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Lava's

Lava's

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Prashant Kumar
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48 views2 pages

Lava's

Lava's

Uploaded by

Prashant Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRONICS FOR YOU MAY 2001

C I R C U I T I D E A S
R
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ere i s a si mpl e ci rcui t to obtai n
vari abl e DC vol tage from 1.25V
to 15.19V i n reasonabl y smal l
steps as shown i n the tabl e. The i nput
vol tage may l i e anywhere between 20V
and 35V.
The fi rst secti on of the ci rcui t com-
pri ses a di gi tal up-down counter bui l t
around I C1a quad 2-i nput NAND
schmi tt tr i gger (4093), fol l owed by
I C2a bi nary up-down counter (4029).
Two gates of I C 4093 are used to gen-
erate up-down l ogi c usi ng push but-
tons S1 and S2, respecti vel y, whi l e the
other two gates form an osci l l ator to
provi de cl ock pul ses to I C2 (4029). The
frequency of osci l l ati ons can be vari ed
by changi ng the val ue of capaci tor C1
or preset VR1.
I C2 recei ves cl ock pul ses from the os-
ci l l ator and produces a sequenti al bi nary
output. As l ong as i ts pi n 5 i s l ow, the
counter conti nues to count at the ri si ng
edge of each cl ock pul se, but stops count-
i ng as soon as i ts pi n 5 i s brought to l ogi c
1.
Logi c 1 at pi n 10 makes the counter
to count upwards, whi l e l ogi c 0 makes i t
count downwards. Therefore the counter
counts up by cl osi ng swi tch S1 and counts
i ng resi stor across the rel ay contacts gets
connected to the ci rcui t.
The tabl e shows the theoreti cal out-
put for vari ous di gi tal i nput combi nati ons.
The measured output i s nearl y equal to
the theoreti cal l y cal cul ated output across
regul ator I C3 (LM317). The output vol t-
age i s governed by the fol l owi ng rel ati on-
shi p as l ong as the i nput-to-output di ffer-
enti al i s greater than or equal to 2.5V:
Vout = 1.25(1+R2'/R1')
Where, R1' = R15 = 270 ohms (fi xed)
and R2' = R11 + R12 + R13 + R14
= 220 + 470 + 820 +1500 ohms
= 3,010 oh ms (wi th al l r el ay s
energi sed)
On e can u s e ei th er th e bi n ar y
wei ghted LED di spl ay as i ndi cated by
LED1 through LED4 i n the ci rcui t or a
74LS154 I C i n conjuncti on wi th LED5
through LED20 to i ndi cate one of the 16
sel ected vol tage steps of Tabl e I . The i n-
put for I C4 i s to be tapped from poi nts
down by cl osi ng swi tch S2.
The output of counter I C2 i s used to
real i se a di gi tal l y vari abl e resi stor. Thi s
secti on consi sts of four N/O reed rel ays
that need just about 5mA current for thei r
operati on. (EFY l ab note. The original
circuit containing quad bilateral switch
I C 4066 has been replaced by reed relays
operated by transistorised switches be-
cause of unrel i abl e operati on of the
former.) The swi tchi ng acti on i s performed
usi ng BC548 transi stors. External resi s-
tors are connected i n paral l el wi th the
reed rel ay contacts. I f parti cul ar rel ay con-
tacts are opened by the control i nput at
the base of a transi stor, the correspond-
NAVEEN THARI YAN
1$1lF 0l6l1l F0Nl8 $0FFlf
Lava's
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU MAY 2001
C I R C U I T I D E A S
TABLE
Bi nary Equi val ent LED4 LED3 LED2 LED1
output dec no. R14 (W) R13 (W) R12 (W) R11 (W) R2' (W) Vout (V)
0000 0 Shorted Shorted Shorted Shorted 0 1.25
0001 1 Shorted Shorted Shorted 220 220 2.27
0010 2 Shorted Shorted 470 Shorted 470 3.43
0011 3 Shorted Shorted 470 220 690 4.44
0100 4 Shorted 820 Shorted Shorted 820 5.05
0101 5 Shorted 820 Shorted 220 1040 6.06
0110 6 Shorted 820 470 Shorted 1290 7.22
0111 7 Shorted 820 470 220 1510 8.24
1000 8 1500 Shorted Shorted Shorted 1500 8.19
1001 9 1500 Shorted Shorted 220 1720 9.21
1010 10 1500 Shorted 470 Shorted 1970 10.37
1011 11 1500 Shorted 470 220 2190 11.39
1100 12 1500 820 Shorted Shorted 2390 11.99
1101 13 1500 820 Shorted 220 2540 13.01
1110 14 1500 820 470 Shorted 2790 14.17
1111 15 1500 820 470 220 3010 15.19
marked A through D i n the fi gure. Thi s
arrangement can be used to repl ace the
LED arrangement at poi nts A, B, C, and
D. Th i s 74LS154 I C i s a decoder /
demul ti pl exer that senses the output of
I C2 and accordi ngl y acti vates onl y one of
i ts 16 outputs i n accor dance wi th the
sets i tsel f, and hence the output at pi ns
6, 11, 14, and 12 i s equi val ent to bi nary
zero, i .e. 0000. The correspondi ng DC
output of the ci rcui t i s mi ni mum (1.25V).
As count-up swi tch S1 i s pressed, the
bi nary count of I C2 i ncreases and the
output starts i ncreasi ng too. At the hi gh-
est count output of 1111, the output vol t-
age i s 15.19V (assumi ng the i n-ci rcui t re-
si stance of preset VR2 as zero). Preset
VR2 can be used for tri mmi ng the output
vol tage as desi red. To decrease the out-
put vol tage wi thi n the range of 1.25V to
15.2V, count-down swi tch S2 i s to be de-
pressed.
Notes. 1. When rel ay contacts across
a parti cul ar resi stor are opened, the cor-
respondi ng LED gl ows.
2. The output vol tages are shown as-
sumi ng the i n-ci rcui t resi stance of preset
VR2 as zero. Thus when the i n-ci rcui t re-
si stance of preset VR2 i s not zero, the
output vol tage wi l l be hi gher than that
i ndi cated here.
count val ue. LEDs at the output of thi s
I C can be arranged i n a ci rcul ar way al ong
si de the correspondi ng vol tages.
N0fkl
When the power i s swi tched on, I C2 re-

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