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in
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
TELECOMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Data Communication
Communication is the process of transferring messages from one
point to another. Basic elements of any communication process are
A sender (source), which creates the message.
A medium which carries the message
A receiver, which receives the message.
Example: pea!ing to a friend on phone, you act as sender,
telephone line as medium and your friend as receiver. ame concept
wor!s for data communication also. "ata communication is function,
transporting data from one point to another, where sender and
receiver are normally machines li!e computers, terminal, line printer
etc. and transmission medium are telephone line, lin!s etc and
systems that transfers data #etween two points are called data
communication systems.
Serial an !arallel Tran"mi""ion
$n serial transmission, the #its of a #yte are transferred one after
another on a single path. Example is serial port (%&'(') for mouse.
)his mode of transmission is very cheap and is good for transmission
over long distances, #ut is a slow method as data transmission is
serial in nature. $n parallel transmission, there are separate parallel
path for each #it so that all #its are transmitted simultaneously
example is parallel port used for printers. $t is advantageous over
serial transmission as it offers faster #ut is not practical for long
distance communication.
MODES OF TRANSMISSWION
Sim#le$% *ere transmission can ta!e place in only one direction. )he
devices used in such communications can either only send or only
receive the data. Example & line printer (receive only)
*owever it is very important for a sender to get ac!nowledgement
from receiver on receiving the data #ut due to one way flow, it might
happen that sender will never !now that it is not received #y receiver.
*ence simplex modes are rarely used.
Simplex
SENDER RECEIVER
OR
SENDER RECEIVER
or sender or receiver
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Hal& Du#le$% *ere data is transmitted in #oth directions #ut only one
direction at a time. Common example is wireless set where only one
person is supposed to spea! at a time during communication.
Full Du#le$% $t is the system that allows information to flow
simultaneously in #oth directions at any given point of time, during
communication.
TRANSMISSION TECHNI'UES
a) Circuit witching% $t is simplest method of data transmission in
which a dedicated physical path is created #etween the sending
and receiving points. Example: *ome telephone system in which a
physical path is esta#lished #y physically connecting incoming and
outgoing line of each node that falls on the path. +nce circuit is
esta#lished only two stations can tal! to each other and no other
can use the path.
#) ,essage witching% $n this method, a station transmits the
message to next node, which falls on the path. )his intermediate
node stores message temporarily and transmits to next free node.
*ence li!e circuit switching, no physical connection is re-uired
#etween source and destination.
c) .ac!et witching% )his method wor!s in similar fashion li!e
message switching #ut the message is split up into small pac!ets
of fixed si/e. Each pac!et contains source and destination address,
num#er of current and last pac!et, etc. $t is possi#le that different
pac!ets of same message can move through different paths
leading to same destination.
COM!UTER NETWORKS
0) Local Area Net(or)" *LAN+ 1 $t is digital communication system,
which interconnects many computers and devices within a limited
geographical area (typically 0 !m across). 2A34s are procured #y
organi/ations so that multiple users (in a 2A3) can share s5w, data,
printers and other devices. 2A3 uses physical medium li!e coaxial
ca#les, which have high&speed data transmission rate of typically 0
,#ps to (6 ,#ps.
') Metro#olitan Area Net(or) *MAN+ 1 $t is a communication system
that covers the geographical area of a metropolitan city (typically 76
!ms across). ,A34s uses fi#re optics or line of site microwave
transmission system.
AND
SENDER and RECEIVER RECEIVER and SENDER
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() Wie Area Net(or) *WAN+ 1 $) is a digital communication system
that spans over entire countries. )ypical data transmission rate is
#elow 0 ,#ps. $n 8A3, the transmission mediums used are
normally pu#lic systems, li!e telephone lines or satellite lin!s and
for this reason cost of data transmission is high.
TO!OLOGY , )opology refers to the way in which the end points or
stations of a networ! are lin!ed together. $t determines the data path
that may #e used #etween any pair of nodes of networ!. Basic
networ! structures are
0. Star To#olo-. 1 A central computer is
connected to multiple computers and
2ocal computers can communicate to
each other via central computer. $t is
appropriate for the organi/ations re-uiring
central data#ase and centrali/ed data
processing.
Advantages:
Easy to diagnose networ! pro#lems through central hu#.
Easy to add and remove new 3odes.
$f 2ocal computer fail, rest of the networ! remains 9naffected.
"isadvantages:
$f central computer fails, entire networ! will fail.
'. Rin- Net(or) 1 $n this structure ca#le is
connected from one node to another in the
form of a loop or ring. )here is direct point&
to&point lin! #etween two neigh#ouring
nodes. )he data travels only in one
direction.
Advantages:
Easily extenda#le
$t wor!s well where there is no central Computer system
"isadvantages:
"ata transfer delay depends on num#er of nodes in networ!.
$t has more complicated controlling software.
(. /u" Net(or) 1 )his is the most popular
structure for a 2A3. All the nodes of the
networ! are connected on a single networ!
ca#le called B9.
Advantages%
%elia#le in small networ!, easy to use and understand.
Local Computers
Central
Computer
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%e-uire least amount of ca#le hence less expensive.
Easy to extend.
"isadvantages:
*eavy )raffic can slows a #us.
Bus configuration is difficult to trou#leshoot i.e., a ca#le fault or
computer malfunctioning will not #e easy to identify.
7. Me"0 Net(or) 1 $n this topology all the
nodes are connected to each other i.e.,
there is a direct connection #etween all the
nodes. )his type of connectivity is also
called point&to&point lin!. uch networ!s
are very uncommon #ecause of high cost.
Advantages%
:ery relia#le. Any line #rea!down will not affect communication
#etween two nodes ; Communication is very fast
3etwor! pro#lems are easy to find out.
3o routing capa#ility #y a computer is re-uired.
"isadvantages:
Cost of installation and maintenance is very high.
LAN "olution" are #re&erre 1. t0e or-ani2ation
%easons are
+rgani/ational Benefits and ecurity
Expanded .C usage through inexpensive wor!stations.
"istri#uted .rocessing, E&mail and ,essage Broadcasting.
"ata ,anagement Benefits.
oftware cost and up gradation.
Feature" t0at "0oul 1e )e#t in min (0ile eciin- to
im#lement a LAN Solution3
<eatures are:
Compati#ility.
$nternetwor!ing.
=rowth path and modularity.
ystem relia#ility and maintenance.
DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM COM!ONENTS
3etwor! $nterface Card (3$C)% 3$C, also called 2A3 card, provides the
connection for networ! i.e., it is a card that provides an interface to
communicate to other system via a networ!. )hese cards are
availa#le in >&#it #us or 0?&#it #us standards. )hese cards have
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additional memory for #uffering the incoming and outgoing data
pac!ets.
,+"E, stands for ,+"ulator5"E,odulator. $t is an
encoding5decoding device that convert digital signal into an analog
telephone signal (i.e., it modulates the signal) and vice versa.
,odems can access remote computers. )he advantage is that a
person can wor! on office computer while #eing at home computer.
,odems are of two types 1 $nternal and External modem. )he
standard for speed of modems is @?.? A#ps (Ailo #its per second) and
0'> A#ps.
*9B% *u#s are *5w devices that provide a common wiring point in a
2A3. Each node is connected to *9B, which then provides the
connection over a high&speed lin! to another 2A34s.
Bandwidth% Bandwidth is a communication channel4s information
carrying capacity. )echnically, #andwidth is the range of fre-uencies
that is availa#le for the transmission of data. "ata transmission rate is
measured in #aud (#its5second). *igher the #andwidth, more useful
the communication channel will #e for e.g., a )0 lin! is having a gross
rate of 0.@77 ,#ps.
Communication Channel% )he medium connecting the sender to the
receiver is called communication channel. :arious types are
telephone line, fi#re optic ca#les, satellites :A)s etc. "epending
upon their transmission speed, the communication channels are
grouped into ( categories:
0. 3arrow Band 1 3arrow #and channels ranges from 7@ to (66 #aud.
)hey are used for handling low data volumes and are good for low&
speed devices. )hey are used mainly for telegraph lines and low
speed terminals.
'. :oice Band 1 :oice Band channels can transmit data from (66 to
7>66 #aud, and even higher. )heir maBor application is for ordinary
telephone communication.
(. 8ide Band or Broad Band 1 )hese channels provide data
transmission rate of one million #aud or more. uch services
generally use microwave communication.
.rotocol% .rotocols are the set of rules and procedures esta#lished to
provide interconnection and communication #etween computers. A
protocol provides method for orderly and efficient exchange of data. $t
defines the ( aspects of digital communication