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2D Segment - Quad Tree Explanation With C++ - Stack Overflow

The document discusses 2D segment trees, also known as quadtrees, which are a data structure for storing and querying information in a 2D grid. It provides an intuitive explanation of how a 2D grid is recursively subdivided into quadrants to build the tree, with an example of a 4x4 grid. It also includes C++ code for implementing common operations on a 2D segment tree like initializing it from a 2D array, querying for maximum values in a region, and updating individual elements. Finally, it speculates on how this concept could potentially be extended to 3D segmentation by subdividing a 3D grid into octants instead of quadrants.

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Krutarth Patel
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422 views

2D Segment - Quad Tree Explanation With C++ - Stack Overflow

The document discusses 2D segment trees, also known as quadtrees, which are a data structure for storing and querying information in a 2D grid. It provides an intuitive explanation of how a 2D grid is recursively subdivided into quadrants to build the tree, with an example of a 4x4 grid. It also includes C++ code for implementing common operations on a 2D segment tree like initializing it from a 2D array, querying for maximum values in a region, and updating individual elements. Finally, it speculates on how this concept could potentially be extended to 3D segmentation by subdividing a 3D grid into octants instead of quadrants.

Uploaded by

Krutarth Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2D Segment/Quad Tree Explanation with C++ - Stack Overflow

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Takethe2minutetour

2DSegment/QuadTreeExplanationwithC++[onhold]
P.S.Thisismaybenotaduplicate.IsearchedSOandmakesurethatIdidn'tgetwhatIamseekingfor.
IamanACMproblemsolverandRecentlyI'velearntSegmentTreeforlineararrayandSegmentTree
withlazypropagation.ButIamencounteringsomeproblemswhichneed2Dsegmentstree(whichis
referredasQuadtreeinsomewhere).ButIcan'tfindanygoodtutorialsonit.IsearchedSOandfound
alinkhttp://emaxx.ru/algo/segment_treewhichisatutorialinRussianlanguage.
Ineedsomegoodexplanationwithsourcecode(preferablyinC++)on2DsegmentTree.Itistobe
notedthat,Iknowtypicalsegmenttreeprettywell.
c++ c algorithm tree

editedAug4at15:55
KaidulIslamSazal
1,439 6 26

askedAug4at15:11
pussyUtils
3 1

putonholdasunclearwhatyou'reaskingby,David
Eisenstat,vsoftco,EdChum,Yuushi2daysago
Pleaseclarifyyourspecificproblemoraddadditionaldetailstohighlightexactlywhatyouneed.Asit'scurrently
written,itshardtotellexactlywhatyou'reasking.SeetheHowtoAskpageforhelpclarifyingthisquestion.
Ifthisquestioncanberewordedtofittherulesinthehelpcenter,pleaseeditthequestion.

Canyoushowussomeexamplesofwhatyou'vetriedsofar?robbritAug4at15:13
Also,aquickGooglesearchfor"quadtree"givesmethis:gamedevelopment.tutsplus.com/tutorials/
robbritAug4at15:14
Quadtreesaredifferent.Lookup"rangetrees."A2Drangetreeisbasicallyjustatree(onx)ofsegmenttrees
(ony).tmyklebu2daysago
addacomment

1Answer
Well,asyousaidandIhopeyouknowsegmenttreewellenough.Iamgivingsomeintuitionbehind
multidimensionalsegmenttreefrommyblog.

SupposeyouregivenatwodimensionalN*N(foraprettylargeN,largeenoughtobenothandledby
bruteforce)gridofintegervalueandyoureaskedtoperformoperationsfindtheminimum/maximum
valueorcalculatethesumofallitemsofaparticularportionofthegrid,updateanyofthegridindex
valueetc.Itseems,theproblemisnodifferentthantypicalsegmenttreeproblemunlikethedimension
ofdatacontainer.Whatcanbeachoicehereisbuildinga2DSegmentTree.
Theideaof2DsegmenttreeisnothingbuttheQuadTreeAtreedatastructureinwhicheachexternal
nodehasexactlyfourchildren.Quadtreesaremostoftenusedtopartitionatwodimensionalspaceby
recursivelysubdividingitintofourquadrantsorregions.Theregionsmaybesquareorrectangularor
mayhavearbitraryshapes.ThedatastructurewasnamedaquadtreebyRaphaelFrinkelandJ.L.
Bentleyin1974.AsimilarpartitioningisalsoknownasQtree.
Therootofthetreecontainsthefullsegmentsthrough [(0,0),(N1,N1)].Andforeach
segment [(a1,b1),(a2,b2)],wesplittheminto [(a1,b1),((a1+a2)/2,(b1+
b2)/2))], [((a1+a2)/2+1,b1),(a2,(b1+b2)/2)], [(a1,(b1+
b2)/2+1),((a1+a2)/2,b2)]and [((a1+a2)/2+1,(b1+b2)/2+
1),(a2,b2)]until a1=b1and a2=b2.Thecostofbuildingasegmenttreeis
O(nlogn)andwithsegmenttreereadyansweringanRMQ(Rangemaximum/minimumquery)canbe
donein O(logn).
Suppose,youaregivenagridwithN=4.Thenthecorrespondingtreewillbe

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8/8/2014

2D Segment/Quad Tree Explanation with C++ - Stack Overflow

Asyousee,the4*4array [(0,0),(3,3)]issegmentedinto4subarrays [(0,0),(1,


1)], [(2,0),(3,1)], [(2,0),(1,3)]and [(2,2),(3,3)].Andfurther,
eachfourchunksaresegmentedintofoursmallerunitsForexamplesegment [(2,2),(3,3)]
willbe [(2,2),(2,2)], [(3,2),(3,2)], [(2,3),(2,3)]and [(3,3),
(3,3)].Thesesegmentsarethesmallestunitsonomorefurtherdivision.
Implementation
Thecodingpartisverysimilartosegmenttreeunlikethesegmentationpart.Thecodegivenhereis
programmingcontestfriendly(nopointer,memoryallocation/deallocationstuffandOOP
structure)andI'veusedthissnippetmanytimesincontests.
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
usingnamespacestd
#defineMax506
#defineINF(1<<30)
intP[Max][Max]//containerfor2Dgrid
/*2DSegmentTreenode*/
structPoint{
intx,y,mx
Point(){}
Point(intx,inty,intmx):x(x),y(y),mx(mx){}
booloperator<(constPoint&other)const{
returnmx<other.mx
}
}
structSegtree2d{
PointT[2*Max*Max]
intn,m
//initializeandconstructsegmenttree
voidinit(intn,intm){
this>n=n
this>m=m
build(1,1,1,n,m)
}
//builda2Dsegmenttreefromdata[(a1,b1),(a2,b2)]
//Time:O(nlogn)
Pointbuild(intnode,inta1,intb1,inta2,intb2){
//outofrange
if(a1>a2orb1>b2)
returndef()
3DSegmentation
//ifitisonlyasingleindex,assignvaluetonode
Iamafraidthat3DSegmentationhaseitherhardlyanyapplicationoritreallyexists.Iamjustgoingto
if(a1==a2andb1==b2)
givesomeintuitionofit.
returnT[node]=Point(a1,b1,P[a1][b1])
Itisnotimpossiblethatyouaregivena3Dgridandaskedtoperformsimilaroperationslike2Dsegment
//splitthetreeintofoursegments
tree.Inthiscase,Wecanconstructa3DSegmenttreejustlikewedidfor2Dgrid.
T[node]=def()
T[node]=maxNode(T[node],build(4*node2,a1,b1,(a1+a2)/2,(b1+b2)/2))
Wewillsplitthegridinto8smallersegmentsandrecursivelydosubdividinguntilthesmallestunit
T[node]=maxNode(T[node],build(4*node1,(a1+a2)/2+1,b1,a2,(b1+b2)/2))
appears.Thebelowpictureshowthissegmentationidea.
T[node]=maxNode(T[node],build(4*node+0,a1,(b1+b2)/2+1,(a1+a2)/2,b2))
T[node]=maxNode(T[node],build(4*node+1,(a1+a2)/2+1,(b1+b2)/2+1,a2,b2))
returnT[node]
}
//helperfunctionforquery(int,int,int,int)
Pointquery(intnode,inta1,intb1,inta2,intb2,intx1,inty1,intx2,inty2){
//ifweoutofrange,returndummy
if(x1>a2ory1>b2orx2<a1ory2<b1ora1>a2orb1>b2)
returndef()
//ifitiswithinrange,returnthenode
if(x1<=a1andy1<=b1anda2<=x2andb2<=y2)
returnT[node]

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8/8/2014

2D Segment/Quad Tree Explanation with C++ - Stack Overflow

For,1Dsegmenttree,Wedividethearrayinto2(2^1)segmentsandthatyieldsa log2(n)complexity
forparticularoperations.Againfor2Dsegmenttree,Wesplitthe2Dgridineverystepinto4(2^2)
segmentswhichensureeveryoperationswith log2(n)cost.Soinasimilarfashion,Weexpandthis
3Dtreebysubdividingthegridinto8(2^3)segments.
P.S.:The3DsegmenttreeismyownimaginationIdon'tknowifthereisanythinglikethat.Maybe
thereisabetterwayforboth2Dand3Dsegmenttreeoutthere,ButIthinkthesecodesufficefor
programmingcontestsasIhaveusedthesemanytimes.

Edit:
Theideaof3DsegmentationisnothingbuttheOctreeatreedatastructureinwhicheachinternal
nodehasexactlyeightchildren.Octreesaremostoftenusedtopartitionathreedimensionalspaceby
recursivelysubdividingitintoeightoctants.Octreesarethethreedimensionalanalogofquadtrees.

Octreesareoftenusedin3Dgraphicsand3Dgameengines.Ithasalotofotherapplicationslike
Spatialindexing,Nearestneighborsearch,Efficientcollisiondetectioninthreedimensionsandsomany.
Hopeithelps!
editedyesterday

answeredAug4at15:20
KaidulIslamSazal
1,439 6 26

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8/8/2014

2D Segment/Quad Tree Explanation with C++ - Stack Overflow

1 Thisisn'tright.3Dsegmentationhaslotsofhascommonuses.Octreesareusedtorepresentsolidsin
manygraphicsapplications.Givenacollectionofcirclesintheplaneandonedistinguishedcircle(P1,r1),
findthecircleinthecollection(P2,r2)minimizingdist(P1,P2)r1r2.GeneAug4at16:09

@GeneThanks.Ididn'tknowaboutOctree.Thanksforthisinformation,Iameditingmyanswer
KaidulIslamSazal2daysago

addacomment

Nottheansweryou'relookingfor?Browseotherquestionstagged c++ c algorithm


tree oraskyourownquestion.

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