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GSM Network and Services: Channel Coding - From Source Data To Radio Bursts

The document discusses channel coding in GSM networks. Channel coding transforms source data into radio bursts and protects data through various error correction techniques. These include block coding, convolutional coding, and interleaving. Block coding divides voice or signaling messages into classes protected by CRC or error detection codes. Convolutional coding spreads information bits over multiple coded bits. Interleaving distributes bits to reduce the impact of burst errors by making them appear as single errors to the convolutional decoder. This improves reliability of wireless transmissions which have a higher bit error rate than wired networks.

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82 views

GSM Network and Services: Channel Coding - From Source Data To Radio Bursts

The document discusses channel coding in GSM networks. Channel coding transforms source data into radio bursts and protects data through various error correction techniques. These include block coding, convolutional coding, and interleaving. Block coding divides voice or signaling messages into classes protected by CRC or error detection codes. Convolutional coding spreads information bits over multiple coded bits. Interleaving distributes bits to reduce the impact of burst errors by making them appear as single errors to the convolutional decoder. This improves reliability of wireless transmissions which have a higher bit error rate than wired networks.

Uploaded by

TrevorP
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius


GSM Network and Services
Channel coding
- from source data to radio bursts
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Channel coding

Wireless transmission of bits in a mobile


environment is not very reliable. The bit error rate
(BER) is typically 1/10 to 1/1000. This is a more
than a factor 1000 worse than the Ethernet that
we are used to.

In order to create a reliable connection we need


to be very careful and protect the data as much
as possible.

We can not rely on error detection and


retransmission!
3
GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Channel Coding
block coder
convolutional coder
interleaving coder
radio burst
Voice/Data/Signaling
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Block coder - voice

The voice coder results in 260 bits divided into


182 class I and 78 class II.

The class I bits are divided into I-A of 50 bits and


I-B of 132 bits. The I-A sequence is protected by
a 3 bit CRC value.

The resulting class I sequence is tailed with four


zeros and passed to the convolutional coder.

The class II bits are passed directly to the


interleaving coder.
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Block coder - signaling

Most signaling messages are 184 bits long.


These messages are protected by a 40 bit Fire
code. The Fire code is used only for error
detection.

Other signaling messages:

acces req: 8 bits protected by 6 bits CRC

synch: 25 bits protected by 10 bits CRC

All signaling messages are tailed with four


zeros for the convolutional coder.
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Convolutional coder

A convolutional coder will spread the


information in a bit sequence so each
information bit is encoded in several code
bits. Each code bit holds partial information
of a sequence of information bits.

The rate of a convolutional coder describes


how many code bits are produced per
information bits.
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Convolutional coder
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
information bits
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
coded bits
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Convolutional coder
+
+
+
K is the memory of the coder and defines
for how many coded bits an information
bit is spread over.
The rate r of the coder is the ratio
of information bits per coding bits
(typically 1/2 or 1/3)
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Convolutional coder

Voice full rate (class I bits): K = 4, r = 1/2

Voice half rate (class I bits): K = 4, r = 1/3

Signaling: K = 4, r = 1/2

After the convolutional coder all messages are


456 bits except half rate voice, access request
and synchronization.

456 bits would fit very nicely into four (114 bits)
normal bursts but life is never that simple.
10
GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Interleaving

Errors in a wireless links comes in burst. This is


exactly the scenario that convolutional coders
and CRC does not like.

Interleaving is the process of distributing


consecutive bits of a block into different sub
blocks. If a sequence in one sub block is
corrupted then these bits will not be consecutive
in the original block.
11
GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Block Interleaving
original sequence
interleaved sequence
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Diagonal Interleaving
original sequence
interleaved sequence
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Interleaving

Pros:

Burst of errors are distributed to single


bit errors that the convolutional decoder
can handle.

The bit rate is not changed.

Cons:

Sending of messages is delayed with the


interleaving depth. Important data will
have a large depth and therefore a long
delay.
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Interleaving of voice

A voice block of 456 bits is diagonally


interleaved over 8 sub blocks of 114 bits
each.

Every eight information bit goes into a


separate sub block.

The bits in a sub block are interleaved


again in a burst interleaving.

Each sub-block fits in to a normal burst.


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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Voice interleaving
intra burst interleaving
burst 2x57 bits
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Voice interleaving delay
sample 20 ms
5ms 5ms 5ms 5ms 5ms 5ms 5ms
5ms 5ms 5ms 5ms 5ms
radio frames
interleaving depth of 8 causes
delay of another 20 ms.
sample 20 ms
17
GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Interleaving of signaling messages

Most signaling messages have an


interleaving depth of four and uses block
interleaving.

Access request and synchronization must


be sent in one burst and are therefore not
interleaved.

FACCH have an interleaving depth of eight


and are interleaved with the traffic channel.
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
intra burst interleaving
burst 2x57
Signaling interleaving
One message requires four bursts.
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
SACCH delay
TTTTTTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTTTTT-
S S S S
360 ms
120 ms
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GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
FACCH interleaving
TCH FACCH TCH
FT FT FT FT TF TF TF TF
Two stealing flags are used to
indicate if the upper or lower
data segment have been stolen.
B B B B
B B
B B
burst interleaving
21
GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius
Channel Coding
block coder
convolutional coder
interleaving coder
radio burst
Voice/Data/Signaling
456 bits
8 half blocks
260 bits voice or 184 bits signaling
78+189 bits voice or 228 bits signaling

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