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3C43 Lasers & Modern Optics Problem Sheet 4 - Electro-Optics and Non-Linear Optics

This document contains questions about electro-optics and non-linear optics. Question 1 involves acousto-optic modulators, including how they work, their operating parameters, and how they can be used to mode-lock lasers. Question 2 is about linear electro-optic effects and how an applied electric field alters the index ellipsoid. It also involves calculating the half-wave voltage of an electro-optic modulator. Question 3 covers phase matching and quantum modeling of second-harmonic generation, as well as calculating the cut angle of a second-harmonic crystal and why solids are typically used for SHG but gases for third-harmonic generation.

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52 views2 pages

3C43 Lasers & Modern Optics Problem Sheet 4 - Electro-Optics and Non-Linear Optics

This document contains questions about electro-optics and non-linear optics. Question 1 involves acousto-optic modulators, including how they work, their operating parameters, and how they can be used to mode-lock lasers. Question 2 is about linear electro-optic effects and how an applied electric field alters the index ellipsoid. It also involves calculating the half-wave voltage of an electro-optic modulator. Question 3 covers phase matching and quantum modeling of second-harmonic generation, as well as calculating the cut angle of a second-harmonic crystal and why solids are typically used for SHG but gases for third-harmonic generation.

Uploaded by

ShootingStarPhotons
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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3C43 LASERS & MODERN OPTICS

Problem sheet 4 Electro-optics and non-linear optics








Question 1.


a) Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of an acousto-optic modulator and explain how the
device can be used to shift the frequency of an optical beam. [3]

a) Find expressions in terms of the wavelength in vacuo of the incident light,
0
, the refractive
index, n, and the speed of sound, v, in the modulator crystal and the frequency of the r.f. drive,
f.

i) for the angular deflection and [2]

ii) for the frequency-shift induced by the modulator [2]

b) Describe how an acousto-optic modulator can be employed to mode-lock a laser. For such an
application, show that the cavity round-trip time, , and the modulator drive-frequency, f, must
satisfy 1 = f . [3]
.
c) An imperfectly collimated laser-beam of wavelength 852nm is incident on a TeO2 acousto-optic
modulator, which is oriented to maximize the intensity of the first-order diffracted beam with a
modulator driving frequency of 132MHz. Without changing the alignment, the r.f. frequency is
gradually increased, until at 145MHz the diffracted beam disappears. The refractive-index and
the speed of sound in TeO2 are 1.5 and 4.3 km/s respectively.

i) Draw a sketch diagram to show the direction in which the diffracted beam is
deflected as the r.f. frequency is increased. [2]

ii) What is the angular divergence of the incident laser-beam? [3]




Question 2.


a) Write down the equation defining the linear electro-optic coefficient , r. [1]

b) Show how the equation for the index ellipsoid is altered in the presence of a static electric field
in the z-direction,
z
, for an electro-optic material with a single non-zero component of the
electro-optic tensor . [2]
63
r

c) Hence show that the half-wave voltage of a longitudinal electro-optic modulator is
3
0
0
2 n r
V

=
where is the refractive index at wavelength
0
n
0
. [2]

d) Describe, with reference to a suitable diagram, how such a modulator can be used to control the
intensity of a beam of light. [3]

e) An electro-optic modulator as in e) using a crystal of refractive index 5 . 1
0
= n and
is used to impose a sinusoidal intensity modulation on a beam of light of
wavelength 1032 nm. If the intensity modulation has an r.m.s. deviation of 1%, what is the
r.m.s. control voltage required? [4]
V m r / 10 73 . 9
11
=




Question 3.


a) Explain what is meant by phase-matching in second-harmonic generation and show that the
condition for it to be achieved is that n
2
n = , where and are the refractive indices at
the fundamental and second-harmonic frequencies respectively. [3]

n
2
n

b) Explain the quantum model of second-harmonic generation, and show, using suitable equations,
which quantities are conserved in the interaction. [3]

c) Show how the results of b) are consistent with the phase-matching condition, . [1]
2
n n =

d) A second-harmonic crystal, designed for use with a Nd:YAG laser and for type-I phase-
matching, has its entrance and exit faces cut at an angle of
m
to the optic axis. Find the value of
m
given the following data: [4]

1064 nm 532 nm
n
o
1.4852 1.4985
n
e
1.4356 1.4462

e) Explain why second-harmonic generation is usually carried out in crystalline solids whereas for
third-harmonic generation gaseous media are usually employed. [2]

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