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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Volume 2013, Article ID 290691, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/290691
Research Article
Analysis and Testing of Chain Characteristics and
Rheological Properties for Magnetorheological Fluid
Song Chen,
1,2
Jin Huang,
2
Hongyu Shu,
1
Tiger Sun,
1
and Kailin Jian
1
1
College of Resources and Environmental, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
2
College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Jin Huang; [email protected]
Received 16 July 2013; Accepted 9 October 2013
Academic Editor: Xing Chen
Copyright 2013 Song Chen et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Digital holographic microscopy is presented in this study, which can measure the magnetorheological (MR) fuid in diferent
volume fractions of particles and diferent magnetic feld strengths. Based on the chain structure of magnetic particle under applied
magnetic feld, the relationships between shear yield stress, magnetic feld, size, and volume fraction of MR fuid in two parallel
discs are established. In this experiment, we choose three MR fuid samples to check the rheological properties of MR fuid and to
obtain the material parameters with the test equipment of MR fuid; the conclusion is efective.
1. Introduction
Magnetorheological (MR) fuids are suspensions of micron-
sized, magnetizable particles in a carrier fuid such as syn-
thetic oil and silicone oil, which are regarded as the intelligent
materials that respond to an applied magnetic feld with a
change in their rheological properties. In the absence of an
applied magnetic feld, MR fuids exhibit Newtonian fuid-
like behavior. Upon application of a magnetic feld, the polar-
ization between two induced dipoles causes the suspended
particles in the MR fuids to forma chain-like microstructure
aligned with the direction of applied magnetic feld. Te
magnetic chain structure changes the rheological properties
of the suspension. Altering the strength of the applied
magnetic feld precisely and proportionally controls the shear
yield strength of the fuids [1, 2]. Based on the mechanical
characteristics, the fuids can be used in the controllable
energy-dissipating applications such as dampers [3, 4], valves
[5, 6], and clutches and brakes [7, 8].
Experiments showed that many other factors afect the
macroscopic properties of an MR fuid. It mainly includes
the applied magnetic feld strength, the size and gradation,
and the property and volume fraction of the particles; the
property of the carrier fuid and the additives. Noma et al.
[9] found that Fe nanoparticles synthesized by the arc plasma
method exhibited a high saturation magnetization and may
be useful for MR fuids. Ekwebelam and See [10] explored
the yielding behavior and enhanced stress response exhibited
by bidisperse MRfuid over monodisperse systems. He found
that the stress enhancement inbidisperse suspensions is likely
to be due to the population and orientation of interacting
large particles in the bidisperse suspensions. Jang et al. [11]
studied the behavioral model for magnetorheological fuid
under a magnetic feld using Lekner summation method.
Pacull et al. [12] studied the efect of polar interactions on
the magnetorheology of silica-coated magnetite suspensions
in oil media reported. He suggested that the nonnegligible
interfacial interactions are responsible for both the absence
of MR efect in hydrophobic samples and the low yield stress
in hydrophilic suspensions. To resolve the sedimentation
of carbonyl iron (CI) based MR fuid, Fang et al. [13]
introduced fbrous single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)
into carbonyl iron (CI) suspension as additives.
2. Chain Characteristics of MR Fluid
2.1. Chain Process. When a magnetic feld is applied, the
magnetic particles in MRfuid are moving orderly that causes
the suspended particles to attract each other under the action
2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
(a)
H
(b)
H
(c) (d)
Figure 1: Te chain process of MR fuid.
Figure 2: Te experimental device of measurement of MR fuids by
digital microholography.
of magnetic force to form a chain-like microstructure along
the feld direction; meanwhile the chain process of MR fuid
occurrs, as shown in Figure 1. Te distribution of particles in
MR fuid without the magnetic feld is shown in Figure 1(a),
the dynamic yield stress is zero in this case. Te chain
structure of particles in MR fuid under the magnetic feld
is shown in Figure 1(b). Figure 1(c) shows that the number
and diameter of chain will increase with the applied magnetic
feld and the dynamic yield stress and apparent viscosity of
MR fuid also increase. Figure 1(d) shows that the MR fuid
recovers rapidly and response time is only few milliseconds
when the applied magnetic feld disappeared.
Figure 2 shows the experimental device for recording
holograms of MR fuid. Te experimental conditions are as
follows: the pixel number = 1024; the pixel size of the
charge coupled device (CCD) camera = 5.2 m; the
wavelength = 632.8 nm; the magnifcation of objective
= 40.
Te hologram and reconstruction images of calibration
target are shown in Figure 3. From Figure 3(b), we can easily
obtain the length between two graduation lines based on
counting the pixel numbers. Because the actual scale of
calibration target is 50 m,

and actual can be calculated

[13].
Afer a strong magnetic feld is applied to MR fuids, the
microparticles will be polarized and aligned like chains along
the direction of magnetic feld. Te continuous holograms of
MR fuids under an applied magnetic feld were encoded by
CCD and the construction images of the chain confguration
are shown in Figure 4. Te fgures also indicate the transform
process from micro-particles to chains in a magnetic feld.
Te chaining process along the direction of magnetic feld,
that is, the responding speed of MR fuids for magnetic feld,
is easily calculated.
2.2. Shear Yield Stress. In order to analyze the relationship
between the shear yield stress and the magnetic feld, the
size, the volume percentage of MR fuid. Te assumptions for
chain model of dipole are as follows.
(1) Te ordered arrangement of particles afer magnetic
polarization and the chain structure is steady. All of
the particles occupy a fxed position in the stable
chain.
(2) Te single chain formed by particles is along with the
direction of magnetic feld. Te chain is parallel to
magnetic feld direction, and its length is equal to the
distance between two plates. All of the chains are the
same in geometry, so the analysis results of arbitrary
chain can be representative of the others.
(3) Te acting force between adjacent particles in the
chains is equal, which presents the tensile strength of
chains.
(4) Te adjacent particles are magnetized and turn into
dipoles. Te direction of the centerline of particles is
parallel to the magnetic feld.
(5) Te interaction force in particles decides the strength
of chains. When applied force is greater than the
interaction force between particles, the chain will be
pulled of. When the shear stress is perpendicular
to the direction of magnetic feld, the chain will be
elongated and snapped.
(6) Te particles are supposed to be spherosome and
uniform.
Te analysis mode of shear yield stress in MR fuid is
shown in Figure 5, where represents the distance between
two parallel plates and

is the external force [14]. Te

bottom plate is fxed, and external force is applied to upper
plate. Whenthe shear stress is perpendicular to magnetic feld
direction, the chain will deform and break. Te

() repre-
sents the shear yield stress under unit area. Te relationship
between

() and

is indicated by

() =

sin , where
represents the angle between the centerline of chain and
magnetic feld direction, as shown in Figure 5.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3
(a) Hologram (b) Reconstruction image
Figure 3: Hologram and reconstruction images of calibration target.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Figure 4: Reconstruction images (MR fuids under a magnetic feld in diferent times).
F
H
h
F
a
Figure 5: Te analysis mode of shear yield stress.
With the applied magnetic feld, the single magnetic
particle is magnetized and forms dipoles in the MR fuid. Te
represents the dipole moment which can be expressed as
follows [15]:
=
0

1
, (1)
where
0
is the permeability of vacuum,
1
is the average
volume of magnetic particles,
1
= 4
3
/3, and is
magnetization intensity:
= , (2)
where is the magnetic susceptibility and is the magnetic
feld strength.
Te magnetic pole strength of the dipole can be expressed
as follows:
=

2
. (3)
Te distance of dipoles which is formed by any two
magnetic particles in the same chain is
=
(2 + )
cos
, (4)
where is the average value of the gap between two adjacent
particles in the chain.
Te average value of acting force in particles in the same
chain can be expressed as follows:
=
1
4
0

2

2
. (5)
Te shear yield stress of MR fuid under magnetic feld is

() =
sin

, (6)
where represents the area of the fat plate.
Te number of chains in the unit area can be expressed as
follows:
=
(/
1
)
(/)
, (7)
where is the volume fraction of magnetic particles in MR
fuid and = 2 + .
Combining (1), (3), (4), and (6), the shear yield stress of
MR fuid under magnetic feldis is expressed as follows:

() =

=1

0
12
2
(

1)
2

2
(2 + )
sin cos
2
, (8)
4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Experimental value
Teoretical value

y
(
H
)
(
k
P
a
)
H(kAmp/m)
Figure 6: Te yield stress versus applied magnetic feld strength.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

r
H(kAmp/m)
Figure 7: Te relative magnetic permeability versus applied mag-
netic feld strength.
where

represents the relative magnetic permeability of MR

fuid,

= 1 +, represents the average number of particles

in each chain, and = /
1
.
Te theoretical value and experimental value of yield
stress versus applied magnetic feld strength are shown in
Figure 6. Te magnetic particle is uniformspherosome in the
MR fuid. Assume that = 30

, = 0,
0
= 4 10
7
Tm/A,
and = 37%. Te relationship between the relative magnetic
permeability and the applied magnetic feld strength can
be drawn, as shown in Figure 7. As shown in Figure 6, the
theoretical value is satisfed with the experimental value, the
yield stress of MRfuid is increased with the applied magnetic
feld and its value can be controlled by applied magnetic feld.
3. Rheological Properties of MR Fluid
3.1. Test Equipment. Te performance experimental device
for rheological properties of MR fuid between two discs is
shown in Figure 8. Based on this test system, the transmission
torques of MR fuids between two discs under zero magnetic
feld and diferent applied magnetic felds are analyzed.
Te shearing rate of MR fuids between two discs can be
adjusted by motor in the test system. Te applied magnetic
feld strength can be controlled by electric current in coil.
All parameters in system are measured in real time by
gaussmeter, speed, and torque sensors.
3.2. Test Principle. For the properties of experimental system
of MRfuid between two parallel disks, shown in Figure 8, the
following assumptions are given: the fuid is incompressible.
Tere is no fow in radial direction and axial direction,
but only tangential fow. Te fow velocity of MR fuid is a
function of radius. Te pressure in the thickness direction of
MR fuid is constant. Te strength of magnetic feld in the
gap of the activation region is well distributed. In cylindrical
coordinates (, , ), the distribution of the fow velocity is

= 0,

= () ,

= 0, (9)
where

, and

are the fow velocity of the fuid in the -

direction, the -direction, and -direction, respectively; ()
is the rotation angular velocity of the fuid in the -direction.
Te angular velocity () is the function of -coordinate.
Te fuid shear strain rate may be approximated as
follows:
=
0

, (10)
where
0
is speed of rotating disk. Te torque transmitted
by the MR fuid between two parallel disks is calculated by
integrating the shear stress of the MR fuid as follows:
= 2

1

2
d, (11)
where
1
and
2
are the efective inner and outer radius of
the rotor-disc in the MR fuid exposed to the magnetic feld,
respectively. Based on the mean value theoremof integral, the
torque in (11) can be expressed as follows:
=
2
3

(
3
2

3
1
) , (12)
where

is the shear stress of the sample. When (

2

1
)

0
, the

is equal to the stress located at

0
= (
2

1
)/2,
approximately. Using (10) and (12), the relationship between
and can be obtained by the measuring torque and speed

0
.
3.3. Test Results. In this experiment, we choose MR fuid
samples MRM1, MRM2, and MRM3 to check the theory,
as shown in Table 1. Ten we make a comparison with the
results.
When the magnetic displacement is small, shown in
Figure 9, magnetic particle is far from reaching a magnetic
saturation and the shear stress quickly increases. With
the increase of the magnetic induction intensity, curves
gradually become slow. Tis is mainly because of diferent
magnetisability of the solid ferromagnetism particles. We
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5
Motor controller
Motor
Coupling
Speed reducer
Speed sensor
Coil assembly
Magnetic feld
control device
Magnetic feld
measuring device
Torque sensor
Rotating
disk
Fixed
disk
MRF
(a) (b)
Figure 8: Te performance experimental device for MR fuid rheological properties.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MRM1
MRM2
MRM3

(
k
P
a
)
B (kGs)
Figure 9: Te shear stress of the diferent magnetic induction
intensities.
Table 1: Te MR fuid samples on diferent particle volume frac-
tions.
List
Particle volume
fraction/%
Zero feld
viscosity/(Pas)
MRM1 5 0.1
MRM2 15 0.2
MRM3 35 1.1
must increase the applied magnetic feld strength in order to
obtain a greater shear stress. If the magnetic induction inten-
sity is large enough, the particles gradually reach magnetic
saturation, particle interaction reaches the extreme value, and
the shear stress at this time will not increase withthe magnetic
induction intensity and tends to a stable value.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
15 20 25 30
Volume fraction (%)
2 kGs
4 kGs
6 kGs
8 kGs

(
k
P
a
)
Figure 10: Te shear stress of the diferent particle volume fractions.
Te particles volume percentage refers to the percentage
of the volume occupied by the dispersed phase of solid
particles in the MR fuid. As Figure 10 shows, the shear stress
also increases when the particle volume fraction increases.
In the case of not very high magnetic feld strength, both
are rendering the approximate linear relationship. Tis can
be explained by MR fuid microscopic mechanism. Te solid
particulate magnetic becomes dipole under the action of the
magnetic feld. Dipole of interaction form magnetic chain
between the two plates. When the volume percentage is low,
the number of solid particle is limited. In a magnetic feld,
a few of magnetic chains are formed and the shear stress is
small. When the volume percentage is high, the number of
magnetic chain increases and even forms column or mesh
structure and the shear stress ensues to increase.
6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 100 150 200 250 300 350
1 kGs
2 kGs
3 kGs
4 kGs

(
P
a

s
)
(s
1
)
Figure 11: Te relationship between viscosity and shear stress rate.
Te apparent viscosity of MR fuid is the measure shear
stress under certain conditions divided by the shear strain
rate . Obviously, for a Newtonian fuid, the apparent viscos-
ity is the dynamic viscosity, and the value of viscosity is a con-
stant, independent of the shear strain rate. But for MR fuid,
it is not so. As Figure 11 shows, the apparent viscosity of MR
fuid changes with shear strain rate under diferent magnetic
induction intensity. Te apparent viscosity decreases with
increasing shear strain rate and in the beginning it decreased
rapidly and then leveled of.
4. Conclusion
In order to predict the mechanical property of MR fuid
under magnetic feld and shear strain, the microstructures
of chain at diferent magnetic felds strength were measured.
Te chain model of dipole interaction for MR fuid was
established. Te prediction model of yield stress for MR fuid
is obtained. Te infuence of yield stress by magnetization
intensity of magnetic particle and magnetic feld strength
were analyzed, respectively. In this experiment, we obtain the
relationship between the shear stress and magnetic induction
and particle volume fraction.
Acknowledgments
Tis work was fnancially supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51175532); the
Natural Science FoundationKey Project of Chongqing (Grant
no. CSTC, 2011ba4028); Key Program of the Fundamental
Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant no.
CDJXS10242206).
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