tx
2
+ t 4
tx
2
2tx + x + t 4 = 0
tx
2
+ (1 2t)x + t 4 = 0
So, a = t, b = 1 2t and c = t 4
Since the roots are not real,
then b
2
4ac , 0
(1 2t)
2
4(t)(t 4) , 0
1 4t + 4t
2
4t
2
+ 16t , 0
1 + 12t , 0
12t , 1
t ,
1
12
30. (a) 2px
2
+ 1 + 2p + 4px = x
2px
2
+ 4px x + 1 + 2p = 0
2px
2
+ (4p 1)x + 1 + 2p = 0
So, a = 2p, b = 4p 1 and c = 1 + 2p
Since the roots are distinct,
then b
2
4ac . 0
(4p 1)
2
4(2p)(1 + 2p) . 0
16p
2
8p + 1 8p 16p
2
. 0
16p + 1 . 0
16p . 1
16p , 1
p ,
1
16
(b) px
2
+ (p + 2)x = 4q + 10
px
2
+ (p + 2)x 4q 10 = 0
x
2
+
1
p + 2

p
2
x
1
4q + 10

p
2
= 0
Sum of roots =
1
p + 2

p
2
q +
1

p
=
1
p + 2

p
2
Multiply both sides by p,
pq + 1 = p 2
pq + p = 3 .................................. 1
Product of roots =
1
4q + 10

p
2
(q)
1
1
p
2
=
1
4q + 10

p
2
q = 4q 10
5q = 10
q = 2
Substitute q = 2 into 1,
p(2) + p = 3
p = 3
p = 3
31. (a) (h
2
+ 1)x
2
+ 2phx + p
2
= 0
So, a = (h
2
+ 1), b = 2ph and c = p
2
b
2
4ac = (2ph)
2
4(h
2
+ 1)(p
2
)
= 4p
2
h
2
4p
2
h
2
4p
2
= 4p
2
Since 4p
2
, 0 for all real non-zero p and
p
2
. 0, then b
2
4ac , 0.
Therefore, the quadratic equation has no roots.
(b) x
2
+ (p + 1)
2
= 3px 2x
x
2
+ 2x 3px + (p + 1)
2
= 0
x
2
+ (2 3p)x + (p + 1)
2
= 0
So, a = 1, b = 2 3p and c = (p + 1)
2
Since the equation has only one root,
then b
2
4ac = 0
(2 3p)
2
4(1)(p + 1)
2
= 0
4 12p + 9p
2
4(p
2
+ 2p + 1) = 0
4 12p + 9p
2
4p
2
8p 4 = 0
5p
2
20p = 0
5p(p 4) = 0
p = 0 or 4
x
2
+ (2 3p)x + (p + 1)
2
= 0
When p = 4,
x
2
10x + 25 = 0
(x 5)
2
= 0
x = 5
13
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
32. (a) x
2
+ 2kx = k 4
x
2
+ 2kx + 4 k = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2k and c = 4 k
Since x-axis is the tangent to the curve,
then x has only one value.
Therefore, b
2
4ac = 0
(2k)
2
4(1)(4 k) = 0
4k
2
16 + 4k = 0
4k
2
+ 4k 16 = 0
k
2
+ k 4 = 0
k =
1 ABBBBBBBBBB (1)
2
4(1)( 4)
2(1)
=
1
ABBBBB
1 + 16
2
=
1
ABB 17
2
=
1 +
ABB 17
2
or
1
ABB 17
2
(b) 2x
2
4x + 1 = 0
x
2
2x +
1

2
= 0
Sum of roots = 2
a + b = 2
Product of roots =
1

2
ab =
1

2
Sum of the new roots = a
2
+ b
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab 2ab
= (a + b)
2
2ab
= (2)
2
2
1
1

2
2
= 4 1
= 3
Product of the new roots = a
2
b
2
= (ab)
2
=
1
1

2
2
2
=
1

4
Hence, the quadratic equation is
x
2
3x +
1

4
= 0
4x
2
12x + 1 = 0
1. 2x
2
+ 4x + 5 = 2(x
2
+ 2x) + 5
= 2(x
2
+ 2x + 1
2
1
2
) + 5
= 2[(x + 1)
2
1] + 5
= 2(x + 1)
2
2 + 5
= 2(x + 1)
2
+ 3
2x
2
+ 4x + 5 = 21
2(x + 1)
2
+ 3 = 21
2(x + 1)
2
= 18
(x + 1)
2
= 9
x + 1 = 3
x = 3 1
= 3 1 or 3 1
= 2 or 4
2. 7 6x 3x
2
= 3(x
2
+ 2x) + 7
= 3(x
2
+ 2x + 1
2
1
2
) + 7
= 3[(x + 1)
2
1] + 7
= 3(x + 1)
2
+ 3 + 7
= 3(x + 1)
2
+ 10
6 6x 3x
2
= 0
7 6x 3x
2
= 1
3(x + 1)
2
+ 10 = 1
3(x + 1)
2
= 9
(x + 1)
2
= 3
x + 1 =
AB
3
x =
AB
3 1
=
AB
3 1 or
AB
3 1
= 0.7321 or 2.732
3. y = x
2
+ px x p
When the x-axis is the tangent to the curve, then
b
2
4ac = 0 for x
2
+ px x p = 0.
That is, x
2
+ (p 1)x p = 0
b
2
4ac = 0
(p 1)
2
4(1)(p) = 0
p
2
2p + 1 + 4p = 0
p
2
+ 2p + 1 = 0
(p + 1)
2
= 0
p + 1 = 0
p = 1
4. x
2
+ ax + b = 0
Sum of roots = a
q + 3q = a
4q = a
q =
a

4
........................... 1
Product of roots = b
q(3q) = b
3q
2
= b ............................ 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
3
1

a

4
2
2
= b

3a
2

16
= b
3a
2
= 16b
14
Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
5. x
2
ax = 2a
x
2
ax + 2a = 0
Sum of roots = a
p + q = a ................................. 1
Product of roots = 2a
pq = 2a ......................... 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
pq = 2(p + q)
pq = 2p + 2q
6. 3x
2
+ p + 3x + px = 0
3x
2
+ (3 + p)x + p = 0
b
2
4ac = (3 + p)
2
4(3)(p)
= (3 + p)
2
12p
= 9 + 6p + p
2
12p
= p
2
6p + 9
= (p 3)
2
Since (p 3)
2
> 0 for all values of p,
then b
2
4ac > 0 for all values of p.
Therefore, equation 3x
2
+ p + 3x + px = 0 has roots
for all values of p.
7. Substitute x = 0, y = 0 into y = ax
2
+ bx + c,
\ c = 0
y = ax
2
+ bx
Substitute x = 4, y = 8 into y = ax
2
+ bx,
8 = a(4)
2
+ b(4)
16a + 4b = 8
4a + b = 2 ....................................... 1
Given a + b + 4 = 0
a + b = 4 ........................ 2
1 2, 3a = 6
a = 2
Substitute a = 2 into 2,
2 + b = 4
b = 6
Therefore, a = 2, b = 6 and c = 0.
When y = 0, 2x
2
6x = 0
2x(x 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3
8. The quadratic equation is
x
2
(2 + p)x + (2)(p) = 0
x
2
(p 2)x 2p = 0
Given product of roots = sum of roots
2p = 2 + p
3p = 2
p =
2

3
9. p
2
x
2
+ 2pqx + x
2
+ q
2
= 0
(p
2
+ 1)x
2
+ 2pqx + q
2
= 0
b
2
4ac = (2pq)
2
4(p
2
+ 1)(q
2
)
= 4p
2
q
2
4p
2
q
2
4q
2
= 4q
2
Since q is real non-zero number, then q
2
. 0 for all
values of q.
Therefore, b
2
4ac , 0 for all values of q.
Hence, there is no real roots for all values of p and q.
10. (a) Sum of roots = p 4
Product of roots = 4p
f (x) = x
2
(p 4)x + (4p)
= x
2
(p 4)x 4p
(b) y = kf(x)
= k[x
2
(p 4)x 4p]
Substitute x = 0 and y = 16 into the equation,
16 = k( 4p)
kp = 4
When p = 2,
k(2) = 4
k = 2
11. y = x
2
4x + c
Since minimum point is above the x-axis,
then b
2
4ac , 0
( 4)
2
4(1)(c) , 0
16 4c , 0
4c , 16
c . 4