FREQUENCY HOPPING

Frequency Hopping
Frequency
Time
F
1
F
2
F
3
Call is transmitted through several
frequencies in order to
average the interference (interference diversity)
minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)
Mobile station
Base station
dBm
-70
-90
-110
dBm
distance
Slow fading
Fast fading
Fading
The Benefits of Frequency Hopping
1. Frequency diversity; Compensates the frequency
selective fast fading
Signal
Level
Distance
MS Location
F
3
F
2
F
1
Bursts sent on frequency F2 are degraded or lost, but the initial signal may
still be reconstructed from the bursts on frequencies F1 and F3.
The Benefits of Frequency Hopping
2. Interference diversity; the interference is averaged
over multiple users

Interference
F
1
F
2
F
3
MS_1 MS_2 MS_3
No hopping
Interference
F
1
F
2
F
3
MS_1 MS_2 MS_3
With hopping
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
1
F
2 F
3
average
Field strenght
Serving carrier
average
weakest
interference
average
strongest
interference
interference
margin
worst
interference
FH with tighter
frequency
reuse
FH with
improved
quality
no FH
Converting Quality to Capacity
FH Implementation
MSC
PSTN
BB-FH
F
1
(+ BCCH)
F
2
F
3
Dig. RF
TRX-3
TRX-1
RF-FH
F
1
, F
2
,

F
3
Dig. RF
TRX-1
TRX-2
BSC
TCSM
BCCH
Frequency
Time
F
1
F
2
F
3
MS does not see
any difference
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Frequency Hopping Parameter summary
Baseband Hopping
hoppingSequenceNumber1 (TS 0) 0 ... 63
(0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)

hoppingSequenceNumber2 (TS 1 ... 7) 0 ... 63
(0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
btsIsHopping BB (BaseBand Hopping)
RF (Radio Frequency Hopping)
N (No Hopping)
CA = Cell Allocation
MA = Mobile Allocation
MAIO = Mobile Allocation Index Offset
HSN = Hopping Sequence Number
General Parameters
BB hopping management
BCCH 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
RTSL-0 RTSL-2 RTSL-1 RTSL-4 RTSL-3 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7
f1
f2
f3
f4
BCCH timeslot, does not hop.
0
1
3
2
Timeslot 0 of TRXs 2-4 hop over MA(f2,f3,f4).
This hopping group uses HSN-1
All timeslots 1-7 hop over MA(f1,f2,f3,f4).
This hopping group uses HSN-2
Hopping TCHs in BTS
BB-FH case
TDMA frame: 0 1 2 3
TRX-1 / f1
TRX-2 / f2
TRX-3 / f3
TCH-1 (MAIO 0)
TCH-2 (MAIO 1)
TCH-3 (MAIO 2)
MA list f1 f2 f3

0 1 2
MAI
0 2 0 1 2
1 0 1 2 0
2 1 2 0 1
MAI :
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N
S = calculated on frame basis by MS and BTS
using GSM hopping algorithm and
MA/HSN/FN parameters
N = length of MA list
4
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Frequency Hopping Parameter summary
RF ( Synthesized Hopping) (from 3rd generation BTS onward)

mobileAllocationList 1 ... GSM: 1..124 and 975..1023, 0
GSM 1800: 512..885
GSM 1900: 512..810
Note! Max. 63 Frequencies
mobileAllocationId 1 128
usedMobileAllocation 1 128
hoppingSequenceNumber1 0 63
(0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
RF hopping management
BCCH 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
RTSL-0 RTSL-2 RTSL-1 RTSL-4 RTSL-3 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7
MA = {f1}
BCCH TRX, does not hop.
0
0
2
1
MAIOs have to
be different for
different TRXs
within the same
hopping group
-> no collisions.
MA = {f2, f3, f4,..}
HSN-1
Hopping TCHs in BTS
RF-FH case
TDMA frame: 0 1 2 3
TRX-1
TCH-1 (MAIO 0)
TCH-2 (MAIO 1)
MA list f1 f2 f3

0 1 2
MAI
0 / f1 2 / f3 0 / f1 1 / f2 2 / f3
1 / f2 0 / f1 1 / f2 2 / f3 0 / f1
MAI / freq. :
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N
S = calculated on frame basis by MS and BTS
using GSM hopping algorithm and
MA/HSN/FN parameters
N = length of MA list
4
TRX-2
MAIO
-
0
1
2
-
3
4
5
-
6
7
8
B
T
S
-
3

B
T
S
-
2

B
T
S
-
1

(
s
e
c
t
o
r

3
)

(
s
e
c
t
o
r

2
)

(
s
e
c
t
o
r

1
)

f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f7
f8
f9
f10
f11
f12
MAIO
offset

0



3



6

HSN


3



3



3

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
RF Hopping (Site based MAIO allocation)
TRX-1 BCCH
TRX-2 TCH
TRX-3 TCH
TRX-4 TCH
TRX-5 BCCH
TRX-6 TCH
TRX-7 TCH
TRX-8 TCH
TRX-9 BCCH
TRX-10 TCH
TRX-11 TCH
TRX-12 TCH
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
RF Hopping: Flexible MAIO Management (Optional)



DOCUMENTTYPE 1 (1)
TypeUnitOrDepartmentHere
TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere
Sector HN
S
MAIO-offset MAIO-step TRX MAIO value for all RTSLs
1 N 0 2 TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
BCCH, not allowed to hop
MAIO=0
MAIO=2
MAIO=4
2 N 6 2 TRX-5
TRX-6
TRX-7
TRX-8
BCCH, not allowed to hop
MAIO=6
MAIO=8
MAIO=10
3 N 12 2 TRX-9
TRX-10
TRX-11
TRX-12
BCCH, not allowed to hop
MAIO=12
MAIO=14
MAIO=16
MaioStep 1..62
UnderlayMaioStep 1..62
Parameters Value
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Flexible MAIO Management

Allows More Flexible RF Hopping
enables Frequency Sharing i.e. sharing an MA list between the sectors at same
site
longer MA lists possible
minimised interference

New MAIO Step Parameter in BSS7
When used together with MAIO offset, no successive MAIOs will be allocated
for TCHs sharing the same MA list
RADIO RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
Single MA/HSN per Site - with MAIO Step
BCCH
Sector HSN MAIO Offset TRX
MAIO, same for all
RTSLs within the TRX
1 TRX-1 BCCH, not hopping
1 N
TRX-3 2
TRX-4 4
2 TRX-5 BCCH, not hopping
2 N
TRX-7 8
TRX-8 10
3 TRX-9 BCCH, not hopping
3 N
TRX-11 14
TRX-12 16
0
6
12
HSN same for all sectors
TRX-2 0
TRX-6 6
TRX-10 12
MA = f1, f2, f3, f4,....
MA list can include
adjacent frequencies

MAIO step
2
2
2
Nor co-channels
neither adj. channels
used simultaneouly if
number of frequencies
> 2*number of TRXs
Hopping Freq's
Band allocation:
Operator can set the lowest
MAIOs for the cells
Operator can also set the
MAIO step size
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
RF-FH with reuse '1/1'using fractional loading
BCCH Hopping Freq's
Band allocation:
MA list
No need for MA list planning

BCCH frequencies planned as usual
MAIO Offset + Step
BCCH
Band allocation:
MA list
Hopping frequencies
MAIO Offset
MA list and BCCH need planning

MA list possibly shorter -> reduced gain

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Flexible MAIO Management will bring the following benefits:

One MA list per site

One MA list can contain a continuous band

No risk of co-channel nor adjacent channel being used
simultaneously within a site

Single MA/HSN possible -> only BCCH frequency planning

More tighter reuse possible e.g. RF-FH (1/1) and thus
more capacity can be achieved
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Flexible MAIO Management (2)
Parameter Value

MaioStep 1..62
UnderlayMaioStep 1..62
BackgroundMaioStep 1..62 / ND
BackgroundUnderlayMaioStep 1..62 / ND


Example 3/9 Reuse with MAIO-
Management
MA-list: 3 6 9
1
3
2
3
6
9
TDMA frame n-1
1
3
2
TDMA frame n+1
1
3
2
3
6
9
TDMA frame n
6
3
9
3
2
1
1
1
2 2
3 3
Frequency band is divided into 3 groups.
MA-lists are allocated one per site following 3/3 (omni)
reuse pattern.
Example ( a site using MA-list with 3 frequencies):
Each cell in a sectorised site uses all the frequencies, but the
same frequency is never used in two cells at the same time.
Example RF-FH with 3/3 Reuse and
Frequency Sharing
F
1
F
4
F
7
F
2
F
8
F
5
F
6
F
3
F
9
F
7
F
1
F
4
F
8
F
5
F
2
F
3
F
9
F
6
F
1
F
4
F
7
F
5
F
2
F
8
F
3
F
9
F
6
Time
As the hopping is random and
sites not synchronised, adjacent
channels are used at times
in neighbouring sites
F
6
F
3
F
9
F
9
F
6
F
3
F
6
F
3
F
9
MA1 = f1, f4, f7
MA2 = f2, f5, f8
MA3 = f3, f6, f9
Initially 3/9 Cluster,
3/3 with Frequency sharing
Random vs Cyclic hopping sequences
Where to use?
Cyclic:
In the areas where the interference is NOT a problem (low traffic areas)
Random:
In the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic areas)
Hard/soft blocking
Hard blocking

The whole radio resource is in use - no more calls can be established
due to lack of free radio timeslots.

Soft blocking

The capacity of individual cells is limited by the level of the interference
rather than the number of TRXs available

Dominates with large reuse factors
Is dominating with tight reuse patterns.
Frequency load, RF FH
BCCH 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
f1
f2, f3, f4, f5, f6
f3, f4, f5, f6, f2
f4, f5, f6, f2, f3
0
0
2
1
Active slots
Empty slots
HW load is 75%
Fractional load FL is
3 TRX / 5 F = 0.6 = 60%
Frequency load is
HWL * FL = 45%
75 % 25 %
Frequency Load
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
f1
f2
f3
f4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
Active slots Empty slots
f5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5 0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
TRX-4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5
time
frame 1
frame 2
frame 3 frame 4
frequency 1:
17 active slots / 5 frames
40 slots totally / 5 frames
frequency load is
17/40 = 42.5 %
frame 5
3
2
1
1
1
2 2
3 3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
3
2
1
1
4
4
3
1 3
2
4
1
3
2
4
4 2
2
2
1
3
1
3
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
5
1
3
2
7
1
3
4
2
7
6 5
1
2
3
4
7
7 FAR
Worsening C/I at the cell border
Increasing collision probability
How to allocate a fixed band?
Max. frequency
load
8% 30% ~40% ~70%