Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets

Page # 1
manishkumarphysics.in
SOLVED EXAMPLES
36.1 a solenoid of length 10 cm and radius 1 cm contains 200 turns and carries a current of 10 A. Find the
magnetic field at a point on the axis at a distance of 10 cm from the centre.
Sol. The dipole moment of each turn is
= iA = (10 A) (t cm
2
)
= t 10
-3
A m
2
.
If each current loop is replaced by a dipole having pole strength m and separation between the poles d,
we have
= md.
As there are 200 turns,
200 d = 10 cm
or, d = 5 10
-4
m.
Thus,
m 10 5
m A 10
d
m
4
2 3

t
=

=
= 2t A-m.
We can replace the solenoid by a south pole and a north pole of equal pole strength 2t Am. Separated
by 10 cm. The equivalent picture is shown in figure
The magnetic field at P due to the north pole is
B
N
=
. T 10 5 . 2
) cm 5 (
m A 2
4
4
2
0
=
t
t

The magnetic field at P due to the south pole is

. T 10 3 . 0
) cm 15 (
m A 2
4
B
4
2
0
S

=
t
t

=
The field B
N
is away from the poles and B
S
is towards the poles. The resultant field at P is
B = B
N
B
S
= 2.2 10
-4
T
36.2 A bar magnet having a magnetic moment of 1.0 10
4
J/T is free to rotate in a horizontal plane. A
horizontal magnetic field B = 4 10
-5
T exists in the space. Find the work done in rotating the magnet
slowly from a direction parallel to the field to a direction 60
0
from the field.
Sol. The work done by the external agent change in potential energy
= ( MB cosu
2
) (MB cosu
1
)
= MB(cos 60
0
cos 0
0
) =
2
1
MB
=
2
1
(1.0 10
4
J/T) (4 10
-5
T) = 0.2 J.
36.3 Amagnet is 10 cm long and its pole strength is 120 CGS units (1 CGS unit of pole strength = 0.1 A-m).
Find the magnitude of the magnetic field B at a point on its axis at a distance 20 cm from it.
Sol. The pole strength is m = 120 CGS units = 12 Am.
Magnetic length is 2l = 10 cm or l - 0.05 m.
Distance from the magnet is d = 20 cm = 0.2 m. The field B at a point in end-on position is
2 2 2
0
) l d (
Md 2
4
B

=
=
2 2 2
0
) l d (
d M 4
4

t

=
2 2 2
7
] ) m 05 . 0 ( ) m 2 . 0 [(
) m 2 . 0 ( ) m 05 . 0 ( ) m A 12 ( 4
A
m T
10

|
.
|

\
|

36.4 Find the magnetic field due to a dipole of magnetic moment 1.2 Am
2
at a point 1 m away from it in a
direction making an angle of 60
0
with the dipole- axis.
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
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Sol. The magnetic of the field is
u +
t

=
2
3
0
cos 3 1
r
M
4
B
=
0 2
3
2
7
60 cos 3 1
m 1
m A 2 . 1
A
m T
10 +

|
.
|

\
|

= 1.6 10
- 7
T.
The direction of the field makes an angle. o with the radial line where
2
3
2
tan
tan =
u
= o
36.5 The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is 3.6 10
-5
T where the dip is 60
0
. Find the
magnitude of the earths magnetic field.
Sol. We have B
H
= Bcoso
or,
0
5
H
60 cos
T 10 6 . 3
cos
B
B

=
o
=
= 7.2 10
-5
T..
36.6 At 45
0
to the magnetic meridian, the apparent dip is 30
0
. Find the true dip.
Sol. At 45
0
to the magnetic meridian, the effective horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is
B
H
= B
H
cos 45
0
=
2
1
B
H
. The apparent dip
' o
is given by
o = = = o
u u
tan 2
B
B 2
' B
B
' tan
H H
where o is the true dip. Thus,
tan 30
0
=
o tan 2
or,
6 / 1 tan
1
= o
36.7 A tangent galvanometer has 66 turns and the diameter of its coil is 22 cm. It gives a deflection of 45
0
for
0.10 A current. What is the value of the horizontal component of the earths magnetic field ?
Sol. For a tangent galvanometer
i = K tanu
=
u

tan
n
B r 2
0
H
or, B
H
=
u

tan r 2
ni
0
=
) 45 )(tan m 10 22 (
) A 1 . 0 ( 66
A
m T
10 4
0 2
7

|
.
|

\
|
t
= 3.8 10
-5
T.
36.8 A galvanometer having a coil of resistance 20 O needs 20 mA current for full-scale deflection. In order
to pass a maximum current of 2 A through the galvanometer, what resistance should be added as a
shunt ?
Sol. Out of the main current of 2 A, only 20 mA should go through the coil. The current through the coil is
i
R R
R
i
g s
s
g
+
=
or, 20 mA =
A 2
) 20 ( R
R
s
s
O +
or,
) 20 ( R
R
A 2
mA 20
s
s
O +
or, (10
-2
) (R
s
+ 20 O) = R
s
or, R
s
= O ~ O 2 . 0
99
20
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
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36.9 A compass needle oscillates 20 times per minute at a place where the dip is 45
0
and 30 times per
minute where the dip is 30
0
. Compare the total magnetic field due to the earth at the two places.
Sol. The time period of oscillation is given by
H
MB
I
2 T t =
The time period at the first place is T
1
= 1/20 minute = 3.0 s and at the second place it is T
2
= 1/30
minute = 2.0 s.
If the total magnetic field at the first place is B
1
, the horizontal component of the field is
B
H1
= B
1
cos 45
0
= B
1
/
2
.
Similarly, if the total magnetic field at the second place is B
2
, the horizontal component is
2 / 3 B 30 cos B B
2
0
2 2 H
= =
We have,
T
1
= 2t
1 H
MB
I
and T
2
=
2 H
MB
I
2t
Thus,
1 H
2 H
2
1
B
B
T
T
=
or,
2
2
2
1
1 H
2 H
T
T
B
B
=
or,
2
2
2
1
1
2
T
T
2 / B
2 / 3 B
=
or,
83 . 1
4
9
3
2
T
T
3
2
B
B
2
2
2
1
1
2
= = =
QUESTIONS FOR SHORT ANSWER
1. Can we have a single north pole ? A single south pole ?
2. Do two distinct poles actually exist at two nearby points in a magnetic dipole ?
3. An iron needle is attracted to the ends of a bar magnet but not to the middle region of the magnet. Is
the material making up the ends of a bar magnet different from that of the middle region ?
4. Compare the direction of the magnetic field inside a solenoid with that of the field there if the solenoid
is replaced by its equivalent combination of north pole and south pole.
5. Sketch the magnetic field lines for a current-carrying circular loop near its centre. Replace the loop by
an equivalent magnetic dipole and sketch the magnetic field lines near the centre of the dipole. Identify
the difference.
6. The force on a north pole,
, B m F

=
is parallel to the field B

. Does it contradict our earlier knowledge

that a magnetic field can exert forces only perpendicular to itself ?
7. Two bar magnets are placed close to each other with their opposite poles facing each other. In absence
of other forces, the magnets are pulled towards each other and their kinetic energy increase. Does it
contradict our earlier knowledge that magnetic forces cannot do any work and hence cannot increase
kinetic energy of a system ?
8. Magnetic scalar potential is defined as
( ) . d
.
B ) r ( U r U
2
1
r
r
1 2
}
=

Apply this equation to a closed curve enclosing a long straight wire. The RHS of the above equation is
then
0
i by Amperes law. We see that ( ) ) r ( U r U
1 2

= even when
1 2
r r

= . Can we have a magnetic scalar
potential in this case ?
9. Can the earths magnetic field be vertical at a place ? What will happen to a freely suspended magnet
at such a place ? What is the value of dip here ?
10. Can the dip at a place be zero ? 90
0
?
11. The reduction factor K of a tangent galvanometer is written on the instrument. The manual says that the
current is obtained by multiplying this factor to tanu. The procedure works well at Bhuwaneshwar. Will
the procedure work if the instrument is taken to Nepal ? If there is some error, can it be corrected by
correcting the manual or the instrument will have to be taken back to the factory ?
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
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Objective - I
1. Acircular loop carrying a current is replaced by an equivalent magnetic dipole. Apoint on the axis of the loop
is in
(A*) end-on position (B) broadside-on position (C) both (D) none
2. Acircular loop carrying a current is replaced by an equivalent magnetic dipole. Apoint on the loop is in
(A) end-on position (B*) broadside-on position (C) both (D) none
3. When a current in a circular loop is equivalenty replaced by a magnetic dipole,
(A) the pole strength m of each pole is fixed (B) the distance d between the poles is fixed
(C*) the product md is fixed (D) none of the above
4. Let r be the distance of a point on the axis of a bar magnet from its centre. The magnetic field at such point
is proportional to
(A)
1
r
(B)
1
2
r
(C)
1
3
r
(D*) none of these
5. Let r be the distance of a point on the axis of a magnetic dipole from its centre. The magnetic field at such a
point is proportional to
(A)
1
r
(B)
1
2
r
(C*)
1
3
r
(D) none of these
6. Two short magnets of equal dipole moments Mare fastened perpendicuarly at their centres (fig.) The mag-
netic fo the magnetic field at a distance d from the centre on the bisector of the right angle is
(A)

t
0
4
M
d
3
(B*)

t
0
4
2
3
M
d
(C)

t
0
4
2 2
3
M
d
(D)

t
0
4
2
3
M
d
7. Magnetic meridian is
(A) a point (B) a line along north-south (C) a horizontal plane (D*) a vertical plane
8. A compass needls which is allowed to move in a horizontal plane is taken to a gemoagnetic pole. It
(A) will stay in north-south direction only (B) will stay in east-west direction only
(C) will become rigid showing no movement (D*) will stay in any position.
9. Adip circle is taken to geomagnetic equator. The needle is allowed to move in a vertical plane perpendicular
to the magnetic meridian. The needle will stay
(A) in horizontal direction only (B) in vertical direction only
(C) in any direction except vertical and horizontal (D*) in any direction it is released
10. Whichof thefollowingfour graphs maybest represent thecurrent-deflectionrelationina tangent galvanometer?
(C*)
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
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11. Atangent galvanometer is connected directly to an ideal battery. If the number of turns in the coil is doubled,
the deflection will
(A) increase (B) decrease (C*) remain unchanged (D) either increase or decrease
12. If the current is double, the deflection is also doubled in
(A) a tangent galvanother (B*) a moving-coil galvanometer (C) both (D) none
13. A very long bar magnet is placed with its north pole concilding with the centre of a circular loop carrying an
electric current i. The magnetic field due to the magnet at a point on the periphery of the wire is B. The radius
of the loop is a. The force on the wire is
(A*) very nearly 2taiB perpendicular to the plane of the wire (B) 2taiB in the plane of the wire
(D) taiB along the magnet (D) zero
Objective - II
1. Pick the correct options.
(A*) Magnetic field is produced by electric charges only
(B*) Magnetic poles are only mathematical assumptions having no real existence.
(C) A north pole is equivalent to a clockwise current and a south pole is equivalent to an anticlockwise
current
(D) Abar magnet is equivalent to a long, straight current
2. Ahorizontal circular loop carries a current that looks clockwise when viewed from above. It is replaced by an
equivalent magnetic dipole consisting of a south pole S and a north pole N.
(A) The line SN should be along a diameter of the loop.
(B*) The line SN should be perpendicular to the plane of the loop
(C) The south pole should be belowthe loop.
(D*) The north pole should be belowthe loop
3. Consider a magnetic dipole kept in the north-south direction. Let P
1
, P
2
, Q
1
, Q
2
be four points at the same
distance from the dipole towards norht, south, east and west of the dipole respectively. The directions of the
magnetic field due to the dipole are the same at
(A*) P
1
and P
2
(B*) Q
1
and Q
2
(C) P
1
and Q
1
(D) P
2
and Q
2
4. Consider the situation of the previous problem. The directions of the magnetic field due to the dipole are
opposite at
(A) P
1
and P
2
(B) Q
1
and Q
2
(C*) P
1
and Q
1
(D*) P
2
and Q
2
5. To measure the magnetic moment of a bar magnet, one may use
(A) a tangent galvanometer
(B*) a deflection galvanometer if the earths horizontal field is konwn
(C*) an oscillation magnetometer if the earths horizontal field is konwm
(D*) both deflection and oscillation magnetometer if the earths horizontal field is not known.
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
1. A bar magnet has a pole strength of 3.6 Am and magnetic length 8 cm. Find the magnetic field at (a)
a point on the axis at a distance of 6 cm from the centre towards the north pole and (b) a point on the
perpendicular bisector at the same distance.
Sol. (a) The point in question is in end-on position, so the magnetic field is,
2 2 2
0
) l d (
Md 2
4
B

=
= 10
-7
2 2 2
] ) m 04 . 0 ( ) m 06 . 0 [(
m 06 . 0 m 08 . 0 m A 6 . 3 2
A
m T

= 8.6 10
-4
T.
The field will be away from the magnet.
(b) In this case the point is in broadside-on position so that the field is
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
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2 / 3 2 2
0
) l d (
M
4
B
+
t

=
=
2 / 3 2 2
7
] ) m 04 . 0 ( ) m 06 . 0 [(
m 08 . 0 m A 6 . 3
A
m T
10
+

= 7.7 10
- 5
T.
The field will be parallel to the magnet.
2. A magnet is suspended by a vertical string attached to its middle point. Find the position in which the
magnet can stay in equilibrium. The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field = 25 T and its
vertical component = 40 T. Assume that the string makes contact with the magnet only at a single
point.
Sol. The magnetic field of earth is in the north-south plane (magnetic meridian) making an angle u with
25
40
B
B
tan
H
v
= = u
or, u = 58
0
As the tension and the force of gravity act through the centre, their torque about the centre is zero. To
make the net torque acting on the magnet zero, it must stay in the direction of the resultant magnetic
field. Hence, it stays in the magnetic meridian making an angle of 58
0
with the horizontal.
3. A magnetic needle having magnetic moment 10 Am
2
and length 2.0 cm is clamped at its centre in
such a way that it can rotate in the vertical east-west plane. A horizontal force towards east is applied
at the north pole to keep the needle fixed at an angle of 30
0
with the vertical. Find the magnitude of the
applied force. The vertical component of the earths magnetic field is 40 T.
Sol.
The situation is shown in figure. As the needle is in equilibrium, the torque of all the forces about the
centre should be zero. As the needle can rotate in the vertical east-west plane, the horizontal component
of earths magnetic field is inffective. This gives,
mB
v
l sin30
0
+ mB
V
l sin 30
0
= Fl cos 30
0
or, F = 2 mB
v
tan 30
0
= 2
v
B
l 2
M
tan 30
0
=
3 ) m 10 0 . 1 (
) T 10 40 )( m A 10 (
2
6 2

= 2.3 10
-2
N.
4. The magnetic scalar potential due to a magnetic dipole at a point on its axis situated at a distance of
20 cm from its centre is found to be 1.2 10
-5
T-m. Find the magnetic moment of the dipole.
Sol. The magnetic potential due to a dipole is
2
0
r
cos M
4
V
u
t

=
or, 1.2 10
-5
T-m =
|
.
|

\
|

A
m T
10
7
2
) m 2 . 0 (
M
or, M = 4.8 Am
2
.
5. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 2.0 Am
2
is free to rotate about a vertical axis through its centre.
The magnet is released from rest from the east-west position. Find the kinetic energy of the magnet as
it takes the north-south position. The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is B = 25T.
Sol. The magnetic potential energy of the dipole in a uniform magnetic field is given by U = MB cosu. As
the earths magnetic field is from south to north, the initial value of u is t/2 and final value of u is 0.
Thus, the decrease in magnetic potential energy during the rotation is
U
i
U
f
=MB cos (t/2)+MB cos 0
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
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= 2.0 A m
2
25 T = 50 J.
Thus, the kinetic energy in the north-south position is 50J.
6. Figure shows two idential magnetic dipoles a and b of magnetic moments M each, placed at a separation
d, with their axes perpendicular to each other. Find the magnetic field at the point P midway between
the dipoles.
Sol. The point P is in end-on position for the dipole a and in broadside-on position for the dipole b. The
magnetic field at P due to a is B
a
=
3
0
) 2 / d ( 4
M 2
t

along the axis of a, and that due to b is B

b
=
3
0
) 2 / d ( 4
M
t

parallel to the axis of b sa shown in figure. The resultant field at P is, therefore,
2
b
2
a
B B B + =
=
2 2
3
0
2 1
) 2 / d ( 4
M
+
t

=
3
0
d
M 5 2
t

The direction of this field makes an angle o with B
a
such that tano = B
b
/B
a
= 1/2.
7. A bar magnet of length 8 cm and having a pole strength of 1.0 Am is placed vertically on a horizontal
table with its south pole on the table. A neutral point is found on the table at a distance of 6.0 cm north
of the magnet. Calculate the earths horizontal magnetic field.
Sol.
2l
N
S
d
B
S
P
B
H
B
n
u
The situation is shown in figure. The magnetic field at P due tothe south pole is
B
s
=
2
0
d
m
4t

towards south and that due to the north pole is

B
n
=
) 4 d (
m
4
2 2
0
+
t

along NP. The horizontal component of this field will be towards north and will have the magnitude
=
2 / 1 2 2 2 2
0
) 4 d (
d
.
) 4 d (
m
4
+ +
t

The resultant horizontal field due to the magnet is, therefore

2 / 1 2 2
0
2
0
) 4 d (
md
4
d
m
4
+
t

.
towards south. As P is neutral point, this field should be equal in magnitude to the earths magnetic
field B
H
which is towards north. Thus,
B
H
=
(
(

2 / 3 2 2 2
0
) 4 d (
d
d
1
4
m

=
(
(

2 / 3 2 2 2
0
) cm 64 cm 36 (
cm 6
cm 36
1
4
m
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
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=
A m
T
10
7

(1.0 A-m) (

2 2
cm 1000
6
cm 36
1
= (10
7
Tm
2
) [0.028 0.06] 10
4
m
2
= 22 10
6
T = 22 T.
8. The magnetic field at a point on the magnetic equator is found to be 3.1 10
5
T. Taking the earths
radius to be 6400 km, calculate the magnetic moment of the assumed dipole at the earths centre.
Sol.
North
S
N
South
A point on the magnetic equator is in broadsideon position of the earths assumed dipole (figure). The
field is therefore,
B =
3
0
R
M
4t

or M =
0
4

t
BR
3
= 10
7
m T
A

3.1 10
5
T (6400 10
3
)
3
m
3
= 8.1 10
22
Am
2
.
9. The earths magnetic field at geomagnetic poles has a magnitude 6.2 10
5
T. Find the magnitude and
the direction of the field at a point on the earths surface where the radius an angle of 135 with the axis
of the earths assumed magnetic dipole. What is the inclination (dip) at this point ?
Sol.
S
N
vertical
o
B
u = 135
Assuming the earths field to be due to a dipole at the centre, geometrica poles are in endon position
(figure).
The magnetic field B at geomagnetic poles is
B
p
=
3
0
R
M 2
4t

.
The magnetic field due to a dipole at a distance R away from its centre has a magnitude.
B =
3
0
R
M 2
4t

(1 + 3 cos
2
u)
1/2
=
2
1
B
p
(1 + 3 cos
2
u)
1/2
.
This field is in a direction making an angle a with the radial direction such that tano = (tanu)/2, as
shown in the figure. At the point given, u = 135 and thus the field B is
B =
2
B
p
(1 + 3 cos
2
135)
1/2
=
2
1
6.2 10
5
T 1.58
= 4.9 10
5
T.
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The angle o of this field with the vertical is given by
tano =
2
tanu
=
2
135 tan
= 0.5
giving, o = 153,
The inclination (dip) is the angle made by the earths magnetic field with the horizontal plane. Here it is
153 90 = 63 below the horizontal.
10. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a fixed vertical plane stays in a direction making an angle 60 with
the horizontal. If the dip at that place is 37, find the angle of the fixed vertical plane with the meridian.
Sol. If the vertical plane makes an angle q with the meridian, the horizontal component of the earths field in
that plane will be B
H
cosu. Thus the apparent dip o
1
, i.e., the angle between the needle in equilibrium
and the horizontal will be given by
tano
1
=
u cos B
B
H
v
=
u
o
cos
tan
or, cosu =
1
tan
tan
o
o
=
60 tan
37 tan
=
3 4
3
=
4
3
or, u = 64 .
11. A dip circle shows on apparent dip of 60 at a place where the true dip is 45. If the dip circle is rotated
through 90, what apparent dip will it show ?
Sol. If o
1
and o
2
be the dips shown by the dip circle in the two perpendicular positions, the true dip o is given
by
cot
2
o = cot
2
o
1
+ cot
2
o
2
or cot
2
45 = cot
2
60 + cot
2
o
2
or cot
2
d
2
= 2/3
or cot o
2
= 0.816 giving o
2
= 51 .
12. A magnetic needle of length 10 cm, suspended at its niddle point through a thread,stays at an angle of
45 with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field. (a) Find the vertical
component of this field. (b) If the pole strength of the needle is 1.6 Am, what vertical force should be
applied to an end so as to keep it in horizontal position.
Sol. (a)
S
mB
H
mB
H
mB
v
mB
v
N
F
(b)
B
B
B
v
45
(a)
Without the applied force, the needle wil stay in the directio nof the resultant magnetic field of the
earth. Thus, the dip o at the place is 45. From (figure).
tan 45= B
V
/ B
H
or B
V
= B
H
= 18 T.
(b) When the force F is applied (figure), the needle stays in horizontal position. Taking torque about the
centre of the magnet,
2mB
V
1 = F l
or F = 2mB
V
= 2 (1.6 Am) (18 10
6
T)
= 5.8 10
5
N.
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13. A tangent galvanometer has a coil 100 turns and each turn has an area 2.0 cm
2
. The magnetic field
produced by the magnet is 0.01 T. The deflection in the coil is 0.05 radian when a current of 10 mA is
passed through it. Find the torsioal constant of the suspension wire.
Sol. We have
i = K tanu =
n
rB 2
0
H

tanu
=
50
A
m T
10 4
) T 10 3 ( ) m 20 . 0 ( 2
7
5

tan45 = 0.19 A.
14. A movingcoil galvanometer has 100 turns and each turn has an area 2.0 cm
2
. The magnetic field
produced by the magnet is 0.01 T. The deflection in the coil is 0.05 radian when a current of 10 mA is
passed through it. Find the torsional constant of the suspension wire.
Sol. We have
i = u
nAB
K
or, K =
u
inAB
=
rad 05 . 0
T 01 . 0 ) m 10 0 . 2 ( 100 ) A 10 10 (
2 4 3


= 4.0 10
5
Nm/rad.
15. Agalvanometer coil has a resistance of 100 O. When a current passes through the galvanometer, 1%
of the current goes through the shunt. Find the resistance of the shunt.
Sol.
C
100 O
R
S
The situation is shown in figure. As the potential differences across the 100 O coil and across the shunt
R
s
are the same.
0.01 i 100 W = 0.99 i R
s
or R
s
=
O

99 . 0
100 01 . 0
=
O
99
100
16. The needle of a deflection magnetometer deflects through 45 from northsouth when the instrument is
used in Tan. A postion with a magnet of length 10 cm placed at a distance of 25 cm. (a) Find the
magnetic moment of the magnet if the earths horizontal magnetic field is 20 T. (b) If the magnetometer
is used in TanB position with the same magnet at the same separatioin from the needle, what will be
the deflection ?
Sol. (a) TanAposition, the needle is in endon position of the magnet so that the field at the needle due to
the magnet is
B =
2 2 2
0
) d (
Md 2
4

t

Thus,
2 2 2
0
) d (
Md 2
4

t

= B
H
tanu
or, M =
d 2
) d ( tan B 4
2 2 2
H
0
u

t
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
Page # 11
manishkumarphysics.in
= 10
7
m 10 25 2
m 10 ) 25 625 ( 1 T 10 20
m T
A
2
4 8 2 6

= 1.44 Am
2
.
(b) If TanB position, the needle is in broadsideon position of the magnet, so that
B =
2 / 3 2 2
0
) d (
M
4

t

= B
H
tanu
or tanu =
T 10 20 m 10 ) 25 625 (
m A 44 . 1
A
m T
10
6 3 6 2 / 3
2 7

= 0.43
or u = 23.5 .
17. Figure shows a short magnet executing small oscillations in an oscillation magnetometer in earths
magnetic field having horizontal component 24 T. The time period of oscillation is 0.10 s. An upward
electric current of 18 A is established in the vertical wire placed 20 cm east of the magnet by closing
switch S. Find the new time period.
20cm
18A
s
Sol. The magnetic field at the site of the short magnet due to the vertical current is
B =
d 2
i
0
t

=
m 0.20
A 18
A
m T
10 2
7
|
.
|

\
|

= 18 T.
As the wire is east of the magnet, this magnetic field will be from north to south according to the right
hand thumb rule. The earths magnetic field has horizontal component 24 T from south to north. Thus,
the resultant field will be 6.0 T from south to north. If T
1
and T
2
be the time periods without and with the
current.
T
1
=
H
MB
1
and T
2
=
) B B ( M
1
H

or
1
2
T
T
=
B B
B
H
H

=
T 6
T 24

= 2
or T
2
= 2T
1
= 0.20 s.
18. The frequency of oscillation of the magnet in an oscillation magnetometer in the earths magnetic field
is 40 oscillations per minute. A short bar magnet is placed to the north of the magnetometer, at a
separation of 20 cm from the oscillating magnet, with its north pole pointing towards north(figure). The
frequency of oscillation is found to increase to 60 oscillations per minute. Calculate the magnetic
moment of this short bar magnet. Horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is 24 T.
a
N
S
b
N
o
r
t
h
2
0
c
m
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
Page # 12
manishkumarphysics.in
Sol. Let the magnetic field due to the short magnetic field due to the short magnet have magnitude B at the
site of the oscillating magnet. From the figure , this magnetic field will be towards north and hence the
resultant horizontal field will be B
H
+ B. Let M and M denote the magnetic moments of the oscillating
magnet and the other magnet reslpectively. If c and v be the frequencies without and with the other
magnet , we have
v =
t 2
1
I
MB
H
and v =
t 2
1
I
) B B ( M
H
+
or ,
2
2
v
' v
=
H
H
B
B B +
or ,
2
40
60
|
.
|

\
|
= 1 +
H
B
B
or ,
H
B
B
= 1.25
or , B = 1.25 24T = 30 10
6
T.
The oscillating magnet is in endon position of the short magnet. Thus , the field B can be written as
B =
t

4
0
3
d
' M 2
or , M =
0
2

t
Bd
3
= 0.5 10
7
m T
A

(30 10
2
m)
3|
= 1.2 A-m
2
.
19. A bar magnet of mass 100g , length 7.0 cm, width 1.0 cm and height 0.50 cm takes
2
t
senonds to
complete an oscillation in an oscillation magnetometer placed in a horizontal magnetic field of 25 T.
(a) Find the magnetic moment of the magnet . (b) If the magnet is put in the magnetometer with its
0.50cm edge horizontal , what would be the time period ?
Sol. (a) The moment of inertia of the magnet about the axis of rotation is
I =
12
' m
(L
2
+ b
2
)
=
12
10 100
3

[(7 10
2
)
2
+ (1 10
2
)
2
] kg-m
2
=
6
25
10
5
kg-m
2
.
We have ,
T = 2t
MB
I
.....(i)
or , M =
2
2
BT
I 4t
=
2
2
6
2 5 2
s
4
) T 10 25 ( 6
kg/m 10 25 4
t

t

~ 27 A-m
2
.
(b) In this case the moment of inertial becomes
I

=
12
' m
(L
2
+ b
2
) where b = 0.5 cm.
The time period would be
T =
MB
' I
......(ii)
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
Page # 13
manishkumarphysics.in
Divinding by equation (i) ,
T
' T
=
I
' I
=
) b L (
12
' m
) ' b L (
12
' m
2 2
2 2
+
+
=
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
) cm 0 . 1 ( cm 7
) cm 5 . 0 ( cm 7
+
+
= 0.992
or , T =
2
992 . 0 t
= 0.496 t s.
EXERCISE
1. A long bar magnet has a pole strength of 10 Am. Find the magnetic field at a point on the axis of the
magnet at a distance of 5cm from the north pole of the magnet.
Ans: 4 10
4
T
2 Two long bar magnets are placed with their axes coinciding in such a way that the north pole of the first
magnet is 2.0 cm from the south pole of the second . If both the magnets have a pole strength of 10 A
m, find the force exerted by one magnet on the other.
Ans: 2.5 10
2
N
3. A uniform magnetic field of 0.20 10
3
T exists in the space. Find the change in the magnetic scalar
potential as one moves through 50cm along the field.
Ans: Decreases by 0.10 10
3
T m
4. Figure (36 - E1) shows some of the equipotential surfaces of the magnetic scalar potential. Find the
magnetic field B at a point in the region.
Ans: 2.0 10
4
T
5. The magnetic field at a point 10 cm away from a magnetic dipole, is found to be 2.0 20
4
T. Find the
magnetic moment of the dipole if the point is (a) in end - on position of the dipole and (b) in broadside-
on position of the dipole .
Ans: (a) 1.0 m
2
and (b) 2.0 A m
2
6. Show that the magnetic field at a point due to a magnetic dipole is perpendicular to the magnetics axis
if the line joining the point with the centre of the diploe makes an angle of tan
1
( 2 ) with the
magnetic axis.
Ans:
7. A bar magnetic has a length of 8cm. The magnetic field at a point at a distance 3cm from the centre in
the broadside on position is found to be 4 10
|
T. Find the pole strength of the magnet.
Ans: 6 10
5
A-m
8. A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment 1.44 A m
2
is placed horizontally with the north pole pointing
towards north. Find the position of the neutral point if the horizontal component of the earth s magnetic
field is 18 T.
Ans: at a distance of 20 cm in the plane bisecting the dipole
9 A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment 0.72 A m
2
is placed horizontally with the north pole pointing
towards south. Find the position of the neutral point if the horizontal component of the earth s magnetic
field is 18 T.
Ans: 20 cm south of the dipole
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
Page # 14
manishkumarphysics.in
10. A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment 0.72 2 A m
2
is placed horizontally with the north pole
pointing words east. Find the position of the neutral point if the horizontal component of the earths
magnetic field is 18 T.
Ans: 20 cm from the dipole tan
1
/ 2 south of east
11. The magnetic moment of the assumed dipole at the earths centre is 8.0 10
22
A m
2
. Calculate the
magnetic field B at the geomagnetic poles of the earth. Radius of the earth is 6400 km.
Ans: 60 T
12. If the earths magnetic field has a magnitude 3.4 10
5
at the magnetic equator of the earth, what
would be its value at the earths geomagnetic poles ?
Ans: 6.8 10
5
T
13. The magnetic field due to the earth has a horizontal component of 26 T at a place where the dip is
60. Find the vertical component and the magnitude of the field.
Ans: 45 T, 52 T
14. A magnetic needle is free to rotate in a vertical plane which makes an angle of 60 C with the magnetic
meridian . If the needle stays in a direction making an angle of tan
1
(2/
3
) with the horizontal, what
would be the dip at that place ?
Ans: 30
15. The needle of a dip circle shows an apparent dip of 45 in a particular position and 53 when the circle
is rotated through 90 Find the true dip.
Ans: 39
16. A tangent galvanometer shows a deflection of 45 when 10mA of current is passed through it. If the
horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is B
H
= 3.6 10
5
T and radius of the coil is 10 cm,
find the number of turns in the coil.
17. A moving -coil galvanometer has a 50 turn coil of size 2 cm 2 cm. It is suspended between the
magnetic poles producing a magnetic field of 0.5 T Find the torque on the coil due to the magnetic field
when a current of 20 mA passes through it.
Ans: 2 10
4
Nm
18. A short magnet produces a deflection of 37 in a deflection magnetometer in Tan-A position when
placed at a separation of 10 cm from the needle. Find the ratio of the magnetic moment of the magnet
to the earth s horizontal magnetic field.
Ans: 3.75 10
3
T
m A
2

19. The magnetometer of the previous problem is used with the same magnet in Tan - B position .where
should the magnet be produce a 37 deflection of the needle?
Ans: 7.9 cm from the centre
20 A deflection magnetometer is placed with its arms in north-south direction How and where should a
short magnet having M/BH = 40 A m
2
/ T be placed so that the needle can stay in any position ?
Ans: 2.0 cm from the needle, north pole pointing towards south
21. A bar magnet takes p/10 second to complete one oscillation in an oscillation magnetometer The
moment of inertia of the magnet about the axis of rotation is 1.2 10
4
kg m
2
and the earths
horizontal magnetic field is 30 T .Find the magnetic moment of the magnet.
Ans: 1600 Am
2
22. The combination of two bar magnets makes 10 oscillations per second in an oscillation magnetometer
when like poles are tied together and 2 oscillations per second when unlike poles are tied together find
the ratio of the magnetic moment of the magnets .Neglect any induced magnetism.
Ans: 13 : 12
23. A short magnet oscillates in an oscillation magnetometer with a time period of 0.10 s where the earth
s horizontal magnetic field is 24 T. Adownward current of 18 Ais established in a vertical wire placed
20 cm east of the magnet. Find the new time period.
Ans: 0.076s
Chapter # 36 Permanent Magnets
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manishkumarphysics.in
24. Abar magnet makes 40 oscillations per minute in an oscillation magnetometer. An identical magnet is
demagnetized completely. and is placed over the magnet in the magnetometer. Find the time taken for
40 oscillations by this combination. Neglect any induced magnetism.
Ans:
2
minutes
25. A short magnet makes 40 oscillations per minute when used in an oscillation magnetometer at a place
where the earths horizontal magnetic field is 25 T. Another short magnet of magnetic moment 1.6 A
m
2
is placed 20 cm east of the oscillations magnet. Find the new frequency of oscillation if the
magnet has its north pole (a) towards north and (b) towards south.
Ans: (a) 18 oscillations /minute (b) 54 oscillations/ minute