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Experiment No: 1: Aim: Software Used Theory

The document describes 4 experiments conducted in MATLAB to analyze control systems concepts. Experiment 1 calculates transfer functions of blocks in block diagrams. Experiment 2 examines transfer function properties like zeros, poles, and plots pole-zero maps. Experiment 3 develops a program for block diagram reduction rules. Experiment 4 studies standard test signals like step, ramp and parabolic responses.

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Abhishek Singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
59 views

Experiment No: 1: Aim: Software Used Theory

The document describes 4 experiments conducted in MATLAB to analyze control systems concepts. Experiment 1 calculates transfer functions of blocks in block diagrams. Experiment 2 examines transfer function properties like zeros, poles, and plots pole-zero maps. Experiment 3 develops a program for block diagram reduction rules. Experiment 4 studies standard test signals like step, ramp and parabolic responses.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

EXPERIMENT NO: 1

AIM: To find the transfer function of the following blocks using matlab
SOFTWARE USED: Matlab version (R2010a)
THEORY:
Transfer function: It is the ratio of laplace transform of the output variable to the ratio of
laplace transform of input variable.
Mathematically,
TF = C(s)/R(s) where C(s) = output variable
R(s) = input variable
TF = transfer function
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
FIGURE 1:




2
FIGURE 2:


TABULATION:
SERIAL NO BLOCK GAIN DISPLAYED VALUE


1


G1=(1,1)
G2=(3,1)
G3=(4,1)
R=5


1.154




2

G1=(1,1)
G2=(3,1)
G3=(1,1)
H1=(1,1)
H2=(1,1)
R=5



1.875

CONCLUSION: Hence from the above table we can conclude that we can
easily deduce a block system by block diagram reduction technique.



3


EXPERIMENT NO: 2

AIM: To study the transfer function and find its zeros, poles and plot it.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Matlab version(R2009a)
THEORY:
Zeros of a transfer function: For a transfer function G(s)/H(s) , zeroes are defined as
the roots of the equation for which G(s)=0.
Poles of a transfer function: For the transfer function G(s)/H(s) , the poles are defined
as the roots of the equation for which H(s)=0.
Gain: The ratio of the input to output is called the gain.
Transfer Function Format:
A transfer function (TF) relates a particular input/output pair.
tf is used to write transfer function
pole is used compute poles.
zero is used to compute zeroes.
zpk is a function that create zero-pole-gain models or convert to zero-pole-gain
format.
pzmap plots the pole zero map of the continuous or discrete LTI system. The poles are
ploted as x and the zeros are o.


4
COMMANDS AND OBSERVATION:
>> g=tf([1 3 2],[1 4 1 -6])
Transfer function:
s^2 + 3 s + 2
-------------------
s^3 + 4 s^2 + s - 6

>> pole(g)
ans =
-3.0000
-2.0000
1.0000
>> zero(g)
ans =
-2
-1
>> h=zpk([-2 -1],[-3 -2 1],1)
Zero/pole/gain:
(s+2) (s+1)
-----------------
(s+3) (s+2) (s-1)

5
>> pzmap(h)


CONCLUSION: Hence we observe the pole zero map in transfer function format and
zero/pole/gain format.









-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Pole-Zero Map
Real Axis
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

A
x
i
s

6
EXPERIMENT NO 3

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To write a programme in matlab for block diagram
reduction rule.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Matlab version(R2010a)
THEORY:
SERIES : When two blocks are connected in series then their gains are multiplied to
obtain net gain of the blocks.
PARALLEL : When two blocks are connected in parallel then their gains are added up.
FEEDBACK GAIN: Feedback of a system is given by:
G/(G*H+1) where G=forward gain
H=feedback gain.
OBSERVATION:
Given Block Diagram:


Commands:
num1 = [1 0];
den1 = [1 1];
num2 = [2];
den2 = [1 0];
num3 = [1];
den3 = [1 1];
num4 = [1];
den4 = [1 0];
num5 = [1];
den5 = [1 0];
num6 = [2];
den6 = [1 0];
[num7 den7] = series(num2,den2,num3,den3);
[num11 den11] =series(num7,den7,num4,den4);
[num8 den8] = feedback(num11,den11,num5,den5);
[num9 den9] = series(num1,den1,num8,den8);
[num10 den10] = feedback(num9,den9,num6,den6);
printsys(num10,den10);

num/den =

2 s^3
--------------------------------
s^6 + 2 s^5 + s^4 + 6 s^2 + 2 s

CONCLUSION : Hence from the above we learned to reduce block diagrams by using
matlab commands.









8
EXPERIMENT NO: 4

AIM :To study the standard test signal of step ,ramp and parabolic response.
SOFTWARE USED: Matlab version(R2009a)
THEORY:
STEP FUNCTION:The step signal is the signal whose value changes from one level to
another level A in zero time .
Mathematically,
r(t)=Au(t)
u(t)=1; t>0
=0; t<0
RAMP FUNCTION:The ramp is a signal which starts at the value of zero and increases
linearly with time
Mathematically,
r(t)=A t ; t>0
=0; t<0
PARABOLIC FUNCTION:the parabolic signal can be obtained by integrating the ramp
function or double integrating the step function.
Mathematically,
r(t)=At
2
/2; t>0
=0; t<0
A ramp function can be generated by integrating a step function. A parabolic
function can be generated by integrating ramp function and double integrating step
function.
An integrator is used to generate a Ramp function and Parabolic function since Matlab
has no direct command for generating these function.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STEP FUNCTION:

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RAMP FUNCTION:

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PARABOLIC FUNCTION:

OBSERVATION: Frequency response of step function:

Frequency response of ramp function:


Frequency response of parabolic function:

For a second order system:
For example:
>> h=tf(64,[1 2 25])

Transfer function:
64
--------------
s^2 + 2 s + 25

>> step(h)

CONCLUSION: Hence forth we can conclude that ramp function can be obtained by
integrating step function and parabolic function can be obtained from integrating two
times the step function.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Step Response
Time (sec)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

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