DynaN v3 Manual

A Program for Dynamic Analysis of Both Shallow and Deep
Foundations Under Harmonic, Transient and Random Loading Using

Improved Novaks method
(User's Manual)

by
Lymon C. Reese
Shin Tower Wang
J ose A. Arrellaga
Luis Vasquez

for
ENSOFT, INC
3003 W. Howard Lane
Austin, Texas 78728

April - 2012
(Dynan v3.0)
COMPUTER PROGRAM
DYNAN
Version 3.0
COPYRIGHT ENSOFT, INC 2012
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION FROM ENSOFT, INC
ii

Dyna-N 3.0 for Windows User's Manual

PROGRAM LICENSE AGREEMENT

IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please read the terms of the
following license agreement carefully. You signify acceptance
of the terms of this Agreement byusing the product.
This software is licensed only to the user (companyor
individual) whose name is registered with ENSOFT, INC., or to
users at the registered location, on only one computer at a time.
Additional installations of the software may be made by
theuser, as long as the number of installations is equalto the
number of purchased and registered licenses.

The user is not entitled to copy the program unless copying for
backup purposes. The user may not loan, rent, lease, or transfer
the software to anyother person, company, or location. This
software and documentation are copyrighted materials and
should be treated like any other copyrighted material
(i.g. a book or musical recording). This software is protected by
the United States Copyright Law and International Copyright
Treaty.
iii


Contents
CHAPTER 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 General Description ................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2 Application of Program .............................................................................................................. 1-2
1.3 Program Features ....................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.4 Units, Notation and Sign Convention ......................................................................................... 1-4
1.5 Company Background ................................................................................................................ 1-4
CHAPTER 2. Installation and Getting Started ..................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Installation Procedures .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version ..................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2 Network License ................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.1.3 Installation of Network Version ......................................................................................... 2-5
2.1.4 Backup of Original Software .............................................................................................. 2-6
2.1.5 Software Updates on the Internet ..................................................................................... 2-7
2.2 Getting Started ........................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.1 Starting the Program .......................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.2 File Management ............................................................................................................... 2-9
2.2.3 Data Input of Application Problem .................................................................................. 2-10
2.2.4 Computation Options ....................................................................................................... 2-12
2.2.5 Graphics ........................................................................................................................... 2-13
2.2.6 Arrangement of Windows ................................................................................................ 2-14
2.2.7 Help Files .......................................................................................................................... 2-15
CHAPTER 3. Data Input ...................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 File Menu ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.1 File -New ............................................................................................................................ 3-2
3.1.2 File -Open ........................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.3 File -Save ............................................................................................................................ 3-3
3.1.4 File - Save As ....................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.1.5 File - Exit ............................................................................................................................. 3-3
iv


3.2 Data Menu ................................................................................................................................. 3-4
3.2.1 Numeric Data Entries ......................................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.2 Data -Title ........................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.3 Data - Units ........................................................................................................................ 3-7
3.2.4 Data - Option of Foundation System ................................................................................. 3-7
3.2.5 Data - Option of Loading .................................................................................................... 3-8
3.2.6 Data - Option of Foundation Shape ................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.7 Data - Footing Mass Parameters ...................................................................................... 3-10
3.2.8 Data - Foundation Dimen. and Constants ........................................................................ 3-14
3.2.9 Data - Foundation Layer Data (Multilayer Fondation) ..................................................... 3-15
3.2.10 Data - Pile Cap Shape/Dimension .................................................................................... 3-16
3.2.11 Data - Pile Cap Mass Properties ....................................................................................... 3-17
3.2.12 Data - Pile Coordinates..................................................................................................... 3-17
3.2.13 Data - Pile Properties ....................................................................................................... 3-18
3.2.14 Data - Pile Elements ......................................................................................................... 3-19
3.2.15 Data - Soil Layer Data ....................................................................................................... 3-20
3.2.16 Data - Soil Data Below Footing/Pile Tip ........................................................................... 3-21
3.2.17 Data - Side Soils Next to Pile Cap ..................................................................................... 3-22
3.2.18 Data - Soil Column Layer .................................................................................................. 3-23
3.2.19 Data - Harmonic Loading Data ......................................................................................... 3-25
3.2.20 Data - Transient Loading Data .......................................................................................... 3-26
3.2.21 Data - Random Loading Data ........................................................................................... 3-28
3.2.22 Data - Control Options... .................................................................................................. 3-30
CHAPTER 4. Program Execution and Output Reviews ....................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2 Computation Menu .................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.3 Computation - Run Analysis ....................................................................................................... 4-2
4.3.1 Computation - Edit Input Text............................................................................................ 4-3
4.3.2 Computation - Edit Processor Run Notes .......................................................................... 4-4
4.3.3 Computation - Edit Output Text......................................................................................... 4-4
4.4 Graphics Menu ........................................................................................................................... 4-5
4.4.1 Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode ......................................................................... 4-6
v


4.4.2 Plot Menu ........................................................................................................................... 4-6
4.4.3 Graphics - Translation Stiffness (Kxx, Kyy,Kww) ................................................................ 4-7
4.4.4 Graphics - Rotational Stiffness (Kxx, Kyy,Kww) .................................................................. 4-8
4.4.5 Graphics - Translation Damping (Cxx, Cyy, Cww)............................................................... 4-8
4.4.6 Graphics - Rotational Damping (Cpxx, Cpyy, Crt) ............................................................... 4-9
4.4.7 Graphics - Foundation Response Amplitude in Displacement ......................................... 4-10
4.4.8 Graphics - Foundation Response Amplitude in Rotation ................................................. 4-10
4.4.9 Graphics Interactive Footing Response Amplitude ....................................................... 4-11
4.5 View Geometry ........................................................................................................................ 4-12
CHAPTER 5. Engineering Document................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5-2
5.2 Definition of Impedance Functions ............................................................................................ 5-2
5.3 Simplified Methods .................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.4 Improved Novaks Method With Non-Reflective Boundary ...................................................... 5-5
5.4.1 Deep Foundation (Pile Option) .......................................................................................... 5-5
5.4.2 Shallow Foundation ......................................................................................................... 5-13
5.4.2.1 Footing on homogeneous halfspace ............................................................................ 5-13
5.4.2.2 Footing on homogeneous layer (Stratum) ................................................................... 5-15
5.4.2.3 Footing embedded in layered medium ........................................................................ 5-16
5.5 Dynamic Loading ...................................................................................................................... 5-17
5.5.1 Transient Loading ............................................................................................................. 5-17
5.5.2 Random Loading .............................................................................................................. 5-17
5.5.3 Harmonic Loading ............................................................................................................ 5-17
5.6 Available Methods for Dynamic Analysis of Shallow and Deep Foundations.......................... 5-18
5.6.1 Finite element or boundary element method ................................................................. 5-18
5.6.2 Impedance Function method ........................................................................................... 5-18
CHAPTER 6. Example Problems .......................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1 Example 1: Harmonic Load Applied to Half-Space (Embedded Foundation) ............................ 6-2
6.1.1 Input Data .......................................................................................................................... 6-3
6.1.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................... 6-3
6.2 Example 2: Harmonic Load Applied to Pile Foundation ............................................................ 6-9
6.2.1 Input Data .......................................................................................................................... 6-9
vi


6.2.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................. 6-11
6.3 Example 3: Pile Foundation of a Tall Building .......................................................................... 6-16
6.3.1 Input Data ........................................................................................................................ 6-17
6.3.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................. 6-19
6.4 Example 4: Seismic Loads applied to Half-Space Foundation (Transient Load) ...................... 6-24
6.4.1 Input Data ........................................................................................................................ 6-24
6.4.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................. 6-26
6.5 Example 5: Mat Foundation on Stratum under Harmonic Load .............................................. 6-29
6.5.1 Input Data ........................................................................................................................ 6-29
6.5.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................. 6-30
6.6 Example 6: Shallow Foundation in Layered Soil (Multilayer Option) ...................................... 6-34
6.6.1 Input Data ........................................................................................................................ 6-35
6.6.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................. 6-36
6.7 Example 7: Random Loads Applied to Half-Space Foundation ................................................ 6-40
6.7.1 Input Data ........................................................................................................................ 6-40
6.7.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................. 6-44
6.8 Example 8: Harmonic Load Applied to Pile Group (Battered Piles Included) .......................... 6-48
6.8.1 Input Data ........................................................................................................................ 6-49
6.8.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................. 6-51
6.9 Example 9: Validation based on Dynamic Tests on Pile Foundation ....................................... 6-57
6.9.1 Input Data ........................................................................................................................ 6-58
6.9.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................. 6-60
6.10 Example 10: Seismic Response of Vacuum Tower Structure ................................................... 6-65
6.10.1 Input Data ........................................................................................................................ 6-67
6.10.2 Output Results ................................................................................................................. 6-69
References ................................................................................................................................................. R-1

vii


Figures

Figure 1.1 Notation and sign convention used by DYNAN 3.0 ........................................................ 1-5
Figure 2.1 Main installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with time) ...................... 2-3
Figure 2.5 Options contained in the File menu .............................................................................. 2-9
Figure 2.6 Options contained in the Data menu .......................................................................... 2-12
Figure 2.7 Options contained in the Computation menu ............................................................ 2-13
Figure 2.8 Options contained in the Graphics menu ................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2.9 Options contained in the Window menu .................................................................... 2-15
Figure 2.10 Options contained in the Help menu .......................................................................... 2-16
Figure 3.1 Window screen for the File Open dialog .................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3.2 Message window for incomplete or invalid files .......................................................... 3-3
Figure 3.3 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk ................................. 3-4
Figure 3.4 Options contained in the Data menu ............................................................................ 3-5
Figure 3.5 Window screen for sample Data - Title ......................................................................... 3-7
Figure 3.6 Window screen for sample Data Footing type ........................................................... 3-8
Figure 3.7 Window screen for sample Data Option of Loading .................................................. 3-9
Figure 3.8 Window screen for sample Data Option of Foundation Shape ............................... 3-10
Figure 3.9 Window screen for sample Data Option of Mass Parameters ................................. 3-11
Figure 3.10 Illustration example for computation of mass parameters ......................................... 3-12
Figure 3.11 Physical dimensions of the illustrated example ........................................................... 3-12
Figure 3.12 Window screen for sample Data Internally-Calculated Mass Parameters ................ 3-14
Figure 3.13 Window screen for sample Data Option of Foundation Dimension and Constant .. 3-15
Figure 3.14 Window screen for sample Data Option of Foundation Layer ................................. 3-16
Figure 3.15 Window screen for sample Data Option of Pile Cap Shape/Dimension ................... 3-17
Figure 3.16 Window screen for sample Data Option of Pile Coordinates ................................... 3-18
Figure 3.17 Window screen for sample Data Option of Pile Properties ...................................... 3-19
Figure 3.18 Window screen for sample Data Option of Pile Elements ........................................ 3-20
Figure 3.19 Window screen for sample Data Option of Side Soil of Foundation ........................ 3-21
Figure 3.20 Window screen for sample Data Option of Soil Data below Fo0ting/Pile Tip .......... 3-22
Figure 3.21 Window screen for sample Data Option of Side Soil Next to Pile Cap ..................... 3-23
Figure 3.22 Window screen for sample Data Option of Soil Column Layer ................................. 3-25
Figure 3.23 Window screen for sample Data Option of Harmonic Loading ................................ 3-26
Figure 3.24 Window screen for sample Data Option of Transient Loading ................................. 3-27
Figure 3.25 Window screen for sample Data Option of Random Loading .................................. 3-29
viii


Figure 3.26 Window screen for sample Data Control Option ...................................................... 3-30
Figure 4.1 Command options contained in the Computation menu .............................................. 4-2
Figure 4.2 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing input text file ......................................... 4-3
Figure 4.3 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing output text file ...................................... 4-4
Figure 4.4 Command option contained in the Graphics menu ....................................................... 4-5
Figure 4.5 Command option contained in the Plot menu .............................................................. 4-6
Figure 4.6 Translation stiffness command option for Example 1 ................................................... 4-7
Figure 4.7 TranslationRotational stiffness command option for Example 1 .................................. 4-8
Figure 4.8 Translation damping command option for Example 1 .................................................. 4-9
Figure 4.9 Rotational damping command option for Example 1 .................................................... 4-9
Figure 4.10 Foundation response amplitude in displacement command option for Example 1 ... 4-10
Figure 4.11 Foundation response amplitude in rotation command option for Example 1 ............ 4-11
Figure 4.12 Foundation response amplitude in rotation command option for Example 1 ............ 4-12
Figure 4.13 Command option contained in the View Geometry menu .......................................... 4-13
Figure 4.14 View Geometry menu Top view ................................................................................ 4-13
Figure 4.15 View Geometry menu Side view (XZ plane) .............................................................. 4-14
Figure 4.16 View Geometry menu Three-dimensional view ....................................................... 4-15
Figure

5.1 Examples of surface and embedded foundations of arbitrary shapes (from Gazetas,
1991) .............................................................................................................................. 5-3
Figure

5.2 Predicted and measured horizontal response curves (Han and Novak, 1988, Dynamic
behavior of single piles under strong harmonic excitation, Canadian Geotechnical J.,
25 (3), 523-534)) ............................................................................................................ 5-6
Figure 5.3 Concept of boundary zone with non-reflective interface ............................................. 5-7
Figure

5.4 Comparison of impedance functions for vertical vibration with Novak-Sheta (N-S) and
Veletsos-Dotson (V-D) solutions, tm/to=1.0; Gi/Go=0.25; o=0.05; (a) stiffness factor
S1 ans (b) damping factor S2 ...................................................................................... 5-9
Figure

5.5 Comparison of torsional impedance functions with Novak-Sheta (N-S) and Veletsos-
Dotson (V-D) solutions, tm/ to=1.0; Gi/Go=0.25; i=o=0.05; (a) stiffness factor S1 ans
(b) damping factor S2 ................................................................................................. 5-10
Figure 5.6 Measured dynamic response of a pile subjected to different excitation intensities .. 5-12
Figure 5.7 Pile foundation model with a rigid cap ........................................................................ 5-13
Figure 5.8 Footing on homogeneous halfspace ............................................................................ 5-13
Figure

5.9 Theorectical response curves calculated by Han (1989) and measured data for
horizontal displacement at top of foundation ............................................................. 5-14
Figure

5.10 Theorectical response curves calculated by Han (1989) and measured data for rocking
displacement of foundation ......................................................................................... 5-15
Figure 5.11 Footing on homogeneous layer (Stratum) ................................................................... 5-16
Figure 5.12 Footing embedded in multi-layered medium .............................................................. 5-16
Figure

6.1 Dimension of the foundation for seismic response analysis demonstrated in Example 1
........................................................................................................................................ 6-2
Figure 6.2 Pile foundation for dynamic response analysis demonstrated in Example 2 ................ 6-9
Figure 6.3 Foundation dimension for seismic response analysis demonstrated in Example 3 .... 6-16
ix


Figure

6.4 Shallow Ffoundation in layered soils for dynamic response analysis demonstrated in
Example 6 ..................................................................................................................... 6-34
Figure 6.5 Pile foundation for dynamic response analysis demonstrated in Example 8 .............. 6-48
Figure

6.6 Comparison of predicted and measured pile amplitudes of a single pile presented in
Example 9 ..................................................................................................................... 6-58
Figure 6.7 Pile foundation for dynamic response analysis demonstrated in Example 8 .............. 6-66

x


Tables
Table 2.1 Files created in standard DynaN 3.0 runs ............................................................................... 2-10
Table 3.1 Supported mathematical operations and constants ................................................................. 3-6
Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode .................................................................................. 4-6
Table 6.1 Soil profile and properties for Example 10 .............................................................................. 6-67


CHAPTER 1. Introduction

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1-2


1.1 General Description
A powerful computer program should be founded on advanced theory and be verified by tests
and practice. The DYNAN program follows these guidelines. DYNAN is based on the improved Novaks
method where a non-reflective boundary is formed between the near field and the far field to account
for the mass of soil in the boundary. The program yields the dynamic response of both shallow and
deep foundations under harmonic, transient, and random loadings. Such loadings can be produced by
rotating or reciprocating machines, earthquake, wind, blast, sea waves, and other sources.
The foundations (or caps on piles) are assumed to be rigid, and all six degrees of freedom are
considered as coupled. The foundation stiffness and damping constants are also returned for possible
use in soil-structure interaction analyses.
The stiffness of the supporting soil along with damping constants needed for the analysis are
evaluated in the program for surface foundations, embedded foundations, and pile foundations. Soil
layering, a possible weakened zone (see Fig. 5.3) around a foundation, and pile-soil-pile interaction are
all taken into account. Dynamic experiments have been done on full-scale shallow foundations and pile
foundations to investigate the soil-structure interaction. DYNAN program was developed based on the
impedance function method and used the model of soil-structure interaction with nonreflective
boundary between the near field and the far field to account for the nonlinearity of soil.

1.2 Application of Program
The computational method has been applied to many important problems in engineering
practice (Han, 1987, and Han, et al, 1999). To investigate soil-structure interaction, a series of dynamic
experiments were performed on full-scale mat foundations (Han, 1989) and on full-scale piles (Han and
Novak, 1989, 1992). The elastic wave energy from foundation vibration was dissipated in three
dimensions as radiation damping. The soil is not a perfect elastic medium as assumed in the theory and
the experiments showed that damping was overestimated in the computation. For practical purposes,
the damping is reduced in DYNAN based on experimental results.


To match more rigorous solutions, the theory of soil reactions is modified in the low frequency
range. At the dimensionless frequency a
0
= r/V
s
less than 0.3 for piles under lateral loading, the soil
stiffness is taken as constant and the damping is taken as linear ( is the circular frequency in rad/s, r is
the pile radius and V
s
is the soil shear-wave velocity). In general, the dynamic stiffness of soil is close to
the static stiffness in the low frequency range (less than 0.05 Hz).
DYNAN can be used for the dynamic analysis under transient and random loading in the time
domain (see Han and Cathro, 1997). It also can be used for harmonic loading in the frequency domain.
The substructure concept based on the impedance function of foundations has been introduced in the
structural analysis and is frequently used by the structural engineers for the time-history analysis in
seismic studies. By means of a substructure method, the dynamic response of superstructure is
calculated using a finite element program, such as SAP2000, and the stiffness and damping of
foundation generated by the DYNAN program (see Han, 2001) are used for representing the foundation
reaction.

1.3 Program Features
Program DYNAN 3.0 was developed based on MicroSoft Windows operation systems and uses a
graphics interface for data entry. The user may read the screen information, then type the data at the
specified entry field. The entered data can be changed freely by moving the mouse to the field location
on the screen.
DYNAN 3.0 integrates the input modules, main-computation module, and graphics module into
one system. Therefore, the user may freely call each module inside Windows for operation. In general,
after entering the input data , the user may call the computation module to execute the input data. The
user may also call on the graphics module to plot the computed pile-head stiffnesses versus loading
frequencies.
The program employed well-established analytical solutions for soil-structure interaction under
dynamic loading condition.
The program can analyze four types of foundations: (1) footing on homogeneous half-space
(half-space option); (2) footing on homogeneous layer (stratum option); (3)footing embedded in
layered medium (multilayer option); and (4) deep foundation (pile option).
The program was developed based on the improved Novaks method and a non-reflective
boundary is formed between the near field and the far field to account for the mass of soil in the
boundary zone.
The foundations (or caps on piles) are assumed to be rigid, and all six degrees of freedom are
considered as coupled.
The group effect of piles is accounted for by using the method of interaction factors in the
DYNAN program.
In DYNAN, the harmonic excitation can be of two types: constant amplitude excitation and
frequency-dependent or quadratic excitation.
The program accepts either S.I. units or English units.
DYNAN can be used for the dynamic analysis under transient and random loading in the time


domain (see Han and Cathro, 1997). It also can be used for harmonic loading in the frequency
domain.
The program generates the output data for each frequency of harmonic loads on the
foundation.
The Graphics menu allows quick observations of results contained in the output file.
The files of input data and output data are text based and may be directly accessed from within
the DYNAN program, employing the user's preferred text editor or word processor.
A well-documented manual is provided with the relevant theoretical background and guidance
to input screens.

1.4 Units, Notation and Sign Convention
Any unit notations may be used, but the notations must be consistent. The output calculated
should be of the same unit notation as that of the inputed data. Consider that in the SI measuring
system, the units for measuring force, mass, length, and time are, respectively, kN, Kg , m, and s, where
Mg = 1,000 Kg and gravity = 9.81 m/s
2
. For the English measuring system, the units are lb, slug, ft, and s,
where gravity = 32.2 ft/ s
2
, and mass slug = lb/32.2.
The input forces, moments, and response components follow the sequence of labels shown in
Fig. 1. For instance, labels 1 and 2 indicate horizontal direction along the X and Y axes. The force and
moment are defined with regard to the center of gravity (C.G.). The center of gravity means the center
of gravity of the machine/foundation system. X
c
, Y
c
and Z
c
are the coordinates for the center of the
foundation base, (C.B.).
The forces and translations are positive if they move in the positive direction of the
corresponding axis. When being observed from the origin in a positive direction of the pertinent axis,
moments and rotations are positive if they act in a clockwise direction . Thus, two positive horizontal
forces P
1
and P
2
acting above the C.G. in the direction +X, +Y result in moments M
4
< 0 and M
5
> 0.
Stiffness constants, defined to be external forces, follow the same sign convention; consequently, the
cross-stiffness constants of symmetrical foundations differ in signs.

1.5 Company Background
Ensoft, Inc., USA signed an agreement with Dyna Tech (Canadian Company) to develop a Windows-
based pre- and post- processor for operating DYNAN on a Windows platform. The computation code of
DYNAN has been copyrighted and registered with Canadian Intellectual Property Office in July 2001.



Figure 1.1 Notation and sign convention used by DYNAN 3.0

Both Dyan Tech and Ensoft cannot take responsibility for correct results from the codes; hence,
the user is to employ independent means, such as calculations by hand, to verify the results of any
computation. Hand calculations made by knowledgeable engineers employing basic engineering
principles may yield approximate values for comparison with values from computer codes, even for
complex problems. Both companies are committed to continuing the development and maintenance of
the usefulness and availability of the program for businesses and professionals.


CHAPTER 2. Installation and Getting
Started

CHAPTER 2 Installation and Getting Started 2-2


2.1 Installation Procedures
Program DynaN 3.0 is distributed with a hardware lock (USB dongle). The hardware lock consists
of an electronic device that is attached to the USB port of the computer in use. This method of software
protection has been found to provide compatibility with existing operating systems, better stability than
other alternatives, and it allows users to obtain software updates or replacements via downloads from
the internet.
The file setup.exe, contained in the distribution media, is a Windows-based program which will
assist the user in installing all the program modules into an user-selected directory with all the proper
settings used for the Windows environment. The user is assumed to have the basic knowledge for
running applications under Windows. The following steps are recommended for a successful installation.
2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version
Users are normally supplied with software manuals (in electronic pdf format), CDROM, and USB
dongle. This version of DynaN has been tested to be compatible with the following versions of Windows:
Win 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.
The following guidelines are recommended to be followed during the installation process of DynaN v3.0
for single-user licenses.

1. It is our recommendation that the hardware lock (USB dongle) should not be plugged in the
computer prior to the software-installation process. The USB dongle can be plugged into the
computer after the software has been installed successfully and the computer should recognize
the USB device immediately.

2. Start Windows. Insert the distribution CD-ROM in the appropriate tray. If the main
installation program does not start automatically, click on the Start button and select Run. On
the command line, type d:\setup.exe or e:\setup.exe, where d: or e: represents the drive that
contains the distribution CD. Press e or click OK to execute the command and start the main
installation program for ENSOFTs software. A screen similar to the one in Figure 2.1 should
appear.

3. Click anywhere on the DynaN 3.0 icon and then click on the Install Standard button to start the
installation of the single-user version of DynaN v3.0.

4. The user should read the license agreement shown in Figure 2.2. Please click Yes if you agree
and would like to proceed.

5. The user will be provided with an option to select a drive and directory for the installation of
DynaN 3.0; the default is c:\Program Files\ensoft\DynaN. If the desired directory does not exist,
the installation program will automatically create a new directory in the chosen hard drive.



Figure 2.1 Main installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with time)






If your license is for a single-user, select the "Single-User License" option and click Next. Follow the
dialog boxes until the installation finishes. After the installation is completed, insert the USB dongle into
any USB port and follow USB driver installation if it shows up. In some cases, the user may be requested
to restart Windows before executing the program.
6. Most distribution files will be copied to the installation directory (either the default or the one
selected by the user). However, certain files are copied to system directories in Windows and some
Windows services are started during installation.
7. After the installation is finished, it is usually not necessary to reboot Windows for the program to run.
The user may plug the USB dongle into the computer and run the program by double-clicking its icon in
the ENSOFT/DynaN folder located in the Start/Programs menu.
2.1.2 Network License
Special network licenses and hardware locks are available for users that desire to operate
DynaN 3.0 on a Windows network. The network version is limited to users with two or more licenses at
the same physical site. Discounted rates apply for users purchasing multiple licenses for the same site.
Network versions of DynaN 3.0 have special subroutines written for installations in software
servers and for installations of individual clients.

The software server is known as the computer that will be carrying the network lock provided
by ENSOFT, INC. The software server is not necessarily the same as the existing network server. Any
computer in the existing Windows network may be designated software server for DynaN 3.0 as long as
the network lock is attached to its USB port and the server version of the software is installed in its
hard drive.
Software clients may be all other computers of the network that have the program installed as
clients. Software clients do not need any hardware lock attached to their USB port. The program
installed in software clients will be allowed to run as long as the computer designated as software
server is running on the network with the proper operating system and with its network USB lock
secured in the appropriate place.
Users of the network version of DynaN 3.0 are allowed to have the software installed in as many
computers as they have on their local Windows network. However, only a number of users equal to the
total number of purchased licenses (minimum two for networks) will be able to operate the program at
the same time.
2.1.3 Installation of Network Version
To install this program, the user must have network privileges to modify the Windows registry.
In large computer networks, this is usually only available to network administrators. They are the ones
recommended to proceed with these installations.
1. The network administrator must first define the computer that will be carrying the network lock
(USB dongle) for this software. The computer carrying the network lock is known as the "server"
for this particular computer program. Notice that the "server" may be any computer in the
network, and not necessarily the existing file server or network server.


2. INSTALLATION TO A "SERVER": Please attach the USB dongle to any USB port of the software
server. The "server" computer must be turned on and logged into the network to enable other
users (ie, "clients") to access this computer program.
3. INSTALLATION TO "CLIENTS": It is not necessary to connect the USB dongle to client computers
during installation nor during program executions. Once the program is executed, the installed
network protocols will automatically recognize the computer where the network key is residing
and the number of simultaneous users.
4. Start Windows and Insert the distribution CD-ROM in the appropriate tray.
5. If the main installation program does not start automatically, click on the Start button and select
Run. On the command line, type d:\setup.exe or e:\setup.exe, where d: or e: represents the
drive that contains the distribution CD. Press e or click OK to execute the command and start the
main installation program for ENSOFTs software. A screen similar to the one previously shown
in Figure 2.1 should appear.
6. Click anywhere on the DynaN 3.0 icon and then click on the Install Network button to start the
installation of the network version of DynaN v3.0.
7. The user will be provided with an option to select a drive and directory for the installation of
DynaN 3.0; the default is c:\Program Files\ensoft\DynaN. If the desired directory does not exist,
the installation program will automatically create a new directory in the chosen hard drive.
8. The installation program will automatically recognize the version of Windows that is running in
the destination computer. The user will be prompted to select an installation to a Client or to a
Server computer. If desired, the network administrator may install the program to a single
directory in a file server. In this case, the software must first be installed in the file server as a
software server and icons pointing to the DynaN.exe file (residing in the server) can later be
created in each individual client computer.
9. Most distribution files will be copied to the installation directory (either the default or the one
selected by the user). However, certain files are copied to system directories in Windows and
some Windows services are started during installation.
10. After the installation is finished, it is usually not necessary to reboot Windows for the program
to run. The user may run the program by double-clicking its icon in the ENSOFT/DynaN folder
located in the Start/Programs menu.
2.1.4 Backup of Original Software
The distributed software may be copied for backup purposes. The program may be installed in
several computers at the same time. However, unless netwrok licenses are purchased, the program will
only operate in computers that carry the appropriate USB lock.



2.1.5 Software Updates on the Internet
Occasionally, ENSOFT will produce software improvements and/or fixes and place the latest
software programs on ENSOFTs internet site. Software users may download the latest program update
from the following site if the user has the valid maintenance policy:
http://www.ensoftinc.com

2.2 Getting Started
A general diagram showing the menu choices and operational flow chart of program DynaN 3.0
is presented in Fig. 2.4. The following paragraphs provide a short description of the operational features
and should quickly enable the user to get started with the program.
2.2.1 Starting the Program
The program is started by double clicking the left mouse button anywhere in the DynaN 3.0
icon. A new window will appear on the screen, with several top menu choices: File, Data, Computation,
Graphics, View Geometry, Window, and Help. As a standard Windows feature, all underlined letters of
top menu operations indicate that choices may also be accessed by keyboard combinations of alt+
[letter] (where [letter] represents the desired underlined letter).




2.2.2 File Management
The Filemenu contains four submenus, followed by a list of the last four recently-opened files,
and an option for exiting the program. A sample of submenu options are included in Fig. 2.5. A brief
description of submenu choices follows below:
New : to create a new data file.
Open...: to open an existing data file.
Save : to save input data under the current file name.
Save As...:to save input data under a different file name.
Exit : to exit the program.
The last four files that were opened recently are also listed under the File menu. Clicking on any of the
four files opens the selected file and instructs the program to use the directory of the opened file as the
location for creating all output files.

Figure 2.5 Options contained in the File menu



Several additional files are created in every new DynaN 3.0 run. A short description of these files is
presented in Table 2.1. In general, every successful run generates five?? text files in the same drive and
directory where the input-data file was saved. Any of these files may be opened with standard text
editors or word-processing programs.
Table 2.1 Files created in standard DynaN 3.0 runs

2.2.3 Data Input of Application Problem
The Data menu contains several submenus, as shown in Fig. 2.6. The submenu choices are listed
below, along with a general description of their use.

Title : to input the project description.
Units : this option allows the user to select either English Units (using pound and foot, and slug),
S. I. Units (using kiloNewtons, meters, and Mg), or any other consistent set of units of Force and
Length. English units are enabled, as a default, for all new runs. The user may change the system
of units as many times as desired, and values that were previously inputted will be automatically
converted by the program from English to S.I. units or viceversa.
Option of Foundation System : to select one of four available foundation types, i.e. half-space,
stratum, multi-layer, and pile.
Option of Loading : to select one of three available loading types, i.e. harmonic loading,
transient loading, and random loading.
Option of Foundation Shape : to select a circular foundation or a rectangular foundation.
Footing Mass parameters : to input mass moment of inertia, total mass, and cross-product of
inertia.
Foundation Dimension and Constants : to input the foundation dimension related to the center
of gravity.
Foundation Layer : this submenu is used to enter the soil layers and soil properties for the multi-
layer type of foundation.
Pile Cap Shape/Dimension : to select a circular pile-cap or a rectangular pile-cap.
Pile Cap Mass Properties : to input mass moment of inertia, total mass, and cross-product of
inertia of the pile cap.
File Name Usage File Example
Extension Description Format Files
*.dnd Input-data file Text file example1.dnd

example2.dnd
*.dno Output-data file Text file example1.dno

example2.dno
*.dnp Plot-data file Text file example1.dnp

example2.dnp
*.dnr Processor-data file Text file example1.dnr
example2.dnr


Pile Coordinates : to input the pile-head coordinates and battered angle for each pile.
Pile Properties : to input the material properties, [the] pile-cap dimension related to the center
of gravity, pile length and other pile-related data.
Pile Elements : to input the radius, moment of inertia, layer increments, and torsional
coefficient.
Soil Layer Data : to input the properties of soils that are next to the side of the foundation. The
parameters of [the] weak zone in the side soil can be specified.
Soil Data Below Footing/Pile Tip : to input the properties of the soil that are below the footing
or pile tip.
Side Soil of Pile Cap : to input the properties of soils that are next to the side of the pile cap. The
parameters of the weak zone in the side soil can be specified.
Soil Column Layer : to input the properties of the soil layers that are below the multi-layer type
of foundation.
Harmonic Loading Data : this submenu is used to input data for harmonic loading.
Transient Loading Data : this submenu is used to input data for transicent loading.
Random Loading Data : this submenu is used to input data for random loading.
Control Options : this option provides a window submenu where the user may select the
available software as the text editor for input and output files. The user should input in this box
the complete path and command line for the preferred text editor or word processor that will
be used to examine and print the input, output, and processor plain text files created by the
program. As a default, the command line c:\windows\notepad.exe is used to operate the
standard text editor Microsoft Notepad included with Windows 2000, Vista, XP or 7. However,
there may be some instances when the output files are too large for Notepad and a different
text editor or word processor should be used. In such cases it is generally suggested to use
Microsoft WordPad (c:\windows\write.exe).



Figure 2.6 Options contained in the Data menu

2.2.4 Computation Options
The Computation menu is provided to run the analytical computations after all data are entered
and saved. After the computation is executed successfully, this menu additionally provides options for
the reviews of plain-text input data, notes produced during computation, and output data. It also
provides an option for graphical observation of the automatically-generated meshes. Submenu choices,
shown in Fig. 2.7, are briefly described below.

Run Analysis : this option is chosen to run the analytical computations. This option should be
selected after all data have been entered and saved.
Edit Input Text : this option calls the previously-chosen Text Editor (selected under the Control
Options submenu in the Data menu) to observe and/or edit the analytical input data in plain-
text format. The option becomes available after the input data has been saved to disk, or when
opening an existing input-data file.
Edit Processor Run-Note : this option calls the previously-chosen Text Editor (selected under the
Control Options submenu in the Data menu) to observe and/or edit the error message in plain-
text format if the program can not be executed.
Edit Output Text : this option calls the previously chosen Text Editor (selected under the Control
Options submenu in the Data menu) to observe, format, and/ or print the analytical-output
data. The option becomes available only after a successful run has been made. Certain output
files may be too large for the Microsoft Notepad editor, so other text editors would have to be
used (Microsoft WordPad should be able to open most text files).



Figure 2.7 Options contained in the Computation menu

2.2.5 Graphics
The Graphics menu is used to observe plots of output data provided by a successful program
run. Options for the observation of output curves under this menu are only enabled after a successful
run has been made. Even after performing successful runs, some options may still be disabled since the
required amount of output data depends on specifications provided in the input file of each program
run.

Submenu choices, shown in Fig. 2.8, are briefly described below.
Translation Stiffness (Kxx, Kyy, and Kww) : this option provides a plot of translation stiffness in
the x-direction, y-direction, and z-direction of the foundation vs. loading frequencies.
Rotation Stiffness (Kppx, Kppy, and Kzt) : this option provides a plot of rotational stiffness
about the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis of the foundation vs. loading frequencies.
Translation Damping (Cxx, Cyy, and Cww) : this option provides a plot of translation stiffness in
the x-direction, y-direction, and z-direction of the foundation vs. loading frequencies.
Rotation Damping (Cppx, Cppy, and Czt) : this option provides a plot of rotational stiffness
about the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis of the foundation vs. loading frequencies.
Footing Response Amplitude (Translation) : this option provides a plot of translation amplitude
in the x-direction, y-direction, and z-direction of the foundation vs. loading frequencies at c.g.
location.
Footing Response Amplitude (Rotation) : this option provides a plot of rotation amplitude
about the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis of the foundation vs. loading frequencies at c.g. location.


Interactive Footing Response Amplitude : this option provides a plot of translation/rotation
amplitude about the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis of the foundation vs. loading frequencies at the
user specified location.

Figure 2.8 Options contained in the Graphics menu

2.2.6 Arrangement of Windows
The Window menu provides two standard functions for organizing open-screen windows and/or
minimized screen-window icons. Submenu options, shown in Fig. 2.9, are briefly described below.
Cascade : this option organizes all open-windowed menus so that all become visible with their
tops cascading from the upper left portion of the screen.
Arrange Icons : this option organizes the icons of all minimized windowed menus so that all
become visible and align at the bottom portion of the screen.


Figure 2.9 Options contained in the Window menu

2.2.7 Help Files
The Help menu provides an online help reference on topics such as: using the program, entering
data, information about variables used in the program, and methods of analyses. Submenu options,
shown in Fig. 2.10, are briefly described below. The Help menu may be accessed at any time while in
DynaN.
Contents : the main reference files for help are accessed through this submenu option. Clicking
on this option provides a screen with reference help for the following topics: File Menu, Data
Menu, Computation Menu, Graphics Menu, and Help Menu. Under each topic are additional
subtitles that correspond to data-entry headings. If the user selects one of these, a help screen
on the topic is displayed.
About : this provides a screen describing the program version, date, and methods for accessing
technical support.



Figure 2.10 Options contained in the Help menu


CHAPTER 3. Data Input
CHAPTER 3 Data Input 3-2


3.1 File Menu
This menu contains options related to the management of input-data files and exiting the
program. Input-data files created for DynaN 3.0 are provided with a standard file-name extension in the
form of *.dnd (where * represents any acceptable file name). All input-data files are standard text files
and may be edited with any text editor or word-processing program.
3.1.1 File -New
Once the program is started, default values are used for certain operating parameters, and a
blank input-data file is created. Selecting New under the File menu resets all DynaN 3.0 variables to
either default or blank values, as appropriate. This option should be selected when desring to create a
new data file from a blank form.
3.1.2 File -Open
This is used to open a file that had been previously prepared and saved to disk. The File -Open
window dialog, shown in Fig. 3.1, is used to search for an existing input-data file. By default, the file is
initially searched in the directory where DynaN 3.0 was installed. Standard Windows-navigation
procedures may be used to locate the name and directory of the desired project file.

Figure 3.1 Window screen for the File Open dialog

Every analytical run of DynaN 3.0 produces several additional files (as described in Table 2.1 of
this manual). The name of the input-data file indicates the names of all related files produced by a
successful execution (output, graphics, and processor-text files). All the additional program files will be


created in the same directory as the input file. Input-data files that are partially completed may be saved
and opened later for completion, run, and view of results.
Opening some partially-completed DynaN 3.0 input files or invalid data files may produce an
information window reporting that an invalid or incomplete file is being opened (see Fig. 3.2). The
user should click OK, and all partial-input data that was previously prepared should become available.

Figure 3.2 Message window for incomplete or invalid files

3.1.3 File -Save
This option is used to save input data under the current file name. With this method of storing
data to disk, any input data that was previously saved with the same file name is replaced with the
current parameters. Input-data files should be saved every time before proceeding with runs for
analytical computation.
3.1.4 File - Save As
This option allows the user to save any opened or new input-data file under a different file name
or directory. Any input-data file saved under an existing file name will replace the contents of the
existing file.
3.1.5 File - Exit
This is selected to exit DynaN 3.0. If any input-data file that was modified is not yet saved to disk
while the option is selected, a confirmation window will appear before the program closes (see Fig. 3.3).


Figure 3.3 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk

3.2 Data Menu
The input of specific parameters for an application is controlled under options contained within
this menu (shown in Fig. 3.4). It is recommended that the user choose each enabled submenu and enter
parameters in a consecutive manner starting from the top option. Selecting or clicking any of the
submenu choices contained in the Data menu produces various types of windows.

As a reminder for standard commands of Microsoft Windows, open windows may be closed by all or
some of the following methods:
clicking the OK button (if available), or
clicking the X box on the upper-right corner of the window, or
double-clicking the DynaN 3.0 icon on the upper-left corner of the window, or
clicking once on the DynaN 3.0 icon on the upper-left corner of the window and then choosing
Close.

Open windows may be left open on the screen by option. The selection of other menu options
will then produce new windows on top of those that are left open.
Many sub-windows of the Data menu will show an Add Row, Insert Row and/or Delete Row
buttons. The Add Row button always adds new rows at the end of all existing rows. The Insert Row
button always insert a new row right after an existing row highlighted by the mouse. Clicking on the
Delete Row button deletes the row where the cursor is located.


Figure 3.4 Options contained in the Data menu

3.2.1 Numeric Data Entries
In addition to simple numeric entries, cells that require numeric data may also accept entries of
mathematical expressions. Entering a mathematical expression works similarly to entering normal
numeric data. The user types the expressions that represent the data and presses the e key to
calculate the entered expression and to display the numeric result in the same cell.
Table 3.1 shows the list of supported operations and constants. The order of operations follows
the order in the list of Table 3.1. Note that implicit multiplication (i.e. 2(4+6)) is not supported (instead,
use 2*(4+6) for the previous example).



Table 3.1 Supported mathematical operations and constants
OPERATORS
Symbol Description
() Parenthesis (may be nested)
^ Exponentiation
* Multiplication
/ Division
+ Addition
- Subtraction
- Negation (same as subtraction)

CONSTANTS
Symbol Value
PI (or pi) 3.1415927
e (or E) 2.7182818

The two constants that are currently supported are PI and e. Implicit multiplications using
constants are not supported (use 2*e instead of 2e). Negation of the constants PI or e is not allowed.
For instance, instead of entering -PI the user must enter -(PI).
Scientific notation (i.e., 1.65e8 or 1.65e-8) may be used to input very large or very small
numbers. After an expression is calculated, very large or very small numbers will be displayed using
scientific notation.
3.2.2 Data -Title
This option activates the window shown in Fig. 3.5, where the user can enter a line of text
containing a general description for the application problem. Any combination of characters may be
entered into the text box in order to describe a particular application. The user input will be restrained
automatically once the maximum length of text is reached. This is done to prevent the user from going
beyond the maximum permissible length of characters allowed for the title line.



Figure 3.5 Window screen for sample Data - Title

3.2.3 Data - Units
This option provides the user with a choice of specifying input data in English Units, and S. I.
Units (International UnitsSystem). In general, the following specific units of measurements will be used
throughout the program:

Units Length Force Mass
English ft lbs Slug
International m kiloNewtons (kN) Mg

The user should always check the unit specification, which is affixed to each variable, for data
input. For instance, psf or kPa are issued for the elastic modulus of materials.
The user may change from one system of units to the other as many times as desired. The
program will automatically convert all the appropriate inputs that were already specified by the user
before the time of selection of a different system of units. Small conversion errors may appear if
multiple changes of units are performed. The user must always check that input data have been
converted appropriately.
3.2.4 Data - Option of Foundation System
This submenu option allows the user to select one of four available foundation types, i.e. half-
space, stratum, multi-layer, and pile. A sub-window appears on the screen when the option is clicked
(Fig. 3.6). The user can simply pull down the list box on the windows screen and make the selection. For
each selection, an illustration of this type of foundation system will be shown on the screen. The sketch
on the screen can help the user to understand the characteristic of each foundation system.



Figure 3.6 Window screen for sample Data Footing type

3.2.5 Data - Option of Loading
This submenu option allows the user to select one of three available loading types, i.e. harmonic
loading, transient loading, and random loading. A sub-menu appears on the screen when the option is
clicked (Fig. 3.7). The user can simply use the mouse to click on the intended loading type. In
correspondance to the users selection, an menu item provided for entering the specific loading data will
be enabled in the lower portion of the Data Menu as shown in Fig. 3.7, which will be described later.


Figure 3.7 Window screen for sample Data Option of Loading

3.2.6 Data - Option of Foundation Shape
This submenu option allows the user to select a circular foundation or a rectangular foundation.
A sub-window appears on the screen when the option is clicked (Fig. 3.8). The user can simply click one
of radio buttons for the intended foundation shape. The user needs to enter the radius of the
foundation in correspondance to the circular shape and then enter the length and width in
correspondance to the rectangular shape.



Figure 3.8 Window screen for sample Data Option of Foundation Shape

3.2.7 Data - Footing Mass Parameters
This submenu option allows the user to input the mass moment of inertia, total mass, and cross-
product of inertia. A sub-window appears on the screen when the option is clicked (Fig. 3.9). The
following parameters are needed for the completion of data entry:

o Total mass of footing
o Mass moment of inertia about x-axis
o Mass moment of inertia about y-axis
o Mass moment of inertia about z-axis
o Mass cross product x-y (product of inertia)
o Mass cross product x-z (product of inertia)
o Mass cross product y-z (product of inertia)

If the data of mass moments of inertia have been figured out, the user should directly enter those data
into the entry field as shown at the right side of Figure 3.9. If the user does not have a tool to calculate
the center of gravity of the whole foundation system and the associated mass moment of inertia, the
program provides a tool for making those computations.



Figure 3.9 Window screen for sample Data Option of Mass Parameters

Mass moment of inertia should include all equipment loads and selfweightof the concrete footing or
cap. If you need the program to help you make computations, please click the Button Input all the mass
components located on the bottomleft corner of the window screen for Footing Mass parameters as
shown on Figure 3.9. After all the data is entered, you may click the next Button Calculate mass
moment of inertia. The data editing box at the right side will be filled with computed data.

The example shown on Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11 is provided for the user to better understand how to
use Dyna-N v3.0 to compute the mass moment of inertia of a footing or cap. The system
characterization consists of 2 lumped masses (motor and pump) and 3 rectangular concrete blocks.



Figure 3.10 Illustration example for computation of mass parameters

Figure 3.11 Physical dimensions of the illustrated example



The parameter for the lumped masses are:

No. Mass X-Coord. Y-Coord. Z-Coord.
1 0.180E+05 0.289E+01 0.390E+01 0.399E+01
2 0.290E+05 0.746E+01 0.390E+01 0.399E+01

The parameters for the rectangular concrete blocks are:

No. Mass X-Length Y-Length Z-Length
1 252720 0.108E+02 0.780E+01 0.120E+01
2 62677 0.487E+01 0.260E+01 0.198E+01
3 8112 0.800E+00 0.260E+01 0.156E+01

Center of Masses

No. X-Coord. Y-Coord. Z-Coord.
1 0.540E+01 0.390E+01 0.600E+00
2 0.348E+01 0.390E+01 0.219E+01
3 0.936E+01 0.390E+01 0.198E+01

The dimension s (Length, Width, and Thickness) for the lumped masses are significantly smaller
than those of the rectangular concrete blocks, so these values can be neglected on this example.
You can see all the input parameters in Figure 3.12. After all the data is entered, just click the
Button Calculate mass moment of inertia and the program will compute the values for you.
The data editing box at the right side of the Footing Mass Parameter window will be filled out
wit the computed data.

The results for this example are provided below for comparison purposes.

Total Mass = 0.3705E+06
Mass Moment of Inertia:
I(XX) = 0.1889E+07
I(YY) = 0.3729E+07
I(ZZ) = 0.4482E+07
I(XY) = 0.0000E+00
I(XZ) = 0.4409E+05
I(YZ) = 0.0000E+00



Figure 3.12 Window screen for sample Data Internally-Calculated Mass Parameters

3.2.8 Data - Foundation Dimen. and Constants
This submenu option allows the user to input the foundation dimensions related to the center
of gravity. A sub-window appears on the screen when the option is clicked (Fig. 3.13). The following
parameters are needed for the completion of data entry:

o Distance from center of foundation base to center of gravity (Xc)

o Distance from center of foundation base to center of gravity (Yc)

o Height of center of gravity (Zc)

The following two items are only required for Stratum foundations

o Depth from ground surface to base of foundation (Df)

o Depth from ground surface to bed rock (rigid underlying layer) (Dr)

Extra items are also needed for Multilayer Foundation, which can be reviewed in the example -
EXP61.dyd.


Figure 3.13 Window screen for sample Data Option of Foundation Dimension and Constant

3.2.9 Data - Foundation Layer Data (Multilayer Fondation)
This submenu allows the user to enter the foundation layers and geometric properties for a
multi-layer type of foundation. An illustration of the Foundation Layer Data window for an example
application is shown in Fig. 3.14.

The following parameters are needed for the completion of data entry:
Layer number: The user may divide the foundation into several layers (increments) based on
the variation of dimension versus the embedment. This is a sequential number that is
provided to each foundation layer. This number is automatically provided by the program as
new rows of foundation layers are added. The maximum number of foundation layers that
may be used in a program is limited to 20.
Layer thickness: The Layer thickness option allows the user to define the thickness of each
layer. The English unit for this variable is ft, while meter is used for SI unit notations.
Radius of foundation (X): This is the radius of foundation along the x-direction.
Radius of foundation (Y): This is the radius of foundation along the y-direction.
Cross-sectional area: This is the area of foundation.
Cross-sectional moment of inertia (X-direction): This is the moment of inertia of the
foundation along the x-direction.
Cross-sectional moment of inertia (Y-direction): This is the moment of inertia of the
foundation along the y-direction.
Cross-sectional torsion coefficient: This is the moment of inertia of the torsional resistance.


Figure 3.14 Window screen for sample Data Option of Foundation Layer

3.2.10 Data - Pile Cap Shape/Dimension
This submenu option allows the user to select a circular pile cap or a rectangular pile cap. A sub-
window appears on the screen when the option is selected (Fig. 3.15). The user can simply click one of
radio buttons to indicate the intended the shape. The user needs to enter the radius of the foundation
in correspondance to the circular shape and the length and width in correspondance to the rectangular
shape. Mass parameters for the pile cap are similar to Section 3.2.7.



Figure 3.15 Window screen for sample Data Option of Pile Cap Shape/Dimension

3.2.11 Data - Pile Cap Mass Properties
Mass parameters for the pile cap are similar to Section 3.2.7.
3.2.12 Data - Pile Coordinates
The origin for the coordinate system is set up at the geometric center of the top of the pile cap.
This option allows the user to define the coordinates of the pile heads and the battered angles of each
pile. A sub-window (Fig. 3.16) appears on the screen when the option is clicked. The following sections
will provide general description on data needed for each entry:
Pile number: This is a sequential number that is provided to identify each pile. This number is
automatically provided by the program as new rows of piles are added. The maximum number
of piles that may be used in a program run is 200.
Xc: In this entry, the user may specify the x-coordinate of the pile head measured from the
origin. The English unit for this variable is the inch, while meters are used for SI notation.
Yc: In this entry, the user may specify the x-coordinate of the pile head measured from the
origin. The English unit for this variable is the inch, while meters are used for SI notation.
Batter Plane: When a pile is driven at an angle to the vertical (Z-direction), the pile may be
battered on the XZ-plane or the YZ-plane. The user can make a selection by pulling down the list
items in the cell.
Battered Angle: The battered angle is specified as the deviation in degrees from the vertical (z-
axis).


Figure 3.16 Window screen for sample Data Option of Pile Coordinates

3.2.13 Data - Pile Properties
This option allows the user to define the material properties, the pile-cap dimension related to the
center of gravity, the pile length, and other pile-related data. A sub-window (Fig. 3.17) appears on the
screen when the option is clicked. The following parameters are needed for the completion of data
entry.
Xc: Distance from center of foundation base to center of gravity in X direction. The English unit
for this variable is the inch, while meters are used for SI notation.
Yc: Distance from center of foundation base to center of gravity in Y direction. The English unit
for this variable is the inch, while meters are used for SI notation.
Zc: Height of center of gravity.
PW: In this entry the user may specify the unit weight of the pile. The English notation for this
variable is lb/ cubic inch, while the SI notation is kN/cubic meter.
PL: Total length of pile. The English unit for this variable is the inch, while meters are used for SI
notation.
Poissions Ratio: In this entry the user may specify the Poissions ratio for a given pile.
Material Damping: In this entry the user may specify the damping ratio for a given pile.
Cross-sectional Coefficient of Rigidity for Shear Effect: The data can be used to consider the
effect of shear. Typically use 1.334 for solid circular sections, and 1.52 for rectangular sections.
SLD: In this entry the user may specify the static load on each pile. The English notation for this
variable is lbs, while the SI notation is kN.


Connection on the Pile head: In this entry the user may specify either pinned or fixed
connection between the pile head and the pile cap.
Method of Pile Support: In this entry the user may specify that piles behave as either end
bearing piles or floating piles.
Consider the interaction of pile-soil-pile: In this entry the user may specify pile-soil-pile
interaction to be considered in the analysis.

Figure 3.17 Window screen for sample Data Option of Pile Properties
3.2.14 Data - Pile Elements
This option allows the user to define the radius, the moment of inertia, the layer increments,
and the torsional coefficient. A sub-window (Fig. 3.18) appears on the screen when the option is clicked.
The following sections will provide general descriptions on data needed for each entry.
Layer number: The user may divides the pile into several layers (increments) based on the
variation of dimension versus the penetration. This is a sequential number that is provided for
each pile layer (increment). This number is automatically provided by the program as new rows
of pile layers are added. The maximum number of pile layers that may be used in a program is
30.
Layer thickness: The Layer thickness option allows the user to define the thickness of each layer.
The English notation for this variable is in (inch), while the SI notation is m (meter).
Radius of Pile (X): This is the radius of the pile along the x-direction.
Radius of Pile (Y): This is the radius of the pile along the y-direction.
Cross-sectional area: This is the area of the pile cross-section at that particular layer.
Cross-sectional moment of inertia (X-direction): This is the moment of inertia of the pile along
the x-direction.
Cross-sectional moment of inertia (Y-direction): This is the moment of inertia of the pile along
the y-direction.


Cross-sectional torsion coefficient.

Figure 3.18 Window screen for sample Data Option of Pile Elements

3.2.15 Data - Soil Layer Data
This option allows the user to input the properties of soils that are next to the side of the
foundation. The parameters of the weak zone in the side soil can be specified. A sub-window (Fig.
3.19) appears on the screen when the option is clicked. The following sections will provide general
description on data needed for each entry.
Layer number: The user may divide the soil into several layers (increments) based on the
variation of soils. This is a sequential number that is provided for each soil layer (increment).
This number is automatically provided by the program as new rows of soil layers are added. The
maximum number of soil layers that may be used in a program is 30. The arrangement of soil
layers should be consistent with the foundation layers or pile layers mentioned earlier.
Layer thickness (not required in this version): The Layer thickness option allows the user to
define the thickness for each layer. The thickness of soil layers should be consistent with the
foundation layers or pile layers mentioned earlier. The English notation for this variable is inch,
while the SI notation is meter.
Shear Wave Velocity: In this entry the user may specify the shear wave velocity for a given
layer. The English notation for this variable ft/sec, while the SI notation is meter/sec.
Unit Weight: In this entry the user may specify the unit weight for a given layer. The English unit
for this variable is lb/cu. ft, while kN/cu. m is for the SI unit.
Poissons ratio: In this entry the user may specify the Poissons ratio for a given stratum. The
Poissons ratio typically is between 0.35 to 0.5 for soils. Poissons ratio near 0.5 is recommended
for liquefied soils.
Material Damping: In this entry the user may specify the material damping for each soil layer.


Weak Shear Modulus Ratio: In this entry the user may specify the reduction ratio for the shear
modulus of soils next to the side of the foundation. The weakened zone input was reduced to
use only one parameter (shear modulus ratio) in this latest version. If the user enters 1.0 for the
ratio of shear modulus (Gi/Go) in the weakened zone, it represents no weakened zone. If the
user enter any value between 0.0 and 1.0 for the shear modulus ratio, the program will assume
a weakened zone existed. For machine vibration, shear modulus ratio (Gi/Go) = 0.25 - 0.5 is
commonly used. For seismic applications, strong vibration may reduced the shear modulus ratio
(Gi/Go) to be less than 0.25. The damping ratio in the weakened zone will be twice of the
original damping ratio and the thickness of the weak zone will be one pile radius if the shear
modulus ratio is less than 1.0.

Figure 3.19 Window screen for sample Data Option of Side Soil of Foundation

3.2.16 Data - Soil Data Below Footing/Pile Tip
This option allows the user to input the properties of the soil that are below the footing or pile tip. A
sub-window (Fig. 3.20) appears on the screen when the option is clicked. The following sections will
provide general descriptions for data needed for each entry.


Figure 3.20 Window screen for sample Data Option of Soil Data below Fo0ting/Pile Tip

Shear Wave Velocity: In this entry the user may specify the shear wave velocity for the soil
below the footing or pile tip. The English notation for this variable is ft/sec, while the SI notation
is meter/sec.
Unit Weight: In this entry the user may specify the unit weight for the soil below the footing or
pile tip. The English notation for this variable is lb/cu.ft., while the SI notation is kN/cu. m.
Poissons ratio: In this entry the user may specify the Poissons ratio for the soil below the
footing or pile tip. The Poissons ratio typically is between 0.35 to 0.5 for soils. Poissons ratio
near 0.5 is recommended for liquefied soils. Poissons ratio near 0.5 is recommended for liquefied
soils.
Material Damping: In this entry the user may specify the material damping for the soil below
the footing or pile tip.
3.2.17 Data - Side Soils Next to Pile Cap
This option allows the user to input the properties of the soil that are next to the pile cap. The
parameters of weak zone in the side soil can be specified. A sub-window (Fig. 3.21) appears on the
screen when the option is clicked. The following sections will provide general descriptions on data
needed for each entry.
Layer number: The user may divide the soil into several layers (increments) based on the
Layer thickness: The Layer thickness option allows the user to define the thickness for each
layer. The thickness of soil layers should be consistent with the foundation layers or pile layers
mentioned earlier. The English notation for this variable is in inches, while the SI notation is in
meters.


layer. The English notation for this variable is in ft/sec, while the SI notation is in meter/sec.
Unit Weight:In this entry the user may specify the unit weight for a given layer. The English
notation for this variable is in lb/cu. ft., while the SI notation is in kN/cu. m.
Poissons ratio typically is between 0.35 to 0.5 for soils.
Material Damping: In this entry the user may specify the material damping for each soil layer.

Figure 3.21 Window screen for sample Data Option of Side Soil Next to Pile Cap

3.2.18 Data - Soil Column Layer
This option allows the user to to input the properties of the soil layers that are below the multi-
layer type of foundation. A sub-window (Fig. 3.22) appears on the screen when the option is clicked. The
following sections will provide general descriptions on data needed for each entry.
Layer number: The user may divides the soil into several layers (increments) based on the


layer. The English notation for this variable is in ft/sec, while the SI notation is in meter/sec.
Unit Weight: In this entry the user may specify the unit weight for a given layer. The English
notation for this variable is in lb/cu. ft., while the SI notation is in kN/cu. m.
Poissons ratio is typically between 0.35 to 0.5 for soils. Poissons ratio near 0.5 is recommended
for liquefied soils.
Material Damping: In this entry the user may specify the material damping for a given stratum.
There are several different definitions for the term of damping coefficient in technical literature.
The material damping defined in this program is directly related to the energy loss, and the
typical coefficient of damping can be found in technical section (Chapter 5).



Figure 3.22 Window screen for sample Data Option of Soil Column Layer

3.2.19 Data - Harmonic Loading Data
This option allows the user to to input data for harmonic loading. A sub-window (Fig. 3.23)
appears on the screen when the option is clicked. The user can select Quadratic load, which varies with
frequency, or Nonquadratic load, which is a constant load. The following parameters are required for
the completion of the data entry:
o Maximum frequency
o Minimum frequency
o Step frequency
o Force in x-direction
o Force in y-direction
o Force in z-direction
o Moment about x-axis
o Moment about y-axis
o Moment about z-axis
The unit for the frequency input is in Hz and some output data may use rad/sec for the unit.


Figure 3.23 Window screen for sample Data Option of Harmonic Loading

3.2.20 Data - Transient Loading Data
This option allows the user to input data for transient loading. A sub-window (Fig. 3.24) appears
on the screen when the option is clicked. The following sections will provide general descriptions on
data needed for each entry:



Figure 3.24 Window screen for sample Data Option of Transient Loading
Number of Points: In this entry the user may specify the total number of data points to be used
for defining the load.
Time Interval Between Points: In this entry the user may specify the time interval between the
loading points. It should be noted that the time interval is the same between the points.
Enter the Load Type and Load Amplitude: The user can simply click the Data Button to display a
sub-window on the screen as shown in Fig. 3.24.
For all windows within this submenu, the Add Row button always adds new rows at the end of
all existing rows. Clicking on the Delete Row button deletes the row where the cursor is currently
located.
A general description for the data needed under each column for the submenu option -
Transient Loading Data is listed below:
Set: This is a sequential number that is provided for each set of loading curves. This number is
automatically provided by the program as new sets of transient load curves are added. The
maximum number of sets of transient load curves that may be used in the analysis is 6.
Load Types: In this entry the user may specify a loading type by pulling down the list box shown
in the cell. The list box contains a total of 6 choices, i.e. force in x-direction, force in y-direction,
force in z-direction, moment about x-axis, moment about y-axis, and moment about z-axis.
Load Amplitude: Clicking of this button provides an additional window where the user inputs
the points for each set of transient load curves. An illustration of the specific input information
for transient load curve 1 is shown in Fig. 3.24. Options contained within the windows for
Transient Loading Data are the following:


Point: this is a sequential number that is provided for each point of the transient load curve
being defined. This number is automatically provided by the program as new rows are added.
The maximum number of points that may be used in each curve is 2000.
Load: input the magnitude of the transient load at each point.
3.2.21 Data - Random Loading Data
This option allows the user to input data for random loading. A subwindow (Fig. 3.25) appears
on the screen when the option is clicked.
The following sections will provide general description on data needed for each entry:
Maximum Frequency: In this entry the user may specify the maximum frequency for the
random load.
Minimum Frequency: In this entry the user may specify the minimum frequency for the random
load.
Number of Points to Be Read: In this entry the user may specify the total number of points to
be read for each loading set.
Observation Period: In this entry the user may specify the observation set.
Number of Spectrum: In this entry the user may specify the number of spectrum.
Enter Spectrum Coordinates and Spectrum Amplitude: The user can simply click the Data
Button to display a sub-window on the screen as shown in Fig. 3.25.
For all windows within this submenu, the Add Row button always adds new rows at the end,
after all existing rows. Clicking on the Delete Row button deletes the row where the cursor is currently
located.



Figure 3.25 Window screen for sample Data Option of Random Loading

A general description for the data needed under each column for the submenu option -Random
Loading Data is listed below:
Set: This is a sequential number that is provided for each set of loading curves. This number is
automatically provided by the program as new sets of transient load curves are added. The
maximum number of sets of transient load curves that may be used in the analysis is 6.
Spectrum Coordinates: In this entry the user may specify the spectrum coordinates by pulling
down the list box shown in the cell. The list box contains a total of 6 choices, i.e. force in x-
direction, force in y-direction, force in z-direction, moment about x-axis, moment about y-axis,
and moment about z-axis.
Load Amplitude: Clicking of this button provides an additional window where the user inputs
the points for each set of random load curves. An illustration of the specific input information
for random load curve 1 is shown in Fig. 3.25. Options contained within the windows for
Random Loading Data are the following:
Point: this is a sequential number that is provided for each point of the transient load curve
being defined. This number is automatically provided by the program as new rows are added.
The maximum number of points that may be used in each curve is 2000.
Spectrum Ordinates: values of spectrum ordinates.



3.2.22 Data - Control Options...
The user should input in this box the complete path and command line for the preferred-text
editor or word processor that will be used to examine and print the input, output, and the processor,
plain-text files created by the program (Fig. 3.26). As a default, the command line
c:\windows\notepad.exe is used to operate the standard-text editor. Microsoft Notepad is included with
Windows 2000, Vista, XP or 7. However, there may be some instances when the output files are too
large for Notepad and a different text editor or word processor should be used. In those cases it is
suggested that one use Microsoft WordPad (c:\windows\write.exe)

Figure 3.26 Window screen for sample Data Control Option


CHAPTER 4. Program Execution and
Output Reviews
CHAPTER 4 Program Execution and Output Reviews 4-2


4.1 Introduction
Chapter 4 presents options related to execution of the program and includes methods of
addressing run-time errors. This chapter also includes suggestions for reviewing input, output, and
processor text files. The final section of this chapter includes descriptions about all the output curves
that may be observed in graphical form. The commands covered in this chapter are contained in the top
menu, under the Computation and the Graphics titles.

4.2 Computation Menu
This menu option is selected to execute the program using the parameters that were saved in
the input-data file. Within the options contained under this menu, shown in Fig. 4.1, there are
commands that facilitate the reviews of the text files produced for storing input data, output results,
and processor notes. Detailed descriptions of the submenu options contained under the Computation
menu are explained in the following topics.

Figure 4.1 Command options contained in the Computation menu

4.3 Computation - Run Analysis
An input file, after preparation or modification, must be saved to disk before selecting the
Computation - Run Analysis submenu option, which executes the analytical portion of program DYNAN
3.0. The module, a stand-alone program routine, is called for execution by the shell process of the
environment in Microsoft Windows.
The user should remember to save the input data under an user-specified name before
executing the analytical module. When saving data to disk, DYNAN 3.0 will automatically add an
extension of the type *.dnd to the name of the input file.


A sub-window is usually produced during the execution of the module. When the modules
execution process is finished, the sub-window automatically disappears, and the active command is
returned to the main DYNAN 3.0 program.
At the beginning of the run, the analytical module will read the saved input data progressively,
showing the line number being read. If an input-data format is incorrect during reading, the analytical
module will stop immediately, and, in many cases, it saves an error message and a status report in a file
with the extension *.dnr. This file may be accessed by selecting Edit Processor-Run Notes in the
Computation menu.
Within the processor-run notes, if all input data was read correctly, the analytical module will
show the message THE EXECUTION IS IN PROGRESS....... The analytical module automatically creates an
output file with the same name as the input and with the extension *.dno. Once a successful run is
produced, the user may proceed to the next items for observation of results.
4.3.1 Computation - Edit Input Text
This submenu option is used to edit the input-data file in plaintext mode. This command
becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk or when opening existing data files. The
command is helpful for experienced users who may just want to change one or two parameters quickly
using the text editor or for those users wishing to observe the prepared input data in text mode.
This submenu automatically invokes the word processor or text editor specified in Control
Options... under the Data menu. The default setting is to use the utility program named notepad.exe
provided by Microsoft Windows.
Input-data files are automatically saved to disk with the extension of *.dnd by program DYNAN
3.0. Use of the notepad for editing the input data for Example Problem 1 is shown in Fig. 4.2.

Figure 4.2 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing input text file



4.3.2 Computation - Edit Processor Run Notes
This submenu option is used to edit an intermediate text file that is automatically produced
during each analytical run. This file only includes notes produced during the processing of the input data.
This submenu option becomes active after new-data files have been saved to disk and executed, or
when opening previously-executed data files.
This submenu automatically invokes the word processor or text editor specified in Control
Options, under the Data menu. The default setting is to use the utility program named notepad.exe
provided by Microsoft Windows. Files containing processor-run notes are automatically saved to disk
with the same file name as the input-data file but with the extension *.dnr. Observation of the notes
produced during a processor run may become helpful when debugging a data file that did not produce a
successful run.
4.3.3 Computation - Edit Output Text
This submenu option is used to edit the output-text file that is automatically produced during
each analytical run. This command becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk and
successfully executed or when opening previously-executed data files.
The submenu automatically invokes the word processor or text editor that was previously
specified in Control Options, under the Data menu. The default setting is to use the utility program
named notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows.
Output files are automatically saved to disk with the same file name as the input-data file but
with the extension *.dno. Use of Microsoft Notepad for editing the output file for Example Problem 1
is shown in Fig. 4.3.

Figure 4.3 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing output text file



4.4 Graphics Menu
This menu option is selected to observe the different graphical representations of the program
results contained in the output file. Submenu options contained under this menu are shown in Fig. 4.4.
Not all of the graphics may be enabled for observation; active curves depend on specifications contained
in the input.
All of the graphical representation of output data that may be produced by the program are
contained in the following commands of the Graphics menu:
Translation Stiffness (Kxx, Kyy, Kww): this option providesa plot of translation stiffness of
foundations vs. loading frequencies.
Rotational Stiffness (Kppx, Kppy, Kzt): this option provides a plot of rotational stiffness of
Translation Damping (Cxx, Cyy, Cww): this option provides a plot of translation damping of
Rotational Damping (Cppx, Cppy, Czt) : this option provides a plot of rotational damping of
Foundation Response Amplitude in Displacement: this option provides a plot of response
amplitude in displacement of foundations vs. loading frequencies.
Foundation Response Amplitude in Rotation: this option provides a plot of response
amplitude in rotation of foundations vs. loading frequencies.

The observation of any of the above-listed curves will activate the graphics mode of DYNAN 3.0.
Several changes occur during use of the graphics mode, such as new mouse commands are enabled and
a new top-menu option becomes available.

Figure 4.4 Command option contained in the Graphics menu



4.4.1 Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode
Table 4.1 describes mouse commands that become enabled automatically during all graphical
observations of output curves.

Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode

Event Description
Mouse Left Click Zooms in on the graphics at the clicked
position (up to five zoom levels)
Mouse Right Click Zooms out from the graphics
Mouse Double Click on
Legend
Turns the selected curve on/off at every click

4.4.2 Plot Menu
This new menu command only appears in the top-menu bar during graphics mode. Command
options contained in this menu, shown in Fig. 4.5, are explained below.

Figure 4.5 Command option contained in the Plot menu

Show Legend: This activates or deactivates the floating legend included in the graphics mode.
The legend box can be moved with click-and-drag operations of the mouse to any position in the
graphics screen. Despite its location in the screen, the legend is always located at the right-
bottom corner of the printouts.


Show Markers: This menu provides the option to activate or deactivate the markers for each
point of all the curves displayed in the active screen of the graphics mode. The user may
optionally select to show markers every 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 increments of unit. The type of markers
used in each curve is automatically selected by the program. Once activated, the markers are
enabled for all visible curves of the active graphics screen.
Print...:This command is used to produce a hard copy of the active graphics screen. The Print
sub-windows includes a drop-down menu that allows the user to select any of the installed
Windows printers, allows for change of printer properties, and allows the selection of the total
number of copies to be printed. The printed graphics is sized according to the margins that the
user specifies in the Plot - Page Setup menu.
Page Setup: The user can here specify the printed size of the active-graphics screen. The size of
the plot is base on the specified margins and selection of paper orientation. The parameters
selected here are not saved with the output file and must be changed each time that the
graphics is plotted.
Save to Disk...: This command is used to save the active-graphics screen to disk. The format of
the saved file is as bmp graphics (bitmap file), which is the internal-file format used in Microsoft
Windows. Graph Title: The user may add a title to the active graphics using this command.
The parameters selected here are not saved with the output file and must be changed each time
the file is opened.
Edit Legend: The user may change the text of the legend in the active graphics using this
command. The modified names are not saved with the output file and must be changed each
time the file is opened.
4.4.3 Graphics - Translation Stiffness (Kxx, Kyy,Kww)
This option provides a plot of translation stiffness of foundations vs. loading frequencies. A
sample graphics screen of the Translation Stiffness of Foundation command option is shown in Fig. 4.6.

Figure 4.6 Translation stiffness command option for Example 1


4.4.4 Graphics - Rotational Stiffness (Kxx, Kyy,Kww)
This option provides a plot of rotational stiffness of foundations vs. loading frequencies. A
sample graphics screen of the Rotational Stiffness of Foundation command option is shown in Fig. 4.7.

Figure 4.7 TranslationRotational stiffness command option for Example 1

4.4.5 Graphics - Translation Damping (Cxx, Cyy, Cww)
This option provides a plot of translation damping of foundations vs. loading frequencies. A
sample graphics screen of the Translation Damping of Foundation command option is shown in Fig. 4.8.



Figure 4.8 Translation damping command option for Example 1

4.4.6 Graphics - Rotational Damping (Cpxx, Cpyy, Crt)
This option provides a plot of rotational damping of foundations vs. loading frequencies. A
sample graphics screen of the Rotational Damping of Foundation command option is shown in Fig. 4.9.

Figure 4.9 Rotational damping command option for Example 1


4.4.7 Graphics - Foundation Response Amplitude in Displacement
The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the
foundation response amplitude in displacement vs. loading frequencies at c.g. for the modeled
foundation. This curve is automatically generated in all analytical runs of a foundation. A sample
graphics screen of the Foundation Response Amplitude in Displacement command option is shown in
Fig. 4.10.

Figure 4.10 Foundation response amplitude in displacement command option for Example 1

4.4.8 Graphics - Foundation Response Amplitude in Rotation
foundation response amplitude in rotation vs. loading frequencies at c.g. for the modeled foundation.
This curve is automatically generated in all analytical runs of a foundation. A sample graphics screen of
the Foundation Response Amplitude in Rotation command option is shown in Fig. 4.11.


Figure 4.11 Foundation response amplitude in rotation command option for Example 1
4.4.9 Graphics Interactive Footing Response Amplitude
foundation response amplitude at locations different from the c.g. for the modeled foundation. The user
can enter the coordinates of the reference point and the curves automatically reflect the results based
on the new assigned reference point in on the foundation. A sample graphics screen of the Interactive
Footing Response Amplitude command option is shown in Fig. 4.12.


Figure 4.12 Foundation response amplitude in rotation command option for Example 1

4.5 View Geometry
The View menu is used to review, in proportional graphical form, the geometric shape and
configuration for the modeled foundation. Submenu options are shown in Fig. 4.12 along with additional
sub-window showing the side view of the foundation described in Example 1. The three submenu
options are described below.


Figure 4.13 Command option contained in the View Geometry menu

Top View: This option provides a plan view of the foundation model, as observed from the top. For the
example shown in Fig. 4.13, the pile group from left-to-right are composed of three piles in each row.

Figure 4.14 View Geometry menu Top view



Side View (XZ-plane): This option provides a lateral view of the foundation model projected on XZ-plane
as shown in Fig. 4.14. This drawing will include soil layers which are defined by the user.

Figure 4.15 View Geometry menu Side view (XZ plane)

Side View (YZ-plane): This option provides a lateral view of the foundation model projected on YZ-plane
as shown in Fig. 4.15. This drawing will include soil layers which are defined by the user.

3D View: This option provides a three-dimensional view of the foundation model created by the user as
shown in Fig. 4.14. This drawing will be helpful for reviewing pile groups, especially battered piles
involved in the model.


Figure 4.16 View Geometry menu Three-dimensional view


CHAPTER 5. Engineering Document

CHAPTER 5 Engineering Document 5-2


5.1 Introduction
The design of foundations for vibrating machines and foundations subject to other dynamic
forces requires an accurate prediction of the foundation response to these loads. A complete and
rigorous analysis must account for the following: the three-dimensional nature of the problem, material
and radiation damping of soil, variation of soil properties with depth, embedment effects, and
interaction effects between multiple foundations through the soil.
The dynamic stiffness of foundations is also referred to as the impedance function of the
foundations under dynamic loading. In current methods of dynamic analysis of soil-foundation-structure
systems under seismic or machine-type inertial loading, a key step is to estimate the (dynamic)
impedance functions associated with a rigid but massless foundation. During the past 20 years, a
number of techniques have been developed for computing and using foundation impedances; extensive
reviews of these developments were presented by Lysmer (1978), Roessett (1980a, b), Luco (1982),
Gazetas (1983), Novak (1987), and Pais and Kausel (1988).
The presently available methods include: (1) analytical solutions based on integral transform
techniques; (2) semi-analytical and boundary- element formulations requiring discretization of only the
top surface; (3) dynamic finite-element methods using special wave-transmitting lateral boundaries; and
(4) hybrid methods combining analytical and finite element approaches.
A comprehensive summary on the behavior of shallow rigid foundations under dynamic loads
was recently presented by Gazetas in 1991. In the paper, Gazetas introduced general terminology to
define the impedance functions (dynamic stiffness) of surface and embedded foundations. He
additionally suggested an approximation based on formulas and charts published in the technical
literatures to calculate the impedance functions for the practicing engineer.

5.2 Definition of Impedance Functions
The geometry of the rigid but massless foundations addressed in Gazetass (1991) paper is
sketched in Fig. 1(a) (surface foundation) and in Fig. 1(b) (embedded foundation). The steady-state
response of such systems to harmonic external forces and moments can be computed with well-
established methods of structural dynamics once the matrix of dynamic impedance functions [S()] has
been determined for the frequency(ies) of interest.
For each particular harmonic excitation, the dynamic impedance is defined as the ratio between
force (or moment) R and the resulting steady-state displacement (or rotation) U at the centroid of the
base of the massless foundation. For example, the vertical impedance is defined by
S
z
= R
z
(t) /U
z
(t) (5.1)
in which R
z
(t) = R
z
exp (iwt) = harmonic vertical force; and U
z
(t) = U
z
exp (iwt) harmonic vertical
displacement of the soil-foundation interface. The quantity R
z
is the total dynamic soil reaction against


the foundation; it is made up of normal tractions against the basemat plus shear tractions along any
vertical side walls.

Figure 5.1 Examples of surface and embedded foundations of arbitrary shapes (from Gazetas,
1991)
Similarly, the following impedances are defined: S
y
= lateral swaying impedance (force-
displacement ratio), for horizontal motion in the short direction; S
x
= longitudinal swaing impedance
(force-displacement ratio), for horizontal motion in the long direction; S
rx
rocking impedance (moment-
rotation ratio), for rotational motion about the long centroidal axis (x) of the foundation basemat; S
ry
=
rocking impedance (moment-rotation ratio), for rotational motion about the short centroidal axis (y) of
the foundation basemat; and S
t
= torsional impedance (moment-rotation ratio), for rotational oscillation
about the vertical axis (z).
Moreover, in mainly embedded foundations, horizontal forces along principal axes induce
rotational (in addition to translational) oscillations; hence, two more cross-coupling horizontal-rocking
impedances S
x-ry
and S
y-rx
. They are negligibly small in surface and shallow foundations, but their effects
may become appreciable for greater depths of embedment owing to the moments about the base axes
produced by horizontal soil reactions against the side walls.
As with most literature, all impedances refer to axes passing through the centroid of the
foundation basemat-soil interface. Because of the presence of radiation and material damping in the


system for all modes of vibration, R is generally out of phase with U. It has become traditional to
introduce complex notation and to express each impedance in the form
S = k + i C (5.2)
in which both k and C = functions of the frequency . The real component, k, termed dynamic
stiffness, reflects the stiffness and inertia of the supporting soil; its dependence on frequency is
attributed solely to the influence that frequency exerts on inertia, since soil properties are practically
frequency independent. The imaginary component, C, is the product of the (circular) frequency
times the dashpot coefficient, C; the latter reflects the radiation and material damping generated in
the system (due to energy carried by waves spreading away from the foundation and energy dissipated
in the soil by hysteretic action, respectively). If the coefficient of the soil hysteretic damping () is given
separately, the expression of the dashpot coefficient (Total C) of the foundation system can incorporate
the coefficient as:
Total C = radiation c + 2k()/ (5.3)
Eq. 5.2 suggests for each mode of oscillation an analogy between the actual foundation-soil system and
the system that consists of the same foundation but is supported on a spring and dashpot with
characteristic moduli equal to k and C, respectively. A number of powerful computational techniques
have been developed for calculating the dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of foundations in
linear soil. They include analytical approaches such as the integral transform method (Kausel,1974; Luco
and Westmann, 1971; and Veletsos and Wei, 1971), several rigorous and approximate semi-analytical
procedures such as the boundary element method (Dominquez and Roesset, 1978), and dynamic finite
elements (Kausel, 1974; Lysmer and Kuhleymeyer, 1969). These techniques can be applied to the
analysis of machine foundations and to other dynamic soil-structure interaction problems encountered
in earthquake and offshore engineering. Although further extensions and refinements of these methods
are being published continuously, they have already attained a great degree of sophistication and may
handle foundation and soil configurations of great complexity. Shallow foundations can be solved for
different vibration modes, for exciting forces covering a wide range of frequencies, and for soil
conditions ranging from a uniform deposit to an arbitrary layered profile on rigid rock.

5.3 Simplified Methods
Over the years, several researchers have developed simplified methods, presented results in
dimensionless graphical or tabular form, or fitted simple equations to their numerical results. The
classical example of such a simple method is the single-degree-of-freedom with frequency-independent
parameters proposed in 1966 by Lysmer and Richart for the vertical vibration of a rigid circular footing
on an elastic halfspace. Similar simple systems or analogs were later developed for the other modes of
vibration of the same circular footing, and these analogs are widely used today (Richart et al, 1970;
Whitman and Richart, 1967). Later, Kausel, Novak, Roesset, Veletsos and others have fitted equations
and charts to their analytical results and have proposed simple procedures to take into account the
variation with frequency of the equivalent dynamic springs and dashpots, and the influence of factors


such as embedment and presence of a shallow rigid rock base (Kausel, 1974;Novak and Beredugo, 1971;
Roesset, 1980; Veletsos and Wei, 1071; and Veletsos and Verbic, 1974).
These simple methods, based on physically sound, conceptual frameworks and calibrated with
exact solutions, are feasible and should be encouraged. These simple methods are very helpful in
performing parametric studies, checking the results of complicated computer codes and developing
engineering insight into the expected dynamic behavior of foundation systems. However, these
methods are only for reasonably deep and uniform soil deposits that can be modeled as a homogeneous
half-space.
In practical applications, the selection of an appropriate method depends to a large extent on
the size and economics of the project, as well as the availability of pertinent computer codes. Moreover,
the method to be selected must adequately reflect the following key characteristics of the foundation-
soil system and the excitation.
The shape of the foundation-soil interface (circular, strip, rectangular, arbitrary).
The amount of embedment (surface, partially or fully embedded foundation, piles).
The nature of the soil profile (deep uniform or layered deposit, shallow stratum over bedrock).
The mode of vibration and the frequency(ies) of excitation.

5.4 Improved Novaks Method With Non-Reflective Boundary
5.4.1 Deep Foundation (Pile Option)
Both theoretical and experimental studies have shown that the dynamic response of the piles is
very sensitive to the properties of the soil in the vicinity of the pile shaft. The measured dynamic
response of a single pile was compared with the computed curves and shown in Fig. 5.2 (Han and Novak,
1988).
A number of approaches are available to account for dynamic soil-pile interaction, but they are
usually based on the assumption that the soil behavior is governed by the law of linear elasticity or
viscoelasticity and that the soil is perfectly bonded to a pile (Novak, 1991). In practice, however, the
bonding between the soil and the pile is rarely perfect, and slippage or even separation often occurs in
the contact area. Furthermore, the soil region immediately adjacent to the pile can undergo a large
degree of straining, which would cause the soil-pile system to behave in a nonlinear manner.
A rigorous approach to the non-linearity of a soil-pile system is extremely difficult and time
consuming. Approximate theories, therefore, have to be used for practice. As for the approximate
analysis, The Baranov-Novak method is generally considered as an efficient technique for solving the
problem of coupled vibration (Luco 1982). The relationship between the foundation vibration and the
resistance of the side soil layers was derived using the elastic theory of Baranov (1967).


Novak and Sheta (1980) proposed including a cylindrical annulus of softer soil (an inner
weakened zone or so called boundary zone) around the pile in a plane strain analysis. One of the
simplifications involved in the original boundary zone concept was that the mass of the inner zone was
neglected to avoid the wave reflections from the interface between the inner boundary zone and the
outer zone. To overcome this problem, Velestsos and Dotson (1988) proposed a scheme that can
account for the mass of the boundary zone. Some of the effects of the boundary zone mass were
investigated by Novak and Han (1990), who found that a homogeneous boundary zone with a nonzero
mass yields undulation impedance due to wave reflections from the fictitious interface between the two
media.

Figure 5.2 Predicted and measured horizontal response curves (Han and Novak, 1988, Dynamic
behavior of single piles under strong harmonic excitation, Canadian Geotechnical J., 25 (3), 523-534))


The ideal model for the boundary zone should have properties smoothly approaching those of the outer
zone to alleviate wave reflections from the interface. Consequently, Han and Sabin (1995) proposed
such a model for the boundary zone with non-reflective interface. A model of the boundary zone with
non-reflective interface is shown in Fig. 5.3. The model of non-reflective interface assumes that the
boundary zone has a nonzero mass and a smooth variation into the outer zone by introducing a
parabolic variation function, which may be best fit with use of experimental data. Dynamic
investigations of piles indicated that the boundary zone model is applicable to both granular and
cohesive soils (El-Marsafawi et al, 1992; Han, 1997).

Figure 5.3 Concept of boundary zone with non-reflective interface

The analytical solution of the non-reflective boundary model is combined with the numerical
solution in DYNAN program. With the impedance of the soil layer, the element stiffness matrix of soil-
pile system can be formed in the same way as the general finite element method. Then the overall
stiffness matrix of a single pile can be assembled for different modes of vibration, included three
translations and three rotations.



The stiffness and damping factors for vertical vibrations, S
1
, and S
2
, obtained from the present
analysis are compared with those obtained for the Novak-Sheta (N-S) and Veletsos-Dotson (V-D)
idealizations, as shown in Fig 5.4. These solutions are for a soil layer with t
m
/r
0
= 1.0; G
i
/G
0
= 0.25;
i
=
0.1 and
0
= 0.05. The mass density for the inner zone is taken to be equal to that for the outer region in
the present solution and the V-D solution; for the N-S solution the mass density for the inner zone is
assumed to be zero, an unrealistic assumption. It can be observed that the three sets of results are
significantly different; the V-D solution results in pronounced oscillations (undulations) caused by wave
reflections from the interface between the two media. It should be noted that Veletsos and Dotson
(1988) also included a model with a continuously increasing shear modulus with radial distance to
remove the undulations in the impedances. The differences between the present solution and that
solution are that the modulus was varied unboundedly, i.e., without a boundary zone in their model,
and in the present model the modulus varies only in the boundary zone and is constant in the outer
zone as one might expect. The nonreflective boundary between the boundary zone and the outer zone
is formulated in the present solution. It should be explained that the convergence of the power series
used to express the displacement in this study is rapid; however, the convergence for the derivative of
the series is slow. To obtain a satisfactory solution, the first 10 to 12 terms of the series are needed. The
results from the present analysis are smooth curves over a wide range, the value of ai from 0.0 to 4.0,
which indicates that the wave reflections from the interface are alleviated because it embodies a
continuous variation in soil properties in the boundary zone with smooth (continuous derivatives)
transition into the outer zone. For comparison, the results for a homogeneous layer are also included in
Fig. 5.4.


Figure 5.4 Comparison of impedance functions for vertical vibration with Novak-Sheta (N-S) and
Veletsos-Dotson (V-D) solutions, tm/to=1.0; Gi/Go=0.25; o=0.05; (a) stiffness factor S1 ans (b)
damping factor S2
The stiffness and damping factors for torsional vibrations, S1 and S2, obtained from the
present analysis are compared with those obtained for the Novak-Sheta (N-S) and Veletsos-Dotson (V-D)
idealizations, as shown in Fig. 5.5. These solutions are for a soil layer with tm/r0 = 1.0; Gi/G0 = 0,25; i =
0 = 0.0. The mass density for the inner zone is taken to be equal to that for the outer region in the
present solution and the V-D solution; for the N-S solution the mass density for the inner zone is
assumed to be zero. It can be observed that similar to the case of vertical vibration, the V-D solution
results in pronounced oscillations (undulations) caused by wave reflections from the interface between
the two media. In the same way as in the vertical vibration case, Veletsos and Dotson (1988) proposed a
continuously increasing shear modulus to eliminate the undulations in the impedances. The results from


the present analysis are smooth curves over a wide range parameter values, indicating that the wave
reflections from the interface have been removed. For comparison, the results for a homogeneous layer
are also included in Fig. 5.5.

Figure 5.5 Comparison of torsional impedance functions with Novak-Sheta (N-S) and Veletsos-
Dotson (V-D) solutions, tm/ to=1.0; Gi/Go=0.25; i=o=0.05; (a) stiffness factor S1 ans (b) damping
factor S2

The results from the present analysis are smooth curves over a wide range parameter values, indicating
that the wave reflections from the interface have been removed. For comparison, the results for a
homogeneous layer are also included in Fig. 5.5.
Dynamic investigations of piles indicated that the boundary zone model is applicable to both
granular and cohesive soils (El-Marsafawi et al., 1992; Han, 1997). The harmonic vibration tests of a full-
scale pile were conducted on the campus of the University of Western Ontario. The soil consisted of a
layered noncohesive stratum of silty fine sand with a gravel seam, resting on the dense silty till at a


depth of 2.9 m from the ground surface. Measurement of shear wave velocity at the site was conducted
using the cross-hole technique and the steady-state vibration technique. The shear-wave velocity in the
top 0.5-m soil layer was lower due to the loss of confining pressure toward the surface, and an average
value of 65 m/s was taken in the analysis. A linear distribution of the shear wave velocity was observed
for depths below 0.5 m, with 80 and 180 m/s corresponding to depths of 0.5 and 2.9 m. The bulk
densities of the noncohesive soil and the underlying till were 1,780 and 1,960 kg/m3, respectively.
Details of the experiment were reported by El-Marsafawi et al. (1992), but the nonlinear effects of the
soil-pile system were not accounted for. In the new study, the nonlinear effects were observed and
investigated to verify the validity of the boundary-zone model with non-reflective interface.
The pile is a steel pipe having a length of 2.9 m, an outside diameter of 101.6 mm, and wall
thickness of 6.35 mm. Poissons ratio for the pile is assumed to be 0.25 and the damping ratio is 0.005.
The length-to-diameter ratio of the pile L/d = 28.5 and Ep/Es = 1,370, where Es is the soil elastic
modulus. The pile was provided with conical plugs and driven hydraulically to a depth of 2.75 m below
the ground surface. The total mass of the pile cap and exciter is 1,035 kg, and the bottom face of the cap
is 0.15 m above the ground surface.
The soil below the pile tip is considered as an elastic half-space, having a shear wave velocity of
190 m/s and a unit weight of 1,900 kg/ m3. The measured results under different excitation intensities
are shown in Fig. 5.6. The maximum vertical displacement amplitude was measured to be 0.07 mm, and
the maximum acceleration was 0.57 g. This is a smaller amplitude vibration but has strong acceleration.
From Fig. 5.6 it can be seen that the resonant frequency is 50 Hz under an excitation intensity of me e =
2.45 kg-mm, 47 Hz under an excitation of 4.92 kgmm, and 45 Hz under an excitation of 9.84 kg-mm. Due
to the repeated and strong excitation, even at very small amplitudes, the pile-soil system was softened
so that the resonant frequencies reduced with the increase of excitation intensities. Obviously, the
nonlinear behavior occurred in the dynamic response of the pile-soil system, say moderate nonlinear
effects, although it is not a very strong nonlinear response.
The boundary-zone model with non-reflective interface is used to simulate dynamic response of
the pile in nonlinear soil. Comparisons of the theoretical predictions by DYNAN with the measured data
in different excitations are shown in Fig. 5.6.


Figure 5.6 Measured dynamic response of a pile subjected to different excitation intensities

The analytical solution of non-reflective boundary model is combined with the numerical
solution in DYNAN program. With the impedance of the sail layer, the element stiffness matrix of soil-
pile system can be formed in the same way as the general finite element method.Then the overall
stiffness matrix of a single pile can be assembled for different modes of vibration, including three
translations and three rotations.
The group effect of piles is accounted for using the method of interaction factors in the DYNAN
program. The vertical static interaction factors are based on fitting the charts of Poulos and Davies
(1980). The horizontal static interaction factors are due to El-Sharnouby and Novak (1986). The dynamic
interaction factors are derived from the static interaction factors multiplied by a frequency variation,
and the frequency variation of interaction factors is based on the charts of Kaynia and Kausel (1982).
The pile foundation with rigid cap is shown in Fig. 5.7.


Figure 5.7 Pile foundation model with a rigid cap

5.4.2 Shallow Foundation
5.4.2.1 Footing on homogeneous halfspace
In the option shown in Fig. 5.8, the footing rests on the surface of, or is embedded in a deep
homogeneous deposit considered as halfspace. A stratum whose depth is greater than about five
equivalent footing radii may be treated as halfspace using this option. The vibration of embedded
foundation was investigated by many researchers, such as Roesset (1980), Gazetas (1983), Han (1983),
Wolf and Weber (1986).

Figure 5.8 Footing on homogeneous halfspace



Comparisons of the predictions with the measured data for different embedments are shown in
Fig. 5.9 for horizontal vibration and Fig. 5.10 for rocking vibration. For details see Han (1989), Coupled
Vibration of Embedded Foundation, J. of Geotechnical Eng., ASCE, 115 (9), 1227-1238.

Figure 5.9 Theorectical response curves calculated by Han (1989) and measured data for
horizontal displacement at top of foundation

Dynamic experiments were conducted in the field to determine the behavior of an embedded
foundation. The soil in situ was a sandy clay of yellow and brown color extending from the ground
surface to a depth of 18 m. The soil properties within 5 m of the ground surface are: mass density, =
1,700 kg/m3, void ratio, e = 0.95, Poissons ratio, = 0.3; and shear wave velocity, Vs = 130-150 m/s.
The experimental foundation consisted of a concrete block with dimensions of 150 150 150
cm3 and weight of 82.8 kN, The square foundation is regarded as circular footing with equivalent radius
of 84.6 cm in analysis. The foundation was constructed in a pit 3.0 m long, 3.0 m wide and 1.5 m deep.
The void between the foundation and the side soil was backfilled in three stages, at each stage about
one third the depth of the pit was filled. Tests were conducted at four stages of backfill height: 0.00 cm,


45 cm, 105 cm and 145 cm. Thus, the embedment ratios used for testing were = l/r0 = 0,00, 0.53, 1.24
and 1.71 respectively. As = 0.00, the foundation is considered to rest on the surface of the elastic half-
space.

Figure 5.10 Theorectical response curves calculated by Han (1989) and measured data for rocking
displacement of foundation

An exciter with two counter-rotating eccentric masses was used to produce horizontal harmonic
excitation at the top of the foundation. The amplitude converted for the exciting force was 450 N in this
analysis. The displacement pickups were arranged on top of the footing so as to measure the horizontal
and rocking vibrations. The dynamic response of the foundation was measured for the four cases of
embedment noted previously.
5.4.2.2 Footing on homogeneous layer (Stratum)
For the option shown in Fig. 5.11, the footing rests on the surface of, or is embedded in, a
shallow, homogeneous layer underlain by a rigid medium (bedrock). The layer stiffness and damping
constants are calculated using the formulae due to Kausel and Ushijima (1979). The most prominent
feature of this case is that the geometric damping of the foundation can be considerably reduced if the
dominant frequency of the response is lower than the first natural frequency of the layer. The material
damping becomes to be important and should be considered.


The range of problem parameters is limited. Such as, the ratio of embedment depth h with layer
depth H should be h/H < 0.75, and R/H < 0.5 (as shown in Fig. 5.11), where R is the equivalent radius of
footing.

Figure 5.11 Footing on homogeneous layer (Stratum)

5.4.2.3 Footing embedded in layered medium
This option as shown in Fig. 5.12 is for a rather deep footing such as a caisson that may be
embedded in and underlain by a layered medium. The properties of the soil layers may be different but
constant within each layer except for the soil column under the footing in which the soil properties may
differ from those of the outer part of the layer. This feature makes it possible to take an approximate
account of the increased confining pressure under the footing.

Figure 5.12 Footing embedded in multi-layered medium


This option is treated as a special case of a thick pile and should not be applied to a shallow
foundation. For instance, the embedment depth of foundation E should be E/R > 2 and the total
foundation length h (included the soil column under the foundation) should be h > 5R (as shown in Fig.
5.12), where R is the equivalent radius of footing.
5.5 Dynamic Loading
A rigid body can be supported by any of the above types of foundation and be analyzed for the
three types of loading. These are transient, random and harmonic loading. All loads are referred to the
reference point, usually the center of gravity of the whole system (including the machine, if present) and
can act in all six degree of freedom.
5.5.1 Transient Loading
An irregular but specific time history of limited duration, characterizes transient loading. Some
machines such as crushers, pumps, hammers or presses and can cause such a loading, as well as by
earthquakes, blasts, and explosions.
The response to transient loading is also transient and is calculated using the Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT). Information on this method can be found from Clough and Penzien (1975).
The program returns the complete time history of the response in six degree of freedom as well
as its maximum.
5.5.2 Random Loading
Random loading is characterized by an irregular time history, which is best described by the
corresponding power spectral density (power spectrum). The random excitation included in DYNAN is
assumed to be stationary, i.e., its statistical characteristics do not vary with time. This type of loading
may stem, for example, from crushers, pumps, traffic, and wind and approximately from earthquakes.
Its power spectral density given for a number of points (frequencies) describes the excitation.
The maximum number of data points is 200. The program returns the mean peak values of the response
expected to occur during the period of observation T. This peak value of the response is
Qi = g s
u
(5.4)
In which g is the peak factor and s
u
is the standard deviation (rootmean-square value) of the response.
The peak factor is calculated from the spectra. The period T may typically be 20 to 60 seconds for
earthquakes and 600 to 3600 seconds for machine or wind loading.
5.5.3 Harmonic Loading
Harmonic loading is caused by unbalanced masses of rotating and reciprocating machines such
as turbines, generators, compressors, fans, diesel engines and many others. It is the most common type
of excitation. This excitation may have one harmonic component and consequently, a sinusoidal time
history, or more harmonic components. If there are more harmonic components the response has to be
calculated for each component separately and the results added.


In DYNAN, the harmonic excitation can be of two types: the constant amplitude excitation and
the frequency dependent or quadratic excitation.
The constant amplitude excitation is defined as
P(t) = P
o
sin t (5.5)

In which P
o
is the excitation force amplitude, w is the circular frequency of excitation and t is time.
The quadratic excitation is more often present and is usually caused by centrifugal forces of
rotating unbalanced masses and is defined as
P(t) = m
e
e
2
sin t (5.6)
In which m
e
is unbalanced mass, e is eccentricity and is circular frequency. This type of excitation is
defined by m
e
e and the frequency range.

5.6 Available Methods for Dynamic Analysis of Shallow and Deep
Foundations.
Dynamic behaviors of foundations have been observed under earthquake, wind, blast, waves
and vibrating machines. In many cases, a large dynamic response will cause the superstructure or the
machine system to fail. A number of approaches are available to account for dynamic soil-pile
interaction but they are usually based on the assumption that the soil behavior is governed by the law of
linear elasticity or visco-elasticity and the soil is perfectly bonded to a pile. In practice, however, the
bonding between the soil and the pile is rarely perfect and slippage or even separation often occurs in
the contact area. Furthermore, the soil region immediately adjacent to the pile can undergo a large
degree of straining, which would cause the soil-pile system to behave in a nonlinear manner.
5.6.1 Finite element or boundary element method
Many efforts have been spent on the numerical analysis to model the soil-pile interaction using
the Finite Element Method (FEM) or boundary element method. Both the pile and the soil are modeled
by solid elements. However, it is too complex, especially for group piles in nonlinear soil. A rigorous
approach to the nonlinearity of a soil-pile system is extremely difficult and time consuming.
5.6.2 Impedance Function method
Both theoretical and experimental studies have shown that the dynamic response of piles is very
sensitive to the properties of the soil in the vicinity of the pile shaft ( Han and Novak, 1988). The
impedance functions are derived for the soil-pile system based on a boundary zone model with non-
reflective interface by Han and Sabin (1995). The soil properties in the boundary zone (near field) may
be different from that in the far field to indicate the nonlinearity of soil. The procedure is a half
analytical and half numerical solution, and details are described by Han (1997). DYNAN program is


developed based on the impedance function method and uses the model of soil-structure interaction
with nonreflective boundary between the near field and the far field to account for the nonlinearity of
soil.
The program computes dynamic response of both shallow and deep foundations under dynamic
loading. The foundation stiffness and damping constants are also computed for possible use in soil-
structure interaction analysis for simulating the dynamic behavior of the structures (such as bridges,
high-rise buildings, and wind-turbine towers). Soil layering, boundary zone around embedded
foundations and piles, pile interaction in a group and other features can be considered in this method.
To simplify the input data related to soil properties of the weak zone, the program only requires the
user to enter the ratio of the weak-zone shear modulus over the non-weak-zone shear modulus in
Version 3. The program will assume the thickness (lateral distance from the pile) of the weak zone is
equal to the pile radius. The Poissons ratio is unchanged.
The soil in the weak zone usually has a high damping ratio. Therefore, the program will use the
damping ratio in the weak zone to be twice of the damping ratio in the original soil. The foundations (or
caps of pile) are assumed to be rigid, and all six degrees of freedom are considered as coupled. It should
be noted that, in most cases, the superstructures are flexible rather than rigid. The substructure concept
based on the impedance function of foundations has been introduced in the structural analysis and is
frequently used by the structural engineers for the time-history analysis in seismic studies. By means of
the substructure method, the dynamic response of the superstructure is analyzed using a nonlinear
finite-element program, such as SAP2000 or other similar one, and the real part and the imaginary part
of the foundation stiffness generated by Dyna-N program being entered as the boundary condition,
which represent the substructure in modeling..
The superstructure can be subject to harmonic, transient and random loading, and the stiffness
and damping of the foundation can be generated in frequency domain from this program.

CHAPTER 6. Example Problems

CHAPTER 6 Example Problems 6-2


6.1 Example 1: Harmonic Load Applied to Half-Space (Embedded
Foundation)
A reciprocating compressor was installed on a concrete block foundation (half-space), with a primary
frequency of 7 Hz and a secondary frequency of 14 Hz. The dynamic response under the primary
frequency is calculated in this example.
The foundation base is 7.5 m by 5.3 m with a thickness of 0.7 m, as shown in the figure. The embedment
is 0.7 m. The shear wave velocity of the side soil is 150 m/s. The shear wave velocity of soil beneath the
foundation is 205 m/s.
In this example, the unit for force is KN; for mass it is Mg and for length it is m. The total mass is 266.8
Mg (included machine mass). The height of C.G. (Center of Gravity) is 2.234 m. The nonquadratic
harmonic response is calculated. Use SI units: kN, Mg = 1,000 kg, m.

Figure 6.1 Dimension of the foundation for seismic response analysis demonstrated in Example 1



6.1.1 Input Data

TITLE= RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR FOUNDATION (KN-Mg-m)
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
FOUNDATION=HALF-SPACE
RECTANGULAR=7.5,5.3
MASS
266.8 1302 1552 1207 0 0 0
CONSTANTS
0 0.34 2.234
SOIL
WEAK
CONSTANTS=1
1 0.7 150 17 0.3 0.05 0.5 0.3 0.1 1
BELOW=205 18 0.3 0.05
LOAD
HARMONIC
CONSTANTS
NONQUADRATIC
125.6 6.28 6.28 0.805 0 0.378 7.802 6.357 -15.53
RUN
0
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000

6.1.2 Output Results

Only small portions of output are shown here. Please run the example data file and view the complete
output from the computer screen.













6.2 Example 2: Harmonic Load Applied to Pile Foundation
The pile cap is a 2.5 m (length) by 1.6 m (width) by 0.5 m (thickness) concrete block, with a total mass of
5,000 kg. Six concrete piles are fixed to the cap, each with a diameter of 0.32 m and a length of 7.5 m.
The soil is divided into 8 layers. The top layer (0.25 m) is a void.
The dynamic pile-soil-pile interaction is accounted for. The horizontal response is calculated in a
frequency domain from 5 Hz ( = 31.4) to 30 Hz ( = 188.4)
Use SI units: kN, mg, m.

Figure 6.2 Pile foundation for dynamic response analysis demonstrated in Example 2

6.2.1 Input Data
TITLE=DYNAMIC RESPOSE OF PILE GROUP (kN-Mg-m)
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
FOUNDATION=PILE
RECTANGULAR=2.5,1.6
MASS


5 1.17 2.71 3.87 0 0 0
LAYERS=8
FIXED=6
1 -0.9 0.45
2 0 0.45
3 0.9 0.45
4 0.9 -0.45
5 0 -0.45
6 -0.9 -0.45
CONSTANTS
0 0 0.26 7.5 24.5
50 0.25 0.01 1.334 27000000
ELEMENT
1 0.25 0.16 0.16 0.0804 0.000515 0.000515 0.00103
2 1 0.16 0.16 0.0804 0.000515 0.000515 0.00103
3 1 0.16 0.16 0.0804 0.000515 0.000515 0.00103
4 1 0.16 0.16 0.0804 0.000515 0.000515 0.00103
5 1 0.16 0.16 0.0804 0.000515 0.000515 0.00103
6 1 0.16 0.16 0.0804 0.000515 0.000515 0.00103
7 1 0.16 0.16 0.0804 0.000515 0.000515 0.00103
8 1.25 0.16 0.16 0.0804 0.000515 0.000515 0.00103
FLOATING
INTERACTION
SOIL
WEAK
CONSTANTS
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 130 20.2 0.3 0.035 0.5 0.3 0.07 1
3 193 20.2 0.3 0.035 0.5 0.3 0.07 1
4 200 18.5 0.3 0.035 0.5 0.3 0.07 1
5 180 18.5 0.3 0.035 0.5 0.3 0.07 1
6 234 19.7 0.3 0.035 0.5 0.3 0.07 1
7 272 19.7 0.3 0.035 0.5 0.3 0.07 1
8 272 20 0.3 0.035 0.5 0.3 0.07 1
BELOW=280 20 0.3 0.035
LOAD
HARMONIC
CONSTANTS
QUADRATIC
188.4 31.4 6.28 0 0.000259 0 -0.000114 0 0
RUN
0
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000















6.3 Example 3: Pile Foundation of a Tall Building
To calculate the seismic response of a 20-story building as shown in Figure 6.3, a substructure method is
used. The detailed analysis is described by Han and Cathro (1997), Seismic Behavior of Tall Buildings
Supported on Pile Foundations, ASCE, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 70, 36-51.
In this example, the stiffness and damping of the pile foundation are shown. The pile cap is a 11.5 m
(length) by 11.5 m (width) by 1.2 m (thickness) concrete block, with a mass of 387,000 kg. Twenty-five
concrete piles are fixed to the cap, each with a diameter of 0.4 m and a length of 24 m.
The soil is divided into 7 layers. The boundary zone around the pile is included to simulate a seismic
environment. The dynamic pile-soil-pile interaction is accounted for. The stiffness and damping of pile
group are shown at a frequency W = 5.0 (0.8 Hz) that is a main frequency for the seismic input in this
case.

Figure 6.3 Foundation dimension for seismic response analysis demonstrated in Example 3


6.3.1 Input Data

TITLE=PILE FD. OF TALL BUILDING (kN-Mg-m)
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
FOUNDATION=PILE
RECTANGULAR=11.5,11.5
MASS
387 4450 4450 8530 0 0 0
LAYERS=7
FIXED=25
1 -5.5 5.5
2 -2.75 5.5
3 0 5.5
4 2.75 5.5
5 5.5 5.5
6 -5.5 2.75
7 -2.75 2.75
8 0 2.75
9 2.75 2.75
10 5.5 2.75
11 -5.5 0
12 -2.75 0
13 0 0
14 2.75 0
15 5.5 0
16 -5.5 -2.75
17 -2.75 -2.75
18 0 -2.75
19 2.75 -2.75
20 5.5 -2.75
21 -5.5 -5.5
22 -2.75 -5.5
23 0 -5.5
24 2.75 -5.5
25 5.5 -5.5
CONSTANTS
0 0 0.6 24 24
886 0.25 0.02 1.334 27000000
ELEMENT
1 2 0.2 0.2 0.1256 0.001256 0.001256 0.002512
2 2 0.2 0.2 0.1256 0.001256 0.001256 0.002512
3 3 0.2 0.2 0.1256 0.001256 0.001256 0.002512
4 5 0.2 0.2 0.1256 0.001256 0.001256 0.002512
5 3 0.2 0.2 0.1256 0.001256 0.001256 0.002512
6 7 0.2 0.2 0.1256 0.001256 0.001256 0.002512
7 2 0.2 0.2 0.1256 0.001256 0.001256 0.002512


FLOATING
INTERACTION
SOIL
WEAK
CONSTANTS
1 0 19 0.3 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.1 1
2 90 18 0.3 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.1 1
3 150 19.5 0.3 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.1 1
4 180 19.5 0.3 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.1 1
5 210 18 0.3 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.1 1
6 210 19 0.3 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.1 1
7 240 20 0.3 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.1 1
BELOW=460 22 0.3 0.05
LOAD
HARMONIC
CONSTANTS
QUADRATIC
25 5 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
RUN
0
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000














6.4 Example 4: Seismic Loads applied to Half-Space Foundation (Transient
Load)
A 2-story concrete frame structure is seated on a homogeneous halfspace. A substructure method can
be used to calculate the seismic or dynamic response of the flexible superstructure. A detailed analysis
procedure is described by Han et al (1999) Design of an Elevated Compressor Table Top Structure
Considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction, 27 Annual Conference of Canadian Society for Civil
Engineering, 291-300.
In this example, the frame is assumed as a rigid structure in order to show how to use the program for
calculating the seismic response of a half-space foundation (transient load).
The foundation is a concrete block that is 5 m (length) by 5 m (width) by 1.0 m (thickness). The total
mass of frame structure and foundation is 152.5 mg, and the height of C.G. is 2.81 m.
The foundation rests on half-space. The depth of the embedded side soil is 1.0 m.
A seismic time history record is used as transient load input. The number of points is 1024, and the time
interval between points is 0.02 second. One type of load is input, horizontal force in y-direction. The
1024 input loads are the ground acceleration multiplied by mass.
Use SI units: kN, Mg, m.
6.4.1 Input Data

TITLE= SEISMIC LOADS HALF-SPACE (kN-Mg-m)
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
RECTANGULAR=5,5
MASS
152.5 1151 1151 600.4 0 0 0
CONSTANTS
0 0 2.81
SOIL
CONSTANTS=1
1 1 120 17 0.3 0.05
BELOW=180 18 0.3 0.05
LOAD
TRANSIENT
CONSTANTS
1024
0.02
1
2
839.70636
404.30304


-1057.408
-248.80188
217.70165
-622.0047
-31.100235
342.10257
-186.60141
-870.80658
-559.8042
-497.60376
-1586.1119
-2799.0212
-2239.2168
-373.20282
1368.4103
2177.0164
1648.3124
-62.20047
-1586.1119
-2674.6204
-2394.718
-497.60376
901.9068
653.10492
124.40094
901.9068
2145.9163
------------
------------










6.5 Example 5: Mat Foundation on Stratum under Harmonic Load
A circular foundation with radius of 5 ft rests on the surface of a stratum of dense sand with a shear
wave velocity of 643 ft/sec and a unit weight of 112 pcf. A rotating mass machine is fixed on the circular
foundation, and the total weight of machine and foundation is 140,000 Ib. The height of the C.G. is 5 ft.
The sand layer is 10 ft thick underlain by bed rock.
The vertical harmonic response is calculated. The dynamic response is sensitive to the material damping
of soil for the case of stratum. In this example the material damping ratio is 0.05. Users can change the
value of material damping to examine the effects on dynamic response.
Use Imperial units: Ib, slug = Ib/32.2, ft.
6.5.1 Input Data

TITLE= MAT FOUNDATION ON STRATUM (Ib-Slug-ft)
MATRIX
GRAVITY=32.2
FOUNDATION=STRATUM
CIRCULAR=5
MASS
4348 27200 27200 54350 0 0 0
CONSTANTS
0 0 5 0 10
SOIL
CONSTANTS
643 112 0.25 0.05
LOAD
HARMONIC
CONSTANTS
QUADRATIC
188.4 6.28 6.28 0 0 0.02282 0 0 0
RUN
0
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000












6.6 Example 6: Shallow Foundation in Layered Soil (Multilayer Option)

The shallow foundation is a 2.5 m (length) by 1.6 m (width) by 2.3 m (thickness) concrete block
embedded into layered soil. The soil is divided into 5 layers, including 2 adjacent layers (side soil) and 3
soil layers beneath the foundation underlain by an elastic halfspace. The boundary zones in the side soil
are considered around the concrete block.
Harmonic loads applied to the foundation, and the vertical dynamic response output.

Figure 6.4 Shallow Ffoundation in layered soils for dynamic response analysis demonstrated in
Example 6



6.6.1 Input Data

TITLE=SHALLOW FOUNDATION IN LAYERED SOIL (kN-Mg-m)
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
FOUNDATION=MULTILAYER
RECTANGULAR=2.5,1.6
MASS
24.5 5.837 13.54 19.375 0 0 0
LAYER=5
CONSTANTS
0 0 1.15 9.3 24.5
50 0.25 0.01 1.334 27000000
ELEMENT
1 0.8 2.5 1.6 4 2.08 0.85 4.13
2 1.5 2.5 1.6 4 2.08 0.85 4.13
3 2 2.5 1.6 4 2.08 0.85 4.13
4 2 2.5 1.6 4 2.08 0.85 4.13
5 3 2.5 1.6 4 2.08 0.85 4.13
SOIL
WEAK
CONSTANTS=2
1 90 20.6 0.3 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.1 1
2 120 18.9 0.3 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.1 1
3 250 19 0.3 0.05 1 1
4 280 18 0.3 0.05 1 1
5 300 19.05 0.3 0.05 1 1
BELOW=380 21.6 0.3 0.05
LOAD
HARMONIC
CONSTANTS
NONQUADRATIC
251.2 6.28 6.28 0 0 1 0 0 0
RUN
0
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000












6.7 Example 7: Random Loads Applied to Half-Space Foundation

Use the same 2-story concrete frame structure as shown in Example 4. The frame is assumed to be a
rigid structure in order to show how to use the program for calculating the expected peak response of
the structure rested on half-space (random load).
The foundation is a concrete block with the following dimensions: 5 m (length) by 5 m (width) by 1.0 m
(thickness). The total mass of frame structure and foundation is 152,500 kg, and the height of the C.G. is
2.81 m.
The foundation rests on half-space. The depth of embedded side soil is 1.0 m.
A seismic time history record is translated to a power spectrum using the FFT approach. The values of
the power spectrum are given for 101 points (frequencies). The maximum frequency is w = 125.6
rad/sec and the minimum frequency is w = 0.01 rad/sec. One spectrum is used in the X-direction.
Use SI units: kN, mg, m.
6.7.1 Input Data

TITLE= RANDOM LOADS HALF-SPACE (N-kg-m)
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
RECTANGULAR=5,5
MASS
152500 1151000 1151000 600400 0 0 0
CONSTANTS
0 0 2.81
SOIL
WEAK
CONSTANTS=1
1 1 120 17 0.3 0.05 0.5 0.3 0.1 1
BELOW=180 18 0.3 0.05
LOAD
RANDOM
CONSTANTS
125.6
0.001
101
20
1
1 1
6337.3
7856.2


8168.1
13111
12330
6463.4
5533.4
9609.5
7627.6
3522.2
2636.2
2398.1
5065.8
6971.7
5004.2
3898.9
4187.5
2754.4
1417.7
847.65
1120.6
1217.9
1087
1046.8
868.78
1307.8
1393.7
1115.2
1122.7
543.33
441.18
609.65
703.71
481.49
276.38
152.16
154.69
139.83
145.73
101.63
60.821
86.569
123.27
107.61
89.154
53.422
67.257
64.295
57.325
28.1


26.72
15.903
15.995
0
11.806
14.962
20.362
2.6891
6.6034
0
4.0074
0
3.7997
0 TITLE= RANDOM LOADS HALF-SPACE (N-kg-m)
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
RECTANGULAR=5,5
MASS
152500 1151000 1151000 600400 0 0 0
CONSTANTS
0 0 2.81
SOIL
WEAK
CONSTANTS=1
1 1 120 17 0.3 0.05 0.5 0.3 0.1 1
BELOW=180 18 0.3 0.05
LOAD
RANDOM
CONSTANTS
125.6
0.001
101
20
1
1 1
6337.3
7856.2
8168.1
13111
12330
6463.4
5533.4
9609.5
7627.6
3522.2
2636.2
2398.1


5065.8
6971.7
5004.2
3898.9
4187.5
2754.4
1417.7
847.65
1120.6
1217.9
1087
1046.8
868.78
1307.8
1393.7
1115.2
1122.7
543.33
441.18
609.65
703.71
481.49
276.38
152.16
154.69
139.83
145.73
101.63
60.821
86.569
123.27
107.61
89.154
53.422
67.257
64.295
57.325
28.1
26.72
15.903
15.995
0
11.806
14.962
20.362
2.6891
6.6034
0


4.0074
0
3.7997
0









6.8 Example 8: Harmonic Load Applied to Pile Group (Battered Piles
Included)
The group consists of 9 piles, of which 6 are battered and 3 are vertical piles, as shown in Figure 6-5.
Each piles diameter is 1.0 m and the length is 24 m. The pile cap is 18 m in length, 14 m in width, and
1.5 m in thickness, with a total mass of 908 Mg. The height of the C.G. is 0.75 m. The concrete piles are
fixed to the cap.
The soil is divided into 7 layers. The top layer (1.5 m) is a void. The boundary zones are considered
around the piles. The pile cap is embedded by two side soil layers. The angle between the battered pile
and vertical is 10 degrees in the XZ plane and 12 degrees in the YZ plane. The positive and negative
symbols of angle are shown in Figure 6-3.
The dynamic pile-soil-pile interaction is accounted for. The dynamic response in 6 degree freedoms is
calculated in a frequency domain from W = 0.01 rad/sec to W = 50.24 rad/sec (8 Hz).



6.8.1 Input Data

TITLE=BATTERED PILE GROUP UNDER HARMONIC LOAD (KN-Mg-m)
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
FOUNDATION=PILE
RECTANGULAR=18,14
MASS
908 16100 25700 39300 0 0 0
LAYERS=7
FIXED=9
1 -8 6
2 0 6
3 8 6
4 -8 -6
5 0 -6
6 8 -6
7 -8 0
8 0 0
9 8 0
CONSTANTS
0 0 0.75 30 77
5000 0.25 0.01 2 27000000
ELEMENT
1 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.12 0.0139 0.0139 0.0278
2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.12 0.0139 0.0139 0.0278
3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.12 0.0139 0.0139 0.0278
4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.12 0.0139 0.0139 0.0278
5 6 0.5 0.5 0.12 0.0139 0.0139 0.0278
6 10 0.5 0.5 0.12 0.0139 0.0139 0.0278
7 11 0.5 0.5 0.12 0.0139 0.0139 0.0278
FLOATING
BATTERED
1 XZ
-10
2 YZ
12
3 XZ
10
4 XZ
-10
5 YZ
-12
6 XZ
10


7 XZ
0
8 XZ
0
9 XZ
0
INTERACTION
SOIL
WEAK
CONSTANTS
1 0 0 0.45 0.05 0.3 0.45 0.1 1
2 100 16 0.45 0.05 0.3 0.45 0.1 1
3 120 17 0.45 0.05 0.3 0.45 0.1 1
4 140 18 0.45 0.05 0.3 0.45 0.1 1
5 180 19 0.45 0.05 0.3 0.45 0.1 1
6 220 20 0.45 0.05 0.3 0.45 0.1 1
7 250 20 0.45 0.05 0.3 0.45 0.1 1
BELOW=300 21 0.45 0.05
EMBEDDED
2
1 0.5 100 16 0.3 0.05
2 0.5 50 16 0.3 0.05
LOAD
HARMONIC
CONSTANTS
NONQUADRATIC
50.24 0.01 3.14 5 3 20 -4.5 7.5 0
RUN
0
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
















6.9 Example 9: Validation based on Dynamic Tests on Pile Foundation
To verify the validity of the boundary zone model, a series of dynamic experiments have been done on
full-scale piles in the field (see El-Marsafawi et al, 1992). In this study the results from a set of tests on a
single steel pile are used to verify the validity of the boundary zone model and to estimate the
parameters of the boundary zone. The details of the experimental setup are described in what follows
(see Han & Novak, 1988).
The pile tested was a steel pipe with a diameter of 133 mm and a length of 3.38 m. The pile was placed
in a pit with a depth of 3.6 m and a diameter of 1.5 m. The pile cap was a concrete block 200 mm thick,
with a mass of 250 kg. An exciter was fixed on the cap and its mass was 120 kg. The centre of gravity of
the cap-exciter system was 3 mm below the cap surface.
The washed medium sand was placed into the pit and compacted. The soil properties were measured in
the laboratory and in situ for both the sandy-soil fill and the undisturbed natural deposit around the pit.
The shear wave velocity of sand soil measured was 93 m/s at the pile tip and the mass density was 1700
kg/m3. It was assumed that the distribution of shear modulus in sand is parabolic with depth.
The soil profile around the pit was established from the ground surface to a depth of 20 m. The soil was
homogeneous sandy clay. The shear wave velocity of the clay outside the pit was about twice that of the
sand backfill and therefore the effect of the interface between the two media had to be assessed. In a
low frequency domain, the differences in the dynamic deflections were quite small between the two
cases, a horizontal homogeneous medium comprising of only the sand and a composite medium
comprising of the inner zone of sand in the pit and the outer zone of clay.
Displacement pickups, strain gauges and compressive stress transducers were fixed along the pile shaft.
Displacement and acceleration pickups were mounted on the pile cap.
A mechanical-type exciter was used to produce the harmonic excitation in both the horizontal and
vertical directions. The magnitude of the unbalanced force was changed by adjusting the angle of the
eccentric masses. In this case, the unbalanced force was 0.0606 w 2 (N), where w is the circular
frequency. The unbalanced force was increased with w2.
The displacements were measured on the pile cap at different frequencies as the unbalanced force
varied from low frequencies to high frequencies. The data from the horizontal amplitudes measured are
shown by dots in Fig. 6.6.
The soil is divided into 5 layers. The layer thickness is 0.5 m for the top 4 layers and the bottom layer has
1.38 m in thickness. For the linear case the boundary zones are not considered and the weak zone shear
modulus ration should be entered as 1.0. However, the boundary zones are considered around the piles
for taking into account the nonlinear soil condition.
The real line (in blue) in Fig.1 represents the response of pile with the boundary zone, and the nonlinear
property of soil is accounted for. The dash line (in red) represent the response of pile with the linear
property of soil, G
i
/G
o
= 1. It can be seen that the real line matches the measured data very well, and


the dynamic response calculated is very different for linear soil and nonlinear soil. The frequencies
corresponding to the peak value and the maximum amplitudes are also varied with the cases of linear
soil and nonlinear soil.


Figure 6.6 Comparison of predicted and measured pile amplitudes of a single pile presented in
Example 9

6.9.1 Input Data

TITLE=Singel Steel Pile, Nonlinear soil
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
FOUNDATION=PILE
RECTANGULAR=0.77,0.69
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 5 10 15
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
m
)
Nonlinear
Linear Soil
Measured Data


MASS
0.375 0.01831 0.02079 0.02272 0 0 0
LAYERS=5
FIXED=1
1 0 0
CONSTANTS
0 0 0.196 3.38 77
1 0.3 0.02 1.334 2E8
ELEMENT
1 0.5 0.0665 0.0665 0.00239 4.84E-6 4.84E-6 9.68E-6
2 0.5 0.0665 0.0665 0.00239 4.84E-6 4.84E-6 9.68E-6
3 0.5 0.0665 0.0665 0.00239 4.84E-6 4.84E-6 9.68E-6
4 0.5 0.0665 0.0665 0.00239 4.84E-6 4.84E-6 9.68E-6
5 1.38 0.0665 0.0665 0.00239 4.84E-6 4.84E-6 9.68E-6
FLOATING
INTERACTION
SOIL
WEAK
CONSTANTS
1 35 16.7 0.45 0.05 0.03 0.45 0.1 1
2 35 16.7 0.45 0.05 0.03 0.45 0.1 1
3 40 16.7 0.45 0.05 0.03 0.45 0.1 1
4 50 16.7 0.45 0.05 0.03 0.45 0.1 1
5 70 16.7 0.45 0.05 0.03 0.45 0.1 1
BELOW=93 16.8 0.3 0.05
LOAD
HARMONIC
CONSTANTS
QUADRATIC
94.2 3.14 6.28 0 6.06E-5 6.06E-5 -1.236E-5 0 0
RUN
0
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000














6.10 Example 10: Seismic Response of Vacuum Tower Structure
A vacuum tower structure shown in Fig. 6.7 was built for a petrochemical plant in a seismically active
area. Details of the steel structure are described in what follows. Four columns using WWF 400x243
(400 x 400 mm, weight of 243 kg/m) and a height of 20m are arranged in a rectangle with a center to
center spacing of 8.55m. The vacuum vessel is supported directly by a top frame using beams of WWF
1400x358 (1400 x 400 mm, weight of 358 kg/m) on top and beams of W610x155 at bottom. There are
three layers of beams beneath the top frame and the main beam is W460x82. The concrete mat
foundation is 12 x 12 m and thickness is 1.2 m.
The vacuum vessel is modeled as an elastic column with the mass distributed uniformly along its height.
The steel structure is modeled using frame elements, and the mat foundation is modeled using shell
elements, as shown in Fig. 6.7. The thickness of the vessel wall is 25.4 mm (one inch). The seismic
response of the structure is calculated using the substructure method. The deflection of the structure,
the base shear, and the overturning moments for different base conditions are of importance in the
design consideration.
The structure is in a seismically active area, and the range of peak horizontal ground acceleration is
equal to 0.13 g. At the site, the surface soil is soft clay with a depth of 2 m, followed by a layer of
saturated fine sand with a depth of 2 m, then some clay, sand, and finally bedrock. The depth to the
bedrock is about 30 m. Soil properties vary with depth and are characterized by the shear wave velocity,
Vs, and unit weight, , as shown in Table 6.1.
The washed medium sand was placed into the pit and compacted. The soil properties were measured in
the laboratory and in situ for both the sandy-soil fill and the undisturbed natural deposit around the pit.
The stiffness and damping of the pile foundation are calculated for different base conditions. In the first
case a nonlinear soil-pile system is assumed, and the boundary zone model is used around the piles. The
parameters of the weakened zone are selected as: Gi / G
o
= 0.3, t
m
/r
o
= 1.0, i =2 x o . In the second
case, liquefaction is assumed in the saturated fine sand layer, and the top layer of soft clay has not
yielded. However, both stiffness and damping of these two layers are reduced to very small values due
to liquefaction effects.
As known, great amount of effort has been spent on the numerical analysis with 3D Finite Element
Method (FEM) to model a soil-pile-structure interaction together. However, it is too complex, especially
for the sub-structure (pile and soil) with nonlinear behavior. The computation time costs are substantial
and the results are not reliable. The substructure concept based on the impedance function of
foundations has been introduced in the structural analysis and is frequently used by the structural
engineers for the time-history analysis in seismic studies. By means of the substructure method, the
dynamic response of the superstructure (the vacuum tower) is analyzed using a nonlinear finite-element
program, such as SAP2000 or other similar one, and the stiffness and damping of foundation generated
by DynaN program being entered as the boundary condition, which represent the substructure in
modeling.


The maximum amplitude of the vacuum tower will vary with each of the different foundation-soil
systems (linear vs. nonlinear, with and without liquefaction zone). The natural periods of the structural
vibration also have the similar effects from the assumed foundation condition as expected.




Table 6.1 Soil profile and properties for Example 10

6.10.1 Input Data

TITLE= OPTI VACUUM TOWER, Nonlinear soil
MATRIX
GRAVITY=9.8
FOUNDATION=PILE
RECTANGULAR=12,12
MASS
2288 29980 106600 118700 0 0 0
LAYERS=8
FIXED=25
1 -5.5 -5.5
2 -2.75 -5.5
3 0 -5.5
4 2.75 -5.5
5 5.5 -5.5
6 -5.5 -2.75
7 -2.75 -2.75
8 0 -2.75
9 2.75 -2.75
10 5.5 -2.75
11 -5.5 0
12 -2.75 0
13 0 0
14 2.75 0
15 5.5 0
16 -5.5 2.75
17 -2.75 2.75
18 0 2.75


19 2.75 2.75
20 5.5 2.75
21 -5.5 5.5
22 -2.75 5.5
23 0 5.5
24 2.75 5.5
25 5.5 5.5
CONSTANTS
0 -1.738 2.396 30 77
150 0.3 0.02 1.2 2E8
ELEMENT
1 0.5 0.18 0.18 0.014 0.000303 0.000108 0.000832
2 1.5 0.18 0.18 0.014 0.000303 0.000108 0.000832
3 2 0.18 0.18 0.014 0.000303 0.000108 0.000832
4 8 0.18 0.18 0.014 0.000303 0.000108 0.000832
5 4 0.18 0.18 0.014 0.000303 0.000108 0.000832
6 4 0.18 0.18 0.014 0.000303 0.000108 0.000832
7 5 0.18 0.18 0.014 0.000303 0.000108 0.000832
8 5 0.18 0.18 0.014 0.000303 0.000108 0.000832
FLOATING
INTERACTION
SOIL
WEAK
CONSTANTS
1 0 0 0.35 0.02 0.3 0.35 0.04 1
2 130 18 0.35 0.02 0.3 0.35 0.04 1
3 140 18 0.35 0.02 0.3 0.35 0.04 1
4 300 20 0.4 0.02 0.3 0.4 0.04 1
5 240 18 0.4 0.02 0.3 0.4 0.04 1
6 300 18 0.3 0.02 0.3 0.3 0.04 1
7 200 18 0.4 0.02 0.3 0.4 0.04 1
8 300 20 0.4 0.02 0.3 0.4 0.04 1
BELOW=370 21.5 0.4 0.02
SIDE-CAP
EMBEDDED
2
1 0.5 100 18 0.3 0.02 0.1 0.3 0.04 1
2 0.3 80 18 0.3 0.02 0.1 0.3 0.04 1
LOAD
HARMONIC
CONSTANTS
NONQUADRATIC
62.8 6.28 6.28 104700 0 27720 333400 417700 -673600
RUN
0
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000
0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000














References

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A Program for Dynamic Analysis of Both Shallow and Deep

Foundations Under Harmonic, Transient and Random Loading Using

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