Pangilinan, Lourdes B.

Zoology
BSED Filipino MWF/ 07:00!0:"0
#$%D&'($S#)L$% S*S+EM
+,e -ardio.as-ular sys/e0 -onsis/s o1 /,e ,ear/, 2lood .essels, and /,e
appro3i0a/ely 4 li/ers o1 2lood /,a/ /,e 2lood .essels /ranspor/. %esponsi2le 1or
/ranspor/ing o3ygen, nu/rien/s, ,or0ones, and -ellular 5as/e produ-/s /,roug,ou/ /,e
2ody, /,e -ardio.as-ular sys/e0 is po5ered 2y /,e 2ody6s ,ardes/5or7ing organ 8 /,e
,ear/, 5,i-, is only a2ou/ /,e si9e o1 a -losed 1is/. E.en a/ res/, /,e a.erage ,ear/
easily pu0ps o.er 4 li/ers o1 2lood /,roug,ou/ /,e 2ody e.ery 0inu/e.
Cardiovascular System Anatomy
The Heart
+,e heart is a 0us-ular pu0ping organ lo-a/ed 0edial /o /,e lungs along /,e 2ody6s
0idline in /,e /,ora-i- region. +,e 2o//o0 /ip o1 /,e ,ear/, 7no5n as i/s ape3, is /urned
/o /,e le1/, so /,a/ a2ou/ :/" o1 /,e ,ear/ is lo-a/ed on /,e 2ody6s le1/ side 5i/, /,e
o/,er !/" on rig,/. +,e /op o1 /,e ,ear/, 7no5n as /,e ,ear/6s 2ase, -onne-/s /o /,e
grea/ 2lood .essels o1 /,e 2ody: /,e aorta, .ena -a.a, pul0onary /run7, and
pul0onary .eins.
Circulatory Loops
+,ere are : pri0ary -ir-ula/ory loops in /,e ,u0an 2ody: /,e pulmonary
circulation loopand /,e systemic circulation loop.
!. Pul0onary -ir-ula/ion /ranspor/s deo3ygena/ed 2lood 1ro0 /,e rig,/ side o1 /,e
,ear/ /o /,e lungs, 5,ere /,e 2lood pi-7s up o3ygen and re/urns /o /,e le1/ side o1 /,e
,ear/. +,e pu0ping -,a02ers o1 /,e ,ear/ /,a/ suppor/ /,e pul0onary -ir-ula/ion loop
are /,e rig,/ a/riu0 and rig,/ .en/ri-le.
:. Sys/e0i- -ir-ula/ion -arries ,ig,ly o3ygena/ed 2lood 1ro0 /,e le1/ side o1 /,e
,ear/ /o all o1 /,e /issues o1 /,e 2ody ;5i/, /,e e3-ep/ion o1 /,e ,ear/ and lungs<.
Sys/e0i- -ir-ula/ion re0o.es 5as/es 1ro0 2ody /issues and re/urns deo3ygena/ed 2lood
/o /,e rig,/ side o1 /,e ,ear/. +,e le1/ a/riu0 and le1/ .en/ri-le o1 /,e ,ear/ are /,e
pu0ping -,a02ers 1or /,e sys/e0i- -ir-ula/ion loop.
Blood Vessels
Blood .essels are /,e 2ody6s ,ig,5ays /,a/ allo5 2lood /o 1lo5 =ui-7ly and e11i-ien/ly
1ro0 /,e ,ear/ /o e.ery region o1 /,e 2ody and 2a-7 again. +,e si9e o1 2lood .essels
-orresponds 5i/, /,e a0oun/ o1 2lood /,a/ passes /,roug, /,e .essel. $ll 2lood .essels
-on/ain a ,ollo5 area -alled /,e lu0en /,roug, 5,i-, 2lood is a2le /o 1lo5. $round /,e
lu0en is /,e 5all o1 /,e .essel, 5,i-, 0ay 2e /,in in /,e -ase o1 -apillaries or .ery /,i-7
in /,e -ase o1 ar/eries.
$ll blood vessels are lined 5i/, a /,in layer o1 si0ple s=ua0ous epi/,eliu0 7no5n as
/,e endo/,eliu0 /,a/ 7eeps 2lood -ells inside o1 /,e 2lood .essels and pre.en/s -lo/s
1ro0 1or0ing. +,e endo/,eliu0 lines /,e en/ire -ir-ula/ory sys/e0, all /,e 5ay /o /,e
in/erior o1 /,e ,ear/, 5,ere i/ is -alled /,e endo-ardiu0.
+,ere are /,ree 0a>or /ypes o1 2lood .essels: ar/eries, -apillaries and .eins. Blood
.essels are o1/en na0ed a1/er ei/,er /,e region o1 /,e 2ody /,roug, 5,i-, /,ey -arry
2lood or 1or near2y s/ru-/ures. For e3a0ple, /,e brachiocephalic artery -arries 2lood
in/o /,e 2ra-,ial ;ar0< and -ep,ali- ;,ead< regions. 'ne o1 i/s 2ran-,es, /,e su2-la.ian
ar/ery, runs under /,e -la.i-le? ,en-e /,e na0e su2-la.ian. +,e su2-la.ian ar/ery runs
in/o /,e a3illary region 5,ere i/ 2e-o0es 7no5n as /,e a3illary ar/ery.
!. Arteries and Arterioles: $r/eries are 2lood .essels /,a/ -arry 2lood a5ay 1ro0 /,e
,ear/. Blood -arried 2y ar/eries is usually ,ig,ly o3ygena/ed, ,a.ing >us/ le1/ /,e lungs
on i/s 5ay /o /,e 2ody6s /issues. +,e pul0onary /run7 and ar/eries o1 /,e pul0onary
-ir-ula/ion loop pro.ide an e3-ep/ion /o /,is rule /,ese ar/eries -arry deo3ygena/ed
2lood 1ro0 /,e ,ear/ /o /,e lungs /o 2e o3ygena/ed.
$r/eries 1a-e ,ig, le.els o1 2lood pressure as /,ey -arry 2lood 2eing pus,ed 1ro0 /,e
,ear/ under grea/ 1or-e. +o 5i/,s/and /,is pressure, /,e 5alls o1 /,e ar/eries are /,i-7er,
0ore elas/i-, and 0ore 0us-ular /,an /,ose o1 o/,er .essels. +,e larges/ ar/eries o1 /,e
2ody -on/ain a ,ig, per-en/age o1 elas/i- /issue /,a/ allo5s /,e0 /o s/re/-, and
a--o00oda/e /,e pressure o1 /,e ,ear/.
S0aller ar/eries are 0ore 0us-ular in /,e s/ru-/ure o1 /,eir 5alls. +,e s0oo/, 0us-les
o1 /,e ar/erial 5alls o1 /,ese s0aller ar/eries -on/ra-/ or e3pand /o regula/e /,e 1lo5 o1
2lood /,roug, /,eir lu0en. &n /,is 5ay, /,e 2ody -on/rols ,o5 0u-, 2lood 1lo5s /o
di11eren/ par/s o1 /,e 2ody under .arying -ir-u0s/an-es. +,e regula/ion o1 2lood 1lo5
also a11e-/s 2lood pressure, as s0aller ar/eries gi.e 2lood less area /o 1lo5 /,roug, and
/,ere1ore in-reases /,e pressure o1 /,e 2lood on ar/erial 5alls.
$r/erioles are narro5er ar/eries /,a/ 2ran-, o11 1ro0 /,e ends o1 ar/eries and -arry
2lood /o -apillaries. +,ey 1a-e 0u-, lo5er 2lood pressures /,an ar/eries due /o /,eir
grea/er nu02er, de-reased 2lood .olu0e, and dis/an-e 1ro0 /,e dire-/ pressure o1 /,e
,ear/. +,us ar/eriole 5alls are 0u-, /,inner /,an /,ose o1 ar/eries. $r/erioles, li7e
ar/eries, are a2le /o use s0oo/, 0us-le /o -on/rol /,eir aper/ure and regula/e 2lood
1lo5 and 2lood pressure.
:. Capillaries: #apillaries are /,e s0alles/ and /,innes/ o1 /,e 2lood .essels in /,e
2ody and also /,e 0os/ -o00on. +,ey -an 2e 1ound running /,roug,ou/ al0os/ e.ery
/issue o1 /,e 2ody and 2order /,e edges o1 /,e 2ody6s a.as-ular /issues. #apillaries
-onne-/ /o ar/erioles on one end and .enules on /,e o/,er.
#apillaries -arry 2lood .ery -lose /o /,e -ells o1 /,e /issues o1 /,e 2ody in order /o
e3-,ange gases, nu/rien/s, and 5as/e produ-/s. +,e 5alls o1 -apillaries -onsis/ o1 only a
/,in layer o1 endo/,eliu0 so /,a/ /,ere is /,e 0ini0u0 a0oun/ o1 s/ru-/ure possi2le
2e/5een /,e 2lood and /,e /issues. +,e endo/,eliu0 a-/s as a 1il/er /o 7eep 2lood -ells
inside o1 /,e .essels 5,ile allo5ing li=uids, dissol.ed gases, and o/,er -,e0i-als /o
di11use along /,eir -on-en/ra/ion gradien/s in/o or ou/ o1 /issues.
Pre-apillary sp,in-/ers are 2ands o1 s0oo/, 0us-le 1ound a/ /,e ar/eriole ends o1
-apillaries. +,ese sp,in-/ers regula/e 2lood 1lo5 in/o /,e -apillaries. Sin-e /,ere is a
li0i/ed supply o1 2lood, and no/ all /issues ,a.e /,e sa0e energy and o3ygen
re=uire0en/s, /,e pre-apillary sp,in-/ers redu-e 2lood 1lo5 /o ina-/i.e /issues and allo5
1ree 1lo5 in/o a-/i.e /issues.
". Veins and Venules: (eins are /,e large re/urn .essels o1 /,e 2ody and a-/ as /,e
2lood re/urn -oun/erpar/s o1 ar/eries. Be-ause /,e ar/eries, ar/erioles, and -apillaries
a2sor2 0os/ o1 /,e 1or-e o1 /,e ,ear/6s -on/ra-/ions, .eins and .enules are su2>e-/ed /o
.ery lo5 2lood pressures. +,is la-7 o1 pressure allo5s /,e 5alls o1 .eins /o 2e 0u-,
/,inner, less elas/i-, and less 0us-ular /,an /,e 5alls o1 ar/eries.
(eins rely on gra.i/y, iner/ia, and /,e 1or-e o1 s7ele/al 0us-le -on/ra-/ions /o ,elp pus,
2lood 2a-7 /o /,e ,ear/. +o 1a-ili/a/e /,e 0o.e0en/ o1 2lood, so0e .eins -on/ain 0any
one5ay .al.es /,a/ pre.en/ 2lood 1ro0 1lo5ing a5ay 1ro0 /,e ,ear/. $s s7ele/al
0us-les in /,e 2ody -on/ra-/, /,ey s=uee9e near2y .eins and pus, 2lood /,roug, .al.es
-loser /o /,e ,ear/.
W,en /,e 0us-le rela3es, /,e .al.e /raps /,e 2lood un/il ano/,er -on/ra-/ion pus,es /,e
2lood -loser /o /,e ,ear/. (enules are si0ilar /o ar/erioles as /,ey are s0all .essels /,a/
-onne-/ -apillaries, 2u/ unli7e ar/erioles, .enules -onne-/ /o .eins ins/ead o1 ar/eries.
(enules pi-7 up 2lood 1ro0 0any -apillaries and deposi/ i/ in/o larger .eins 1or /ranspor/
2a-7 /o /,e ,ear/.
Coronary Circulation
+,e ,ear/ ,as i/s o5n se/ o1 2lood .essels /,a/ pro.ide /,e 0yo-ardiu0 5i/, /,e o3ygen
and nu/rien/s ne-essary /o pu0p 2lood /,roug,ou/ /,e 2ody. +,e le1/ and rig,/ -oronary
ar/eries 2ran-, o11 1ro0 /,e aor/a and pro.ide 2lood /o /,e le1/ and rig,/ sides o1 /,e
,ear/. +,e -oronary sinus is a .ein on /,e pos/erior side o1 /,e ,ear/ /,a/ re/urns
deo3ygena/ed 2lood 1ro0 /,e 0yo-ardiu0 /o /,e .ena -a.a.
Hepatic Portal Circulation
+,e .eins o1 /,e s/o0a-, and in/es/ines per1or0 a uni=ue 1un-/ion: ins/ead o1 -arrying
2lood dire-/ly 2a-7 /o /,e ,ear/, /,ey -arry blood to the liver /,roug, /,e hepatic
portal vein. Blood lea.ing /,e diges/i.e organs is ri-, in nu/rien/s and o/,er -,e0i-als
a2sor2ed 1ro0 1ood. +,e liver re0o.es /o3ins, s/ores sugars, and pro-esses /,e
produ-/s o1 diges/ion 2e1ore /,ey rea-, /,e o/,er 2ody /issues. Blood 1ro0 /,e li.er
/,en re/urns /o /,e ,ear/ /,roug, /,e in1erior .ena -a.a.
Blood
+,e a.erage ,u0an 2ody -on/ains a2ou/ @ /o 4 li/ers o1 2lood. $s a li=uid -onne-/i.e
/issue, i/ /ranspor/s 0any su2s/an-es /,roug, /,e 2ody and ,elps /o 0ain/ain
,o0eos/asis o1 nu/rien/s, 5as/es, and gases. Blood is 0ade up o1 red 2lood -ells, 5,i/e
2lood -ells, pla/ele/s, and li=uid plas0a.
Red Blood Cells: %ed 2lood -ells, also 7no5n as ery/,ro-y/es, are 2y 1ar /,e 0os/
-o00on /ype o1 2lood -ell and 0a7e up a2ou/ @4A o1 2lood .olu0e. Ery/,ro-y/es are
produ-ed inside o1 red bone marrow 1ro0 s/e0 -ells a/ /,e as/onis,ing ra/e o1 a2ou/
: 0illion -ells e.ery se-ond. +,e s,ape o1 ery/,ro-y/es is 2i-on-a.e8dis7s 5i/, a
-on-a.e -ur.e on 2o/, sides o1 /,e dis7 so /,a/ /,e -en/er o1 an ery/,ro-y/e is i/s
/,innes/ par/. +,e uni=ue s,ape o1 ery/,ro-y/es gi.es /,ese -ells a ,ig, sur1a-e area /o
.olu0e ra/io and allo5s /,e0 /o 1old /o 1i/ in/o /,in -apillaries. &00a/ure ery/,ro-y/es
,a.e a nu-leus /,a/ is e>e-/ed 1ro0 /,e -ell 5,en i/ rea-,es 0a/uri/y /o pro.ide i/ 5i/,
i/s uni=ue s,ape and 1le3i2ili/y. +,e la-7 o1 a nu-leus 0eans /,a/ red 2lood -ells -on/ain
no DB$ and are no/ a2le /o repair /,e0sel.es on-e da0aged.
Ery/,ro-y/es /ranspor/ o3ygen in /,e 2lood /,roug, /,e red pig0en/ ,e0oglo2in.
Ce0oglo2in -on/ains iron and pro/eins >oined /o grea/ly in-rease /,e o3ygen -arrying
-apa-i/y o1 ery/,ro-y/es. +,e ,ig, sur1a-e area /o .olu0e ra/io o1 ery/,ro-y/es allo5s
o3ygen /o 2e easily /rans1erred in/o /,e -ell in /,e lungs and ou/ o1 /,e -ell in /,e
-apillaries o1 /,e sys/e0i- /issues.
White Blood Cells: W,i/e 2lood -ells, also 7no5n as leu7o-y/es, 0a7e up a .ery
s0all per-en/age o1 /,e /o/al nu02er o1 -ells in /,e 2loods/rea0, 2u/ ,a.e i0por/an/
1un-/ions in /,e 2ody6s immune system. +,ere are /5o 0a>or -lasses o1 5,i/e 2lood
-ells: granular leu7o-y/es and agranular leu7o-y/es.
!. Dranular Leu7o-y/es: +,e /,ree /ypes o1 granular leu7o-y/es are
neu/rop,ils, eosinop,ils, and 2asop,ils. Ea-, /ype o1 granular leu7o-y/e is -lassi1ied 2y
/,e presen-e o1 -,e0i-al1illed .esi-les in /,eir -y/oplas0 /,a/ gi.e /,e0 /,eir 1un-/ion.
Beu/rop,ils -on/ain diges/i.e en9y0es /,a/ neu/rali9e 2a-/eria /,a/ in.ade /,e 2ody.
Eosinop,ils -on/ain diges/i.e en9y0es spe-iali9ed 1or diges/ing .iruses /,a/ ,a.e 2een
2ound /o 2y an/i2odies in /,e 2lood. Basop,ils release ,is/a0ine /o in/ensi1y allergi-
rea-/ions and ,elp pro/e-/ /,e 2ody 1ro0 parasi/es.
:. $granular Leu7o-y/es: +,e /5o 0a>or -lasses o1 agranular leu7o-y/es are
ly0p,o-y/es and 0ono-y/es. Ly0p,o-y/es in-lude + -ells and na/ural 7iller -ells /,a/
1ig,/ o11 .iral in1e-/ions and B -ells /,a/ produ-e an/i2odies agains/ in1e-/ions 2y
pa/,ogens. Mono-y/es de.elop in/o -ells -alled 0a-rop,ages /,a/ engul1 and inges/
pa/,ogens and /,e dead -ells 1ro0 5ounds or in1e-/ions.
Platelets : $lso 7no5n as /,ro02o-y/es, pla/ele/s are s0all -ell 1rag0en/s
responsi2le 1or /,e -lo//ing o1 2lood and /,e 1or0a/ion o1 s-a2s. Pla/ele/s 1or0 in /,e
red 2one 0arro5 1ro0 large 0ega7aryo-y/e -ells /,a/ periodi-ally rup/ure and release
/,ousands o1 pie-es o1 0e02rane /,a/ 2e-o0e /,e pla/ele/s. Pla/ele/s do no/ -on/ain a
nu-leus and only sur.i.e in /,e 2ody 1or up /o a 5ee7 2e1ore 0a-rop,ages -ap/ure and
diges/ /,e0.
Plasma: Plas0a is /,e non-ellular or li=uid por/ion o1 /,e 2lood /,a/ 0a7es up
a2ou/ 44A o1 /,e 2lood6s .olu0e. Plas0a is a 0i3/ure o1 5a/er, pro/eins, and dissol.ed
su2s/an-es. $round E0A o1 plas0a is 0ade o1 5a/er, al/,oug, /,e e3a-/ per-en/age
.aries depending upon /,e ,ydra/ion le.els o1 /,e indi.idual. +,e pro/eins 5i/,in plas0a
in-lude an/i2odies and al2u0ins. $n/i2odies are par/ o1 /,e i00une sys/e0 and 2ind /o
an/igens on /,e sur1a-e o1 pa/,ogens /,a/ in1e-/ /,e 2ody. $l2u0ins ,elp 0ain/ain /,e
2ody6s os0o/i- 2alan-e 2y pro.iding an iso/oni- solu/ion 1or /,e -ells o1 /,e 2ody. Many
di11eren/ su2s/an-es -an 2e 1ound dissol.ed in /,e plas0a, in-luding glu-ose, o3ygen,
-ar2on dio3ide, ele-/roly/es, nu/rien/s, and -ellular 5as/e produ-/s. +,e plas0a
1un-/ions as a /ranspor/a/ion 0ediu0 1or /,ese su2s/an-es as /,ey 0o.e /,roug,ou/
/,e 2ody.
Cardiovascular System Physiology
Functions o the Cardiovascular System
+,e -ardio.as-ular sys/e0 ,as /,ree 0a>or 1un-/ions: /ranspor/a/ion o1 0a/erials,
pro/e-/ion 1ro0 pa/,ogens, and regula/ion o1 /,e 2ody6s ,o0eos/asis.
Transportation: +,e -ardio.as-ular sys/e0 /ranspor/s 2lood /o al0os/ all o1 /,e
2ody6s /issues. +,e 2lood deli.ers essen/ial nu/rien/s and o3ygen and re0o.es 5as/es
and -ar2on dio3ide /o 2e pro-essed or re0o.ed 1ro0 /,e 2ody. Cor0ones are
/ranspor/ed /,roug,ou/ /,e 2ody .ia /,e 2lood6s li=uid plas0a.
Protection: +,e -ardio.as-ular sys/e0 pro/e-/s /,e 2ody /,roug, i/s 5,i/e 2lood
-ells. W,i/e 2lood -ells -lean up -ellular de2ris and 1ig,/ pa/,ogens /,a/ ,a.e en/ered
/,e 2ody. Pla/ele/s and red 2lood -ells 1or0 s-a2s /o seal 5ounds and pre.en/
pa/,ogens 1ro0 en/ering /,e 2ody and li=uids 1ro0 lea7ing ou/. Blood also -arries
an/i2odies /,a/ pro.ide spe-i1i- i00uni/y /o pa/,ogens /,a/ /,e 2ody ,as pre.iously
2een e3posed /o or ,as 2een .a--ina/ed agains/.
Regulation: +,e -ardio.as-ular sys/e0 is ins/ru0en/al in /,e 2ody6s a2ili/y /o
0ain/ain ,o0eos/a/i- -on/rol o1 se.eral in/ernal -ondi/ions. Blood .essels ,elp 0ain/ain
a s/a2le 2ody /e0pera/ure 2y -on/rolling /,e 2lood 1lo5 /o /,e sur1a-e o1 /,e s!in.
Blood .essels near /,e s7in6s sur1a-e open during /i0es o1 o.er,ea/ing /o allo5 ,o/
2lood /o du0p i/s ,ea/ in/o /,e 2ody6s surroundings. &n /,e -ase o1 ,ypo/,er0ia, /,ese
2lood .essels -ons/ri-/ /o 7eep 2lood 1lo5ing only /o .i/al organs in /,e 2ody6s -ore.
Blood also ,elps 2alan-e /,e 2ody6s pC due /o /,e presen-e o1 2i-ar2ona/e ions, 5,i-,
a-/ as a 2u11er solu/ion. Finally, /,e al2u0ins in 2lood plas0a ,elp /o 2alan-e /,e
os0o/i- -on-en/ra/ion o1 /,e 2ody6s -ells 2y 0ain/aining an iso/oni- en.iron0en/.
The Circulatory Pump
+,e ,ear/ is a 1our-,a02ered Fdou2le pu0p,G 5,ere ea-, side ;le1/ and rig,/< opera/es
as a separa/e pu0p. +,e le1/ and rig,/ sides o1 /,e ,ear/ are separa/ed 2y a 0us-ular
5all o1 /issue 7no5n as /,e sep/u0 o1 /,e ,ear/. +,e rig,/ side o1 /,e ,ear/ re-ei.es
deo3ygena/ed 2lood 1ro0 /,e sys/e0i- .eins and pu0ps i/ /o /,e lungs 1or o3ygena/ion.
+,e le1/ side o1 /,e ,ear/ re-ei.es o3ygena/ed 2lood 1ro0 /,e lungs and pu0ps i/
/,roug, /,e sys/e0i- ar/eries /o /,e /issues o1 /,e 2ody. Ea-, ,ear/2ea/ resul/s in /,e
si0ul/aneous pu0ping o1 2o/, sides o1 /,e ,ear/, 0a7ing /,e ,ear/ a .ery e11i-ien/
pu0p.
"egulation o Blood Pressure
Se.eral 1un-/ions o1 /,e -ardio.as-ular sys/e0 -an -on/rol 2lood pressure. #er/ain
,or0ones along 5i/, au/ono0i- ner.e signals 1ro0 /,e 2rain a11e-/ /,e ra/e and
s/reng/, o1 ,ear/ -on/ra-/ions. Drea/er -on/ra-/ile 1or-e and ,ear/ ra/e lead /o an
in-rease in 2lood pressure. Blood .essels -an also a11e-/ 2lood pressure.
(aso-ons/ri-/ion de-reases /,e dia0e/er o1 an ar/ery 2y -on/ra-/ing /,e s0oo/, 0us-le
in /,e ar/erial 5all. +,e sy0pa/,e/i- ;1ig,/ or 1lig,/< di.ision o1 /,e au/ono0i- ner.ous
sys/e0 -auses .aso-ons/ri-/ion, 5,i-, leads /o in-reases in 2lood pressure and
de-reases in 2lood 1lo5 in /,e -ons/ri-/ed region. (asodila/ion is /,e e3pansion o1 an
ar/ery as /,e s0oo/, 0us-le in /,e ar/erial 5all rela3es a1/er /,e 1ig,/or1lig,/ response
5ears o11 or under /,e e11e-/ o1 -er/ain ,or0ones or -,e0i-als in /,e 2lood. +,e .olu0e
o1 2lood in /,e 2ody also a11e-/s 2lood pressure. $ ,ig,er .olu0e o1 2lood in /,e 2ody
raises 2lood pressure 2y in-reasing /,e a0oun/ o1 2lood pu0ped 2y ea-, ,ear/2ea/.
+,i-7er, 0ore .is-ous 2lood 1ro0 -lo//ing disorders -an also raise 2lood pressure.
Hemostasis
Ce0os/asis, or /,e -lo//ing o1 2lood and 1or0a/ion o1 s-a2s, is 0anaged 2y /,e pla/ele/s
o1 /,e 2lood. Pla/ele/s nor0ally re0ain ina-/i.e in /,e 2lood un/il /,ey rea-, da0aged
/issue or lea7 ou/ o1 /,e 2lood .essels /,roug, a 5ound. 'n-e a-/i.e, pla/ele/s -,ange
in/o a spiny 2all s,ape and 2e-o0e .ery s/i-7y in order /o la/-, on /o da0aged /issues.
Pla/ele/s ne3/ release -,e0i-al -lo//ing 1a-/ors and 2egin /o produ-e /,e pro/ein 1i2rin /o
a-/ as s/ru-/ure 1or /,e 2lood -lo/. Pla/ele/s also 2egin s/i-7ing /oge/,er /o 1or0 a
pla/ele/ plug. +,e pla/ele/ plug 5ill ser.e as a /e0porary seal /o 7eep 2lood in /,e
.essel and 1oreign 0a/erial ou/ o1 /,e .essel un/il /,e -ells o1 /,e 2lood .essel -an
repair /,e da0age /o /,e .essel 5all.