Literature Review Article

Ludwigs angina: diagnosis and treatment

Tiago Andr Fontoura de Melo
1
Tiago Rcker
1
Marcos Paulo Dias do Carmo
1
Luis Eduardo Duarte Irala
2
Alexandre Azevedo Salles
2
Corresponding author:
Tiago Andr Fontoura de Melo
Rua Lucas de Oliveira, n. 336, apto. 206 Petrpolis
CEP 90440-010 Porto Alegre RS Brasil
E-mail: [email protected]
1
Department of Dentistry, So Leopoldo Mandic (Porto Alegre Unit) Porto Alegre RS Brazil.
2
Department of Dentistry, Lutheran University of Brazil Canoas RS Brazil.
Received for publication: July 20, 2012. Accepted for publication: November 12, 2012.
Abstract
Introduction: Ludwigs angina is often an infection of odontogenic
origin affecting the soft tissues of the submandibular, sublingual
and submental area. Objective: This review aimed to analyze the
existing literature regarding the clinical features, applications for
diagnosis and treatment modalities of Ludwigs angina. Literature
review: Because it is a disease of rapid evolution, and if not
previously identified, may compromise the patients general health
and even lead to death. Conclusion: Therefore, it is important to
identify the correct diagnosis based on careful and complementary
clinical examination, together with an effective drug coverage and
early surgical intervention to provide greater control of the patients
health.
Introduction
The odontogenic infection is one of the most
difficult clinical cases in Dentistry [12]. According
to Bross-Soriano et al. [2], Ludwigs angina is a
type of infection of odontogenic origin in more
than 70% of the cases.
For Vasconcellos et al. [22] and Jimnez
et al. [9], most of the odontogenic infections are
of multimicrobial origin because oral cavity is a
medium with a normal resident flora very diversified.
Such microbiota, at first, lives harmoniously
without causing damages to the host. However,
when there is an imbalance between the virulence
Keywords:
Ludwigs angina;
diagnosis; therapy.
ISSN:
Electronic version: 1984-5685
RSBO. 2013 Apr-Jun;10(2):172-5
RSBO. 2013 Apr-Jun;10(2):172-5 173
of the organism and the conditions of the patient,
the infection tends to develop.
Ludwigs angina is a cellulitis frequently
located at the area of the mandibular second
and third molars involving the submandibular,
sublingual and submental spaces. The apexes of
these teeth are located just below the insertion of
the mylohyoid muscle and consequently they are
in close relationship with the submandibular space
r [13, 24].
According to Ugboko et al. [21] and Duprey et al.
[3], the Ludwigs angina is an aggressive infectious
pattern of fast dissemination, characterized by
a swelling area in the oral f loor, tongue, and
submandibular region, which in evolution can lead
to the patients death.
Thus, the aim of this literature review study
was to exhibit the characteristics, diagnosis and
treatment of the Ludwigs angina.
Literature review
Ludwigs angina
The Ludwigs angina was firstly described
in 1836 by Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig as a
cellulitis of fast evolution involving the region of
the submandibular gland which is disseminated
through anatomic contiguity without tendency
towards abscess formation [19].
Among the main etiologic factors of the angina
is the tooth infection, for example, a recent tooth
extraction, endodontic and periodontal condition
and tooth trauma [13]. However, Gulinelli et al.
[7] pointed out other factors such as in the cases
of submandibular sialadenitis and parapharyngeal
or peritonsillar abscesses.
According to Soares et al. [18] and Tavares
et al. [20], Ludwigs angina can show a greater
susceptibility to occur in subjects with some
degree of systemic compromise, such as Aids,
glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus and aplastic
anemia.
The diagnosis of Ludwigs angina
The diagnosis process of the angina is eminently
clinical. In physical examination, the patient
normally shows a volume increasing hard to
palpation in the sublingual, submandibular region
bilaterally and submental region, which can extend
in many times to the suprahyoid region, leading to
the elevation of the oral floor and the falling of the
tongue towards the posterior direction with risk
of obstruction of the airways [4, 10].
According to Nogueira et al. [14] and Saifeldeen
and Evans [17], the elevation of the tongue is
associated with dysphagia, odynophagia, dysphonia
and cyanosis, and in all cases the signs and
symptoms characteristic of infectious processes are
observed: high fever, malaise, anorexia, tachycardia
and chills On the other hand, the volume increasing
in oral cavity contributes for the appearance of
clinical cases of muscle hypertonia.
Because of the fast evolution through the
anatomic contiguity between the fascial spaces,
the knowledge of the head and neck anatomy is
essential to understand the clinical presentation and
the possible complications of this infection. Thus,
as auxiliary diagnosis method, some conventional
radiographic tools can be used. For example,
through panoramic x-ray, it is possible to identify
possible odontogenic sources. Cervical, profile and
posterior-anterior radiographs enable to observe
the volume increasing in the soft tissues and any
deviation of the trachea [4].
Currently, computed tomography is the most
complete resource available because through
both the axial/coronal cuts and differentiation of
the density of soft tissues, it can provide more
accurately the dimensions and localization of the
infection areas [16].
According to Fogaa et al. [4], the clinical
examination is decisive for the diagnosis of Ludwigs
angina; however, it must be added by a complete
anamnesis, image examinations and laboratorial
tests. The laboratorial tests, such as hemogram,
renal function, culture and antibiogram, are also
of vital importance to monitor the general state of
the patient and to determine the microorganisms
involved to define the antimicrobial therapy.
Treatment approaches for Ludwigs angina
Ludwigs angina is a severe condition once it
has a fast evolution that can put the patients life at
risk because either the obstruction of the airways
secondary to the sublingual and submandibular
swelling or at a latest stage of the process, the
dissemination of the infection that could lead to
mediastinitis, necrotizing fasciitis or sepsis [9].
Thus, the treatment concentrates around four
attitudes: maintenance of the airways, incision and
Melo et al.
Ludwigs angina: diagnosis and treatment
174
drainage, antimicrobial therapy and elimination of
the infectious site [11].
The maintenance of the airways must be a
priority in the treatment of the patient, since the
main cause of death at a first moment is the asphyxia
due to obstruction. The patients must be rigorously
followed-up regarding signs and symptoms of airway
obstructions, such as stridor and use of accessory
muscle of breathing. The control of the airways
can be executed through endotracheal intubation
or tracheostomy.
The endotracheal intubation is not recommended
because of some factors such as the risk of not
planned extubation with difficult of re-intubation
due to the swelling and possibility of leading
the infection to other sites through the rupture
of pustules during intubation. Consequently, the
tracheostomy has been indicated for the most severe
cases and has the risks inherent to any surgical
procedure and some difficult of execution due to
the loss of the anatomic references because of the
swelling [15].
The stage of incision and drainage is indicated
for the decompression of the fascial spaces involved
and suppuration evacuation. The execution of
multiple incisions could be necessary. The location
and size of the incision will depend on the anatomic
spaces involved by the infection. Normally, it is
necessary the separation of the superficial lobes
of the submandibular gland and divulsion of the
milo-hyoid muscles to decompress the fascial
spaces [24].
Freire-Filho et al. [5] recommended the surgical [5] recommended the surgical
drainage associated with the antimicrobial therapy
in the cases of Ludwigs angina completely developed
to avoid the previous dissemination to the internal
anatomic spaces.
Ludwigs angina is a mixed polymicrobial
i nfect i on (aerobes and anaerobes), whi ch
normally colonizes the oropharynx and it is
commonly to find streptococcus, staphylococcus,
bacteroids, pseudomonas, B melaninogenicus
and peptostreptococcus [1, 23]. Thus, the use of
the antimicrobial therapy of broad spectrum is
primordial to treat the disease [6].
Penicillin G at high doses through endovenous
route associated with metronidazole is generally
t he ant i microbi al t herapy of choice i n t he
emergence treatment of Ludwigs angina. The use
of cephalosporin, erythromycin or clindamycin is
an alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients
allergic to penicillin, and this antimicrobials should
be employed for the specific microorganism present
in the infection [14].
Additionally, some authors as Hutchison and
James

[8] have associated corticosteroids aiming to
reduce the swelling of the upper airways.
Conclusion
Ludwigs angina, because of its fast evolution
and aggressive power of dissemination, assumes a
character of emergence treatment when diagnosed
to prevent the swelling of the fascial tissues and
the obstruction of the upper airways
Therefore, it i s i mport ant t he correct
identification of the diagnosis based on careful
clinical and complementary examination together
with an effective drug coverage and an early
surgical intervention to provide a higher control
of the patients health.
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