Braz Dent J 21(2) 2010

Traumatic dental injuries in a dental urgency service 153

INTRODUCTION
The improvement of traumatic dental injuries
(TDI) in permanent teeth illustrate important aspects that
must be carefully planned, requiring several follow-up
appointments, mainly due to the possible appearance
sequels in the developing permanent dentition (1). This
fact can be observed due to public health policies, par-
ticularly due to the decline of the dental caries observed
in several countries.
The number of epidemiological studies involv-
ing the diagnosis of TDI is smaller than that compared
to the number of studies existing on dental caries and
periodontal disease in both developing and industrialized
countries (2). Population studies about TDI demonstrate
a prevalence that ranges from 3.9% to 58.6% (3).
A Retrospective Study of Traumatic Dental Injuries
in a Brazilian Dental Urgency Service
Orlando Aguirre GUEDES
1
Ana Helena Gonalves de ALENCAR
1
Lawrence Gonzaga LOPES
1
Jesus Djalma PCORA
2
Carlos ESTRELA
1
1
Dental School, Federal University of Gois, Goinia, GO, Brazil
2
Ribeiro Preto Dental School, University of So Paulo, Ribeiro Preto, SP, Brazil
Epidemiologic aspects of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) were evaluated in the permanent dentition in a sample of 847 patients treated
at the Dental Urgency Service of the Dental School of the Federal University of Gois, Brazil, between May 2000 and May 2008.
The statistical treatment analyzed data from frequency distribution and chi-square test. The level of significance was set at 5% for all
analyses. The results showed a higher incident among males (610; 72.01%) with mean age of 6-10 year-old. Uncomplicated crown
fracture (without pulp exposure) (502; 26.95%), avulsion (341; 18.30%) and complicated crown fracture (with pulp exposure) (330;
17.71%) were the most prevalent TDI. The prevalence of trauma throughout the years showed proportionality, being observed a larger
number of cases between July and September (249; 29.39%). The most affected teeth were the maxillary central incisors (65.65%),
followed by the maxillary left lateral incisors (19.67%). In 311 participants (18.25%), only one tooth was involved, while in most pa-
tients (536; 81.75%), TDI occurred in more than one tooth. Significant proportion (82.27%) of traumatized teeth presented completely
formed root apex. The main etiologic factors involved in TDI were falls (51.71%), traffic accidents (22.90%) and violence (5.67%).
Based on the obtained data, it may be concluded that accurate policies of TDI prevention must be established, capable of stimulating
the exposure of appropriate protocols for management of these lesions. The prevalence of TDI in Goinia subpopulation is compared
to the prevalence reported in epidemiological studies in others populations.
Key Words: traumatic dental injury, tooth injuries, avulsion, epidemiology, dental education.
Some Brazilian regions that have epidemiological
data about dental trauma, like the southern and south-
eastern regions, have shown a prevalence ranging from
10.7% to 58.6% (4-6). The demographic specificities and
the differences of each region, in addition to cultural,
social, economical and etiological factors, must be con-
sidered in the analysis of a population. The increase of
violence, traffic accidents, and engagement of children
in sports activities have contributed to transform TDI
in an emergent public health problem (2,7).
TDI must be considered an important issue due
to its high prevalence, mainly in areas of high social
privation. TDI have a strong impact on childrens and
adolescents life quality because they cause physical
and emotional distress and may have a high negative
interference on the social relationships (2,5).
Correspondence: Prof. Dr. Carlos Estrela, Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa Odontolgica do Brasil (CEPOBRAS), Avenida C-198, quadra 487, Lote 9,
Jardim Amrica, 74270-040 Goinia, GO, Brasil. Tel/Fax: +55-62-3945-7476. e-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 0103-6440 Braz Dent J (2010) 21(2): 153-157
Braz Dent J 21(2) 2010
154 O.A. Guedes et al.
Planning public health policies with emphasis
on the prevention of episodes that result in TDI should
be based on the regional knowledge of the main risk
factors involved. Thus, based on the review of TDI
epidemiological data from the Brazilian population and,
considering the differences in the demographic, cultural,
social and economic characteristics of each population,
this study investigated the epidemiological aspects of
TDI in the permanent dentition of patients treated at a
Brazilian Dental Urgency Service.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study was based on clinical
and radiographic data of all patients with TDI who at-
tended the Dental Urgency Service of the Dental School
of the Federal University of Gois, Brazil, between May
2000 and May 2008. Cases with incomplete documenta-
tion or TDI affecting primary dentition were excluded.
The following information were collected from each
patients files: age at time of injury, gender, permanent
tooth type, type of dental injury, cause of injury, month
when the TDI occurred, and the root maturation level.
The causes of TDI were classified in 5 categories: 1)
traffic accidents; 2) sports activities; 3) falls; 4) violence;
5) others. The type of TDI was classified, according to
the system described by Andreasen and Andreasen (8).
This study was approved by the local Research Ethics
Committee (Process #055/2005).
Data analysis was undertaken using SPSS for
Windows 15.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago,
IL, USA), including frequency distribution and cross-
tabulation. Chi-squared tests were used to compare
qualitative data and determine statistical significance
at level of 5%.
RESULTS
A total of 847 patients aged 6-64 years met the
inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. The
data are summarized in Table 1. The highest frequency
of TDI was in the 6-10-year-old participants (31.52%)
followed by the 11-15-year-old participants (14.76%).
The distribution of patients by gender showed that
males were more often affected (72.01%) than females
(27.99%) (male:female ratio of 2.5:1). When the etiol-
ogy of TDI was analyzed, 51.71% were caused by falls,
22.90% by traffic accidents, 5.67% by violence, 5.43%
by sports activities and 14.29% other episodes. The
time of occurrence of TDI was fairly well dispersed
throughout the months of the years. The monthly dis-
tribution showed that most cases occurred between
July-September (29.39%). From a total of 1,703 trau-
matically injured teeth, the maxillary arch (88.25%)
was more frequently involved than the mandibular arch
(11.75%). The most affected teeth were the maxillary
central incisors (65.65%), followed by the maxillary
left lateral incisors (19.67%). A total of 311 (18.25%)
patients suffered trauma to one tooth, while 536 patients
(81.75%) suffered trauma to more than one tooth. The
most common type of injury was uncomplicated crown
fracture (without pulp exposure) (26.95%) followed by
avulsion (18.30%) and complicated crown fracture (with
pulp exposure) (17.71%). It was found that 82.27% of
the traumatized teeth had complete root formation with
closed apex and 17.73% had the apices just about to be
complete.
There were no statistically significant differences
(p>0.05) between the data collected from patients re-
cords for the occurrence of TDI.
DISCUSSION
Epidemiological knowledge of TDI adds valu-
able information on public health and, when associated
with clinical observations and trials, it provide essential
evidence to all the science segments (9).
The retrospective epidemiological evaluation de-
veloped in the present study was based on the verification
of the clinical records of patients with TDI treated at a
Dental Urgency Service during an 8-year period. The
population treated in this service lives in a sector of the
city with a low social and economical level. The TDI
classification adopted in the present study was based
on the criteria proposed by Andreasen and Andreasen
(8), which include the injuries to the teeth, supporting
structures, gingiva, and oral mucosa. This is based on
anatomic, therapeutic and prognostic considerations.
The most frequently identified TDI in the present
study were uncomplicated crown fractures (26.95%),
followed by dental avulsions (18.30%). These results are
in agreement with those of previous studies (10,11), in
which a larger number of TDI associated to the mineral-
ized dental tissues were found. It should be mentioned
that the present study was developed in a public outpa-
tient service of a dental school, which treats patients with
low socioeconomic level. The types of TDI observed
were directly related to the place where the study was
Braz Dent J 21(2) 2010
Traumatic dental injuries in a dental urgency service 155
Table 1. Distribution of the epidemiological data according to the etiology of the traumatic dental injuries.
Fall (%) Traffic accidents (%) Sports activities (%) Violence (%) Others (%)
Age (n=847)
6-10 202 (23.85%) 20 (2.36%) 11 (1.30%) 0 (0.00%) 34 (4.01%)
11-15 142 (16.76%) 36 (4.25%) 21 (2.48%) 7 (0.83%) 32 (3.78%)
16-20 40 (4.72%) 42 (5.96%) 9 (1.06%) 17 (2.01%) 17 (2.01%)
21-25 21 (2.48%) 47 (5.55%) 2 (0.24%) 10 (1.18%) 13 (1.53%)
26-30 18 (2.13%) 19 (2.24%) 3 (0.35%) 9 (1.06%) 10 (1.18%)
31-35 6 (0.71%) 12 (1.42%) 0 (0.00%) 3 (0.35%) 6 (0.71%)
36-40 3 (0.35%) 8 (0.94%) 0 (0.00%) 2 (0.24%) 7 (0.83%)
41-45 4 (0.47%) 8 (0.94%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%)
46-50 0 (0.00%) 1 (0.12%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 2 (0.24%)
51-55 1 (0.12%) 1 (0.12%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%)
>55 1 (0.12%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%)
Gender (n=847)
Male 307 (36.25%) 142 (16.76%) 39 (4.60%) 41 (4.84%) 81 (9.56%)
Female 131 (15.47%) 52 (6.14%) 7 (0.83%) 7 (0.83%) 40 (4.72%)
Months (n=847)
January-March 100 (11.81%) 45 (5.31%) 10 (1.18%) 10 (1.18%) 18 (2.13%)
April-June 131 (15.47%) 50 (5.90%) 6 (0.71%) 10 (1.18%) 31 (3.67%)
July-September 123 (14.52%) 60 (7.08%) 15 (1.77%) 15 (1.77%) 36 (4.25%)
October--December 84 (9.92%) 39 (4.60%) 15 (1.77%) 13 (1.53%) 36 (4.25%)
Periodontal injury (n=1,863)
Concussion 9 (0.48%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 3 (0.16%) 1 (0.05%)
Subluxation 149 (8.00%) 63 (3.38%) 11 (0.59%) 19 (1.02%) 29 (1.56%)
Extrusive luxation 41 (2.20%) 20 (1.07%) 9 (0.48%) 1 (0.05%) 12 (0.64%)
Lateral luxation 22 (1.18%) 30 (1.61%) 9 (0.48%) 11 (0.59%) 12 (0.64%)
Intrusive luxation 25 (1.34%) 10 (0.54%) 1 (0.05%) 4 (0.21%) 6 (0.32%)
Avulsion 159 (8.53%) 106 (5.69%) 9 (0.48%) 26 (1.40%) 41 (2.20%)
Dental hard tissue injury (n=1,863)
Crown infraction 13 (0.70%) 4 (0.21%) 2 (0.12%) 2 (0.12%) 5 (0.27%)
Complicated crown fracture 188 (10.09%) 72 (3.86%) 15 (0.81%) 14 (0.75%) 41 (2.20%)
Uncomplicated crown fracture 272 (14.60%) 127 (6.82%) 17 (0.91%) 22 (1.18%) 64 (3.44%)
Complicated crown-root fracture 8 (0.43%) 6 (0.32%) 3 (0.16%) 2 (0.12%) 6 (0.32%)
Uncomplicated crown-root fracture 3 (0.16%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%)
Root fracture 13 (0.70%) 32 (1.72%) 5 (0.27%) 4 (0.21%) 15 (0.81%)
Supporting tissue injury (n=1,863)
Alveolar fracture 12 (0.64%) 40 (2.15%) 0 (0.00%) 9 (0.48%) 2 (0.12%)
Mandibular fracture 3 (0.16%) 3 (0.16%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%)
Maxillary fracture 0 (0.00%) 1 (0.05%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%)
Root maturation level (n=1,703)
Complete root formation 622 (36.52%) 442 (25.95%) 64 (3.77%) 108 (6.34%) 165 (9.69%)
Incomplete root formation 211 (12.39%) 36 (2.11%) 10 (0.59%) 0 (0.00%) 45 (2.64%)
Single/Multiple (n=1,703)
Single 160 (9.38%) 48 (2.82%) 24 (1.41%) 14 (0.82%) 65 (3.82%)
Multiple 674 (39.53%) 431 (25.28%) 50 (2.93%) 94 (5.51%) 143 (8.50%)
Braz Dent J 21(2) 2010
156 O.A. Guedes et al.
developed (10,12). Therefore, more complex TDI cases
are usually observed in people that seek treatment or are
referred to hospitals. Patients that suffer crown fracture
are usually seen at dental clinics, while for other types
of trauma without symptoms or visible complications,
frequently receive no treatment (13).
Male individuals suffered significantly more TDI
in the permanent dentition than females, a 2.5:1 ratio.
This fact is referred to in most epidemiological stud-
ies, with male-to-female ratios ranging from 1.3-2.78:1
(7). Men are the main victims of TDI probably because
they are more frequently engaged in stronger physical
activities, like physical contact sports, usually without
wearing adequate protection, aggressive plays like fights
or others, and use of different kinds of equipment and
devices with higher potential of causing dental trauma.
Other studies (2,14) have demonstrated almost the same
incidence of TDI in males and females.
TDI in the permanent dentition have been ob-
served with a elevate frequency among 9 and 10-year-old
children (12). In this study, it was verified an elevated
quantity of dental injuries among the 6 to 10-year-old
participants (31.5%), which is in concordance with other
investigations (10,15). However, it is necessary to be
careful at comparing the prevalence among the studies
that use different methodologies.
The majority of TDI involved the maxillary cen-
tral incisor (65.65%), as reported elsewhere (5,10,15).
The vulnerable position of this tooth, which can often
be found protracted and with inadequate labial cover-
age, may explain this result (16). The maxillary lateral
incisor was the second most commonly involved tooth
(19.67%), as also verified by Rocha and Cardoso (17).
From the TDI cases evaluated in the present study,
81.75% involved more than one tooth. Some individuals
presented the involvement of 3, 4, 5 or even 11 teeth.
These frequencies were almost the same to those found
in previous investigations (1,10,17), which verified that
the majority of injuries involved multiple teeth. However,
some epidemiological surveys (18) have demonstrated
that the most TDI occur in a one tooth. This fact can
be explained due to the differences in data collection
among the different studies. The present study evaluated
TDI to all permanent teeth, while other studies have
investigated only injuries to anterior teeth for example.
On the other hand, the number of affected teeth seems
to vary according to the etiology of the trauma. More
severe TDI, like those resulting from traffic accidents,
may increase the number of involved teeth (13).
The causal factors identified in this study are in
agreement with those conducted with other Brazilian
populations (5,16). In these surveys, the main causes of
the injuries were falls (26.0%), traffic accidents (20.5%),
sports activities (19.2%), violence (16.4%) and collisions
with people or inanimate objects (1.4%). Nicolau et al.
(6) observed in a sample of 763 students aged 13 years
from Cianorte, Paran, Brazil, that TDI occurred most
times as a consequence of collisions (15%), while traffic
accidents (10.5%), sports activities (2.3%) and violence
(1.5%) were less prevalent.
The etiological factors varied according to the
age group studied, as the majority of TDI cases resulted
from falls in children aged 6-10 and 11-15 years. With
the increase of age, traffic accidents became the main
etiologic agent, as reported elsewhere (19).
Although there are reports indicating the school
vacation and summer as the periods of higher incidence
of TDI (20), the results of the present survey did not
show any relationship between these periods, finding a
high incidence between July and September (29.39%).
The importance of the present study is due to the
lack of epidemiologic data on TDI in the permanent
dentition of the population of Goinia, GO, Brazil. The
findings can help the development of preventive policies
and the adoption more defined clinical decisions with
therapeutic protocols. Future prospective studies based
on the follow up of these patients are needed to evalu-
ate the efficacy of the therapeutic protocols and their
implications over time. At this moment, the best general
prognostic of TDI points to preventive measures as a
viable, functional and operational alternative, regardless
of gender, age or social level.
Based on the obtained data, it may be concluded
that accurate policies of TDI prevention must be estab-
lished, capable of stimulating the exposure of appropriate
protocols for management of these lesions. The preva-
lence of TDI in Goinia subpopulation is compared to
the prevalence reported in epidemiological studies in
others populations.
RESUMO
Nexte estudo, avaliou-se os aspectos epidemiolgicos das in-
jrias traumticas na dentio permanente em uma amostra de
847 pacientes atendidos pelo Servio de Urgncia da Faculdade
de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Gois, entre os
anos de 2000 e 2008. O tratamento estatstico analisou os dados
frente distribuio de freqncia e qui-quadrado. O nvel de
significncia foi de p<0,05. Os resultados mostraram uma maior
Braz Dent J 21(2) 2010
Traumatic dental injuries in a dental urgency service 157
ocorrncia entre os indivduos do gnero masculino (72,01%),
na faixa etria 6-10 anos. A fratura coronria sem exposio do
tecido pulpar (502; 26,95%), avulso (341; 18,30%) e fratura
coronria com exposio pulpar (330; 17,71%) constituram
nas injrias traumticas mais prevalentes. A prevalncia das
injrias traumticas ao longo dos meses do ano mostrou-se pro-
porcional, sendo observado um maior nmero de casos entre os
meses de julho a setembro (249; 29,39%). afetado foi o incisivo
central superior (65,65%), seguido pelo incisivo lateral superior
esquerdo (19,67%). Em 311 participantes (18,25%) apenas um
dente estava envolvido, enquanto que a maioria dos pacientes
(536; 81,75%), injrias dentrias ocorreram em mais de um
dente. Significativa proporo (82,27%) dos dentes traumatiza-
dos apresentava os pices radiculares completamente formados.
Os principais fatores etiolgicos envolvidos nos traumatismos
dentrios foram as quedas (51,71%), acidentes automobilsticos
(22,90%), e violncia (5,67%). Adequadas polticas de preveno
de traumatismos dentrios devem ser institucionalizadas, capaz
de divulgar protocolos apropriados para o manejo destas leses.
A prevalncia de traumatismos dentrios em uma subpopulao
de Goinia comparvel a prevalncia reportada em estudos
epidemiolgicos de outras populaes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported in part by grants from the Nacional
Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq
grants 302875/2008-5 to C.E.).
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Accepted March 17, 2010