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    May May: E Lighting

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    reacharunk
    This document provides information about lighting and lamps. It discusses how the light output of series lamps operated at a constant current changes little over the life of the lamp. The resistance of the filament increases over time to maintain the constant current, which increases the wattage, temperature, efficiency, and lumens produced. However, the increased lumens can eventually be offset by light absorption as the bulb blackens. Various means are used to reduce blackening, such as getters and collector grids. Standard lamp voltages include 115, 120, and 125 volts, with most service voltages being 115 or 120 volts, though higher voltage lamps are being used more than called for by service voltages.

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    May May: E Lighting

    Uploaded by

    reacharunk
    24 views1 page
    This document provides information about lighting and lamps. It discusses how the light output of series lamps operated at a constant current changes little over the life of the lamp. The resistance of the filament increases over time to maintain the constant current, which increases the wattage, temperature, efficiency, and lumens produced. However, the increased lumens can eventually be offset by light absorption as the bulb blackens. Various means are used to reduce blackening, such as getters and collector grids. Standard lamp voltages include 115, 120, and 125 volts, with most service voltages being 115 or 120 volts, though higher voltage lamps are being used more than called for by service voltages.

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    This document provides information about lighting and lamps. It discusses how the light output of series lamps operated at a constant current changes little over the life of the lamp. The resistance of the filament increases over time to maintain the constant current, which increases the wattage, temperature, efficiency, and lumens produced. However, the increased lumens can eventually be offset by light absorption as the bulb blackens. Various means are used to reduce blackening, such as getters and collector grids. Standard lamp voltages include 115, 120, and 125 volts, with most service voltages being 115 or 120 volts, though higher voltage lamps are being used more than called for by service voltages.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views1 page

    May May: E Lighting

    Uploaded by

    reacharunk
    This document provides information about lighting and lamps. It discusses how the light output of series lamps operated at a constant current changes little over the life of the lamp. The resistance of the filament increases over time to maintain the constant current, which increases the wattage, temperature, efficiency, and lumens produced. However, the increased lumens can eventually be offset by light absorption as the bulb blackens. Various means are used to reduce blackening, such as getters and collector grids. Standard lamp voltages include 115, 120, and 125 volts, with most service voltages being 115 or 120 volts, though higher voltage lamps are being used more than called for by service voltages.

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    of 1

    6-12 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

    The light output of a series lamp operated at rated constant current


    changes relatively little during life. The filament, evaporating and be-
    coming smaller as the lamp is burned, gradually increases in resistance,
    requiring a rise in voltage to maintain a constant current value. This in
    turn increases the wattage and filament temperature, causing an increase
    both in efficiency and in the lumens produced by the filament. The in-
    creased lumens from the filament may eventually be offset by the light
    that is absorbed as the bulb blackens. The light output of the 15-ampere
    and 20-ampere compensator (series) lamps may drop below the initial value
    early in life and continue to decrease throughout life. Net changes in
    lumen output will vary little with bulb size, shape, and burning position.
    In vacuum lamps the blackening resulting from the tungsten particles
    is spread over the inner bulb surface. In gas-filled lamps the hot gas
    stream carries the particles upward and causes a relatively dark spot to
    appear above the filament. When lamps are burned base up, part of
    the blackening will be deposited on the neck area where much of the light
    is normally intercepted by the base. Thus the lumen maintenance of a
    lamp operated base up will be better than for base-down operation.
    To reduce blackening and to perfect the inner atmosphere, an active
    agent known as a "getter" is used inside the bulb. The chemicals making
    up the getter can be solids applied to the filament or leads or gasses.
    In certain lamps in which blackening would not be reduced enough by
    getters alone, various other means are also employed. Some of the high-
    wattage lamps used in motion picture photography have a small amount
    of loose tungsten powder in the bulb, which, when shaken about, wipes
    off much of the blackening. The general-service, bipost-base lamps have
    a "collector grid" (a wire mesh screen) located above the filament. This
    screen reduces blackening by attracting and condensing the tungsten vapor
    and holding the tungsten particles.
    Lamp Voltage Classes
    Standard general lighting lamp voltages are 115, 120, and 125 volts.
    Lamps generally available in any community should conform to the nom-
    inal voltage of the distribution system serving the territory. Recent
    country-wide surveys of voltages indicated 1.3 per cent of the population
    served at 110 volts, 43.4 per cent at 115 volts, 55.3 per cent at 120 volts,
    and 0.1 per cent at all other voltages in the 110-130 volt range. Lamp
    purchases by voltage do not coincide with these proportions, rather they
    show that a larger proportion of lamps of higher voltage rating are being
    used than service voltages call for.
    High-voltage lamps necessarily have filaments of smaller diameter and
    greater length. The filaments are less rugged, require more supports,
    and are less efficient than those of equal wattage 120-volt lamps. A 240-
    volt lamp will take but half the current of the same wattage 120-volt
    lamp, permitting some economy in the wiring of lighting circuits.
    7

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