ITU Radio Regulations - Vol IV - Recommendations Incorporated by Reference

ITU-R
Recommendations
incorporated by
reference
I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n
I nt er nat i onal
Tel ecommuni cat i on
Uni on
Edition of 2008
Printed in Switzerland
Geneva, 2008
ISBN 92-61-12451-8
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ITU-R
Recommendations
incorporated
by reference
Edition of 2008

ITU 2008
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written
permission of ITU.
NotebytheSecretariat
This revision of the Radio Regulations, complementing the Constitution and the Convention of
the International Telecommunication Union, incorporates the decisions of the World Radio-
communication Conferences of 1995 (WRC-95), 1997 (WRC-97), 2000 (WRC-2000), 2003
(WRC-03) and 2007 (WRC-07). The majority of the provisions of these Regulations shall enter
into force as from 1 January 2009; the remaining provisions shall apply as from the special dates
of application indicated in Article 59 of the revised Radio Regulations.
In preparing the Radio Regulations, Edition of 2008, the Secretariat corrected the typographical
errors that were drawn to the attention of WRC-07 and which were approved by WRC-07.
This edition uses the same numbering scheme as the 2001 edition of the Radio Regulations,
notably:
With respect to Article numbers, this edition follows the standard sequential numbering. The
Article numbers are not followed by any abbreviation (such as (WRC-97), (WRC-2000),
(WRC-03) or (WRC-07)). Consequently, any reference to an Article, in any of the
provisions of these Radio Regulations (e.g. in No. 13.1 of Article 13), in the texts of the Appen-
dices as contained in Volume 2 of this edition (e.g. in 1 of Appendix 2), in the texts of the
Resolutions included in Volume 3 of this edition (e.g. in Resolution 1 (Rev.WRC-97)), and in
the texts of the Recommendations included in Volume 3 of this edition (e.g. in Recommen-
dation 8), is considered as a reference to the text of the concerned Article which appears in this
edition, unless otherwise specified.
Withrespecttoprovision numbers in Articles, this edition continues to use composite numbers
indicating the number of the Article and the provision number within that Article (e.g. No. 9.2B
means provision No. 2B of Article 9). The abbreviation (WRC-07), (WRC-03),
(WRC-2000) or (WRC-97) at the end of such a provision means that the relevant provision
was modified or added by WRC-07, by WRC-03, by WRC-2000 or by WRC-97, as applicable.
The absence of an abbreviation at the end of the provision means that the provision is identical
with the provision of the simplified Radio Regulations as approved by WRC-95, and whose
complete text was contained in Document 2 of WRC-97.
With respect to Appendix numbers, this edition follows the standard sequential numbering,
with the addition of the appropriate abbreviation after the Appendix number (such as
(WRC-97), (WRC-2000), (WRC-03) or (WRC-07)), where applicable. As a rule, any
reference to an Appendix, in any of the provisions of these Radio Regulations, in the texts of the
Appendices as contained in Volume 2 of this edition, in the texts of the Resolutions and of the
Recommendations included in Volume 3 of this edition, is presented in the standard manner
(e.g. Appendix 30 (Rev.WRC-07)) if not explicitly described in the text (e.g. Appendix 4 as
modified by WRC-07). In the texts of Appendices that were partially modified by WRC-07, the
provisions that were modified by WRC-07 are indicated with the abbreviation (WRC-07) at
the end of the concerned text. If an Appendix is referenced without any abbreviation after the
Appendix number, in the texts of this edition (e.g., in No. 13.1), or without other description,
such reference is considered as a reference to the text of the concerned Appendix which appears
in this edition.
Within the text of the Radio Regulations, the symbol, , has been used to represent quantities
associated with an uplink. Similarly, the symbol, , has been used to represent quantities
associated with a downlink.
Abbreviations have generally been used for the names of world administrative radio conferences
and world radiocommunication conferences. These abbreviations are shown below.
1
The date of this conference has not been finalized.
Abbreviation Conference
WARC Mar World Administrative Radio Conference to Deal with Matters Relating to the Maritime
Mobile Service (Geneva, 1967)
WARC-71 World Administrative Radio Conference for Space Telecommunications (Geneva, 1971)
WMARC-74 World Maritime Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1974)
WARC SAT-77 World Broadcasting-Satellite Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1977)
WARC-Aer2 World Administrative Radio Conference on the Aeronautical Mobile (R) Service
(Geneva, 1978)
WARC-79 World Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1979)
WARC Mob-83 World Administrative Radio Conference for the Mobile Services (Geneva, 1983)
WARC HFBC-84 World Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the HF Bands Allocated to
the Broadcasting Service (Geneva, 1984)
WARC Orb-85 World Administrative Radio Conference on the Use of the Geostationary-Satellite Orbit
and the Planning of Space Services Utilising It (First Session Geneva, 1985)
WARC HFBC-87 World Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the HF Bands Allocated to
the Broadcasting Service (Geneva, 1987)
WARC Mob-87 World Administrative Radio Conference for the Mobile Services (Geneva, 1987)
WARC Orb-88 World Administrative Radio Conference on the Use of the Geostationary-Satellite Orbit
and the Planning of Space Services Utilising It (Second Session Geneva, 1988)
WARC-92 World Administrative Radio Conference for Dealing with Frequency Allocations in
Certain Parts of the Spectrum (Malaga-Torremolinos, 1992)
WRC-95 World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 1995)
WRC-97 World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 1997)
WRC-2000 World Radiocommunication Conference (Istanbul, 2000)
WRC-03 World Radiocommunication Conference, (Geneva, 2003)
WRC-07 World Radiocommunication Conference, (Geneva, 2007)
WRC-11 World Radiocommunication Conference, 2011
WRC-15
World Radiocommunication Conference, 2015
1
VOLUME4
ITU-RRecommendationsincorporatedbyreference
`
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Rec. ITU-R TF.460-6 Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions............................................................. 1
Rec. ITU-R M.476-5 Direct-printing telegraph equipment in the maritime mobile service............................ 7
Rec. ITU-R M.489-2 Technical characteristics of VHF radiotelephone equipment operating in the
maritime mobile service in channels spaced by 25 kHz................................................ 19
Rec. ITU-R M.492-6 Operational procedures for the use of direct-printing telegraph equipment in the
maritime mobile service................................................................................................ 21
Rec. ITU-R P.525-2 Calculation of free-space attenuation............................................................................ 31
Rec. ITU-R P.526-10 Propagation by diffraction ............................................................................................ 35
Rec. ITU-R M.541-9 Operational procedures for the use of digital selective-calling equipment in the
Rec. ITU-R M.585-4 Assignment and use of maritime mobile service identities (See Annexes 1 to 5).......... 111
Rec. ITU-R M.625-3 Direct-printing telegraph equipment employing automatic identification in the
Rec. ITU-R M.633-3 Transmission characteristics of a satellite emergency position-indicating radio
beacon (satellite EPIRB) system operating through a satellite system in the 406 MHz
band............................................................................................................................... 179
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 Satellite antenna radiation pattern for use as a design objective in the fixed-satellite
service employing geostationary satellites.................................................................... 181
Rec. ITU-R M.690-1 Technical characteristics of emergency position-indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs)
operating on the carrier frequencies of 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz................................ 207
Rec. ITU-R P.838-3 Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods................................ 209
Rec. ITU-R M.1084-4 Interim solutions for improved efficiency in the use of the band 156-174 MHz by
stations in the maritime mobile service (See Tables 1 and 3 of Annex 4) ..................... 217
Rec. ITU-R SM.1138-1 Determination of necessary bandwidths including examples for their calculation and
associated examples for the designation of emissions .................................................. 229
_______________
*
In some of these Recommendations, which were adopted prior to 1 January 2001, the prefix S before the
references to RR is still maintained until the concerned Recommendation is modified according to the standard
procedures.
V
Page
Rec. ITU-R SA.1154 Provisions to protect the space research (SR), space operations (SO) and Earth-
exploration satellite services (EES) and to facilitate sharing with the mobile service
in the 2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz bands ................................................... 237
Rec. ITU-R M.1171 Radiotelephony procedures in the maritime mobile service......................................... 267
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 Miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used for radiocommunications in the
maritime mobile service ............................................................................................... 277
Rec. ITU-R M.1173 Technical characteristics of single-sideband transmitters used in the maritime mobile
service for radiotelephony in the bands between 1 606.5 kHz (1605 kHz Region 2)
and 4000 kHz and between 4000 kHz and 27 500 kHz ............................................... 311
Rec. ITU-R M.1174-2 Technical characteristics of equipment used for on-board vessel communications in
the bands between 450 and 470 MHz........................................................................... 313
Rec. ITU-R M.1187-1 A method for the calculation of the potentially affected region for a mobile-satellite
service network in the 1-3 GHz range using circular orbits.......................................... 315
Rec. ITU-R S.1256 Methodology for determining the maximum aggregate power flux-density at the
geostationary-satellite orbit in the band 6700-7075 MHz from feeder links of non-
geostationary-satellite systems in the mobile-satellite service in the space-to-Earth
direction........................................................................................................................ 321
Rec. ITU-R RS.1260-1 Feasibility of sharing between active spaceborne sensors and other services in the
range 420-470 MHz...................................................................................................... 329
Rec. ITU-R BO.1293-2 Protection masks and associated calculation methods for interference into broadcast-
satellite systems involving digital emissions ................................................................ 345
Rec. ITU-R S.1340 Sharing between feeder links for the mobile-satellite service and the aeronautical
radionavigation service in the Earth-to-space direction in the band 15.4-15.7 GHz .... 357
Rec. ITU-R S.1341 Sharing between feeder links for the mobile-satellite service and the aeronautical
radionavigation service in the space-to-Earth direction in the band 15.4-15.7 GHz
and the protection of the radio astronomy service in the band 15.35-15.4 GHz........... 373
Rec. ITU-R S.1428-1 Reference FSS earth-station radiation patterns for use in interference assessment
involving non-GSO satellites in frequency bands between 10.7 GHz and 30 GHz...... 387
Rec. ITU-R BO.1443-2 Reference BSS earth station antenna patterns for use in interference assessment
involving non-GSO satellites in frequency bands covered by RR Appendix 30.......... 391
Rec. ITU-R M.1583 Interference calculations between non-geostationary mobile-satellite service or
radionavigation-satellite service systems and radio astronomy telescope sites ............ 399
Rec. ITU-R S.1586-1 Calculation of unwanted emission levels produced by a non-geostationary fixed-
satellite service system at radio astronomy sites........................................................... 409
Rec. ITU-R F.1613 Operational and deployment requirements for fixed wireless access systems in the
fixed service in Region 3 to ensure the protection of systems in the Earth
exploration-satellite service (active) and the space research service (active) in the
band 5250-5350 MHz.................................................................................................. 417
Rec. ITU-R RA.1631 Reference radio astronomy antenna pattern to be used for compatibility analyses
between non-GSO systems and radio astronomy service stations based on the epfd
concept.......................................................................................................................... 433
Rec. ITU-R RS.1632 Sharing in the band 5 250-5 350 MHz between the Earth exploration-satellite service
(active) and wireless access systems (including radio local area networks) in the
mobile service............................................................................................................... 437
VI
Page
Rec. ITU-R M.1638 Characteristics of and protection criteria for sharing studies for radiolocation,
aeronautical radionavigation and meteorological radars operating in the frequency
bands between 5250 and 5 850 MHz............................................................................ 465
Rec. ITU-R M.1642-2 Methodology for assessing the maximum aggregate equivalent power flux-density at
an aeronautical radionavigation service station from all radionavigation-satellite
service systems operating in the 1164-1215 MHz band .............................................. 475
Rec. ITU-R M.1643 Technical and operational requirements for aircraft earth stations of aeronautical
mobile-satellite service including those using fixed-satellite service network
transponders in the band 14-14.5 GHz (Earth-to-space) ............................................... 491
Rec. ITU-R M.1652 Dynamic frequency selection (DFS) in wireless access systems including radio local
area networks for the purpose of protecting the radiodetermination service in the
5 GHz band (See Annex 1) ............................................................................................ 497
Rec. ITU-R M.1827 Technical and operational requirements for stations of the aeronautical mobile (R)
service (AM(R)S) limited to surface application at airports and for stations of
the aeronautical mobile service (AMS) limited to aeronautical security (AS)
applications in the band 5 091-5150 MHz.................................................................... 517
VII
Rec.ITU-RTF.460-6 1
RECOMMENDATIONITU-RTF.460-6
*
Standard-frequencyandtime-signalemissions
(QuestionITU-R102/7)
(1970-1974-1978-1982-1986-1997-2002)
TheITURadiocommunicationAssembly,
considering
a) that the World Administrative Radio ConIerence, Geneva, 1979, allocated the Irequencies
20kHz 0.05kHz, 2.5MHz 5kHz (2.5MHz 2kHz in Region1), 5MHz 5kHz, 10MHz
5kHz,15MHz10kHz,20MHz10kHzand25MHz10kHztothestandard-Irequencyand
time-signalservice;
b) thatadditionalstandardIrequenciesandtimesignalsareemittedinotherIrequencybands;
c) theprovisionsoIArticle26oItheRadioRegulations;
d) thecontinuingneedIorclosecooperationbetweenRadiocommunicationStudyGroup7and
the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO), the General ConIerence oI Weights and Measures (CGPM), the Bureau International des
Poids et Mesures (BIPM), the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) and the concerned
UnionsoItheInternationalCounciloIScientiIicUnions(ICSU);
e) the desirability oI maintaining worldwide coordination oI standard-Irequency and
time-signalemissions;
I) theneedtodisseminatestandardIrequenciesandtimesignalsinconIormitywiththesecond
asdeIinedbythe13thGeneralConIerenceoIWeightsandMeasures(1967);
g) thecontinuingneedtomakeuniversaltime(UT)immediatelyavailabletoanuncertaintyoI
one-tenthoIasecond,
recommends
1 that all standard-Irequency and time-signal emissions conIorm as closely as possible to
coordinateduniversaltime(UTC)(seeAnnex1);thatthetimesignalsshouldnotdeviateIromUTC
bymorethan1ms;thatthestandardIrequenciesshouldnotdeviatebymorethan1partin10
10
,and
that the time signals emitted Irom each transmitting station should bear a known relation to the
phaseoIthecarrier;
2 that standard-Irequency and time-signal emissions, and other time-signal emissions
intended Ior scientiIic applications (with the possible exception oI those dedicated to special
systems)shouldcontaininIormationonUT1UTCandTAIUTC(seeAnnex1).
*
This Recommendation shouldbe brought to the attention oI theIMO, the ICAO, the CGPM, the BIPM,
theIERS,theInternationalUnionoIGeodesyandGeophysics(IUGG),theInternationalUnionoIRadio
Science(URSI)andtheInternationalAstronomicalUnion(IAU).
-1-
2 Rec.ITU-RTF.460-6
ANNEX1
Timescales
A Universaltime(UT)
Universaltime(UT)isthegeneraldesignationoItimescalesbasedontherotationoItheEarth.
In applications in which an imprecision oI a Iew hundredths oI a second cannot be tolerated, it is
necessarytospeciIytheIormoIUTwhichshouldbeused:
UT0 isthemeansolartimeoItheprimemeridianobtainedIromdirectastronomicalobservation;
UT1 is UT0 corrected Ior the eIIects oI small movements oI the Earth relative to the axis oI
rotation(polarvariation);
UT2 is UT1 corrected Ior the eIIects oI a small seasonal Iluctuation in the rate oI rotation oI
theEarth;
UT1 is used in this Recommendation, since it corresponds directly with the angular position oI
theEartharounditsaxisoIdiurnalrotation.
ConcisedeIinitionsoItheabovetermsandtheconceptsinvolvedareavailableinthepublicationsoI
theIERS(Paris,France).
B Internationalatomictime(TAI)
TheinternationalreIerencescaleoIatomictime(TAI),basedonthesecond(SI),asrealizedonthe
rotating geoid, is Iormed by the BIPM on the basis oI clock data supplied by cooperating
establishments.ItisintheIormoIacontinuousscale,e.g.indays,hours,minutesandsecondsIrom
theorigin1January1958(adoptedbytheCGPM1971).
C Coordinateduniversaltime(UTC)
UTC is the time-scale maintained by the BIPM, with assistance Irom the IERS, which Iorms the
basis oI a coordinated dissemination oI standard Irequencies and time signals. It corresponds
exactlyinratewithTAIbutdiIIersIromitbyanintegernumberoIseconds.
The UTC scale is adjusted by the insertion or deletion oI seconds (positive or negative leap-
seconds)toensureapproximateagreementwithUT1.
D DUT1
ThevalueoIthepredicteddiIIerenceUT1UTC,asdisseminatedwiththetimesignalsisdenoted
DUT1; thus DUT1UT1UTC. DUT1 may be regarded as a correction to be added to UTC to
obtainabetterapproximationtoUT1.
ThevaluesoIDUT1aregivenbytheIERSinmultiplesoI0.1s.
-2-
Rec.ITU-RTF.460-6 3
TheIollowingoperationalrulesapply:
1 Tolerances
1.1 ThemagnitudeoIDUT1shouldnotexceed0.8s.
1.2 ThedepartureoIUTCIromUT1shouldnotexceed0.9s(seeNote1).
1.3 ThedeviationoI(UTCplusDUT1)shouldnotexceed0.1s.
NOTE1ThediIIerencebetweenthemaximumvalueoIDUT1andthemaximumdepartureoIUTCIrom
UT1representstheallowabledeviationoI(UTC+DUT1)IromUT1andisasaIeguardIortheIERSagainst
unpredictablechangesintherateoIrotationoItheEarth.
2 Leap-seconds
2.1 A positive or negative leap-second should be the last second oI a UTC month, but Iirst
preIerenceshouldbegiventotheendoIDecemberandJune,andsecondpreIerencetotheendoI
MarchandSeptember.
2.2 Apositiveleap-secondbeginsat23h59m60sandendsat0h0m0soItheIirstdayoIthe
Iollowingmonth.InthecaseoIanegativeleap-second,23h59m58swillbeIollowedonesecond
laterby0h0m0soItheIirstdayoItheIollowingmonth(seeAnnex3).
2.3 The IERS should decide upon and announce the introduction oI a leap-second, such an
announcementtobemadeatleasteightweeksinadvance.
3 ValueofDUT1
3.1 TheIERSisrequestedtodecideuponthevalueoIDUT1anditsdateoIintroductionandto
circulatethisinIormationonemonthinadvance.InexceptionalcasesoIsuddenchangeintherate
oIrotationoItheEarth,theIERSmayissueacorrectionnotlaterthantwoweeksinadvanceoIthe
dateoIitsintroduction.
3.2 Administrations and organizations should use the IERS value oI DUT1 Ior standard-
Irequency and time-signal emissions, and are requested to circulate the inIormation as widely as
possibleinperiodicals,bulletins,etc.
3.3 WhereDUT1isdisseminatedbycode,thecodeshouldbeinaccordancewiththeIollowing
principles(except3.4below):
themagnitudeoIDUT1isspeciIiedbythenumberoIemphasizedsecondmarkersandthe
signoIDUT1isspeciIiedbythepositionoItheemphasizedsecondmarkerswithrespectto
theminutemarker.TheabsenceoIemphasizedmarkersindicatesDUT10;
the coded inIormation should be emitted aIter each identiIied minute iI this is compatible
withtheIormatoItheemission.AlternativelythecodedinIormationshouldbeemitted,as
anabsoluteminimum,aItereachoItheIirstIiveidentiIiedminutesineachhour.
FulldetailsoIthecodearegiveninAnnex2.
3.4 DUT1 inIormation primarily designed Ior, and used with, automatic decoding equipment
mayIollowadiIIerentcodebutshouldbeemittedaItereachidentiIiedminuteiIthisiscompatible
with the Iormat oI the emission. Alternatively, the coded inIormation should be emitted, as an
absoluteminimum,aItereachoItheIirstIiveidentiIiedminutesineachhour.
-3-
4 Rec.ITU-RTF.460-6
3.5 OtherinIormationwhichmaybeemittedinthatpartoIthetime-signalemissiondesignated
in3.3and3.4IorcodedinIormationonDUT1shouldbeoIasuIIicientlydiIIerentIormatthatit
willnotbeconIusedwithDUT1.
3.6 Inaddition,UT1UTCmaybegiventothesameorhigherprecisionbyothermeans,Ior
example,bymessagesassociatedwithmaritimebulletins,weatherIorecasts,etc.;announcementsoI
Iorthcomingleap-secondsmayalsobemadebythesemethods.
3.7 TheIERSisrequestedtocontinuetopublish,inarrears,deIinitivevaluesoIthediIIerences
UT1UTCandUT2UTC.
E DTAI
ThevalueoIthediIIerenceTAIUTC,asdisseminatedwithtimesignals,shallbedenotedDTAI.
DTAI TAIUTCmayberegardedasacorrectiontobeaddedtoUTCtoobtainTAI.
TheTAIUTCvaluesarepublishedintheBIPMCircularT.TheIERSshouldannouncethevalue
oI DTAI in integer multiples oI one second in the same announcement as the introduction oI a
leap-second(seeD.2).
ANNEX2
CodeforthetransmissionofDUT1
A positive value oI DUT1 will be indicated by emphasizing a number, n, oI consecutive second
markers Iollowing the minute marker Irom second marker one to second marker, n, inclusive;
nbeinganintegerIrom1to8inclusive.
DUT1(n0.1)s
A negative value oI DUT1 will be indicated by emphasizing a number, m, oI consecutive second
markersIollowingtheminutemarkerIromsecondmarkerninetosecondmarker(8+ m)inclusive,
mbeinganintegerIrom1to8inclusive.
DUT1(m0.1)s
AzerovalueoIDUT1willbeindicatedbytheabsenceoIemphasizedsecondmarkers.
The appropriate second markers may be emphasized, Ior example, by lengthening, doubling,
splittingortonemodulationoIthenormalsecondmarkers.
Examples:
0460-01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Minute
marker
Emphasized
secondmarkers
LimitoIcodedsequence
FIGURE1
DUT1+0.5s
-4-
Rec.ITU-RTF.460-6 5
0460-02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Minute
marker
Emphasized
secondmarkers
LimitoIcodedsequence
FIGURE2
DUT10.2s
ANNEX3
Datingofeventsinthevicinityofaleap-second
ThedatingoIeventsinthevicinityoIaleap-secondshallbeeIIectedinthemannerindicatedinthe
IollowingFigures:
0460-03
56 57 58 59 60 0 1 2 3 4
56 57 58 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
event
1July,0h0m 30June,23h59m
leap-second
DesignationoIthedateoItheevent
30June,23h59m60.6sUTC
FIGURE3
Positiveleap-second
event
1July,0h0m 30June,23h59m
DesignationoIthedateoItheevent
30June,23h59m58.9sUTC
FIGURE4
Negativeleap-second
-5-
Rec. ITU-R M.476-5 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.476-5
*
DIRECT-PRINTING TELEGRAPH EQUIPMENT
IN THE MARITIME MOBILE SERVICE
**
(Question ITU-R 5/8)
(1970-1974-1978-1982-1986-1995)
Rec. ITU-R M.476-5
Summary
The Recommendation provides in Annex 1 characteristics for error detecting and correcting systems for existing
direct-printing telegraph equipment. Annex 1 contains the technical characteristics of the transmission, the code and the
modes of operation to be employed in the maritime-mobile service. New equipment should conform to Recommendation
ITU-R M.625.
The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,
considering
a) that there is a requirement to interconnect mobile stations, or mobile stations and coast stations, equipped with
start-stop apparatus employing the ITU-T International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2, by means of radiotelegraph circuits;
b) that direct-printing telegraphy communications in the maritime mobile service can be listed in the following
categories:
b.a telegraph service between a ship and a coast station;
b.b telegraph service between a ship and an extended station (ships owner) via a coast station;
b.c telex service between a ship and a subscriber of the (international) telex network;
b.d broadcast telegraph service from a coast station to one or more ships;
b.e telegraph service between two ships or between one ship and a number of other ships;
c) that those categories are different in nature and that consequently different degrees of transmission quality may
be required;
d) that the categories given in b.a, b.b and b.c above may require a higher transmission quality than categories b.d
and b.e for the reason that data could be handled through the services in the categories b.a, b.b and b.c, while the
messages passed through the service of category b.d, and via the broadcast service of category b.e are normally plain
language, allowing a lower transmission quality than that required for coded information;
_______________
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the
Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T).
**
This Recommendation is retained in order to provide information concerning existing equipment, but will probably be deleted at a
later date. New equipment should conform to Recommendation ITU-R M.625 which provides for the exchange of identification
signals, for the use of 9 digit maritime mobile service identification signals and for compatibility with existing equipment built in
accordance with this Recommendation.
Note by the Secretariat: The references made to the Radio Regulations (RR) in this Recommendation refer to the RR as revised by the
World Radiocommunication Conference 1995. These elements of the RR will come into force on 1 June 1998. Where applicable, the
equivalent references in the current RR are also provided in square brackets.
-7-
2 Rec. ITU-R M.476-5
e) that the service in category b.d and the broadcast service in category b.e cannot take advantage of an ARQ
method, as there is in principle no return path;
f) that for these categories of service which by their nature do not allow the use of ARQ, another mode, i.e. the
forward error-correcting (FEC) mode should be used;
g) that the period for synchronization and phasing should be as short as possible and should not exceed 5 s;
h) that most of the ship stations do not readily permit simultaneous use of the radio transmitter and radio receiver;
j) that the equipment on board ships should be neither unduly complex nor expensive,
recommends
1 that when an error-detecting and correcting system is used for direct-printing telegraphy in the maritime
mobile service, a 7-unit ARQ system or a 7-unit forward acting, error-correcting and indicating time-diversity system,
using the same code, should be employed;
2 that equipment designed in accordance with 1 should meet the characteristics laid down in Annex 1.
ANNEX 1
1 General (Mode A, ARQ and Mode B, FEC)
1.1 The system in both Mode A (ARQ) and Mode B (FEC) is a single-channel synchronous system using the
7-unit error-detecting code as listed in 2 of this Annex.
1.2 FSK modulation is used on the radio link at 100 Bd. The equipment clocks controlling the modulation rate
should have an accuracy of better than 30 parts in 10
6
.
NOTE 1 Some existing equipments may not conform to this requirement.
1.3 The terminal input and output must be in accordance with the 5-unit start-stop ITU-T International Telegraph
Alphabet No. 2 at a modulation rate of 50 Bd.
1.4 The class of emission is F1B or J2B with a frequency shift on the radio link of 170 Hz. When frequency shift
is effected by applying audio signals to the input of a single-sideband transmitter, the centre frequency of the audio
spectrum offered to the transmitter should be 1 700 Hz.
NOTE 1 A number of equipments are presently in service, using a centre frequency of 1500 Hz. These may require
special measures to achieve compatibility.
1.5 The radio frequency tolerance of the transmitter and the receiver should be in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R SM.1137. It is desirable that the receiver employs the minimum practicable bandwidth (see also
Report ITU-R M.585).
NOTE 1 The receiver bandwidth should preferably be between 270 and 340 Hz.
-8-
2 Table of conversion
2.1 Traffic information signals
TABLE 1
2.2 Service information signals
TABLE 2
Combi-
nation
No.
Letter case Figure case
International
Telegraph
Alphabet No. 2
Code
Emitted
7-unit
signal
(1)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
?
:
(3)
3
(2)
(2)
(2)
8
Audible signal
(
)
.
,
9
0
1
4
5
7
2
/
6
+
ZZAAA
ZAAZZ
AZZZA
ZAAZA
ZAAAA
ZAZZA
AZAZZ
AAZAZ
AZZAA
ZZAZA
ZZZZA
AZAAZ
AAZZZ
AAZZA
AAAZZ
AZZAZ
ZZZAZ
AZAZA
ZAZAA
AAAAZ
ZZZAA
AZZZZ
ZZAAZ
ZAZZZ
ZAZAZ
ZAAAZ
BBBYYYB
YBYYBBB
BYBBBYY
BBYYBYB
YBBYBYB
BBYBBYY
BYBYBBY
BYYBYBB
BYBBYYB
BBBYBYY
YBBBBYY
BYBYYBB
BYYBBBY
BYYBBYB
BYYYBBB
BYBBYBY
YBBBYBY
BYBYBYB
BBYBYYB
YYBYBBB
YBBBYYB
YYBBBBY
BBBYYBY
YBYBBBY
BBYBYBY
BBYYYBB
27
28
29
30
31
32
(Carriage return)
(Line feed)
(Letter shift)
(Figure shift)
Space
0 Unperforated tape
AAAZA
AZAAA
ZZZZZ
ZZAZZ
AAZAA
AAAAA
YYYBBBB
YYBBYBB
YBYBBYB
YBBYBBY
YYBBBYB
YBYBYBB
(1)
B represents the higher emitted frequency and Y the lower.
(2)
At present unassigned (see ITU-T Recommendation F.1 C8). Reception of these signals, however, should not
initiate a request for repetition.
(3)
The pictorial representation shown is a schematic of which may also be used when equipment allows (ITU-T
Recommendation F.1).
Mode A (ARQ) Emitted signal Mode B (FEC)
Control signal 1 (CS1)
Idle signal
Idle signal
Signal repetition
BYBYYBB
YBYBYBB
BYYBBYB
BBYYBBY
BBBBYYY
YBBYYBB
Phasing signal 1
Phasing signal 2
-9-
3 Characteristics
3.1 Mode A (ARQ) (see Figs. 1 and 2)
A synchronous system, transmitting blocks of three characters from an information sending station (ISS) towards an
information receiving station (IRS), which stations can, controlled by the control signal 3 (see 2.2), interchange their
functions.
3.1.1 Master and slave arrangements
3.1.1.1 The station that initiates the establishment of the circuit (the calling station) becomes the master station, and
the station that has been called will be the slave station;
this situation remains unchanged during the entire time in which the established circuit is maintained, regardless of
which station, at any given time, is the information sending station (ISS) or information receiving station (IRS);
3.1.1.2 the clock in the master station controls the entire circuit (see circuit timing diagram, Fig. 1);
3.1.1.3 the basic timing cycle is 450 ms, and for each station consists of a transmission period followed by a
transmission pause during which reception is effected;
3.1.1.4 the master station transmitting time distributor is controlled by the clock in the master station;
3.1.1.5 the slave station receiving time distributor is controlled by the received signal;
3.1.1.6 the slave station transmitting time distributor is phase-locked to the slave station receiving time distributor; i.e.
the time interval between the end of the received signal and the start of the transmitted signal (t
E
in Fig. 1) is constant;
3.1.1.7 the master station receiving time distributor is controlled by the received signal.
3.1.2 The information sending station (ISS)
3.1.2.1 Groups the information to be transmitted into blocks of three characters (3 7 signal elements), including, if
necessary, idle signals to complete or to fill blocks when no traffic information is available;
3.1.2.2 emits a block in 210 ms after which a transmission pause of 240 ms becomes effective, retaining the emitted
block in memory until the appropriate control signal confirming correct reception by the information receiving
station (IRS) has been received;
3.1.2.3 numbers successive blocks alternately Block 1 and Block 2 by means of a local numbering device. The
first block should be numbered Block 1 or Block 2 dependent on whether the received control signal (see 3.1.4.5)
is a control signal 1 or a control signal 2. The numbering of successive blocks is interrupted at the reception of:
a request for repetition; or
a mutilated signal; or
a control signal 3 (see 2.2);
3.1.2.4 emits the information of Block 1 on receipt of control signal 1 (see 2.2);
3.1.2.5 emits the information of Block 2 on receipt of control signal 2 (see 2.2);
3.1.2.6 emits a block of three signal repetitions on receipt of a mutilated signal (see 2.2).
-10-
Q
RQ
C
Q
RQ
C
X
T
RQ
X
T
RQ
K
L
M
K
L
M
N
O
P
N
O
P
Q
R
S
RQ
Q
R
S
RQ
CS1
CS2
CS1
CS1
CS2
CS1
CS1
CS1
CS2
CS2
CS3
CS3
CS2
CS2
CS1
CS1
CS1
CS2
CS1
CS3
CS1
CS2
CS1
CS3
CS1
CS1
CS1
CS1
+
?
+
?
n
o
k
l
m
k
l
m
n
o
Q
RQ
C
Q
RQ
C
+
?
+
?
RQ
RQ
RQ
RQ
RQ
RQ
3.1.6.2
ISS
3.1.6.2
3.1.9.2
3.1.9.7
3.1.6.2
3.1.6.1
IRS
3.1.6.1
3.1.6.1
3.1.4.5
ISS
3.1.4.3
3.1.4.2
3.1.4.1
3.1.3.1
3.1.4.1
3.1.4.4
IRS
3.1.6.2
3.1.6.2
3.1.6.2
ISS
3.1.6.1
3.1.6.1
IRS
3.1.6.1
3.1.9.6
K
L
M
N
O
P
?
+
Q
R
S
c)
b)
a)
X
T
RQ
X
T
RQ
4
5
0

m
s
4
5
0

m
s
4
5
0

m
s
2
1
0

m
s
2
1
0

m
s
1
4
0

m
s
7
0

m
s
2
1
0

m
s
7
0

m
s
*
*
*
*
k
l
m
n
o
?
+
t
p
t
E
t
p
t
E
Information block
Information block
Information block
End of communication
Block over
Change of direction
Block over
Call block 2
Call block 1
Call block 2
Call block 1
Control signal
Master
station
Station I
Transmitter Receiver
Station II
Receiver Transmitter Master station Slave station
Basic timing cycle
Block 2
Block 1
Block 1
Block 1
Block 2
Block 2
Block 1
Slave
station
Line output,
50 Bd
Line output,
50 Bd
Stop
polarity
Control signal
Control signal
FIGURE 1
A-Mode operation
Master
station ISS
Slave
station IRS
Master
station IRS
Slave
station ISS
Block 1
Stop
polarity
Stand-by Stand-by
Stand-by Stand-by
Start of communication
Change of the direction of the traffic flow
control signal
information sending station
information receiving station
signal repetition information signal
figure shift
(one way) propagation time
(fixed) equipment delay
The transmission of these signals may be omitted
a)
b)
c)
CS:
ISS:
IRS:
RQ:
t:
t :
t :
p
E
*
Selective call No. 32610 transmitted as Q (RQ)C XT (RQ)
(see Recommendation ITU-R M.491 2, 3)
D01
FIGURE 1...[D01] = 3 CM
-11-
CS1
CS2
CS2
CS1
CS1
CS2
CS2
CS2
CS1
*
A
B
C
D
E
F
RQ
RQ
RQ
G
H
I
A
B
C
D
E
F
D
E
F
RQ
RQ
RQ
G
H
I
D
F
*
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
3.1.2.4
3.1.2.5
3.1.2.3
3.1.2.6
3.1.3.1
3.1.3.4
3.1.3.4
3.1.3.3
3.1.3.3
Block 2 (repeated)
Station I
Master
Transmitter Receiver
Station II
Slave
Receiver Transmitter
Block 1
Block 2
Block 1
RQ Block
Printing
Stop
polarity
FIGURE 2
Mode A under error receiving conditions
* Detected error symbol
Stop
polarity
D02
FIGURE 2..[D02]= 3 CM
3.1.3 The information receiving station (IRS)
3.1.3.1 Numbers the received blocks of three characters alternately Block 1 and Block 2 by a local numbering
device, the numbering being interrupted at the reception of:
a block in which one or more characters are mutilated; or
a block containing at least one signal repetition; ( 3.1.2.6)
3.1.3.2 after the reception of each block, emits one of the control signals of 70 ms duration after which a transmission
pause of 380 ms becomes effective;
3.1.3.3 emits the control signal 1 at the reception of:
an unmutilated Block 2, or
a mutilated Block 1, or
Block 1 containing at least one signal repetition;
-12-
3.1.3.4 emits the control signal 2 at reception of:
an unmutilated Block 1, or
a mutilated Block 2, or
a Block 2 containing at least one signal repetition.
3.1.4 Phasing
3.1.4.1 When no circuit is established, both stations are in the stand-by position. In this stand-by position no ISS
or IRS and no master or slave position is assigned to either of the stations;
3.1.4.2 the station desiring to establish the circuit emits the call signal. This call signal is formed by two blocks of
three signals (see Note 1);
3.1.4.3 the call signal contains:
in the first block: signal repetition in the second character place and any combination of information signals (see
Note 2) in the first and third character place,
in the second block: signal repetition in the third character place preceded by any combination of the
32 information signals (see Note 2) in the first and second character place;
3.1.4.4 on receipt of the appropriate call signal the called station changes from stand-by to the IRS position and emits
the control signal 1 or the control signal 2;
3.1.4.5 on receipt of two consecutive identical control signals, the calling station changes into ISS and operates in
accordance with 3.1.2.4 and 3.1.2.5.
NOTE 1 A station using a two block call signal, shall be assigned a number in accordance with RR Nos. S19.37,
S19.83 and S19.92 to S19.95 [Nos. 2088, 2134 and 2143 to 2146];
NOTE 2 The composition of these signals and their assignment to individual ships require international agreement (see
Recommendation ITU-R M.491).
3.1.5 Rephasing (Note 1)
3.1.5.1 When reception of information blocks or of control signals is continuously mutilated, the system reverts to the
stand-by position after a predetermined time (a preferable predetermined time would be the duration of 32 cycles of
450 ms), to be decided by the user, of continuous repetition; the station that is master station at the time of interruption
immediately initiates rephasing along the same lines as laid down in 3.1.4;
3.1.5.2 if, at the time of interruption, the slave station was in the IRS position, the control signal to be returned after
phasing should be the same as that last sent before the interruption to avoid the loss of an information block upon
resumption of the communication. (Some existing equipments may not conform to this requirement);
3.1.5.3 however, if, at the time of interruption, the slave station was in the ISS position, it emits, after having received
the appropriate call blocks, either:
the control signal 3; or
the control signal 1 or 2 in conformity with 3.1.4.4, after which control signal 3 is emitted to initiate changeover
to the ISS position;
3.1.5.4 if rephasing has not been accomplished within the time-out interval of 3.1.9.1, the system reverts to the
stand-by position and no further rephasing attempts are made.
NOTE 1 Some coast stations do not provide rephasing (see also Recommendation ITU-R M.492).
3.1.6 Change-over
3.1.6.1 The information sending station (ISS)
Emits, to initiate a change in the direction of the traffic flow, the information signal sequence Figure shift
Plus (figure case of Z) Question mark (figure case of B) (see Note 1) followed, if necessary, by one or
more idle signals to complete a block;
emits, on receipt of a control signal 3, a block containing the signals idle signal idle signal idle
signal ;
changes subsequently to IRS after the reception of a signal repetition.
-13-
3.1.6.2 The information receiving station (IRS)
Emits the control signal 3:
a) when the station wishes to change over to ISS,
b) on receipt of a block in which the signal information sequence Figure shift Plus (figure case of Z)
Question mark (figure case of B) terminates (see Note 1) or upon receipt of the following block. In the latter
case, the IRS shall ignore whether or not one or more characters in the last block are mutilated:
changes subsequently to ISS after reception of a block containing the signal sequence idle signal idle
signal idle signal ;
emits one signal repetition as a master station, or a block of three signal repetitions as a slave station, after
being changed into ISS.
NOTE 1 In the Telex network, the signal sequence combination No. 26 combination No. 2, sent whilst the
teleprinters are in the figure case condition, is used to initiate a reversal of the flow of information. The IRS is, therefore,
required to keep track of whether the traffic information flow is in the letter case or figure case mode to ensure proper
end-to-end operation of the system.
3.1.7 Output to line
3.1.7.1 the signal offered to the line output terminal is a 5-unit start-stop signal at a modulation rate of 50 Bd.
3.1.8 Answerback
3.1.8.1 The WRU (Who are you?) sequence, which consists of combination Nos. 30 and 4 in the ITU-T International
Telegraph Alphabet No. 2, is used to request terminal identification.
3.1.8.2 The information receiving station (IRS), on receipt of a block containing the WRU sequence, which will
actuate the teleprinter answerback code generator:
changes the direction of traffic flow in accordance with 3.1.6.2;
transmits the signal information characters derived from the teleprinter answerback code generator;
after transmission of 2 blocks of idle signals (after completion of the answerback code, or in the absence of an
answerback code), changes the direction of traffic flow in accordance with 3.1.6.1.
NOTE 1 Some existing equipments may not conform to this requirement.
3.1.9 End of communication
3.1.9.1 When reception of information blocks or of control signals is continuously mutilated, the system reverts to the
stand-by position after a predetermined time of continuous repetition, which causes the termination of the established
circuit (a preferable predetermined time would be the duration of 64 cycles of 450 ms);
3.1.9.2 the station that wishes to terminate the established circuit transmits an end of communication signal;
3.1.9.3 the end of communication signal consists of a block containing three idle signal :
3.1.9.4 the end of communication signal is transmitted by the ISS;
3.1.9.5 if an IRS wishes to terminate the established circuit it has to change over to ISS in accordance with 3.1.6.2;
3.1.9.6 the IRS that receives an end of communication signal emits the appropriate control signal and reverts to the
stand-by position;
3.1.9.7 on receipt of a control signal that confirms the unmutilated reception of the end of communication signal, the
ISS reverts to the stand-by position;
3.1.9.8 when after a predetermined number of transmissions (see Note 1) of the end of communication signal no
control signal has been received confirming the unmutilated reception of the end of communication signal, the ISS
reverts to the stand-by position and the IRS times out in accordance with 3.1.9.1.
NOTE 1 A preferable predetermined number would be four transmissions of the end of communication signal.
-14-
3.2 Mode B, forward error correction (FEC) (see Figs. 3 and 4)
A synchronous system, transmitting an uninterrupted stream of characters from a station sending in the collective
B-mode (CBSS) to a number of stations receiving in the collective B-mode (CBRS), or from a station sending in the
selective B-mode (SBSS) to one selected station receiving in the selective B-mode (SBRS).
3.2.1 The station sending in the collective or in the selective B-mode (CBSS or SBSS)
3.2.1.1 Emits each character twice: the first transmission (DX) of a specific character is followed by the transmission
of four other characters, after which the retransmission (RX) of the first character takes place, allowing for time-
diversity reception at 280 ms time space;
3.2.1.2 emits as a preamble to messages or to the call sign, alternately the phasing signal 1 (see 2.2) and the phasing
signal 2 (see 2.2) whereby phasing signal 1 is transmitted in the RX, and phasing signal 2 in the DX position. At least
four of these signal pairs (phasing signal 1 and phasing signal 2) should be transmitted.
3.2.2 The station sending in the collective B-mode (CBSS)
3.2.2.1 Emits during the breaks between two messages in the same transmission the phasing signals 1 and the phasing
signals 2 in the RX and the DX position, respectively.
3.2.3 The station sending in the selective B-mode (SBSS)
3.2.3.1 Emits after the transmission of the required number of phasing signals (see 3.2.1.2) the call sign of the
station to be selected. This call sign is a sequence of four characters that represents the number code of the called station.
The composition of this call sign should be in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.491. This transmission takes
place in the time diversity mode according to 3.2.1.1;
3.2.3.2 emits the call sign and all further signals in a 3B/4Y ratio, i.e. inverted with respect to the signals in Table 1 in
the column emitted 7-unit signal. Consequently, all signals, i.e. both traffic information signals and service
information signals, following the phasing signals are transmitted in the 3B/4Y ratio;
3.2.3.3 emits the service information signal idle signal during the idle time between the messages consisting of
traffic information signals.
3.2.4 The station(s) receiving in the collective or in the selective B-mode (CBRS or SBRS)
3.2.4.1 Checks both characters (DX and RX), printing an unmutilated DX or RX character, or printing an error symbol
or space, if both are mutilated.
3.2.5 Phasing
3.2.5.1 When no reception takes place, the system is in the stand-by position as laid down in 3.1.4.1;
3.2.5.2 on receipt of the sequence phasing signal 1 phasing signal 2, or of the sequence phasing signal 2
phasing signal 1, in which phasing signal 2 determines the DX and phasing signal 1 determines the RX position, and
at least one further phasing signal in the appropriate position, the system changes from stand-by to the CBRS position;
3.2.5.3 when started as CBRS the system changes to the SBRS (selectively called receiving station) position on receipt
of the inverted characters representing its selective call number;
3.2.5.4 having been changed into the CBRS or into the SBRS position the system offers continuous stop-polarity to
the line output terminal until either the signal carriage return or line feed is received;
3.2.5.5 when started as SBRS, the decoder re-inverts all the following signals received to the 3Y/4B ratio, so that
these signals are offered to the SBRS in the correct ratio, but they remain inverted for all other stations;
3.2.5.6 both the CBRS and the SBRS revert to the stand-by position if, during a predetermined time, the percentage of
mutilated signals received has reached a predetermined value.
-15-
10 Rec. ITU-R M.476-5
FIGURE 3
B-mode operation
E
n
d

o
f

e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

s
i
g
n
a
l
E
n
d

o
f

e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

s
i
g
n
a
l
6

t
i
m
e
s

c
a
l
l

s
i
g
n
a
l

3
.
2
.
3
.
3

4

2
0
0

m
s
Stand-by
Printing
Printing
Stand-by
L
i
n
e

o
u
t
p
u
t

k
e
p
t

t
o
s
t
o
p
-
p
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
Error
symbol
S
t
o
p
-
p
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
L
i
n
e

o
u
t
p
u
t

k
e
p
t

t
o

s
t
o
p
-
p
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
Stand-by 3.2.5.1
Station II Station I Station I Station II
Selective call No. 32610
Stand-by 3.2.5.1
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
E
S
S
A
G
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
A
G
E
S
S
A
G
M
E
E
S
S
A
G
E
E
A
G
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
E
S
S
A
G
E
A
G
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
A
G
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
E
S
S
A
G
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
Collectively
Overlined symbols (e.g. M) are transmitted in the 3B/4Y ratio
Selectively
QCXT
B-mode - Sending collectively
B-mode - Receiving collectively
B-mode - Sending selectively
B-mode - Receiving selectively
CBSS:
CBRS:
SBSS:
SBRS:
phasing signal 1
phasing signal 2
carriage return (CR)
line feed (LF)
Detected error symbol
1:
2:
<:
:
*
1
T
X
C
T
X
Q
C
<
<
Q
C
Q
C
X
2
2
C
CR
LF
*
*
*
*
1
<
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
*
1
<
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
CR
LF
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
T
X
Q
C
<
3.2.5.4
3
.
2
.
3
.
1

7
0
0

m
s
3.2.7.3 2
1
0

m
s
2
8
0

m
s
3.2.7.1
3.2.7.2
3
.
2
.
2
.
1
3
.
2
.
4
.
1
2
1
0

m
s
3

5
0
0

m
s
3.2.7.1
3.2.7.2
CBRS
3.2.5.4
3
.
2
.
5
.
4
SBRS
3
.
2
.
5
.
4 3.2.5.3
RX DX
2
1
2
3.2.5.2
CBRS
DX RX DX RX
3
.
2
.
1
.
2
DX RX 3.2.5.2
3
.
2
.
1
.
2
3
.
2
.
1
.
1
*
2
2
2
*
*
*
CR
LF
2
2
3.2.7.3
3
.
2
.
4
.
1
T
Q
T
Q
X
2
2
2
2
C
X
Q
C
Q
C
C
Q
C
X
T
Q
1
1
X
1
1
1
1
X
T
Q
C
<
<
D04
FIGURE 3...[D04] = 3 CM
-16-
Rec. ITU-R M.476-5 11
C. RQ. A
L.L. RQ
FIGURE 4
Flow chart showing processes in B-mode operation

in DX
position
Sequence
Phasing signal 1-2
or
phasing signal 2-1
DX and RX positioning
Phasing signal 1
in the RX position
or
Phasing signal 2
in the DX position
A-mode
IRS
Message

in DX
position
DX and RX
faulty
DX and/or RX
signal correct
Delay
210 ms
Print
error-symbol
Print
character
Errors
Determine percentage
of mutilated signals
Carriage return
or
line feed
De-lock line output
terminal from
stop-polarity
When more than
predetermined value
CBRS
SBRS
Re-invert all further
signals to 4B/3Y
Message Message
Phasing signals 1 and 2 in the RX and DX
position respectively, minimum 4-pairs
CBSS SBSS
Carriage return
and/or
line feed
Stand-by Send A-mode
B-mode
Emission
realized
manually
Emission
realized
automatically
Receive
Call
Call
six times
Carriage return
and/or
line feed
Overlined symbols (e g ) are transmitted/detected
in the 3B/4Y ratio

in DX
position
D05
FIGURE 4...[D05] = 3 CM
-17-
12 Rec. ITU-R M.476-5
3.2.6 Output to line
3.2.6.1 The signal offered to the line output terminal is a 5-unit start-stop ITU-T International Telegraph Alphabet
No. 2 signal at a modulation rate of 50 Bd.
3.2.7 End of emission
3.2.7.1 The station sending in the B-mode (CBSS or SBSS) that wishes to terminate the emission transmits the end of
emission signal;
3.2.7.2 the end of emission signal consists of three consecutive idle signals (see 2.2) transmitted in the
DX position only, immediately after the last transmitted traffic information signal in the DX position, after which the
station terminates its emission and reverts to the stand-by position;
210 ms

M E S S A G E
M E S S A G E
DX-position
RX-position
Revert to stand-by
End of emission signal
D03
FIGURE ...[D03] = 3 CM
3.2.7.3 the CBRS or the SBRS reverts to the stand-by position not less than 210 ms after receipt of at least two
consecutive idle signals in the DX position.
-18-
*
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VHF RADIOTELEPHONE
EQUIPMENT OPERATING IN THE MARITIME MOBILE
SERVICE IN CHANNELS SPACED BY 25 kHz
(1974-1978-1995)
Rec. ITU-R M.489-2
Summary
The Recommendation describes the technical characteristics of VHF radiotelephone transmitters and receivers (or
transceivers) used in the maritime mobile service when operating in 25 kHz channels of Appendix S18 [Appendix 18] of
the Radio Regulations (RR). It also contains those additional characteristics of transceivers required to operate digital
selective calling.
considering
a) that Resolution No. 308 of the World Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1979) stipulated that:
all maritime mobile VHF radiotelephone equipment shall conform to 25 kHz standards by 1 January 1983;
b) that RR Appendix S18 [Appendix 18] gives a table of transmitting frequencies which is based upon the
principle of 25 kHz channel separations for the maritime mobile service;
c) that in Opinion 42, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has been invited to advise the ITU
Radiocommunication Sector of any methods of measurement applicable to radio equipment used in land mobile services;
and that such methods of measurement may also be suitable for radio equipment used in maritime mobile services;
d) that there is a need to specify the technical characteristics of VHF radiotelephone equipment operating in the
maritime mobile service in channels spaced by 25 kHz,
recommends
1 that the following characteristics should be met by VHF (metric) FM radiotelephone equipment used for the
maritime mobile services operating on the frequencies specified in RR Appendix S18 [Appendix 18].
1.1 General characteristics
1.1.1 The class of emission should be F3E/G3E.
1.1.2 The necessary bandwidth should be 16 kHz.
1.1.3 Only phase modulation (frequency modulation with a pre-emphasis characteristic of 6 dB/octave) should be
used.
_______________
*
-19-
1.1.4 The frequency deviation corresponding to 100% modulation should approach 5 kHz as nearly as practicable.
In no event should the frequency deviation exceed 5 kHz. Deviation limiting circuits should be employed such that the
maximum frequency deviation attainable should be independent of the input audio frequency.
1.1.5 Where duplex or semi-duplex systems are in use, the performance of the radio equipment should continue to
comply with all the requirements of this Recommendation.
1.1.6 The equipment should be designed so that frequency changes between assigned channels can be carried out
within 5 s.
1.1.7 Emissions should be vertically polarized at the source.
1.1.8 Stations using digital selective calling shall have the following capabilities:
a) sensing to determine the presence of a signal on 156.525 MHz (channel 70); and
b) automatic prevention of the transmission of a call, except for distress and safety calls, when the channel is occupied
by calls.
1.2 Transmitters
1.2.1 The frequency tolerance for coast station transmitters should not exceed 5 parts in 10
6
, and that for ship station
transmitters should not exceed 10 parts in 10
6
.
1.2.2 Spurious emissions on discrete frequencies, when measured in a non-reactive load equal to the nominal output
impedance of the transmitter, should be in accordance with the provisions of RR Appendix S3 [Appendix 8].
1.2.3 The carrier power for coast stations should not normally exceed 50 W.
1.2.4 The carrier power for ship station transmitters should not exceed 25 W. Means should be provided to readily
reduce this power to 1 W or less for use at short ranges, except for digital selective calling equipment operating on
156.525 MHz (channel 70) in which case the power reduction facility is optional (see also Recommen-
dation ITU-R M.541 recommends 3.7).
1.2.5 The upper limit of the audio-frequency band should not exceed 3 kHz.
1.2.6 The cabinet radiated power should not exceed 25 W. In some radio environments, lower values may be
required.
1.3 Receivers
1.3.1 The reference sensitivity should be equal to or less than 2.0 V, e.m.f., for a given reference signal-to-noise
ratio at the output of the receiver.
1.3.2 The adjacent channel selectivity should be at least 70 dB.
1.3.3 The spurious response rejection ratio should be at least 70 dB.
1.3.4 The radio frequency intermodulation rejection ratio should be at least 65 dB.
1.3.5 The power of any conducted spurious emission, measured at the antenna terminals, should not exceed 2.0 nW
at any discrete frequency. In some radio environments lower values may be required.
1.3.6 The effective radiated power of any cabinet radiated spurious emission on any frequency up to 70 MHz should
not exceed 10 nW. Above 70 MHz, the spurious emissions should not exceed 10 nW by more than 6 dB/octave in
frequency up to 1 000 MHz. In some radio environments, lower values may be required;
2 that reference should also be made to Recommendations ITU-R SM.331 and ITU-R SM.332 and to the
relevant IEC publications on methods of measurement.
_________________
-20-
*
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF DIRECT-PRINTING
TELEGRAPH EQUIPMENT IN THE MARITIME MOBILE SERVICE
(1974-1978-1982-1986-1990-1992-1995)
Rec. ITU-R M.492-6
Summary
The Recommendation provides in Annex 1 operational procedures for the use of direct-printing telegraph equipment in
communication between a ship and a coast station in the selective ARQ-mode on a fully automated or semi-automated
basis and to a number of ship stations or a single ship in the broadcast FEC-mode. It also specifies interworking between
equipments in accordance with technical characteristics given in Recommendations ITU-R M.476 and ITU-R M.625.
Appendix 1 contains procedures for setting up of calls.
considering
a) that narrow-band direct-printing telegraph services are in operation using equipment as described in
Recommendations ITU-R M.476, ITU-R M.625 and ITU-R M.692;
b) that an improved narrow-band direct-printing telegraph system providing automatic identification and capable
of using the 9-digit ship station identity is described in Recommendation ITU-R M.625;
c) that the operational procedures necessary for such services should be agreed upon;
d) that, as far as possible, these procedures should be similar for all services and for all frequency bands (different
operational procedures may be required in frequency bands other than the HF and MF bands);
e) that a large number of equipments complying with Recommendation ITU-R M.476 exist;
f) that interworking between equipments in accordance with Recommendations ITU-R M.476 and ITU-R M.625
is required, at least for a transitionary period,
recommends
1 that the operational procedures given in Annex 1 be observed for the use of narrow-band direct-printing
telegraph equipment in accordance with either Recommendation ITU-R M.476 or ITU-R M.625 in the MF and HF bands
of the maritime mobile service;
2 that when using direct-printing telegraphy or similar systems in any of the frequency bands allocated to the
maritime mobile service, the call may, by prior arrangement, be made on a working frequency available for such
systems.
_______________
*
-21-
ANNEX 1
Operational procedures
1 Mode A (ARQ)
1.1 Methods used for setting up narrow-band direct-printing telegraph communications between a ship station and
a coast station in the ARQ-mode should be on a fully automatic or semi-automatic basis, insofar that a ship station
should have direct access to a coast station on a coast station receiving frequency and a coast station should have direct
access to a ship station on a coast station transmitting frequency.
1.2 However, where necessary, prior contact by Morse telegraphy, radiotelephony or other means is not precluded.
1.3 Through connection to a remote teleprinter station over a dedicated circuit or to a subscriber of the
international telex network may be achieved by manual, semi-automatic or automatic means.
NOTE 1 Before an international automatic service can be introduced, agreement has to be reached on a numbering
plan, traffic routing and charging. This should be considered by both the ITU-T and the ITU-R.
NOTE 2 Recommendations ITU-R M.476 (see 3.1.5) and ITU-R M.625 (see 3.8) make provision for automatic re-
establishment of radio circuits by rephasing in the event of interruption. However, it has been reported that this
procedure has, in some countries, resulted in technical and operational problems when radio circuits are extended into
the public switched network or to certain types of automated switching or store-and-forward equipments. For this reason,
some coast stations do not accept messages if the rephasing procedure is used.
NOTE 3 When a connection is set up in the ARQ mode with the international telex network via a coast station, where
practicable the general requirements specified in ITU-T Recommendation U.63 should be met.
1.4 When, by prior arrangement, unattended operation is required for communication from a coast station to a ship
station, or between two ship stations, the receiving ship station should have a receiver tuned to the other stations
transmitting frequency and a transmitter tuned or a transmitter capable of being tuned automatically to the appropriate
frequency and ready to transmit on this frequency.
1.5 For unattended operation a ship station should be called selectively by the initiating coast or ship station as
provided for by Recommendations ITU-R M.476 and ITU-R M.625. The ship station concerned could have available
traffic stored ready for automatic transmission on demand of the calling station.
1.6 At the over signal, initiated by the calling station, any available traffic in the ships traffic store could be
transmitted.
1.7 At the end of the communication, an end of communication signal should be transmitted, whereupon the
ships equipment should automatically revert to the stand-by condition.
1.8 A free channel signal may be transmitted by a coast station where necessary to indicate when a channel is
open for traffic. The free channel signals should preferably be restricted to only one channel per HF band and their
duration should be kept as short as possible. In accordance with Article 18 of the Radio Regulations and recognizing the
heavy loading of the frequencies available for narrow-band direct printing in the HF bands, free channel signals
should not be used in future planned systems.
1.9 The format of the free channel signal should be composed of signals in the 7-unit error detecting code as
listed in 2 of Annex 1 to Recommendation ITU-R M.476 and 2 of Annex 1 to Recommendation ITU-R M.625. Three
of these signals should be grouped into a block, the middle signal being the signal repetition (RQ), the first signal of
the block being any of the signals VXKMCF TBOZA and the third signal of the block being any of the signals
VMPCYFS OIRZDA (see Recommendation ITU-R M.491). These signals should be indicated in the ITU List of Coast
Stations.
-22-
Selections of new signals should preferably be chosen to correspond to the first two digits of that coast stations 4-digit
identification number. If this is not possible because the characters needed are not listed above, or if this is not desired
because this combination is already in use by another coast station, it is preferred that a combination of characters be
selected from those listed above in the second part of each row, i.e. TBOZA for the first signal and OIRZDA for the
third signal of the free channel block. The signals in the block are transmitted at a modulation rate of 100 Bd and the
blocks are separated by pauses of 240 ms. For manual systems this free channel signal should be interrupted either by
a period of no signal or by a signal or signals, that would enable an operator to recognize the free channel condition by
ear. An aurally recognizable signal, e.g. a Morse signal, may be used alone as the free channel signal in manual
systems. At least 8 blocks of the 7-unit signal should be transmitted before interruption.
1.10 In the case of single frequency operation, as described in Recommendation ITU-R M.692, the free channel
signal should be interrupted by listening periods of at least 3 s.
1.11 General operational procedures for setting up calls between ship stations and between ship stations and coast
stations are given below and specific procedures are given in Appendix 1.
1.12 Manual procedures
1.12.1 Ship to coast station
1.12.1.1 The operator of the ship station establishes communication with the coast station by A1A Morse telegraphy,
telephony or by other means using normal calling procedures. The operator then requests direct-printing communication,
exchanges information regarding the frequencies to be used and, when applicable, gives the ship station the direct-
printing selective call number assigned in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.476 or ITU-R M.625 as
appropriate, or the ship station identity assigned in accordance with the Preface to List VII A.
1.12.1.2 The operator of the coast station then establishes direct-printing communication on the frequency agreed, using
the appropriate identification of the ship.
1.12.1.3 Alternatively the operator of the ship station, using the direct-printing equipment, calls the coast station on a
predetermined coast station receive frequency using the identification of the coast station assigned in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R M.476 or ITU-R M.625 as appropriate, or the coast station identity assigned in accordance with
the Preface to List VII A.
1.12.1.4 The operator of the coast station then establishes direct-printing communication on the corresponding coast
station transmit frequency.
1.12.2 Coast station to ship
1.12.2.1 The operator of the coast station calls the ship station by A1A Morse telegraphy, telephony or other means,
using normal calling procedures.
1.12.2.2 The operator of the ship station then applies the procedures of 1.12.1.1 or 1.12.1.3.
1.12.3 Intership
1.12.3.1 The operator of the calling ship station establishes communication with the called ship station by A1A Morse
telegraphy, telephony, or by other means, using normal calling procedures. The operator then requests direct-printing
communication, exchanges information regarding the frequencies to be used and, when applicable, gives the direct-
printing selective call number of the calling ship station assigned in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.476 or
ITU-R M.625 as appropriate, or the ship station identity assigned in accordance with the Preface to List VII A.
1.12.3.2 The operator of the called ship station then establishes direct-printing communication on the frequency agreed,
using the appropriate identification of the calling ship.
-23-
1.13 Procedures for automatic operation
1.13.1 Ship to coast station
1.13.1.1 The ship station calls the coast station on a predetermined coast station receive frequency, using the direct-
printing equipment and the identification signal of the coast station assigned in accordance with Recommen-
dation ITU-R M.476 or ITU-R M.625 as appropriate, or the coast station identity assigned in accordance with the
Preface to List VII A.
1.13.1.2 The coast stations direct-printing equipment detects the call and the coast station responds directly on the
corresponding coast station transmit frequency, either automatically or under manual control.
1.13.2 Coast station to ship
1.13.2.1 The coast station calls the ship station on a predetermined coast station transmit frequency, using the direct-
printing equipment and the ship station direct-printing selective call number assigned in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R M.476 or ITU-R M.625 as appropriate, or the ship station identity assigned in accordance with
the Preface to List VII A.
1.13.2.2 The ship stations direct-printing equipment tuned to receive the predetermined coast station transmit
frequency detects the call, whereupon the reply is given in one of the following ways:
a) the ship station replies either immediately on the corresponding coast station receive frequency or at a later stage,
using the procedure of 1.12.1.3; or
b) the ship stations transmitter is automatically started on the corresponding coast station receive frequency and the
direct-printing equipment responds by sending appropriate signals to indicate readiness to receive traffic
automatically.
1.14 Message format
1.14.1 Where the appropriate facilities are provided by the coast station, traffic may be exchanged with the telex
network:
a) in a conversational mode where the stations concerned are connected directly, either automatically or under manual
control; or
b) in a store-and-forward mode where traffic is stored at the coast station until the circuit to the called station can be
set up, either automatically or under manual control.
1.14.2 In the shore-to-ship direction, the message format should conform to normal telex network practice (see also
Appendix 1, 2).
1.14.3 In the ship-to-shore direction, the message format should conform to the operational procedures specified in
Appendix 1, 1.
2 Mode B (FEC)
2.1 Messages may, by prior arrangement, be sent in the B mode from a coast station or a ship station to a number
of ships or to a single ship, preceded if desired by the selective call code of the ship(s) concerned where:
2.1.1 a receiving ship station is not permitted or not able to use its transmitter, or
2.1.2 communications are intended for more than one ship, or
2.1.3 unattended reception of the B mode is required and automatic acknowledgement is not necessary.
In such cases, the ship station receivers should be tuned to the appropriate coast or ship station transmitting frequency.
-24-
2.2 All B mode messages should start with carriage return and line feed signals.
2.3 When the ship station receives phasing signals in the B mode, its teleprinter should start automatically and
should stop automatically when reception of the emission ceases.
2.4 Ship stations may acknowledge the reception of B mode messages by A1A Morse telegraphy, telephony or by
other means.
3 Inter-working between equipments in accordance with Recommendations ITU-R M.476
and ITU-R M.625
3.1 Recommendation ITU-R M.625 provides for automatic inter-working with equipment which is in accordance
with Recommendation ITU-R M.476. The criteria for determining whether one or both stations are of the
Recommendation ITU-R M.476 type are the length of the call signal and the composition of the call blocks.
3.2 If both stations have equipment in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.625, automatic station
identification is a part of the automatic call set-up procedures. However, if one or both stations have equipment in
accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.476, no automatic station identification takes place. For this reason, and
because Recommendation ITU-R M.625 accommodates the use of the 9-digit ship station identity for the direct-printing
equipment call signal, it is desirable that all new equipment be in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.625 at the
earliest practicable time.
3.3 In order to attain full compatibility with the large number of existing equipment, it will be necessary to assign
both a 9-digit and a 5- (or 4-) digit identity (i.e. 7- and 4-signal call signals) to such new stations. Ship and coast station
lists should contain both signals.
-25-
APPENDIX 1
1 Procedure for setting up a call in the ship-to-coast station direction
< GA + ?
1
2
3
4
<
(7)
< GA + ?
< MSG + ?
(5)
< QRC + ?
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
?
(3)
(2)
< TLX xy +
< DIRTLX xy +
< MSG +
< TGM +
< URG +
< RTL +
< OPR +
< WX +
< NAV +
< STA +
< POS +
< FREQ +
< SVC +
< MAN +
< MED +
< OBS +
< HELP +
< HELP... +
< AMV +
< BRK +
< MULTLX xy/xy/xy +
< STS x +
< VBTLX xy +
< FAX xy +
< TEL xy +
< DATA xy +
< RPT ... +
< TST +
< TRF +
< INF +
< Message reference charged
time, etc.
(8)
Coast station Ship station
Ship initiates the call
Go to step 4 or
end of communication
N
o
t
e

2

a
p
p
l
i
e
s
Exchange answer-backs
(1)
Step
(1)
Ship transmits its
AAIC, followed by + ?
(3)
(4)
Message procedure
(6)
(2.1) or
(2.2) or
(2.3) or
(2.4) or
(2.5) or
(2.6) or
(2.7) or
(2.8) or
(2.9) or
(2.10) or
(2.11) or
(2.12) or
(2.13) or
(2.14) or
(2.15) or
(2.16) or
(2.17) or
(2.18) or
(2.19) or
(2.20) or
(2.21) or
(2.22) or
(2.23) or
(2.24) or
(2.25) or
(2.26) or
(2.27) or
(2.28) or
(2.29) or
(2.30)
D01
FIGURE ...[D01] = 20 CM
-26-
2 Procedure for setting up a call in the coast-to-ship station direction
Operation in the direction coast station to ship may need to be in the store-and-forward mode owing to the fact that radio
propagation conditions may not allow the setting up of a call at the intended time.
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
GA + ?
Go to step 3
or
Coast station Ship station Step
(1)
Message procedure
If ship has traffic for coast station go to step 4 of Part 1
or
Coast station initiates
call
(1)
D02
FIGURE 1...[D02] = 9 CM
Notes relative to 1 and 2:
(1)
a) In automatic operation the answer-back exchange is initiated and controlled by the coast station. For calls set up by the
ship station the answer-back exchange in manual operation may be initiated by the ship station.
For calls set up by the coast station the answer-back exchange in manual operation is initiated by the coast station, thereby
defining the order in which the exchange takes place.
b) Answer-back code as defined in ITU-T Recommendations F.130 for ship stations and F.60 for coast stations.
(2)
A coast station need not provide all of the facilities indicated. However, where specific facilities are provided, the facility
codes indicated should be used. The facility HELP should always be available.
(2.1)
MSG indicates that the ship station needs to immediately receive any messages held for it at the coast station.
(2.2)
TLX xy indicates that the following message is for immediate connection to a store-and-forward facility located at the coast
station.
y indicates the subscribers national telex number.
x is used where applicable to indicate the country code (ITU-T Recommendation F.69) preceded by 0 (when applicable).
(Where the store-and-forward system is remote from the coast station, TLX alone may be used.)
TLXA may optionally be used instead of TLX which indicates that ship wishes to be advised (using the normal shore-to-ship
procedures) when the message has been delivered to the indicated telex number.
(2.3)
DIRTLX xy indicates that a direct telex connection is required.
RDL + may optionally be used to indicate that the last DIRTLX xy telex number should be redialled.
(2.4)
TGM indicates that the following message is a radio telegram.
-27-
(2.5)
URG indicates that the ship station needs to be connected immediately to a manual assistance operator and an audible alarm
may be activated. This code should only be used in case of emergency.
(2.6)
RTL indicates that the following message is a radio telex letter.
(2.7)
OPR indicates that connection to a manual assistance operator is required.
(2.8)
WX indicates that the ship station needs to immediately receive weather information.
(2.9)
NAV indicates that the ship station needs to immediately receive navigational warnings.
(2.10)
STA indicates that the ship station needs to immediately receive a status report of all store-and-forward messages which have
been sent by that ship station, but which the ship station has not already received on retransmitted or non-delivered
information (see also (
6
)). STA x may also be used where the ship station needs to immediately receive a status report of
such a message where x indicates the message reference provided by the coast station.
(2.11)
POS indicates that the following message contains the ships position. Some administrations use this information to assist in
the subsequent automatic transmission or reception of messages (e.g. for calculating the optimum traffic frequency and/or the
appropriate directional antennas to use).
(2.12)
FREQ indicates that the following message indicates the frequency on which the ship is keeping watch.
(2.13)
SVC indicates that the following message is a service message (for subsequent manual attention).
(2.14)
MAN indicates that the following message is to be stored and manually forwarded to a country which cannot be accessed
automatically.
(2.15)
MED indicates that an urgent medical message follows.
(2.16)
OBS indicates that the following message is to be sent to the meteorological organization.
(2.17)
HELP indicates that the ship station needs to immediately receive a list of available facilities within the system.
(2.18)
If information is needed on the application of procedures for individual facilities at a coast station, request for further details
concerning the specific procedure can be obtained by the facility code HELP followed by the appropriate facility code for
which the information is needed, e.g.: < HELP DIRTLX + indicates that the ship station needs information on the
procedures (action by ship operator) for ordering a dialogue-mode connection with a telex network subscriber via the coast
station.
(2.19)
AMV indicates that the following message is to be sent to the AMVER organization.
(2.20)
BRK indicates that the use of the radio path is to be immediately discontinued (for use where the ships operator can only use
a teleprinter for controlling the ARQ equipment).
(2.21)
MULTLX xy/xy/xy + indicates that the following message is a multiple address message for immediate connection to a
store-and-forward facility located at the coast station.
Each separate xy indicates a different telex number to which the same message should be forwarded. At least two separate
telex numbers should be included.
MULTLXA may optionally be used instead of MULTLX which indicates that the ship wishes to be advised (using the normal
shore-to-ship procedures) when the messages have been delivered to the indicated telex numbers.
(2.22)
STS x + indicates that the following message is for transmission to a ship using a store-and-forward facility located at the
coast station. x indicates the addressed ships 5- or 9-digit identity number.
(2.23)
INF indicates that the ship station needs to immediately receive information from the coast stations database. Some
administrations provide a variety of different database information in which case INF returns a directory listing and a
subsequent facility code is used to select the desired information.
(2.24)
VBTLX xy indicates that the following message should be dictated, by the coast station, to a voicebank (voice messaging)
telephone number for subsequent retrieval by the addressee, and that a copy of the message should be forwarded to telex
number xy. The voicebank telephone number should be included in the first line of the message text.
(2.25)
FAX xy indicates that the following message should be forwarded, via the PSTN, by facsimile to the telephone number xy.
(2.26)
TEL xy indicates that the following message should be telephoned, by the coast station, to the telephone number xy.
(2.27)
DATA xy indicates that the following message should be forwarded by the coast station using data facilities to the
subscriber number xy (via the PSTN).
(2.28)
RPT xy indicates that the ship needs to receive, using the ARQ mode, a specific identified message (e.g., earlier
transmitted in the FEC mode), if still available for automatic retransmission. x is used as the message identifier.
(2.29)
TST indicates that the ship needs to receive an automatically transmitted test text (e.g. the quick brown fox ).
(2.30)
TRF indicates that the ship needs to receive information, automatically transmitted, on tariffs currently applicable to the coast
station.
-28-
(3)
The symbol ? is not necessary where the coast station is automatic. It is normally required only for manual systems.
(4)
In cases where the coast station requires information about the relevant Accounting Authority Identification Code (AAIC),
this information should be provided by the ship operator on receipt of the combination < QRC + from the coast station.
Some coast stations may request additional information, e.g. ships name, call sign, etc.
(5)
This sequence may be preceded where necessary by suitable prompts or facility selection information and, if appropriate, any
consequent ship station reply, or may be deleted where not applicable (e.g. where facility codes WX, NAV, STA, MSG or
HELP are input at step 4). Where facility code DIRTLX xy was input at step 4, this sequence may be replaced by the distant
end answer-back or by any service signal (e.g. NC, OCC, etc.) received from the telex network.
(6)
Message procedures depend on which facility is used:
For TLX where the store-and-forward system is remote from the coast station, ITU-T Recommendation F.72 may apply.
Where the store-and-forward system is located at the coast station, the complete information content of the message sent at
this step will be forwarded to the subscriber whose telex number is given by xy.
For DIRTLX, see ITU-T Recommendation F.60.
For TGM, see ITU-T Recommendations F.1 and F.31.
For SVC and MED, the message will normally be plain text and no specific message procedure is required.
For RTL, the message will be plain text but should include the postal address of the addressee.
For STA, the appropriate status information is returned to the ship in accordance with ITU-T Recommendation F.72, 11.3
and 11.4.
For POS and FREQ, specific national procedures may apply.
(7)
This sequence of 4 Ks KKKK (4 combination No. 11 signals in the letter case) indicates that any network connection
should be cleared but that the radio path should be maintained and that the procedure should immediately proceed to step 11.
This sequence may be used elsewhere in the procedure in which case the procedure reverts to step 3.
(8)
This step is optional and may not apply to all facilities.
_________________
-29-
Rec.ITU-RP.525-2 1
RECOMMENDATIONITU-RP.525-2
*
CALCULATIONOFFREE-SPACEATTENUATION
(1978-1982-1994)
Rec. ITU-RPN.525-2
considering
a) thatIree-spacepropagationisaIundamentalreIerenceIorradio-engineering,
recommends
1. thatthemethodsinAnnex1beusedIorthecalculationoIattenuationinIreespace.
ANNEX1
1. Introduction
AsIree-spacepropagationisoItenusedasareIerenceinothertexts,thisAnnexpresentsrelevantIormulae.
2. Basicformulaefortelecommunicationlinks
Free-spacepropagationmaybecalculatedintwodiIIerentways,eachoIwhichisadaptedtoaparticulartypeoI
service.
2.1 Point-to-arealinks
IIthereisatransmitterservingseveralrandomly-distributedreceivers(broadcasting,mobileservice),theIield
iscalculatedatapointlocatedatsomeappropriatedistanceIromthetransmitterbytheexpression:
e
30p
d
(1)
where:
e : r.m.s.Iieldstrength(V/m)(seeNote1)
p : equivalentisotropicallyradiatedpower(e.i.r.p.)oIthetransmitterinthedirectionoIthepointinquestion(W)(see
Note2)
d : distanceIromthetransmittertothepointinquestion(m).
Equation(1)isoItenreplacedbyequation(2)whichusespracticalunits:
e
mV/m
173
p
kW
d
km
(2)
For antennas operating in Iree-space conditions the cymomotive Iorce may be obtained by multiplying
together eanddinequation(1).Itsdimensionisvolts.
_______________
*
RadiocommunicationStudyGroup3madeeditorialamendmentstothisRecommendationin2000inaccordancewithResolution
ITU-R44.
-31-
2 Rec.ITU-RP.525-2
Note 1IIthewaveisellipticallypolarizedandnotlinear,andiItheelectricIieldcomponentsalongtwoorthogonalaxes
areexpressedbye
x
ande
y
,theleIt-handtermoIequation(1)shouldbereplacedby e e
x y
2 2
+ . e
x
ande
y
canbededuced
onlyiItheaxialratioisknown.eshouldbereplacedbye 2 inthecaseoIcircularpolarization.
Note 2 In the case oI antennas located at ground level and operating on relatively low Irequencies with vertical
polarization, radiation is generally considered only in the upper halI-space. This should be taken into account in
determiningthee.i.r.p.(seeRecommendationITU-RP.368).
2.2 Point-to-pointlinks
With a point-to-point link it is preIerable to calculate the Iree-space attenuation between isotropic antennas,
alsoknownastheIree-spacebasictransmissionloss(symbols:L
bf
orA
0
),asIollows:
L
bf
20log
4 d
mmmmmmdB (3)
where:
L
bf
: Iree-spacebasictransmissionloss(dB)
d : distance
: wavelength,and
dandareexpressedinthesameunit.
Equation(3)canalsobewrittenusingtheIrequencyinsteadoIthewavelength.
L
bf
32.4 +20log + 20log dmmmmmmdB (4)
where:
f : Irequency(MHz)
d : distance(km).
2.3 Relationsbetweenthecharacteristicsofaplanewave
TherearealsorelationsbetweenthecharacteristicsoIaplanewave(orawavewhichcanbetreatedasaplane
wave)atapoint:
2
2
4
120
r
p e
s (5)
where:
s : powerIlux-density(W/m
2
)
e : r.m.s.Iieldstrength(V/m)
p
r
: power(W)availableIromanisotropicantennalocatedatthispoint
: wavelength(m).
3. Thefree-spacebasictransmissionlossforaradarsystem(symbols: L
br
or A
0r
)
RadarsystemsrepresentaspecialcasebecausethesignalissubjectedtoalosswhilepropagatingbothIromthe
transmittertothetargetandIromthetargettothereceiver.ForradarsusingacommonantennaIorbothtransmitterand
receiver,aradarIree-spacebasictransmissionloss, L
br
,canbewrittenasIollows:
L
br
103.4 +20log +40log d10logmmmmmmdB (6)
where:
: radartargetcross-section(m
2
)
d : distanceIromtheradartothetarget(km)
f : IrequencyoIthesystem(MHz).
-32-
Rec.ITU-RP.525-2 3
Theradartargetcross-sectionoIanobjectistheratiooIthetotalisotropicallyequivalentscatteredpowertothe
incidentpowerdensity.
4. Conversionformulae
OnthebasisoIIree-spacepropagation,theIollowingconversionIormulaemaybeused.
FieldstrengthIoragivenisotropicallytransmittedpower:
E P
t
20logd +74.8 (7)
IsotropicallyreceivedpowerIoragivenIieldstrength:
P
r
E20logf167.2 (8)
Free-spacebasictransmissionlossIoragivenisotropicallytransmittedpowerandIieldstrength:
L
bf
P
t
E +20logf +167.2 (9)
PowerIlux-densityIoragivenIieldstrength:
S E145.8 (10)
where:
P
t
: isotropicallytransmittedpower(dB(W))
P
r
: isotropicallyreceivedpower(dB(W))
E: electricIieldstrength(dB(V/m))
f : Irequency(GHz)
d : radiopathlength(km)
L
bf
: Iree-spacebasictransmissionloss(dB)
S : powerIlux-density(dB(W/m
2
)).
Notethatequations(7)and(9)canbeusedtoderiveequation(4).
-33-
Rec.ITU-RP.526-10 1
*
Propagationbydiffraction
(1978-1982-1992-1994-1995-1997-1999-2001-2003-2005-2007)
Scope
This Recommendation presents several models to enable the reader to evaluate the eIIect oI diIIraction on
the received Iield strength. The models are applicable to diIIerent obstacle types and to various path
geometries.
considering
a) thatthereisaneedtoprovideengineeringinIormationIorthecalculationoIIieldstrengths
overdiIIractionpaths,
recommends
1 that the methods described in Annex1 be used Ior the calculation oI Iield strengths over
diIIraction paths, which may include a spherical earth surIace, or irregular terrain with diIIerent
kindsoIobstacles.
Annex1
1 Introduction
AlthoughdiIIractionisproducedonlybythesurIaceoIthegroundorotherobstacles,accountmust
be taken oI the mean atmospheric reIraction on the transmission path to evaluate the geometrical
parameterssituatedintheverticalplaneoIthepath(angleoIdiIIraction,radiusoIcurvature,height
oIobstacle).Forthispurpose,thepathproIilehastobetracedwiththeappropriateequivalentEarth
radius (Recommendation ITU-R P.834). II no other inIormation is available, an equivalent Earth
radiusoI8500kmmaybetakenasabasis.
2 Basicconcepts
DiIIraction oI radiowaves over the Earths surIace is aIIected by terrain irregularities. In this
context, beIore going Iurther into the prediction methods Ior this propagation mechanism, a Iew
basicconceptsaregiveninthissection.
*
Note by the BR SecretariatThisRecommendationwasamendededitoriallyinApril2007.
-35-
2 Rec.ITU-RP.526-10
2.1 FresnelellipsoidsandFresnelzones
In studying radiowave propagation between two points A and B, the intervening space can be
subdividedbyaIamilyoIellipsoids,knownasFresnelellipsoids,allhavingtheirIocalpointsatA
andBsuchthatanypointMononeellipsoidsatisIiestherelation:
2
AB MB AM
+ + n (1)
where n is a whole number characterizing the ellipsoid and n 1 corresponds to the Iirst Fresnel
ellipsoid,etc.,andisthewavelength.
As a practical rule, propagation is assumed to occur in line-oI-sight (LoS), i.e. with negligible
diIIractionphenomenaiIthereisnoobstaclewithintheIirstFresnelellipsoid.
TheradiusoIanellipsoidatapointbetweenthetransmitterandthereceivercanbeapproximatedin
selI-consistentunitsby:
2 / 1
2 1
2 1
(
d d
d d n
R
n
(2)
or,inpracticalunits:
2 / 1
2 1
2 1
) (
550
(
f d d
d d n
R
n
(3)
where f is the Irequency (MHz) and d
1
and d
2
are the distances (km) between transmitter and
receiveratthepointwheretheellipsoidradius(m)iscalculated.
SomeproblemsrequireconsiderationoIFresnelzoneswhicharethezonesobtainedbytakingthe
intersectionoIaIamilyoIellipsoidsbyaplane.ThezoneoIordernisthepartbetweenthecurves
obtainedIromellipsoidsnandn1,respectively.
2.2 Penumbrawidth
ThetransitionIromlighttoshadowdeIinesthepenumbraregion.Thistransitiontakesplacealonga
narrowstrip(penumbrawidth)intheboundaryoIgeometricshadow.Figure1showsthepenumbra
width(W)inthecaseoIatransmitterlocatedaheight,h,aboveasmoothsphericalearth,whichis
givenby:
3 / 1
2
(
(
e
a
w m (4)
where:
: wavelength(m)
a
e
: eIIectiveEarthradius(m).
-36-
Rec.ITU-RP.526-10 3
2.3 Diffractionzone
The diIIraction zone oI a transmitter extends Irom the LoS distance where the path clearance is
equal to 60 oI the Iirst Fresnel zone radius, (R
1
), up to a distance well beyond the transmitter
horizonwherethemechanismoItroposcatterbecomespredominant.
2.4 Obstaclesurfacesmoothnesscriterion
IIthesurIaceoItheobstaclehasirregularitiesnotexceedingAh,
where:
[ ]
3 / 1
2
04 . 0 R h m (5)
where:
R: obstaclecurvatureradius(m)
: wavelength(m)
thentheobstaclemaybeconsideredsmoothandthemethodsdescribedin3and4.2maybeused
tocalculatetheattenuation.
2.5 Isolatedobstacle
AnobstaclecanbeconsideredisolatediIthereisnointeractionbetweentheobstacleitselIandthe
surrounding terrain. In other words, the path attenuation is only due to the obstacle alone without
anycontributionIromtheremainingterrain.TheIollowingconditionsmustbesatisIied:
no overlapping between penumbra widths associated with each terminal and the obstacle
top;
thepathclearanceonbothsidesoItheobstaclesshouldbe,atleast,0.6oItheIirstFresnel
zoneradius;
nospecularreIlectiononbothsidesoItheobstacle.
2.6 Typesofterrain
DependingonthenumericalvalueoItheparameterh(seeRecommendationITU-RP.310)usedto
deIinethedegreeoIterrainirregularities,threetypesoIterraincanbeclassiIied:
a) Smooth terrain
The surIace oI the Earth can be considered smooth iI terrain irregularities are oI the order or less
than0.1R,whereRisthemaximumvalueoItheIirstFresnelzoneradiusinthepropagationpath.In
thiscase,thepredictionmodelisbasedonthediIIractionoverthesphericalEarth(3).
-37-
4 Rec.ITU-RP.526-10
b) Isolated obstacles
TheterrainproIileoIthepropagationpathconsistsoIoneormore isolatedobstacles.Inthiscase,
depending on the idealization used to characterize the obstacles encountered in the propagation
path,thepredictionmodelsdescribedin4shouldbeused.
c) Rolling terrain
The proIile consists oI several small hills, none oI which Iorm a dominant obstruction. Within its
IrequencyrangeRecommendationITU-RP.1546issuitableIorpredictingIieldstrengthbutitisnot
adiIIractionmethod.
2.7 Fresnelintegrals
ThecomplexFresnelintegralisgivenby:
)
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

0
2
) ( ) ( d
2
exp ) ( jS C s
s
j F
c
(6)
where j is the complex operator equal to 1, and C() and S() are the Fresnel cosine and sine
integralsdeIinedby:
)
|
|
.
|
\
|

0
2
d
2
cos ) ( s
s
C (7a)
)
|
|
.
|
\
|

0
2
d
2
sin ) ( s
s
S (7b)
The complex Fresnel integral F
c
() can be evaluated by numerical integration, or with suIIicient
accuracyIormostpurposesIorpositiveusing:
4 0 Ior
4
) (
4
) exp( ) (
11
0
<
(
(
|
.
|
\
|

_
x
x
jb a
x
jx F
n
n n
n
c
(8a)
4 Ior
4
) (
4
) exp(
2
1
) (
11
0
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
| +

_
x
x
jd c
x
jx
j
F
n
n n
n
c
(8b)
where:
x = 0.5
2
(9)
-38-
Rec.ITU-RP.526-10 5
and a
n
, b
n
, c
n
andd
n
aretheBoersmacoeIIicientsgivenbelow:
a
0
= +1.595769140 b
0
= -0.000000033 c
0
= +0.000000000 d
0
= +0.199471140
a
1
= -0.000001702 b
1
= +4.255387524 c
1
= -0.024933975 d
1
= +0.000000023
a
2
= -6.808568854 b
2
= -0.000092810 c
2
= +0.000003936 d
2
= -0.009351341
a
3
= -0.000576361 b
3
= -7.780020400 c
3
= +0.005770956 d
3
= +0.000023006
a
4
= +6.920691902 b
4
= -0.009520895 c
4
= +0.000689892 d
4
= +0.004851466
a
5
= -0.016898657 b
5
= +5.075161298 c
5
= -0.009497136 d
5
= +0.001903218
a
6
= -3.050485660 b
6
= -0.138341947 c
6
= +0.011948809 d
6
= -0.017122914
a
7
= -0.075752419 b
7
= -1.363729124 c
7
= -0.006748873 d
7
= +0.029064067
a
8
= +0.850663781 b
8
= -0.403349276 c
8
= +0.000246420 d
8
= -0.027928955
a
9
= -0.025639041 b
9
= +0.702222016 c
9
= +0.002102967 d
9
= +0.016497308
a
10
= -0.150230960 b
10
= -0.216195929 c
10
= -0.001217930 d
10
= -0.005598515
a
11
= +0.034404779 b
11
= +0.019547031 c
11
= +0.000233939 d
11
= +0.000838386
C()andS()maybeevaluatedIornegativevaluesoI bynotingthat:
C()C() (10a)
S()S() (10b)
3 DiffractionoverasphericalEarth
The additional transmission loss due to diIIraction over a spherical Earth can be computed by the
classicalresidueseriesIormula.AcomputerprogramGRWAVE,availableIromtheITU,provides
thecompletemethod.AsubsetoItheoutputsIromthisprogram(Iorantennasclosetotheground
andatlowerIrequencies)ispresentedinRecommendationITU-RP.368.
3.1 Diffractionlossforover-the-horizonpaths
Atlongdistancesoverthehorizon,onlytheIirsttermoItheresidueseriesisimportant.Evennear
oratthehorizonthisapproximationcanbeusedwithamaximumerroraround2dBinmostcases.
This Iirst term can be written as the product oI a distance term, F, and two height gain terms, G
T
and G
R
3.1.1and3.1.2describehowthesetermscanbeobtainedIromsimpleIormulaorIrom
nomograms.
3.1.1 Numericalcalculation
3.1.1.1 InfluenceoftheelectricalcharacteristicsofthesurfaceoftheEarth
TheextenttowhichtheelectricalcharacteristicsoIthesurIaceoItheEarthinIluencethediIIraction
loss can be determined by calculating a normalized Iactor Ior surIace admittance, K, given by the
Iormulae:
inselI-consistentunits:
[ ]
4 / 1
2 2
3 / 1
) 60 ( ) 1 (
2
+ |
.
|
\
|
e
H
a
K Iorhorizontalpolarization (11)
and
[ ]
2 / 1
2 2
) 60 ( +
H V
K K Iorverticalpolarization (12)
-39-
6 Rec.ITU-RP.526-10
[ ]
4 / 1
2 2 3 / 1
) / 000 18 ( ) 1 ( ) ( 36 . 0 f f a K
e H
+ (11a)
[ ]
2 / 1
2 2
) / 000 18 ( f K K
H V
+ (12a)
where:
a
e
: eIIectiveradiusoItheEarth(km)
c: eIIectiverelativepermittivity
: eIIectiveconductivity(S/m)
f : Irequency(MHz).
TypicalvaluesoIKareshowninFig.2.
-40-
Rec.ITU-RP.526-10 7
II Kislessthan0.001,theelectricalcharacteristicsoItheEartharenotimportant.ForvaluesoIK
greaterthan0.001,theappropriateIormulaegivenbelowshouldbeused.
3.1.1.2 Diffractionfieldstrengthformulae
ThediIIractionIieldstrength,E,relativetotheIree-spaceIieldstrength,E
0
,isgivenbytheIormula:
dB ) ( ) ( ) ( log 20
2 1
0
Y G Y G X F
E
E
+ + (13)
where XisthenormalizedlengthoIthepathbetweentheantennasatnormalizedheightsY
1
andY
2
(andwhere
0
log 20
E
E
isgenerallynegative).
-41-
8 Rec.ITU-RP.526-10
InselI-consistentunits:
d
a
X
e
3 / 1
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
(14)
h
a
Y
e
3 / 1
2
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
(15)
d a f X
e
3 / 2 3 / 1
2 . 2 (14a)
h a f Y
e
3 / 1 3 / 2 3
10 6 . 9 (15a)
where:
d: pathlength(km)
a
e
: equivalentEarthsradius(km)
h: antennaheight(m)
f : Irequency(MHz).
is a parameter allowing Ior the type oI ground and Ior polarization. It is related to K by the
Iollowingsemi-empiricalIormula:
4 2
4 2
35 . 1 5 . 4 1
75 . 0 6 . 1 1
K K
K K
+ +
+ +
(16)
ForhorizontalpolarizationatallIrequencies,andIorverticalpolarizationabove20MHzoverland
or300MHzoversea,maybetakenasequalto1.
Forverticalpolarizationbelow20MHzoverlandor300MHzoversea,mustbecalculatedasa
IunctionoIK.However,itisthenpossibletodisregardcandwrite:
3 / 5 3 / 2
2
89 . 6
f k
K
(16a)
where isexpressedinS/m,f(MHz)andkisthemultiplyingIactoroItheEarthsradius.
ThedistancetermisgivenbytheIormula:
X X X F 6 . 17 ) ( log 10 11 ) ( + (17)
Theheightgainterm,G(Y)isgivenbytheIollowingIormulae:
8 ) 1 . 1 ( log 5 ) 1 . 1 ( 6 . 17 ) (
2 / 1
Y Y Y G IorY~2 (18)
For Y2thevalueoIG(Y)isaIunctionoIthevalueoIKcomputedin3.1.1:
) 1 . 0 ( log 20 ) (
3
Y Y Y G + Ior10K Y2 (18a)
[ ] 1 ) / ( log ) / ( log 9 log 20 2 ) ( + + + K Y K Y K Y G IorK/10 Y10K (18b)
K Y G log 20 2 ) ( + IorY K/10 (18c)
-42-
Rec.ITU-RP.526-10 9
3.1.2 Calculationbynomograms
Under the same approximation condition (the Iirst term oI the residue series is dominant), the
calculationmayalsobemadeusingtheIollowingIormula:
) ( H ) ( H ) ( F log 20
2 1
0
h h d
E
E
+ + dB (19)
where:
E: receivedIieldstrength
E
0
: IieldstrengthinIreespaceatthesamedistance
d: distancebetweentheextremitiesoIthepath
h
1
and h
2
: heightsoItheantennasabovethesphericalearth.
The Iunction F (inIluence oI the distance) and H (height-gain) are given by the nomograms in
Figs.3,4,5and6.
Thesenomograms(Figs.3to6)givedirectlythereceivedlevelrelativetoIreespace,Iork1and
k4/3, and Ior Irequencies greater than approximately 30 MHz. k is the eIIective Earth radius
Iactor,deIinedinRecommendationITU-RP.310.However,thereceivedlevelIorothervaluesoIk
maybecalculatedbyusingtheIrequencyscaleIork1,butreplacingtheIrequencyinquestionby
ahypotheticalIrequencyequaltof / k
2
IorFigs.3and5and , / k f IorFigs.4and6.
Very close to the ground the Iield strength is practically independent oI the height. This
phenomenon is particularly important Ior vertical polarization over the sea. For this reason Fig.6
includesaheavyblackverticallineAB.IIthestraightlineshouldintersectthisheavylineAB,the
realheightshouldbereplacedbyalargervalue,sothatthestraightlinejusttouchesthetopoIthe
limitlineatA.
NOTE1AttenuationrelativetoIreespaceisgivenbythenegativeoIthevaluesgivenbyequation(19).II
equation(19)givesavalueabovetheIree-spaceIield,themethodisinvalid.
-43-
10 Rec.ITU-RP.526-10
-44-
Rec.ITU-RP.526-10 11
-45-
-46-
-47-
3.2 DiffractionlossforLoSpathswithsub-pathdiffraction
Inthiscase,consideringthattheconvergenceoItheresidueseriesrequiresthecalculationoIseveral
terms, a linear interpolation between the limit oI diIIraction zone (clearance oI 0.6 oI the Iirst
Fresnelzoneradius)wheretheattenuationrelativetoIree-spaceiszeroandtheradiohorizoncanbe
used.Accordingtothisprocedure,thediIIractionlossiscomputedintermsoItheIirstFresnelzone
radius, R
1
,as:
h
A
R
h
A
(

1
3
5
1 ) dB ( (20)
where:
h: pathclearanceintherange0to0.6R
1
A
h
: diIIractionlossatthehorizon(see3.1).
Thepathclearanceisgivenby(seeFig.7):
) ( iI ) 1 (
2
2 1 1
h h b
d
d (21a-i)
) 1 (
2
1
b
d
d + otherwise (21a-ii)
1 2
d d d (21b)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
3
) 1 (
3
2
3
arccos
3
1
3
cos
3
1
2
m
m c
m
m
b (21c)
2 1
2 1
h h
h h
c
+
(21d)
) ( 4
2 1
2
h h a
d
m
e
+
(21e)
d
d d
R

2 1
1
(21I)
NotethatalloItheaboveparametersshouldbeinselI-consistentunits.
4 Diffractionoverisolatedobstacles
Many propagation paths encounter one obstacle or several separate obstacles and it is useIul to
estimatethelossescausedbysuchobstacles.Tomakesuchcalculationsitisnecessarytoidealize
the Iorm oI the obstacles, either assuming a kniIe-edge oI negligible thickness or a thick smooth
obstacle with a well-deIined radius oI curvature at the top. Real obstacles have, oI course, more
complexIorms,sothattheindicationsprovidedinthisRecommendationshouldberegardedonlyas
anapproximation.
InthosecaseswherethedirectpathbetweentheterminalsismuchshorterthanthediIIractionpath,
itisnecessarytocalculatetheadditionaltransmissionlossduetothelongerpath.
The data given below apply when the wavelength is Iairly small in relation to the size oI the
obstacles,i.e.,mainlytoVHFandshorterwaves( f~30MHz).
-48-
4.1 Singleknife-edgeobstacle
In this extremely idealized case (Figs. 8a) and 8b)), all the geometrical parameters are combined
togetherinasingledimensionlessparameternormallydenotedbyvwhichmayassumeavarietyoI
equivalentIormsaccordingtothegeometricalparametersselected:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

2 1
1 1 2
d d
h (22)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

2 1
1 1
2
d d
(23)
0) and oI sign the has (
2
h
h
(24)
) and oI sign the has (
2
2 1 2 1

d
(25)
where:
h: heightoIthetopoItheobstacleabovethestraightlinejoiningthetwoendsoI
thepath.IItheheightisbelowthisline,hisnegative
d
1
and d
2
: distancesoIthetwoendsoIthepathIromthetopoItheobstacle
d: lengthoIthepath
: angle oI diIIraction (rad); its sign is the same as that oI h. The angle is
assumedtobelessthanabout0.2rad,orroughly12
1
and
2
: anglesbetweenthetopoItheobstacleandoneendasseenIromtheotherend.
1
and
2
areoIthesignoIhintheaboveequations.
NOTE1Inequations(22)to(25)inclusiveh, d, d
1
, d
2
andshouldbeinselI-consistentunits.
-49-
Figure9gives,asaIunctionoI,thelossJ()(dB).
J()isgivenby:
[ ] [ ]
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1
log 20 ) (
2 2
S C S C
J (26)
-50-
where C() and S() are the real and imaginary parts respectively oI the complex Fresnel integral
F()deIinedin2.7.
For greaterthan0.78anapproximatevaluecanbeobtainedIromtheexpression:
dB 1 . 0 1 ) 1 . 0 ( log 20 9 . 6 ) (
2
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + J (27)
4.2 Singleroundedobstacle
ThegeometryoIaroundedobstacleoIradiusRisillustratedinFig.8c).Notethatthedistancesd
1
and d
2
,andtheheighthabovethebaseline,areallmeasuredtothevertexwheretheprojectedrays
intersectabovetheobstacle.ThediIIractionlossIorthisgeometrymaybecalculatedas:
dB ) , ( ) ( n m T v J A + (28)
-51-
where:
a) J(v)istheFresnel-KirchoIIlossduetoanequivalentkniIe-edgeplacedwithitspeakatthe
vertexpoint.Thedimensionlessparameterv may be evaluated Irom any oI equations(22)
to(25)inclusive.Forexample,inpracticalunitsequation(22)maybewritten:
2 / 1
2 1
2 1
) ( 2
0316 . 0
(
+

d d
d d
h (29)
wherehandareinmetres,andd
1
andd
2
areinkilometres.
J(v)maybeobtainedIromFig.9orIromequation(27).NotethatIoranobstructiontoLoS
propagation, vispositiveandequation(27)isvalid.
b) T(m,n)istheadditionalattenuationduetothecurvatureoItheobstacle:
2 2 / 3 2 / 1
8 . 0 6 . 3 ) 5 . 12 2 ( 2 . 7 ) , ( m m m n m n m T + dBIor mn 4 (30a)
2 2 / 3 2 / 1
8 . 0 6 . 3 ) 17 2 ( 2 . 7 ) ( log 20 6 ) , ( m m m n m mn n m T + + dBIor mn > 4 (30b)
and
3 / 1
2 1
2 1
(
R
d d
d d
R m (31)
R
R
h n
3 / 2
(
(32)
andR, d
1
, d
2
, handareinselI-consistentunits.
Note that as R tends to zero, T(m,n) also tend to zero. Thus equation (28) reduces to kniIe-edge
diIIractionIoracylinderoIzeroradius.
The obstacle radius oI curvature corresponds to the radius oI curvature at the apex oI a parabola
Iitted to the obstacle proIile in the vicinity oI the top. When Iitting the parabola, the maximum
vertical distance Irom the apex to be used in this procedure should be oI the order oI the Iirst
Fresnelzoneradiuswheretheobstacleislocated.AnexampleoIthisprocedureisshowninFig.10,
where:
i
i
i
r
x
y
2
2
(33)
and r
i
is the radius oI curvature corresponding to the sample i oI the vertical proIile oI the ridge.
InthecaseoINsamples,themedianradiusoIcurvatureoItheobstacleisgivenby:
_
N
i
i
y
x
N
r
1
2
2
1
(34)
-52-
4.3 Doubleisolatededges
This method consists oI applying single kniIe-edge diIIraction theory successively to the two
obstacles,withthetopoItheIirstobstacleactingasasourceIordiIIractionoverthesecondobstacle
(seeFig.11).TheIirstdiIIractionpath,deIinedbythedistancesaandbandtheheight ,
1
h givesa
loss L
1
(dB).TheseconddiIIractionpath,deIinedbythedistancesbandcandtheheight ,
2
h gives
alossL
2
(dB).L
1
andL
2
arecalculatedusingIormulaeoI4.1.AcorrectiontermL
c
(dB)mustbe
addedtotakeintoaccounttheseparationbbetweentheedges.L
c
maybeestimatedbytheIollowing
Iormula:
(
+ +
+ +
) (
) ( ) (
log 10
c b a b
c b b a
L
c
(35)
whichisvalidwheneachoIL
1
andL
2
exceedsabout15dB.ThetotaldiIIractionlossisthengiven
by:
L L
1
L
2
L
c
(36)
TheabovemethodisparticularlyuseIulwhenthetwoedgesgivesimilarlosses.
-53-
IIoneedgeispredominant(seeFig.12),theIirstdiIIractionpathisdeIinedbythedistancesaand
bc and the heighth
1
. The second diIIraction path is deIined by the distances b and c and the
height
2
h .
The method consists oI applying single kniIe-edge diIIraction theory successively to the two
obstacles. First, the higher h/r ratio determines the main obstacle, M, where h is the edge height
Irom the direct path TxRx as shown in Fig.12, and r is the Iirst Fresnel ellipsoid radius given by
equation(2). Then
2
h , the height oI the secondary obstacle Irom the sub-path MR, is used to
calculatethelosscausedbythissecondaryobstacle.AcorrectiontermT
c
(dB)mustbesubtracted,
in order to take into account the separation between the two edges as well as their height.T
c
(dB)
maybeestimatedbytheIollowingIormula:
p
c
p
q
T
2
10
1
2
log 20 12
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
(37)
with:
1
2 / 1
) (
) ( 2
h
a c b
c b a
p
(
+
+ +
(38a)
2
2 / 1
) (
) ( 2
h
c b a
c b a
q
(
+
+ +
(38b)
-54-
2 / 1
) (
tan
(
+ +

ac
c b a b
(38c)
h
1
andh
2
aretheedgeheightsIromthedirectpathtransmitter-receiver.
ThetotaldiIIractionlossisgivenby:
c
T L L L
2 1
+ (39)
ThesamemethodmaybeappliedtothecaseoIroundedobstaclesusing4.3.
In cases where the diIIracting obstacle may be clearly identiIied as a Ilat-rooIed building a single
kniIe-edge approximation is not suIIicient. It is necessary to calculate the phasor sum oI two
components:oneundergoingadoublekniIe-edgediIIractionandtheothersubjecttoanadditional
reIlection Irom the rooI surIace. It has been shown that, where the reIlectivity oI the rooI surIace
andanydiIIerenceinheightbetweentherooIsurIaceandthesidewallsarenotaccuratelyknown,
thenadoublekniIe-edgemodelproducesagoodpredictionoIthediIIractedIieldstrength,ignoring
thereIlectedcomponent.
4.4 Multipleisolatedobstacles
TwomethodsarerecommendedIorthediIIractionoverirregularterrainwhichIormsoneormore
obstaclestoLoSpropagation.TheIirstmethodassumesthateachobstaclecanberepresentedbya
cylinder with a radius equal to the radius oI curvature at the obstacle top, being advisable when
detailedverticalproIilethroughtheridgeisavailable.
The second one corresponds to an empirical solution based on the supposition oI kniIe-edge
obstaclesplusacorrectiontocompensateIorthehigherlossduetoaradiusoIcurvaturediIIerent
Iromzero.ThecalculationtakesEarthcurvatureintoaccountviatheconceptoIaneIIectiveEarth
radius(seeRecommendationITU-RP.452,4.3).Thismethodissuitableincaseswhereasingle
general procedure is required Ior terrestrial paths over land or sea and Ior both LoS and
transhorizon.
AproIileoItheradiopathshouldbeavailableconsistingoIasetoIsamplesoIgroundheightabove
sea level ordered at intervals along the path, the Iirst and last being the heights oI the transmitter
and receiver above sea level, and a corresponding set oI horizontal distances Irom the transmitter.
Each height and distance pair are reIerred to as a proIile point and given an index, with indices
incrementingIromoneendoIthepathtotheother.Althoughitisnotessentialtothemethod,inthe
IollowingdescriptionitisassumedthatindicesincrementIromthetransmittertothereceiver.Itis
preIerablebutnotessentialIortheproIilesamplestobeequallyspacedhorizontally.
4.4.1 Cascadedcylindermethod
TheterrainheightproIileshouldbeavailableasasetoIsamplesoIgroundheightabovesealevel,
the Iirst and last being the heights oI the transmitter and receiver above sea level. Distance and
height values are described as though stored in arrays indexed Irom 1 to N, where N equals the
numberoIproIilesamples.
IntheIollowingasystematicuseoIsuIIicesismade:
h
i
: heightabovesealeveloIthei-thpoint
d
i
: distanceIromthetransmittertothei-thpoint
d
ij
: distanceIromthei-thtothej-thpoints.
The Iirst step is to perIorm a stretched string analysis oI the proIile. This identiIies the sample
points which would be touched by a string stretched over the proIile Irom transmitter to receiver.
-55-
ThismaybedonebytheIollowingprocedure,inwhichallvaluesoIheightanddistanceareinselI-
consistentunits,andallanglesareinradians.Themethodincludesapproximationswhicharevalid
Iorradiopathsmakingsmallanglestothehorizontal.IIapathhasraygradientsexceedingabout5
moreexactgeometrymaybejustiIied.
EachstringpointisidentiIiedastheproIilepointwiththehighestangularelevationabovethelocal
horizontalasviewedIromthepreviousstringpoint,startingatoneendoItheproIileandIinishing
attheother.ViewedIrompoints,theelevationoIthei-thproIilesample(i~s)isgivenby:
e |(h
i
h
s
)/d
si
| |d
si
/2a
e
| (40)
where:
a
e
: eIIectiveEarthradius,givenby:
k6371(km)
and
k: eIIectiveEarth-radiusIactor.
AtestisnowappliedtodeterminewhetheranygroupoItwoormorestringpointsshouldrepresent
the same terrain obstruction. For samples at spacings oI 250 m or less any group oI string points
which are consecutive proIile samples, other than the transmitter or receiver, should be treated as
oneobstruction.
Each obstruction is now modelled as a cylinder, as illustrated in Fig. 13. The geometry oI each
individual cylinder corresponds with Fig.8c). Note that in Fig. 13 the distances s
1
, s
2
Ior each
cylinderareshownasmeasuredhorizontallybetweenthevertexpoints,andthatIornear-horizontal
raysthesedistancesapproximatetotheslopedistancesd
1
andd
2
inFig.8c).Forrayanglestothe
horizontal greater than about 5 it may be necessary to set s
1
and s
2
to the inter-vertex slope
distancesd
1
andd
2
.
-56-
SimilarlyinFig.13,theheighth oI each cylinder is shown as measured vertically Irom its vertex
down to the straight line joining the adjacent vertex or terminal points. The value oI h Ior each
cylinder corresponds to h in Fig. 8c). Again, Ior near-horizontal rays the cylinder heights may be
computed as though vertical, but Ior steeper ray angles it may be necessary to compute h at right
anglestothebaselineoIitscylinder.
Figure14illustratesthegeometryIoranobstructionconsistingoImorethanonestringpoint.The
Iollowingpointsareindicatedby:
w: closeststringpointorterminalonthetransmittersideoItheobstructionwhichisnotpartoI
theobstruction
x: stringpointIormingpartoItheobstructionwhichisclosesttothetransmitter
y: stringpointIormingpartoItheobstructionwhichisclosesttothereceiver
-57-
z: closest string point or terminal on the receiver side oI the obstruction which is not part oI
theobstruction
v: vertexpointmadebytheintersectionoIincidentraysabovetheobstruction.
Thelettersw, x, yandzwillalsobeindicestothearraysoIproIiledistanceandheightsamples.For
anobstructionconsistingoIanisolatedstringpoint,xandywillhavethesamevalue,andwillreIer
toaproIilepointwhichcoincideswiththevertex.NotethatIorcascadedcylinders,pointsyandz
IoronecylinderarepointswandxIorthenext,etc.
Astep-by-stepmethodIorIittingcylinderstoageneralterrainproIileisdescribedinAppendix1to
Annex1.Eachobstructionischaracterizedbyw, x, yandz.ThemethodoIAppendix1toAnnex1
is then used to obtain the cylinder parameters s
1
, s
2
, h and R. Having modelled the proIile in this
way,thediIIractionlossIorthepathiscomputedasthesumoIthreeterms:
thesumoIdiIIractionlossesoverthecylinders;
the sum oI sub-path diIIraction between cylinders (and between cylinders and adjacent
terminals);
acorrectionterm.
ThetotaldiIIractionloss,indBrelativetoIree-spaceloss,maybewritten:
dB log 20 ) ( ) (
1
1
1
N i
N
i
i
N
i
d
C z y L x w L L L + +
_ _

(41)
where:
L'
i
: diIIractionlossoverthei-thcylindercalculatedbythemethodoI4.2
L"(w x)
1
: sub-pathdiIIractionlossIorthesectionoIthepathbetweenpointswandxIor
theIirstcylinder
L"(y z)
i
: sub-pathdiIIractionlossIorthesectionoIthepathbetweenpoints yandzIor
allcylinders
C
N
: correction Iactor to account Ior spreading loss due to diIIraction over
successivecylinders.
-58-
Appendix2toAnnex1givesamethodIorcalculatingL"IoreachLoSsectionoIthepathbetween
obstructions.
ThecorrectionIactor,C
N
,iscalculatedusing:
C
N
(P
a
/P
b
)
0.5
(42)
where:
[ ] [ ]
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
_

j
N
j
i
N
i
a
s s s s P ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
1
1
(43)
[ ]
i i
N
i
N b
s s s s P ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
1
2 1 1
+
(44)
andthesuIIicestoroundbracketsindicateindividualcylinders.
4.4.2 Cascadedknifeedgemethod
ThemethodisbasedonaprocedurewhichisusedIrom1to3timesdependingonthepathproIile.
The procedure consists oI Iinding the point within a given section oI the proIile with the highest
value oI the geometrical parameter as described in 4.1. The section oI the proIile to be
considered is deIined Irom point index a to point index b (ab). II a1b there is no
intermediate point and the diIIraction loss Ior the section oI the path being considered is zero.
Otherwise the construction is applied by evaluating v
n
(anb) and selecting the point with the
highestvalueoIv.ThevalueoIvIorthen-thproIilepointisgivenby:
nb an ab n
d d d h / 2 (45)
where:
h h
n
|d
an
d
nb
/ 2 r
e
||(h
a
d
nb
h
b
d
an
) / d
ab
| (45a)
h
a
, h
b
, h
n
: verticalheightsasshowninFig.15
d
an
, d
nb
, d
ab
: horizontaldistancesasshowninFig.15
r
e
: eIIectiveEarthradius
: wavelength
andallh, d, r
e
andareinselI-consistentunits.
The diIIraction loss is then given as the kniIe-edge loss J(v) according to equation (27) Ior
v~0.78,andisotherwisezero.
Note that equation (45) is derived directly Irom equation (22). The geometry oI equation(45a) is
illustratedinFig.15.Thesecondterminequation(45a)isagoodapproximationtotheadditional
heightatpointnduetoEarthcurvature.
-59-
TheaboveprocedureisIirstappliedtotheentireproIileIromtransmittertoreceiver.Thepointwith
thehighestvalueoIvistermedtheprincipaledge,p,andthecorrespondinglossisJ(v
p
).
II v
p
~0.78theprocedureisappliedtwicemore:
Iromthetransmittertopointptoobtainv
t
andhenceJ(v
t
);
Irompointptothereceivertoobtainv
r
andhenceJ(v
r
).
TheexcessdiIIractionlossIorthepathisthengivenby:
L J(
p
) T| J(
t
) J(
r
) C| Ior
p
~0.78 (46a)
L0 Ior
p
_0.78 (46b)
where:
C: empiricalcorrection
C10.00.04D (47)
D: totalpathlength(km)
and
T1.0exp| J(
p
) / 6.0| (48)
Notethattheaboveprocedure,Iortranshorizonpaths,isbasedontheDeygoutmethodlimitedtoa
maximum oI 3 edges. For line-oI-sight paths it diIIers Irom the Deygout construction in that
twosecondary edges are still used in cases where the principal edge results in a non-zero
diIIractionloss.
ThismethodcanproducediscontinuitiesinpredicteddiIIractionlossasaIunctionoIeIIectiveEarth
radiusduetodiIIerentproIilepointsbeingselectedIortheprincipalorauxiliaryedges.Toproduce
a smooth and monotonic prediction oI diIIraction loss as a Iunction oI eIIective Earth radius, the
principal edge, and iI they exist the auxiliary edges on either side, can Iirst be Iound Ior median
eIIective Earth radius. These edges can then be used when calculating diIIraction losses Ior other
valuesoIeIIectiveEarthradius,withoutrepeatingtheprocedureIorlocatingthesepoints.However,
thismethodmaybelessaccurateateIIectiveEarthradiigreaterthanorlessthanthemedianvalue.
-60-
The cascaded kniIe-edge method is used Ior the diIIraction model in Recommendation ITU-R
P.452-12.DiIIractionlossesarecalculatedIortwoeIIectiveEarthradii:themedianvalue,andthe
value exceeded Ior oI an average year, Ior which and Earth-curvature Iactor oI 3 is used. The
parameter
0
represents the percentage oI time anomalous propagation will dominate the overall
result. An interpolation procedure, based on the inverse complementary cumulative normal
distribution, is the used to calculate the diIIraction loss not exceeded Ior any percentage time
between
0
and50.However,whencalculatingthediIIractionlossIor
0
time,themethodin
RecommendationITU-RP.452usestheprincipaledge,andiItheyexisttheauxiliaryedges,located
Iorthemediancase.ThisavoidsthepossibilitythatasmallchangeinproIiledetailsmightproduce
alargechangeindiIIractionlossat
0
timeduetoachangeintheseedges.
5 Diffractionbythinscreens
The Iollowing methods assume that the obstruction is in the Iorm oI a thin screen. They can be
appliedtopropagationaroundanobstacleorthroughanaperture.
5.1 Finite-widthscreen
InterIerence suppression Ior a receiving site (e.g. a small earth station) may be obtained by an
artiIicialscreenoIIinitewidthtransversetothedirectionoIpropagation.ForthiscasetheIieldin
the shadow oI the screen may be calculated by considering three kniIe-edges, i.e. the top and the
two sides oI the screen. Constructive and destructive interIerence oI the three independent
contributions will result in rapid Iluctuations oI the Iield strength over distances oI the order oI a
wavelength. The Iollowing simpliIied model provides estimates Ior the average and minimum
diIIraction loss as a Iunction oI location. It consists oI adding the amplitudes oI the individual
contributions Ior an estimate oI the minimum diIIraction loss and a power addition to obtain an
estimate oI the average diIIraction loss. The model has been tested against accurate calculations
usingtheuniIormtheoryoIdiIIraction(UTD)andhigh-precisionmeasurements.
Step 1: Calculate the geometrical parameter v Ior each oI the three kniIe-edges (top, leIt side and
rightside)usinganyoIequations(22)to(25).
Step 2: CalculatethelossIactorj(v)10
J(v)/20
associatedwitheachedgeIromequation(27).
Step 3: CalculateminimumdiIIractionlossJ
min
Irom:
(

) (
1
) (
1
) (
1
log 20 ) (
3 2 1
j j j
J
min
dB (49)
or,alternatively,
Step 4: CalculateaveragediIIractionlossJ
av
Irom:
dB
) (
1
) (
1
) (
1
log 10 ) (
2
3
2
2
2
1
(
(
j j j
J
a
(50)
5.2 Diffractionbyrectangularaperturesandcompositeaperturesorscreens
ThemethoddescribedbelowcanbeusedtopredictthediIIractionlossduetoarectangularaperture
in an otherwise totally-absorbing thin screen. The method can be extended to cover several
rectangularaperturesorIinitescreens,andisthusanalternativemethodIortheIinite-widthscreen
discussedin5.1.
-61-
5.2.1 Diffractionbyasinglerectangularaperture
Figure 16 shows the geometry used to represent a rectangular aperture in an inIinite totally-
absorbingthinscreen.
ThepositionsoItheapertureedges,x
1
, x
2,
y
1
andy
2
,aregiveninaCartesiancoordinatesystemwith
originatthepointwherethestraightlineIromtransmitterTtoreceiverRpassesthroughthescreen,
withpropagationparalleltotheZaxis.TandRareatdistancesd
1
andd
2
respectivelybehindandin
IrontoIthescreen.
The Iield strength, e
a
, at the receiver in linear units normalized to Iree space is given in complex
Iormby:
e
a
(x
1
,x
2
,y
1
,y
2
)0.5(C
x
C
y
S
x
S
y
)j0.5(C
x
S
y
S
x
C
y
) (51)
where:
C
x
C(
x2
)C(
x1
) (52a)
C
y
C(
y2
)C(
y1
) (52b)
S
x
S(
x2
)S(
x1
) (52c)
S
y
S(
y2
)S(
y1
) (52d)
The Iour values oI are as given by equation (22) substituting x
1
, x
2
, y
1
and y
2
in turn Ior h, and
C() and S() are as given in equations (7a) and (7b) and may be evaluated Irom the complex
FresnelcoeIIicientusingequations(8a)and(8b).
ThecorrespondingdiIIractionlossL
a
isgivenby:
L
a
20log(e
a
)dB (53)
-62-
5.2.2 Diffractionbycompositeaperturesorscreens
ThemethodIorasinglerectangularaperturecanbeextendedasIollows:
Since in the linear units normalized to Iree space oI equation (51) the Iree-space Iield is given by
1.0 j 0.0, the normalized complex Iield e
s
due to a single rectangular screen (isolated Irom
ground)isgivenby:
e
s
1.0e
a
(54)
where e
a
is calculated using equation (51) Ior an aperture oI the same size and position as the
screen.
The normalized Iield due to combinations oI several rectangular apertures or isolated
screenscanbecalculatedbyaddingtheresultsoIequation(51)or(54).
Arbitrarily shaped apertures or screens can be approximated by suitable combinations oI
rectangularaperturesorscreens.
Since the C() and S() integrals converge to 0.5 j 0.5 as approaches inIinity,
equation(50)canbeappliedtorectanglesoIunlimitedextentinoneormoredirections.
6 Diffractionoverafinitelyconductingwedge
ThemethoddescribedbelowcanbeusedtopredictthediIIractionlossduetoaIinitelyconducting
wedge.SuitableapplicationsareIordiIIractionaroundthecorneroIabuildingorovertheridgeoIa
rooI, or where terrain can be characterized by a wedge-shaped hill. The method requires the
conductivity and relative dielectric constant oI the obstructing wedge, and assumes that no
transmissionoccursthroughthewedgematerial.
The method is based on UTD. It takes account oI diIIraction in both the shadow and line-oI-sight
region,andamethodisprovidedIorasmoothtransitionbetweentheseregions.
ThegeometryoIaIinitelyconductingwedge-shapedobstacleisillustratedinFig.17.
-63-
TheUTDIormulationIortheelectricIieldattheIieldpoint,specializingtotwodimensions,is:
) j exp(
) (
) j exp(
2
2 1 2
1
1
1
0
ks
s s s
s
D
s
ks
e e
UTD

+
||
(55)
where:
e
UTD
: electricIieldattheIieldpoint
e
0
: relativesourceamplitude
s
1
: distanceIromsourcepointtodiIIractingedge
s
2
: distanceIromdiIIractingedgetoIieldpoint
k: wavenumber2a/
||
D : diIIractioncoeIIicientdependingonthepolarization(parallelorperpendicular
totheplaneoIincidence)oItheincidentIieldontheedge
and s
1
, s
2
andareinselI-consistentunits.
ThediIIractioncoeIIicientIoraIinitelyconductingwedgeisgivenas:
( )
+ |
.
|
\
| + +
+
+ |
.
|
\
| +
+

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
| +
||
||
||
)) ( (
2
) (
cot
)) ( (
2
) (
cot
)) ( (
2
) (
cot
)) ( (
2
) (
cot
2 2
/4 j exp
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
0
kLa F
n
R
kLa F
n
R
kLa F
n
kLa F
n
k n
D
n
(56)
where:
1
: incidenceangle,measuredIromincidenceIace(0Iace)
2
: diIIractionangle,measuredIromincidenceIace(0Iace)
n: externalwedgeangleasamultipleoIaradians(actualanglena(rad))
j 1
andwhereF(x)isaFresnelintegral:
)

x
t t x x x F d ) j exp( ) j exp( j 2 ) (
2
(57)
) )
x
x
t t t t
0
2 2
d ) j exp( ) j 1 (
8
d ) j exp( (58)
Theintegralmaybecalculatedbynumericalintegration.
-64-
AlternativelyauseIulapproximationisgivenby:
) (
2
a
d ) j exp(
2
x A t t
x

)
(59)
where:
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
<
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
_
_
11
0
11
0
otherwise
4
) j (
4
) j exp(
4 iI
4
) j (
4
) j exp(
2
j 1
) (
n
n
n n
n
n
n n
x
d c
x
x
x
x
b a
x
x
x A (60)
andthecoeIIicientsa, b, c, daregivenin2.7.
1 2
1 2
s s
s s
L
+
(61)
|
|
.
|
\
|

2
2
cos 2 ) (
2
N n
a (62)
where:
1 2
(63)
Inequation(41),
N aretheintegerswhichmostnearlysatisIytheequation.
a 2
a
n
N
(64)
||
||
n
R R ,
0
arethereIlectioncoeIIicientsIoreitherperpendicularorparallelpolarizationgivenby:
2
2
) cos( ) ( sin
) cos( ) ( sin
+

R (65)
2
2
) cos( ) ( sin q
) cos( ) ( sin q
, ,
+

R (66)
where:
1
Ior R
0
and ) a (
2
n IorR
n
f
r
/ 10 18 j
9

r
: relativedielectricconstantoIthewedgematerial
: conductivityoIthewedgematerial(S/m)
f : Irequency(Hz).
-65-
NotethatiInecessarythetwoIacesoIthewedgemayhavediIIerentelectricalproperties.
At shadow and reIlection boundaries one oI the cotangent Iunctions in equation (56) becomes
singular.
However
||
D remains Iinite, and can be readily evaluated. The term containing the singular
cotangentIunctionisgivenIorsmallas:
[ ] ) 4 / j exp( ) 4 / j exp( 2 ) c ( sign a 2 )) ( (
2
a
cot
|
.
|
\
|
kL kL n kLa F
n
(67)
with deIinedby:
+
+ nN 2 Ior
1 2
+ (68)
+ nN 2 Ior
1 2
(69)
The resulting diIIraction coeIIicient will be continuous at shadow and reIlection boundaries,
providedthatthesamereIlectioncoeIIicientisusedwhencalculatingreIlectedrays.
TheIielde
LD
duetothediIIractedray,plustheLoSrayIor a, ) (
1 2
< isgivenby:
+
+ <
1 2
1 2
Ior
Ior
) j exp(
UTD
UTD
LD
e
s
ks
e
e (70)
where:
s : straight-linedistancebetweenthesourceandIieldpoints.
Note that at a ) (
1 2
the 2nd cotangent term in equation (56) will become singular, and that
thealternativeapproximationgivenbyequation(67)mustbeused.
TheIieldstrengthattheIieldpoint(dB)relativetotheIieldwhichwouldexistattheIieldpointin
theabsenceoIthewedge-shapedobstruction(i.e.dBrelativetoIreespace)isgivenbysettinge
0
to
unityinequation(55)andcalculating:
|
|
.
|
\
|
) j exp(
log 20
ks
e s
E
UTD
UTD
(71)
where:
s : straight-linedistancebetweenthesourceandIieldpoints.
Note that, Ior n2 and zero reIlection coeIIicients, this should give the same results as the kniIe
edgediIIractionlosscurveshowninFig.9.
AMathCADversionoItheUTDIormulationisavailableIromtheRadiocommunicationBureau.
7 Guidetopropagationbydiffraction
AgeneralguideIortheevaluationoIdiIIractionlosscorrespondingto3and4isshowninFig.18.
ThisIlowchartsummarizestheproceduretobeadoptedineachcase.
-66-
-67-
Appendix1
toAnnex1
Calculationofcylinderparameters
The Iollowing procedure can be used to calculate the cylinder parameters illustrated in Figs.8c)
and14 Ior each oI the terrain obstructions. SelI-consistent units are used, and all angles are in
radians.TheapproximationsusedarevalidIorradiopathswhicharewithinabout5oIhorizontal.
1 Diffractionangleandpositionofvertex
Althoughnotuseddirectlyascylinderparameters,boththediIIractionangleoverthecylinderand
thepositionoIthevertexarerequired.
ThediIIractionangleovertheobstacleisgivenby:

w

z

e
(72)
where
w
and
z
aretheangularelevationsoIpointsxandyabovethelocalhorizontalasviewed
Irompointswandzrespectively,givenby:
w
(h
x
h
w
)/d
wx
d
wx
/2a
e
(73)
z
(h
y
h
z
)/d
yz
d
yz
/2a
e
(74)
and
e
istheanglesubtendedbythegreat-circledistancebetweenpointswandzgivenby:
e
d
wz
/a
e
(75)
The distance oI the vertex Irom point w is calculated according to whether the obstruction is
representedbyasingleproIilesampleorbymorethanone:
Forasingle-pointobstruction:
d
wv
d
wx
(76)
ForamultipointobstructionitisnecessarytoprotectagainstverysmallvaluesoIdiIIraction:
d
wv
|(
z

e
/2)d
wz
+ h
z
h
w
|/ Iora
e
d
xy
(77a)
d
wv
(d
x
d
y
)/2 Iora
e
d
xy
(77b)
ThedistanceoIpointzIromthevertexpointisgivenby:
d
vz
d
wz
d
wv
(78)
TheheightoIthevertexpointabovesealeveliscalculatedaccordingtowhethertheobstructionis
representedbyasingleproIilesampleorbymorethanone.
Forasinglepointobstruction:
h
v
h
x
(79)
Foramultipointobstruction:
h
v
d
wv

w
h
w
d2
,
wv
/2a
e
(80)
-68-
2 Cylinderparameters
The cylinder parameters illustrated in Fig. 8c) can now be calculated Ior each oI the terrain
obstaclesdeIinedbythestringanalysis:
d
1
andd
2
arethepositiveinter-vertexdistancestotheobstacles(orterminals)onthetransmitterand
receiversidesoItheobstaclerespectively,
and:
h h
v
d
wv
d
vz
/2a
e
(h
w
d
vz
h
z
d
wv
)/d
wz
(81)
TocalculatethecylinderradiususeismadeoItwoIurtherproIilesamples:
p: thepointadjacenttoxonthetransmitterside,
and:
q: thepointadjacenttoyonthereceiverside
ThustheproIileindicespandqaregivenby:
p x1 (82)
and:
q y1 (83)
II a point given by p or q is a terminal, then the corresponding value oI h should be the terrain
heightatthatpoint,nottheheightabovesealeveloItheantenna.
ThecylinderradiusiscalculatedasthediIIerenceinslopebetweentheproIilesectionp-xandy-q,
allowingIorEarthcurvature,dividedbythedistancebetweenpandq.
ThedistancesbetweenproIilesamplesneededIorthiscalculationare:
d
px
d
x
d
p
(84)
d
yq
d
q
d
y
(85)
d
pq
d
q
d
p
(86)
ThediIIerenceinslopebetweenthep-xandy-qproIilesectionsisgiveninradiansby:
t(h
x
h
p
)/d
px
(h
y
h
q
)/d
yq
d
pq
/a
e
(87)
where a
e
istheeIIectiveEarthradius.
Thecylinderradiusisnowgivenby:
[ ] [ ]
3
) 4 ( exp 1 / t d R
pq
(88)
where visthedimensionlesskniIe-edgeparameterinequation(28).
Inequation(88),thesecondIactorisanempiricalsmoothingIunctionappliedtothecylinderradius
toavoiddiscontinuitiesIormarginallyLoSobstructions.
-69-
Appendix2
toAnnex1
Sub-pathdiffractionlosses
1 Introduction
ThisAppendixprovidesamethodIorcomputingthesub-pathdiIIractionlossIoraLoSsubsection
oI a diIIraction path. The path has been modelled by cascaded cylinders each characterized by
proIile points w, x, y and z as illustrated in Figs. 13 and 14. The sub-path diIIraction is to be
calculated Ior each subsection oI the overall path between points represented by w and x, or by y
and z. These are the LoS sections oI the path between obstructions, or between a terminal and an
obstruction.
ThemethodcanalsobeusedIoraLoSwithsub-pathdiIIraction,inwhichcaseitisappliedtothe
entirepath.
2 Method
For a LoS section oI the proIile between proIile samples indexed by u and v, the Iirst task is to
identiIytheproIilesamplebetweenbutexcludinguandvwhichobstructsthelargestIractionoIthe
IirstFresnelzoneIoraraytravellingIromutov.
ToavoidselectingapointwhichisessentiallypartoIoneoItheterrainobstaclesalreadymodelled
asacylinder,theproIilebetweenuandvisrestrictedtoasectionbetweentwoadditionalindicesp
and q,whicharesetasIollows:
Setpu1.
IIbothpvandh
p
~h
p+1
,thenincreasepby1andrepeat.
Setqv1.
IIbothq~uandh
q
~h
q1
,thendecreaseqby1andrepeat.
II pqthenthesub-pathobstructionlossissetto0.OtherwisethecalculationproceedsasIollows.
ItisnownecessarytoIindtheminimumvalueoInormalizedclearance,C
F
,givenbyh
z
/ F
1
,where
inselI-consistentunits:
h
z
: heightoIrayaboveproIilepoint
F
1
: radiusoIIirstFresnelzone.
Theminimumnormalizedclearancemaybewritten:
[ ]
i i z
q
F
F h
p i
C ) ( / ) (
min
1
(89)
where:
(h
z
)
i
(h
r
)
i
(h
t
)
i
(90)
uv iv ui i
d d d F / ) (
1
(91)
-70-
(h
r
)
i
,theheightoItherayaboveastraightlinejoiningsealevelatuandvatthei-thproIilepointis
givenby:
(h
r
)
i
(h
u
d
iv
h
v
d
ui
)/d
uv
(92)
(h
t
)
i
,theheightoItheterrainaboveastraightlinejoiningsealevelatuandvatthei-thproIilepoint
isgivenby:
(h
t
)
i
h
i
d
ui
d
iv
/2a
e
(93)
-71-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 1
*
Operationalproceduresfortheuseofdigitalselective-calling
equipmentinthemaritimemobileservice
(1978-1982-1986-1990-1992-1994-1995-1996-1997-2004)
Summary
The Recommendation contains the operational procedures for digital selective-calling (DSC)
equipment whose technical characteristics are given in Recommendation ITU-R M.493. The
Recommendation contains five annexes. In Annexes 1 and 2 the provisions and procedures are
described for distress, urgency and safety calls and for routine calls, respectively. In Annexes 3 and
4 the operational procedures for ships and for coast stations are described and Annex 5 lists the
frequencies to be used for DSC.
considering
a) that digital selective-calling (DSC) will be used as described in Recommendation
ITU-R M.493;
b) that the requirements of Chapter IV of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at
Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended, for the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)
are based on the use of DSC for distress alerting and calling and that operational procedures are
necessary for the use of that system;
c) that, as far as is practicable, operational procedures in all frequency bands and for all types
of communications should be similar;
d) that DSC may provide a useful supplementary means of transmitting a distress alert in
addition to the provisions of transmitting the distress alert by existing methods and procedures in
the Radio Regulations (RR);
e) that conditions when alarms have to be actuated should be specified,
recommends
1 that the technical characteristics of equipment used for DSC in the maritime mobile service
should be in conformity with the relevant ITU-R Recommendations;
2 that the operational procedures to be observed in the MF, HF and VHF bands for DSC
should be in accordance with Annex 1 for distress and safety calls and Annex 2 for other calls;
3 that provisions should be made at stations equipped for DSC for:
3.1 the manual entry of address, type of call, category and various messages into a DSC
sequence;
3.2 the verification and if necessary the correction of such manually formed sequences;
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the International Maritime Organization
(IMO) and the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T).
-73-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
3.3 a specific aural alarm and visual indication to indicate receipt of a distress or urgency call
or a call having distress category. It should not be possible to disable this alarm and indication.
Provisions should be made to ensure that they can be reset only manually;
3.4 aural alarm(s) and visual indication for calls other than distress and urgency. The aural
alarm(s) may be capable of being disabled;
3.5 such visual indicators to indicate:
3.5.1 type of received call address (to all stations, to a group of stations, geographical,
individual);
3.5.2 category;
3.5.3 identity of calling station;
3.5.4 numerical or alpha-numerical type of information, e.g. frequency information and
telecommand;
3.5.5 type of end of sequence character;
3.5.6 detection of errors, if any;
3.6 monitoring the DSC channel to determine the presence of a signal and, except for distress,
urgency, and non-test safety calls, provide facilities for automatically preventing the transmission of
a DSC call until the channel is free;
4 that the equipment should be simple to operate;
5 that the operational procedures given in Annexes 3 and 4, which are based on the relevant
procedures from Annexes 1 and 2 and from the RR, be used as guidance for ships and coast
stations;
6 that the frequencies used for distress and safety purposes using DSC are those contained in
Annex 5 to this Recommendation (see RR Appendix 15).
NOTE 1 The following definitions are used throughout this Recommendation:
Single frequency: the same frequency is used for transmission and reception.
Paired frequencies: frequencies which are associated in pairs; each pair consisting of one
transmitting and one receiving frequency.
International DSC frequencies: those frequencies designated in the RR for exclusive use for DSC
on an international basis.
National DSC frequencies: those frequencies assigned to individual coast stations or a group of
stations on which DSC is permitted (this may include working frequencies as well as calling
frequencies). The use of these frequencies must be in accordance with the RR.
Automatic DSC operation at a ship station: a mode of operation employing automatic tunable
transmitters and receivers, suitable for unattended operation, which provide for automatic call
acknowledgements upon reception of a DSC and automatic transfer to the appropriate working
frequencies.
-74-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 3
Call attempt: one or a limited number of call sequences directed to the same stations on one or more
frequencies and within a relatively short time period (e.g. a few minutes). A call attempt is
considered unsuccessful if a calling sequence contains the symbol RQ at the end of the sequence
and no acknowledgement is received in this time interval.
Annex1
Provisionsandproceduresfordistress,urgencyandsafetycalls
1 Introduction
The terrestrial elements of the GMDSS adopted by the 1988 Amendments to the International
Convention for SOLAS, 1974, are based on the use of DSC for distress and safety communications.
1.1 Methodofcalling
The provisions of RR Chapter VII are applicable to the use of DSC in cases of distress, urgency or
safety.
2 DSCdistressalert
The DSC distress alert provides for alerting, self-identification, ships position including time, and
nature of distress as defined in the RR (See RR Chapter VII).
3 ProceduresforDSCdistressalerts
3.1 Transmissionbyamobileunitindistress
3.1.1 The DSC equipment should be capable of being preset to transmit the distress alert on at
least one distress alerting frequency.
3.1.2 The distress alert shall be composed in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.493;
the ships position information, the time at which it was taken and the nature of distress should be
entered as appropriate. If the position of the ship cannot be entered, then the position information
signals shall be transmitted automatically as the digit 9 repeated ten times. If the time cannot be
included, then the time information signals shall be transmitted automatically as the digit 8 repeated
four times.
3.1.3 Distressalertattempt
At MF and HF a distress alert attempt may be transmitted as a single frequency or a
multi-frequency call attempt. At VHF only single frequency call attempts are used.
-75-
4 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
3.1.3.1 Singlefrequencycallattempt
A distress alert attempt should be transmitted as 5 consecutive calls on one frequency. To avoid call
collision and the loss of acknowledgements, this call attempt may be transmitted on the same
frequency again after a random delay of between 3 and 4 min from the beginning of the initial
call. This allows acknowledgements arriving randomly to be received without being blocked by
retransmission. The random delay should be generated automatically for each repeated
transmission, however it should be possible to override the automatic repeat manually.
At MF and HF, single frequency call attempts may be repeated on different frequencies after a
random delay of between 3 and 4 min from the beginning of the initial call. However, if a
station is capable of receiving acknowledgements continuously on all distress frequencies except for
the transmit frequency in use, then single frequency call attempts may be repeated on different
frequencies without this delay.
3.1.3.2 Multi-frequencycallattempt
A distress alert attempt may be transmitted as up to 6 consecutive (see Note 1) calls dispersed over
a maximum of 6 distress frequencies (1 at MF and 5 at HF). Stations transmitting multi-frequency
distress alert attempts should be able to receive acknowledgements continuously on all frequencies
except for the transmit frequency in use, or be able to complete the call attempt within 1 min.
Multi-frequency call attempts may be repeated after a random delay of between 3 and 4 min
from the beginning of the previous call attempt.
NOTE 1 A VHF call may be transmitted simultaneously with an MF/HF call.
3.1.4 Distress
In the case of distress the operator should:
3.1.4.1 enter the desired mode of the subsequent communication and if time permits, enter the
ships position and time (see Note 1) it was taken and the nature of distress (see Note 1);
NOTE 1 If these are not provided automatically.
3.1.4.2 select the distress frequency(ies) to be used (see Note 1 of 3.1.4.1);
3.1.4.3 activate the distress alert attempt by a dedicated distress button.
3.2 Reception
The DSC equipment should be capable of maintaining a reliable watch on a 24-hour basis on
appropriate DSC distress alerting frequencies.
3.3 Acknowledgementofdistressalerts
Acknowledgements of distress alerts should be initiated manually.
Acknowledgements should be transmitted on the same frequency as the distress alert was received.
-76-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 5
3.3.1 Distress alerts should normally be acknowledged by DSC only by appropriate coast
stations. Coast stations should, in addition, set watch on radiotelephony and, if the mode of
subsequent communication signal in the received distress alert indicates teleprinter, also on
narrow-band direct-printing (NBDP) (see Recommendation ITU-R M.493). In both cases, the
radiotelephone and NBDP frequencies should be those associated with the frequency on which the
distress alert was received.
3.3.2 Acknowledgements by coast stations of DSC distress alerts transmitted on MF or HF
should be initiated with a minimum delay of 1 min after receipt of a distress alert, and normally
within a maximum delay of 2 min. This allows all calls within a single frequency or
multi-frequency call attempt to be completed and should allow sufficient time for coast stations to
respond to the distress alert. Acknowledgements by coast stations on VHF should be transmitted as
soon as practicable.
3.3.3 The acknowledgement of a distress alert consists of a single DSC acknowledgement call
which should be addressed to all ships and include the identification (see Recommendation
ITU-R M.493) of the ship whose distress alert is being acknowledged.
3.3.4 Ships receiving a DSC distress alert from another ship should set watch on an associated
radiotelephone distress and safety traffic frequency and acknowledge the call by radiotelephony.
If a ship station continues to receive a DSC distress alert on an MF or VHF channel, a DSC
acknowledgement should be transmitted to terminate the call only after consulting with a Rescue
Coordination Centre or a Coast Station and being directed to do so.
3.3.5 The automatic repetition of a distress alert attempt should be terminated automatically on
receipt of a DSC distress acknowledgement.
3.3.6 When distress, urgency, and safety traffic cannot be successfully conducted using
radiotelephony, an affected station may indicate its intention to conduct subsequent
communications on the associated frequency for NBDP telegraphy.
3.4 Distressrelays
Distress relay calls should be initiated manually.
3.4.1 A distress relay call should use the telecommand signal distress relay in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R M.493 and the calling attempt should follow the procedures described in
3.1.3 to 3.1.3.2 for distress alerts, except that the alert is sent manually as a single call on a single
frequency.
3.4.2 Any ship, receiving a distress alert on an HF channel which is not acknowledged by a coast
station within 5 min, should transmit a distress relay call to the appropriate coast station.
3.4.3 Distress relay calls transmitted by coast stations, or by ship stations addressed to more than
one vessel, should be acknowledged by ship stations using radiotelephony. Distress relay calls
transmitted by ship stations should be acknowledged by a coast station transmitting a distress relay
acknowledgement call in accordance with the procedures for distress acknowledgements given in
3.3 to 3.3.3.
-77-
6 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
4 ProceduresforDSCurgencyandsafetycalls
4.1 DSC, on the distress and safety calling frequencies, should be used by coast stations to
advise shipping, and by ships to advise coast stations and/or ship stations, of the impending
transmission of urgency, vital navigational and safety messages, except where the transmissions
take place at routine times. The call should indicate the working frequency which will be used for
the subsequent transmission of an urgent, vital navigational or safety message.
4.2 The announcement and identification of medical transports should be carried out by DSC
techniques, using appropriate distress and safety calling frequencies. Such calls should use the
category urgency, and telecommand medical transport and be addressed to all ships at VHF and
Geographic Area at MF/HF.
4.3 The operational procedures for urgency and safety calls should be in accordance with the
relevant parts of Annex 3, 2.1 or 2.2 and 3.1. or 3.2.
5 Testingtheequipmentusedfordistressandsafetycalls
Testing on the exclusive DSC distress and safety calling frequencies should be avoided as far as
possible by using other methods. VHF, MF and HF test calls should be in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R M.493 (see Table 4.7) and the call may be acknowledged by the called
station. Normally there would be no further communication between the two stations involved.
Annex2
Provisionsandproceduresforroutinecalls
1 Frequency/channels
1.1 As a rule, paired frequencies should be used at HF and MF, in which case an
acknowledgement is transmitted on the frequency paired with the frequency of the received call. In
exceptional cases for national purposes a single frequency may be used. If the same call is received
on several calling channels, the most appropriate shall be chosen to transmit the acknowledgement.
A single frequency channel should be used at VHF.
1.2 Internationalcalling
The paired frequencies listed in RR Appendix 17, Part A and in Annex 5 of this Recommendation
should be used for international DSC calling.
1.2.1 At HF and MF international DSC frequencies should only be used for shore-to-ship calls
and for the associated call acknowledgements from ships fitted for automatic DSC operation where
it is known that the ships concerned are not listening to the coast stations national frequencies.
-78-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 7
1.2.2 All ship-to-shore DSC calling at HF and MF should preferably be done on the coast
stations national frequencies.
1.3 Nationalcalling
Coast stations should avoid using the international DSC frequencies for calls that may be placed
using national frequencies.
1.3.1 Ship stations should keep watch on appropriate national and international channels.
(Appropriate measures should be taken for an even loading of national and international channels.)
1.3.2 Administrations are urged to find methods and negotiate terms to improve the utilization of
the DSC channels available, e.g.:
coordinated and/or joint use of coast station transmitters;
optimizing the probability of successful calls by providing information to ships on suitable
frequencies (channels) to be watched and by information from ships to a selected number of
coast stations on the channels watched on-board.
1.4 Methodofcalling
1.4.1 The procedures set out in this section are applicable to the use of DSC techniques, except in
cases of distress, urgency or safety, to which the provisions of RR Chapter VII are applicable.
1.4.2 The call shall contain information indicating the station or stations to which the call is
directed, and the identification of the calling station.
1.4.3 The call should also contain information indicating the type of communication to be set up
and may include supplementary information such as a proposed working frequency or channel; this
information shall always be included in calls from coast stations, which shall have priority for that
purpose.
1.4.4 An appropriate digital selective calling channel chosen in accordance with the provisions of
RR Nos. 52.128 to 52.137 or Nos. 52.145 to 52.153, as appropriate, shall be used for the call.
2 Operatingprocedures
The technical format of the call sequence shall be in conformity with the relevant
ITU-R Recommendations.
The reply to a DSC requesting an acknowledgement shall be made by transmitting an appropriate
acknowledgement using DSC techniques.
Acknowledgements may be initiated either manually or automatically. When an acknowledgement
can be transmitted automatically, it shall be in conformity with the relevant ITU-R
Recommendations.
The technical format of the acknowledgement sequence shall be in conformity with the relevant
ITU-R Recommendations.
For communication between a coast station and a ship station, the coast station shall finally decide
the working frequency or channel to be used.
-79-
8 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
The forwarding traffic and the control for working for radiotelephony shall be carried out in
accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.1171.
A typical DSC calling and acknowledgement sequence contains the following signals (see
Recommendation ITU-R M.493).
Composition of a typical routine DSC calling and acknowledgement sequence
2.1 Coaststationinitiatescalltoshipstation(seeNote1)
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the procedures below in flow chart and by time sequence diagram
respectively.
NOTE 1 See Recommendations ITU-R M.689 and ITU-R M.1082 for further details of procedures
applicable only to the semi-automatic/automatic services.
2.1.2 If a direct connection exists between the calling subscriber and the coast station, the coast
station asks the calling subscriber for the approximate position of the ship.
2.1.3 If the ships position cannot be indicated by the caller, the coast station operator tries to find
the location in the information available at the coast station.
2.1.4 The coast station checks to see whether the call would be more appropriate through another
coast station (see 1.3.2).
2.1.5 The coast station checks to see whether the transmission of a DSC is inappropriate or
restricted (e.g. ship not fitted with DSC or barred).
2.1.6 Assuming a DSC is appropriate the coast station composes the calling sequence as follows:
selects format specifier,
enters address of the ship,
selects category,
selects telecommand information,
inserts working frequency information in the message part of the sequence, if appropriate,
usually selects end of sequence signal RQ. However, if the coast station knows that the
ship station cannot respond or the call is to a group of ships the frequency is omitted and
the end of sequence signal should be 127, in which case the following procedures ( 2.1.13
to 2.1.15) relating to an acknowledgement are not applicable.
Signal Method of composition
format specifier operator selected
address operator entered
category (routine) automatically selected
self-identification pre-programmed
telecommand information seleccionada por el operador
frequency information (if appropriate) operator selected or entered
telephone number (semi-
automatic/automatic
ship-to-shore connections only) operator entered
end of sequence signal automatically selected.
80
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 9
0541-01
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.1.7
2.1.8
2.1.8.1
2.1.12
2.1.9
2.1.8.1
2.1.14
2
2.1.13.2
2.1.13.2
2.1.14.2
2.1.13.4
2.1.13.3
2.1.14
1
2.1.13
2.1.13.3
2.1.13.4
2.1.13.1
2.1.13.1
2.1.13.3/4
2.1.13.1
2.1.13.3/4
2.1.13.1
2.1.14
2.1.8.2
2.1.11
1/10 min
6/24 h 2.1.13.4
2.1.14
Autom.
2.1.15
2.1.8.1
SHORE
(coast station)
Ask caller for
position of ship
if a direct
connection exists
No
Position?
Yes
Try to find
the position
of ship
Is call
appropriate?
No
Compose and
verify a calling
sequence
Select calling
frequency
Monitor the
selected calling
frequency
Yes
Busy?
Transmit
the calling
sequence
Does
transmitted
sequence contain
RQ?
No
Yes
Monitor
receiving
channel
Yes
Is ack.
received?
No
Check
transmission
interval
No Is
interval long
enough?
Yes
Yes
Is ship
on working
channel?
No
No Has call
attempt been
completed?
Check the
number of
call attempts
Can call
attempt be
repeated?
Yes
No
Contact with
caller if
necessary
END
Wait for a
call from ship
station
END
Contact ship
station on working
channel agreed
Yes
No
Is the
ship able to comply
immediately?
See Fig. 3
SHIP
Record and
indicate
message
received
With
acknowledgement
RQ?
No
Yes
TX
autom. or
manu.?
Automatic
composition of
acknowledgement
sequence
Check
transmission
interval
Is
interval long
enough?
Transmit
automatically the
acknowledgement
Yes
With
unable to
comply
No
Contact coast
station on
working channel
agreed
Is
contact success-
ful?
Yes
END
Monitor working
channel proposed
if appropriate
Manual
Can
acknowledgement
be transmitted
within 5 min of
receipt?
Yes
Compose and
verify an
acknowledgement
sequence
No
Compose and
verify a calling
sequence
See
Fig. 3
FIGURE 1
Flowchartofoperationalproceduresforcallingintheshore-to-shipdirection
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
-81-
10 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
0541-02
t
1
t
4
t
1
t
3
t
1
t
2
t
1
t
5
t
1
t
3
t
1
t
4
t
1
t
2
t
1
t
5
t
1
t
3
TX RX RX TX f1 fl
F, A(s), C, I(c), T1, T2, f1, RQ
F, A(c), C, I(s), T1, T2, f1, BQ
F, A(s), C, I(c), T1, T2, f1, RQ
F, A(c), C, I(s), T1 (104)
T2, f1, BQ
F, A(c), C, I(s), T1, T2, f1, RQ
F, A(s), C, I(c), T1, T2, f1, RQ
F, A(c), C, I(s), T1, T2, f1, RQ
F, A(s), C, I(c), T1 (104),
T2 (103), f1, BQ
F, A(s), C, I(c), T1, T2, f1, BQ
Coast
station
Ship
station
Working
frequencies
Contact on
working
frequencies
a) Automated transmitter (able to comply)
b) Automated transmitter (unable to comply)
Contact on
working
frequencies
Contact on
working
frequencies
c) Ship transmitter not automated. Ship makes a delayed (>5 min) response to coast station
and encounters queue on working frequency
: transmission time of a DSC sequence
: interval between the DSC reception at the
ship and transmission from the ship after
the operators appearance in the radio
room (from several minutes up to several hours)
: transition time from calling to working frequency
including, if necessary, the time for working
channel clearing (queue waiting time)
: as defined in 2.1.13.2
: time for coast station to prepare acknowledge-
ment (see 2.2.6)
1
2
3
4
5
FIGURE 2
Examplesoftimingdiagramsforcallinginshore-to-shipdirection
t
t
t
t
t
F
I
C
T1
T2
f1, f1
RQ, BQ
A
: format specifier
: called station address
: calling station
self-identification
: category
: first telecommand signal, (104) indicates
unable to comply
: second telecommand signal,
(103) indicates queue
: working frequencies
: end of sequence signals
suffix (c) or (s) indicates coast
station or ship station respectively
-82-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 11
2.1.7 The coast station verifies the calling sequence.
The call shall be transmitted once on a single appropriate calling channel or frequency only. Only in
exceptional circumstances may a call be transmitted simultaneously on more than one frequency.
2.1.8 The coast station operator chooses the calling frequencies which are most suitable for the
ships location.
2.1.8.1 After checking as far as possible that there are no calls in progress, the coast station
operator initiates the transmission of the sequence on one of the frequencies chosen. Transmission
on any one frequency should be limited to no more than 2 call sequences separated by intervals of at
least 45 s to allow for reception of an acknowledgement from the ship.
2.1.8.2 If appropriate, a call attempt may be transmitted, which may include the transmission of
the same call sequence on other frequencies (if necessary with a change of working frequency
information to correspond to the same band as the calling frequency) made in turn at intervals of not
less than 5 min, following the same pattern as in 2.1.8.1.
2.1.9 If an acknowledgement is received further transmission of the call sequence should not take
place.
The coast station shall then prepare to transmit traffic on the working channel or frequency it has
proposed.
2.1.10 The acknowledgement of the received call should only be transmitted upon receipt of a
calling sequence which terminates with an acknowledgement request.
2.1.11 When a station called does not reply, the call attempt should not normally be repeated until
after an interval of at least 15 min. The same call attempt should not be repeated more than five
times every 24 h. The aggregate of the times for which frequencies are occupied in one call attempt,
should normally not exceed 1 min.
The following procedures apply at the ship:
2.1.12 Upon receipt of a calling sequence at the ship station, the received message should be
displayed.
2.1.13 When a received call sequence contains an end of sequence signal RQ, an
acknowledgement sequence should be composed and transmitted.
The format specifier and category information should be identical to that in the received calling
sequence.
2.1.13.1 If the ship station is not equipped for automatic DSC operation, the ships operator
initiates an acknowledgement to the coast station after a delay of at least 5 s but no later than
4 min of receiving the calling sequence, using the ship-to-shore calling procedures detailed in
2.2. However the transmitted sequence should contain a BQ end of sequence signal in place of
the RQ signal.
If such an acknowledgement cannot be transmitted within 5 min of receiving the calling sequence
then the ship station should instead transmit a calling sequence to the coast station using the
ship-to-shore calling procedure detailed in 2.2.
2.1.13.2 If the ship is equipped for automatic DSC operation, the ship station automatically
transmits an acknowledgement with an end of sequence signal BQ. The start of the transmission
of this acknowledgement sequence should be within 30 s for HF and MF or within 3 s for VHF after
the reception of the complete call sequence.
-83-
12 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
2.1.13.3 If the ship is able to comply immediately the acknowledgement sequence should
include a telecommand signal which is identical to that received in the calling sequence indicating
that it is able to comply.
If no working frequency was proposed in the call, the ship station should include a proposal for a
working frequency in its acknowledgement.
2.1.13.4 If the ship is not able to comply immediately the acknowledgement sequence should
include the telecommand signal 104 (unable to comply), with a second telecommand signal giving
additional information (see Recommendation ITU-R M.493).
At some later time when the ship is able to accept the traffic being offered, the ships operator
initiates a call to the coast station using the ship-to-shore calling procedures detailed in 2.2.
2.1.14 If a call is acknowledged indicating ability to comply immediately and communication
between coast station and ship station on the working channel agreed is established, the DSC call
procedure is considered to be completed.
2.1.15 If the ship station transmits an acknowledgement which is not received by the coast station
then this will result in the coast station repeating the call (in accordance with 2.1.11). In this event
the ship station should transmit a new acknowledgement. If no repeated call is received the ship
station should transmit an acknowledgement or calling sequence in accordance with 2.1.13.1.
2.2 Shipstationinitiatescalltocoaststation(seeNote1)
Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the procedures below in flow chart and by time sequence diagram
respectively.
This procedure should also be followed both as a delayed response to a call received earlier from
the coast station (see 2.1.13.1) and to initiate traffic from the ship station.
NOTE 1 See Recommendations ITU-R M.689 and ITU-R M.1082 for further details of procedures
applicable only to the semi-automatic/automatic services.
2.2.1 The ship composes the calling sequence as follows:
operator selects the format specifier,
operator enters address,
automatically selected category,
pre-programmed self-identification,
operator selects the telecommand information,
operator inserts (selects or enters) working frequency, or enters position (for MF/HF only)
information in the message part of the sequence if appropriate,
operator enters telephone number required (semi-automatic/automatic connections only),
automatically selected end of sequence signal RQ.
-84-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 13
0541-03
2.2.1/2.2.2
1
2.1.13.1
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.1.13.1
2
2.2.4
2.2.5/2.2.9
2.1.13.4
2.2.6
2.2.6
2.2.8 2.2.8
2.2.7
2.2.5
SHIP
Compose and
verify a calling
sequence
See
Fig. 1
Select
calling
frequency
Monitor
the calling
frequency
Busy?
Yes
Yes
No
Is
this a calling
sequence?
See Fig. 1
Transmit the
acknowledgement
sequence
Transmit
the calling
sequence
Check
receiving
channel
Is
acknowledgement
received?
Yes
Check
transmission
interval
Is
interval long
enough?
No
Yes
Is
another attempt
required?
Yes
No
No Yes
With
unable to
comply?
SHORE
(coast station)
Record and
indicate
message
received
Compose and
verify an
acknowledgement
sequence
Select
acknowledgement
frequency
Delay if
necessary
(manual
connections)
Transmit the
acknowledgement
sequence
Contact ship
station on
working channel
agreed
END END
Contact coast
station on
working channel
agreed
Yes
Yes
No
No
Is alternative
frequency
proposed?
Is alternative
frequency
acceptable?
Ship transmit call
indicating unable
to comply
FIGURE 3
Flowchartofoperationalproceduresforcallingintheship-to-shoredirection
No
No
-85-
14 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
0541-04
t
1
t
5
t
3
t
1
t
1
t
5
t
3
t
1
F, A(c), C, I(s), T1, T2, f1, RQ
F, A(s), C, I(c), T1 (104),
T2 (103), f1, BQ
F, A(c), C, I(s), T1, T2, f1, RQ
F, A(s), C, I(c), T1, T2, f1, BQ
TX RX RX TX f1 f1
Contact on
working
frequencies
Contact on
working
frequencies
a) Able to comply immediately
b) Queue exists on working frequency
FIGURE 4
Examplesoftimingdiagramsforcallinginship-to-shoredirection
Coast
station
Ship
station
Working
frequencies
: transmission time of a DSC sequence
: transition time from calling to working frequency including, if necessary, the time for
working channel clearing (queue waiting time)
: time for coast station to prepare acknowledgement (see 2.2.6)
: format specifier
: called station address
t
1
t
3
t
5
F
A
: calling station
self-identification
: category
: first telecommand signal, (104) indicates unable to comply
: second telecommand signal, (103) indicates queue
: working frequencies
: end of sequence signals
suffix (c) or (s) indicates coast station
or ship station respectively
I
C
T1
T2
f1, f1'
RQ, BQ
2.2.2 The ship verifies the calling sequence.
2.2.3 The ship selects the single most appropriate calling frequency preferably using the coast
stations nationally assigned calling channels, for which purpose it shall send a single calling
sequence on the selected frequency.
2.2.4 The ship initiates the transmission of the sequence on the frequency selected after checking
as far as possible that there are no calls in progress on that frequency.
-86-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 15
0541-05
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(5)
SHORE
(coast station)
or SHIP
Calling Calling/
acknowledgement
Select
acknowledgement
BQ as EOS signal
Unable
to comply?
Yes
No
No
Alternative
frequency proposal?
Yes
Enter frequency
proposal
Select 1st telecommand
unable to comply (104)
and 2nd telecommand
as appropriate
Select
telecommand
information
Select
category
Enter
address
Select format
specifier
2.1.6 (Coast)
2.2.1 (Ship)
With
frequency?
No
Yes
Select frequency
of working
channel
No
Semi-
automatic/automatic
ship-to-shore
connection
Yes
Enter telephone
number
END
Queue?
No
Yes
Enter
telecommands
104 and 103
Select
telecommand
information
FIGURE 5
Compositionproceduresforcallingandacknowledgementsequences
(for calls other than distress and safety)
Normally acknowledgement RQ may automatically be selected as an EOS signal of a calling
sequence to an individual station.
The format specifier and the category are automatically transferred from the received
call.The self-ID in the received sequence is automatically transferred into the
address part of acknowledgement sequence by selecting acknowledgement BQ.
The frequency information is automatically transferred from the received call.
This procedure is only for coast stations.
When able to comply, and no queue exists, then the telecommand information is
automatically transferred from the received call.
Routine or
ship business
priority
Select EOS
signal
(1)
Acknowledgement 2.1.13 (Ship)
2.2.6 (Coast)
-87-
16 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
2.2.5 If a called station does not reply, the call sequence from the ship station should not
normally be repeated until after an interval of at least 5 min for manual connections, or 5 s or 25 s in
the case of semi-automatic/automatic VHF or MF/HF connections respectively. These repetitions
may be made on alternative frequencies if appropriate. Any subsequent repetitions to the same coast
station should not be made until at least 15 min have elapsed.
2.2.6 The coast station should transmit an acknowledgement sequence (after checking as far as
possible that there are no calls in progress on the frequency selected), after a delay of at least 5 s but
not later than 4 min for manual connections, or, within 3 s for semi-automatic/automatic
connections, containing the format specifier, the address of the ship, the category, the coast station
self-identification and:
if able to comply immediately on the working frequency suggested, the same telecommand
and frequency information as in the call request;
if no working frequency was suggested by the ship station then the acknowledgement
sequence should include a channel/frequency proposal;
if not able to comply on the working frequency suggested but able to comply immediately
on an alternative frequency, the same telecommand information as in the call request but an
alternative working frequency;
if unable to comply immediately the telecommand signal 104 with a second telecommand
signal giving additional information. For manual connections only, this second
telecommand signal may include a queue indication.
The end of sequence signal BQ should also be included.
2.2.7 For manual connections, if a working frequency is proposed in accordance with 2.2.6 but
this is not acceptable to the ship station, then the ship station should immediately transmit a new
call requesting an alternative frequency.
2.2.8 If an acknowledgement is received further transmission of the call sequence should not take
place. On receipt of an acknowledgement which indicates ability to comply, the DSC procedures
are complete and both coast station and ship station should communicate on the working
frequencies agreed with no further exchange of DSC calls.
2.2.9 If the coast station transmits an acknowledgement which is not received at the ship station
then the ship station should repeat the call in accordance with 2.2.5.
2.3 Shipstationinitiatescalltoshipstation
The ship-to-ship procedures should be similar to those given in 2.2, where the receiving ship
station complies with the procedures given for coast stations, as appropriate, except that, with
respect to 2.2.1, the calling ship should always insert working frequency information in the
message part of the calling sequence.
-88-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 17
Annex3
OperationalproceduresforshipsforDSCcommunications
onMF,HFandVHF
Introduction
Procedures for DSC communications on MF and VHF are described in 1 to 5 below.
The procedures for DSC communications on HF are in general the same as for MF and VHF.
Special conditions to be taken into account when making DSC communications on HF are
described in 6 below.
1 Distress
1.1 TransmissionofDSCdistressalert
A distress alert should be transmitted if, in the opinion of the Master, the ship or a person is in
distress and requires immediate assistance.
A DSC distress alert should as far as possible include the ships last known position and the time
(in UTC) when it was valid. The position and the time may be included automatically by the ships
navigational equipment or may be inserted manually.
The DSC distress alert is transmitted as follows:
tune the transmitter to the DSC distress channel (2187.5 kHz on MF, channel 70 on VHF
(see Note 1)).
NOTE 1 Some maritime MF radiotelephony transmitters shall be tuned to a frequency 1700 Hz
lower than 2187.5 kHz, i.e. 2185.8 kHz, in order to transmit the DSC distress alert on 2 187.5 kHz;
if time permits, key in or select on the DSC equipment keyboard
the nature of distress,
the ships last known position (latitude and longitude),
the time (in UTC) the position was valid,
type of subsequent distress communication (telephony),
in accordance with the DSC equipment manufacturers instructions;
transmit the DSC distress alert;
prepare for the subsequent distress traffic by tuning the transmitter and the radiotelephony
receiver to the distress traffic channel in the same band, i.e. 2182 kHz on MF, channel 16
on VHF, while waiting for the DSC distress acknowledgement.
-89-
18 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
1.2 Actionsonreceiptofadistressalert
Ships receiving a DSC distress alert from another ship should normally not acknowledge the
distress alert by DSC since acknowledgement of a DSC distress alert by use of DSC is normally
made by coast stations only (see Annex 1 3.3.4 and Annex 3 6.1.4).
If a ship station continues to receive a DSC distress alert on an MF or VHF channel, a DSC
acknowledgement should be transmitted to terminate the call only after consulting with a Rescue
Coordination Centre or a Coast Station and being directed to do so.
Ships receiving a DSC distress alert from another ship should also defer the acknowledgement of
the distress alert by radiotelephony for a short interval, if the ship is within an area covered by one
or more coast stations, in order to give the coast station time to acknowledge the DSC distress alert
first.
Ships receiving a DSC distress alert from another ship shall:
watch for the reception of a distress acknowledgement on the distress channel (2 187.5 kHz
on MF and channel 70 on VHF);
prepare for receiving the subsequent distress communication by tuning the radiotelephony
receiver to the distress traffic frequency in the same band in which the DSC distress alert
was received, i.e. 2182 kHz on MF, channel 16 on VHF;
acknowledge the receipt of the distress alert by transmitting the following by
radiotelephony on the distress traffic frequency in the same band in which the DSC distress
alert was received, i.e. 2182 kHz on MF, channel 16 on VHF:
MAYDAY,
the 9-digit identity of the ship in distress, repeated 3 times,
this is,
the 9-digit identity or the call sign or other identification of own ship, repeated 3 times,
RECEIVED MAYDAY.
1.3 Distresstraffic
On receipt of a DSC distress acknowledgement the ship in distress should commence the distress
traffic by radiotelephony on the distress traffic frequency (2182 kHz on MF, channel 16 on VHF)
as follows:
MAYDAY,
this is,
the 9-digit identity and the call sign or other identification of the ship,
the ships position in latitude and longitude or other reference to a known geographical
location,
the nature of distress and assistance wanted,
any other information which might facilitate the rescue.
-90-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 19
1.4 TransmissionofaDSCdistressrelaycall
In no case is a ship permitted to transmit an all ships DSC distress relay call on receipt of a DSC
distress alert on either VHF or MF channels. If no aural watch is present on the relative channel
(2 182 kHz on MF, channel 16 on VHF), the coast station should be contacted by sending an
individual DSC distress relay call.
1.4.1 TransmissionofaDSCdistressrelaycallonbehalfofsomeoneelse
A ship knowing that another ship is in distress shall transmit a DSC distress relay call if:
the ship in distress is not itself able to transmit the distress alert,
the Master of the ship considers that further help is necessary.
The DSC distress relay call is transmitted as follows:
tune the transmitter to the DSC distress channel (2187.5 kHz on MF, channel 70 on VHF),
select the distress relay call format on the DSC equipment,
key in or select on the DSC equipment keyboard:
All Ships Call (VHF). Geographic Area Call (MF/HF) or the 9-digit identity of the
appropriate coast station,
the 9-digit identity of the ship in distress, if known,
the latest position of the ship in distress, if known,
the time (in UTC) the position was valid (if known),
type of subsequent distress communication (telephony);
transmit the DSC distress relay call;
prepare for the subsequent distress traffic by tuning the transmitter and the radiotelephony
receiver to the distress traffic channel in the same band, i.e. 2 182 kHz on MF and
channel 16 on VHF, while waiting for the DSC distress acknowledgement.
1.5 AcknowledgementofaDSCdistressrelaycallreceivedfromacoaststation
Coast stations, after having received and acknowledged a DSC distress alert, may if necessary,
retransmit the information received as a DSC distress relay call, addressed to all ships (VHF only),
all ships in a specific geographical area (MF/HF only), or a specific ship.
Ships receiving a distress relay call transmitted by a coast station shall not use DSC to acknowledge
the call, but should acknowledge the receipt of the call by radiotelephony on the distress traffic
channel in the same band in which the relay call was received, i.e. 2182 kHz on MF, channel 16
on VHF.
-91-
20 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
Acknowledge the receipt of the distress relay call by transmitting the following by radiotelephony
on the distress traffic frequency in the same band in which the DSC distress relay call was received:
MAYDAY RELAY,
the 9-digit identity or the call sign or other identification of the calling coast station,
this is,
the 9-digit identity or call sign or other identification of own ship,
RECEIVED MAYDAY RELAY.
1.6 AcknowledgementofaDSCdistressrelaycallreceivedfromanothership
Ships receiving a distress relay call from another ship shall follow the same procedure as for
acknowledgement of a distress alert, i.e. the procedure given in 1.2 above.
1.7 Cancellationofaninadvertentdistressalert
A station transmitting an inadvertent distress alert shall cancel the distress alert using the following
procedure:
1.7.1 Immediately cancel the distress alert aurally over the telephony distress traffic channel
associated with each DSC channel on which the distress alert was transmitted.
1.7.2 Monitor the telephony distress traffic channel associated with the DSC channel on which
the distress was transmitted, and respond to any communications concerning that distress alert as
appropriate.
2 Urgency
2.1 Transmissionofurgencymessages
Transmission of urgency messages shall be carried out in two steps:
announcement of the urgency message,
transmission of the urgency message.
The announcement is carried out by transmission of a DSC urgency call on the DSC distress calling
channel (2187.5 kHz on MF, channel 70 on VHF).
The urgency message is transmitted on the distress traffic channel (2182 kHz on MF, channel 16
on VHF).
The DSC urgency call may be addressed to all stations at VHF, or a geographic area at MF/HF, or
to a specific station. The frequency on which the urgency message will be transmitted shall be
included in the DSC urgency call.
-92-
Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 21
The transmission of an urgency message is thus carried out as follows:
Announcement:
tune the transmitter to the DSC distress calling channel (2187.5 kHz on MF, channel 70
on VHF);
select the appropriate calling format on the DSC equipment (all ships (VHF only),
geographical area (MF/HF only) or individual);
specific area or 9-digit identity of the specific station, if appropriate,
the category of the call (urgency),
the frequency or channel on which the urgency message will be transmitted,
the type of communication in which the urgency message will be given
(radiotelephony),
transmit the DSC urgency call.
Transmission of the urgency message:
tune the transmitter to the frequency or channel indicated in the DSC urgency call;
transmit the urgency message as follows:
PAN PAN, repeated 3 times,
ALL STATIONS or called station, repeated 3 times,
this is,
the 9-digit identity and the call sign or other identification of own ship,
the text of the urgency message.
2.2 Receptionofanurgencymessage
Ships receiving a DSC urgency call announcing an urgency message addressed to more than one
station shall NOT acknowledge the receipt of the DSC call, but should tune the radiotelephony
receiver to the frequency indicated in the call and listen to the urgency message.
3 Safety
3.1 Transmissionofsafetymessages
Transmission of safety messages shall be carried out in two steps:
announcement of the safety message,
transmission of the safety message.
The announcement is carried out by transmission of a DSC safety call on the DSC distress calling
channel (2187.5 kHz on MF, channel 70 on VHF).
The safety message is normally transmitted on the distress and safety traffic channel in the same
band in which the DSC call was sent, i.e. 2182 kHz on MF, channel 16 on VHF.
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22 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
The DSC safety call may be addressed to all ships (VHF only), ships in a specific geographical area
(MF/HF only), or to a specific station.
The frequency on which the safety message will be transmitted shall be included in the DSC call.
The transmission of a safety message is thus carried out as follows:
Announcement:
tune the transmitter to the DSC distress calling channel (2187.5 kHz on MF, channel 70
on VHF);
select the appropriate calling format on the DSC equipment (all ships (VHF only),
geographical area (MF/HF only), or individual);
specific area or 9-digit identity of specific station, if appropriate,
the category of the call (safety),
the frequency or channel on which the safety message will be transmitted,
the type of communication in which the safety message will be given (radiotelephony),
transmit the DSC safety call.
Transmission of the safety message:
tune the transmitter to the frequency or channel indicated in the DSC safety call;
transmit the safety message as follows:
SECURITE, repeated 3 times,
ALL STATIONS or called station, repeated 3 times,
this is,
the 9-digit identity and the call sign or other identification of own ship,
the text of the safety message.
3.2 Receptionofasafetymessage
Ships receiving a DSC safety call announcing a safety message addressed to more than one station
shall NOT acknowledge the receipt of the DSC safety call, but should tune the radiotelephony
receiver to the frequency indicated in the call and listen to the safety message.
4 Publiccorrespondence
4.1 DSCchannelsforpubliccorrespondence
4.1.1 VHF
The VHF DSC channel 70 is used for DSC for distress and safety purposes as well as for DSC for
public correspondence.
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Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 23
4.1.2 MF
International and national DSC channels separate from the DSC distress and safety calling channel
2187.5 kHz are used for digital selective-calling on MF for public correspondence.
Ships calling a coast station by DSC on MF for public correspondence should preferably use the
coast stations national DSC channel.
The international DSC channel for public correspondence may as a general rule be used between
ships and coast stations of different nationality. The ships transmitting frequency is 2189.5 kHz,
and the receiving frequency is 2177 kHz.
The frequency 2177 kHz is also used for DSC between ships for general communication.
4.2 Transmission of a DSC call for public correspondence to a coast station or another
ship
A DSC call for public correspondence to a coast station or another ship is transmitted as follows:
tune the transmitter to the relevant DSC channel;
select the format for calling a specific station on the DSC equipment;
the 9-digit identity of the station to be called,
the category of the call (routine),
the type of the subsequent communication (normally radiotelephony),
a proposed working channel if calling another ship. A proposal for a working channel
should NOT be included in calls to a coast station; the coast station will in its DSC
acknowledgement indicate a vacant working channel,
transmit the DSC call.
4.3 Repeatingacall
A DSC call for public correspondence may be repeated on the same or another DSC channel, if no
acknowledgement is received within 5 min.
Further call attempts should be delayed at least 15 min, if acknowledgement is still not received.
4.4 Acknowledgementofareceivedcallandpreparationforreceptionofthetraffic
On receipt of a DSC call from a coast station or another ship, a DSC acknowledgement is
transmitted as follows:
tune the transmitter to the transmit frequency of the DSC channel on which the call was
received,
select the acknowledgement format on the DSC equipment,
transmit an acknowledgement indicating whether the ship is able to communicate as
proposed in the call (type of communication and working frequency),
if able to communicate as indicated, tune the transmitter and the radiotelephony receiver to
the indicated working channel and prepare to receive the traffic.
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24 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
4.5 Receptionofacknowledgementandfurtheractions
When receiving an acknowledgement indicating that the called station is able to receive the traffic,
prepare to transmit the traffic as follows:
tune the transmitter and receiver to the indicated working channel;
commence the communication on the working channel by:
the 9-digit identity or call sign or other identification of the called station,
this is,
the 9-digit identity or call sign or other identification of own ship.
It will normally rest with the ship to call again a little later in case the acknowledgement from the
coast station indicates that the coast station is not able to receive the traffic immediately.
In case the ship, in response to a call to another ship, receives an acknowledgement indicating that
the other ship is not able to receive the traffic immediately, it will normally rest with the called ship
to transmit a call to the calling ship when ready to receive the traffic.
5 Testingtheequipmentusedfordistressandsafety
Testing on the exclusive DSC distress and safety calling frequency 2187.5 kHz should be avoided
as far as possible by using other methods.
Test calls should be transmitted by the ship station and acknowledged by the called station.
Normally there would be no further communication between the two stations involved.
A VHF and MF test call to a station is transmitted as follows:
tune the transmitter to the DSC distress and safety calling frequency (i.e. channel 70 and
2187.5 kHz),
key in or select the format for the test call on the DSC equipment in accordance with the
DSC equipment manufacturers instructions,
key in the 9-digit identity of the station to be called,
transmit the DSC call after checking as far as possible that no calls are in progress on the
frequency,
wait for acknowledgement.
6 SpecialconditionsandproceduresforDSCcommunicationonHF
General
The procedures for DSC communication on HF are with some additions described in 6.1 to 6.3
below equal to the corresponding procedures for DSC communications on MF/VHF.
Due regard to the special conditions described in 6.1 to 6.3 should be given when making DSC
communications on HF.
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Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 25
6.1 Distress
6.1.1 TransmissionofDSCdistressalert
DSC distress alert should be sent to coast stations e.g. in A3 and A4 sea areas on HF and on MF
and/or VHF to other ships in the vicinity.
The DSC distress alert should as far as possible include the ships last known position and the time
(in UTC) it was valid. If the position and time is not inserted automatically from the ships
navigational equipment, it should be inserted manually.
Ship-to-shoredistressalert
ChoiceofHFband
Propagation characteristics of HF radio waves for the actual season and time of the day should be
taken into account when choosing HF bands for transmission of DSC distress alert.
As a general rule the DSC distress channel in the 8 MHz maritime band (8414.5 kHz) may in many
cases be an appropriate first choice.
Transmission of the DSC distress alert in more than one HF band will normally increase the
probability of successful reception of the alert by coast stations.
DSC distress alert may be sent on a number of HF bands in two different ways:
a) either by transmitting the DSC distress alert on one HF band, and waiting a few minutes for
receiving acknowledgement by a coast station;
if no acknowledgement is received within 3 min, the process is repeated by transmitting the
DSC distress alert on another appropriate HF band etc.;
b) or by transmitting the DSC distress alert at a number of HF bands with no, or only very
short, pauses between the calls, without waiting for acknowledgement between the calls.
It is recommended to follow procedure a) in all cases, where time permits to do so; this will make it
easier to choose the appropriate HF band for commencement of the subsequent communication with
the coast station on the corresponding distress traffic channel.
Transmitting the DSC distress alert (see Note 1):
tune the transmitter to the chosen HF DSC distress channel (4207.5, 6312, 8414.5, 12577,
16804.5 kHz) (see Note 2);
follow the instructions for keying in or selection of relevant information on the DSC
equipment keyboard as described in 1.1;
transmit the DSC distress alert.
NOTE 1 Ship-to-ship distress alert should normally be made on MF and/or VHF, using the procedures for
transmission of DSC distress alert on MF/VHF described in 1.1.
NOTE 2 Some maritime HF transmitters shall be tuned to a frequency 1700 Hz lower than the DSC
frequencies given above in order to transmit the DSC distress alert on the correct frequency.
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26 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
In special cases, for example in tropical zones, transmission of DSC distress alert on HF may, in
addition to ship-to-shore alerting, also be useful for ship-to-ship alerting.
6.1.2 Preparationforthesubsequentdistresstraffic
After having transmitted the DSC distress alert on appropriate DSC distress channels (HF, MF
and/or VHF), prepare for the subsequent distress traffic by tuning the radiocommunication set(s)
(HF, MF and/or VHF as appropriate) to the corresponding distress traffic channel(s).
Where multiple frequency call attempts are transmitted the corresponding distress traffic frequency
should be 8 291 kHz.
If method b) described in 6.1.1 has been used for transmission of DSC distress alert on a number
of HF bands:
take into account in which HF band(s) acknowledgement has been successfully received
from a coast station;
if acknowledgements have been received on more than one HF band, commence the
transmission of distress traffic on one of these bands, but if no response is received from a
coast station then the other bands should be used in turn.
The distress traffic frequencies are (see RR Appendix 15, Table 15-1):
HF (kHz):
Telephony 4125 6215 8291 12290 16420
Telex 4177.5 6268 8376.5 12520 16695
MF (kHz):
Telephony 2182
Telex 2174.5
VHF: Channel 16 (156.800 MHz).
6.1.3 Distresstraffic
The procedures described in 1.3 are used when the distress traffic on MF/HF is carried out by
radiotelephony.
The following procedures shall be used in cases where the distress traffic on MF/HF is carried out
by radiotelex:
The forward error correcting (FEC) mode shall be used;
all messages shall be preceded by:
at least one carriage return,
line feed,
one letter shift,
the distress signal MAYDAY;
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Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 27
The ship in distress should commence the distress telex traffic on the appropriate distress
telex traffic channel as follows:
carriage return, line feed, letter shift,
the distress signal MAYDAY,
this is,
the 9-digit identity and call sign or other identification of the ship,
the ships position if not included in the DSC distress alert,
any other information which might facilitate the rescue.
6.1.4 ActionsonreceptionofaDSCdistressalertonHFfromanothership
Ships receiving a DSC distress alert on HF from another ship shall not acknowledge the alert, but
should:
watch for reception of a DSC distress acknowledgement from a coast station;
while waiting for reception of a DSC distress acknowledgement from a coast station:
prepare for reception of the subsequent distress communication by tuning the HF
radiocommunication set (transmitter and receiver) to the relevant distress traffic channel in
the same HF band in which the DSC distress alert was received, observing the following
conditions:
if radiotelephony mode was indicated in the DSC distress alert, the HF
radiocommunication set should be tuned to the radiotelephony distress traffic channel
in the HF band concerned;
if telex mode was indicated in the DSC distress alert, the HF radiocommunication set
should be tuned to the radiotelex distress traffic channel in the HF band concerned.
Ships able to do so should additionally watch the corresponding radiotelephony distress
channel;
if the DSC distress alert was received on more than one HF band, the
radiocommunication set should be tuned to the relevant distress traffic channel in the
HF band considered to be the best one in the actual case. If the DSC distress alert was
received successfully on the 8 MHz band, this band may in many cases be an
appropriate first choice;
if no distress traffic is received on the HF channel within 1 to 2 min, tune the HF
radiocommunication set to the relevant distress traffic channel in another HF band
deemed appropriate in the actual case;
if no DSC distress acknowledgement is received from a coast station within 5 min, and
no distress communication is observed going on between a coast station and the ship in
distress:
inform a Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) via appropriate radiocommunications
means,
transmit a DSC distress relay call.
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28 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
6.1.5 TransmissionofDSCdistressrelaycall
In case it is considered appropriate to transmit a DSC distress relay call:
distress relay calls on HF should be initiated manually;
tune the transmitter(s) to the relevant DSC distress channel, following the procedures
described in 6.1.1 above (except the call is sent manually as a single call on a single
frequency);
follow the instructions for keying in or selection of call format and relevant information on
the DSC equipment keyboard as described in 1.4;
transmit the DSC distress relay call.
6.1.6 AcknowledgementofaHFDSCdistressrelaycallreceivedfromacoaststation
Ships receiving a DSC distress relay call from a coast station on HF, addressed to all ships within a
specified area, should NOT acknowledge the receipt of the relay alert by DSC, but by
radiotelephony on the telephony distress traffic channel in the same band(s) in which the DSC
distress relay call was received.
6.2 Urgency
Transmission of urgency messages on HF should normally be addressed:
either to all ships within a specified geographical area,
or to a specific coast station.
Announcement of the urgency message is carried out by transmission of a DSC call with category
urgency on the appropriate DSC distress channel.
The transmission of the urgency message itself on HF is carried out by radiotelephony or radiotelex
on the appropriate distress traffic channel in the same band in which the DSC announcement was
transmitted.
6.2.1 TransmissionofDSCannouncementofanurgencymessageonHF
choose the HF band considered to be the most appropriate, taking into account propagation
characteristics for HF radio waves at the actual season and time of the day; the 8 MHz band
may in many cases be an appropriate first choice;
tune the HF transmitter to the DSC distress channel in the chosen HF band;
key in or select call format for either geographical area call or individual call on the DSC
equipment, as appropriate;
in case of area call, key in specification of the relevant geographical area;
follow the instructions for keying in or selection of relevant information on the DSC
equipment keyboard as described in 2.1, including type of communication in which the
urgency message will be transmitted (radiotelephony or radiotelex);
transmit the DSC call; and
if the DSC call is addressed to a specific coast station, wait for DSC acknowledgement
from the coast station. If acknowledgement is not received within a few minutes, repeat the
DSC call on another HF frequency deemed appropriate.
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Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 29
6.2.2 Transmissionoftheurgencymessageandsubsequentaction
tune the HF transmitter to the distress traffic channel (telephony or telex) indicated in the
DSC announcement;
if the urgency message is to be transmitted using radiotelephony, follow the procedure
described in 2.1;
if the urgency message is to be transmitted by radiotelex, the following procedure shall be
used:
use the forward error correcting (FEC) mode unless the message is addressed to a
single station whose radiotelex identity number is known;
commence the telex message by:
at least one carriage return, line feed, one letter shift,
the urgency signal PAN PAN,
this is,
the 9-digit identity of the ship and the call sign or other identification of the ship,
the text of the urgency message.
Announcement and transmission of urgency messages addressed to all HF equipped ships within a
specified area may be repeated on a number of HF bands as deemed appropriate in the actual
situation.
6.3 Safety
The procedures for transmission of DSC safety announcement and for transmission of the safety
message are the same as for urgency messages, described in 6.2, except that:
in the DSC announcement, the category SAFETY shall be used,
in the safety message, the safety signal SECURITE shall be used instead of the urgency
signal PAN PAN.
Annex4
OperationalproceduresforcoaststationsforDSC
communicationsonMF,HFandVHF
Introduction
Procedures for DSC communications on MF and VHF are described in 1 to 5 below.
The procedures for DSC communications on HF are in general the same as for MF and VHF.
Special conditions to be taken into account when making DSC communications on HF are
described in 6 below.
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30 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
1 Distress(seeNote1)
1.1 ReceptionofaDSCdistressalert
The transmission of a distress alert indicates that a mobile unit (a ship, aircraft or other vehicle) or a
person is in distress and requires immediate assistance. The distress alert is a digital selective call
using a distress call format.
Coast stations in receipt of a distress alert shall ensure that it is routed as soon as possible to an
RCC. The receipt of a distress alert is to be acknowledged as soon as possible by the appropriate
coast station.
NOTE 1 These procedures assume that the RCC is sited remotely from the DSC coast station; where this is
not the case, appropriate amendments should be made locally.
1.2 AcknowledgementofaDSCdistressalert
The coast station shall transmit the acknowledgement on the distress calling frequency on which the
call was received and should address it to all ships. The acknowledgement shall include the
identification of the ship whose distress alert is being acknowledged.
The acknowledgement of a DSC distress alert is transmitted as follows:
use a transmitter which is tuned to the frequency on which the distress alert was received;
in accordance with the DSC equipment manufacturers instructions, key in or select on the
DSC equipment keyboard (see Note 1):
distress alert acknowledgement,
9-digit identity of the ship in distress,
nature of distress,
distress coordinates,
the time (in UTC) when the position was valid.
NOTE 1 Some or all of this information might be included automatically by the equipment;
transmit the acknowledgement;
prepare to handle the subsequent distress traffic by setting watch on radiotelephony and, if
the mode of subsequent communication signal in the received distress alert indicates
teleprinter, also on NBDP, if the coast station is fitted with NBDP. In both cases, the
radiotelephone and NBDP frequencies should be those associated with the frequency on
which the distress alert was received (on MF 2182 kHz for radiotelephony and 2174.5 kHz
for NBDP, on VHF 156.8 MHz/channel 16 for radiotelephony; there is no frequency for
NBDP on VHF).
1.3 TransmissionofaDSCdistressrelaycall
Coast stations shall initiate and transmit a distress relay call in any of the following cases:
when the distress of the mobile unit has been notified to the coast station by other means
and a broadcast alert to shipping is required by the RCC; and
when the person responsible for the coast station considers that further help is necessary
(close cooperation with the appropriate RCC is recommended under such conditions).
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Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 31
In the cases mentioned above, the coast station shall transmit a shore-to-ship distress relay call
addressed, as appropriate, to all ships (VHF only), to a geographical area (MF/HF only) or to a
specific ship.
The distress relay call shall contain the identification of the mobile unit in distress, its position and
other information which might facilitate rescue.
The distress relay call is transmitted as follows:
use a transmitter which is tuned to the frequency for DSC distress alerts (2187.5 kHz
on MF, 156.525 MHz/channel 70 on VHF);
DSC equipment keyboard (see Note 1 of 1.2 of this Annex):
distress relay call,
the format specifier (all ships (VHF only), geographical area (MF/HF only), or
individual station),
if appropriate, the address of the ship, or geographical area,
9-digit identity of the ship in distress, if known,
nature of distress,
distress coordinates,
the time (in UTC) when the position was valid;
transmit the distress relay call;
prepare for the reception of the acknowledgements by ship stations and for handling the
subsequent distress traffic by switching over to the distress traffic channel in the same band,
i.e. 2182 kHz on MF, 156.8 MHz/channel 16 on VHF.
1.4 Receptionofadistressrelaycall
If the distress relay call is received from a ship station, coast stations on receipt of the distress relay
call shall ensure that the call is routed as soon as possible to an RCC. The receipt of the distress
relay call is to be acknowledged as soon as possible by the appropriate coast station using a DSC
distress relay acknowledgement addressed to the ship station. If the distress relay call is received
from a coast station, other coast stations will normally not have to take further action.
2 Urgency
2.1 TransmissionofaDSCannouncement
The announcement of the urgency message shall be made on one or more of the distress and safety
calling frequencies using DSC and the urgency call format.
The DSC urgency call may be addressed to all ships (VHF only), to a geographical area (MF/HF
only), or to a specific ship. The frequency on which the urgency message will be transmitted after
the announcement shall be included in the DSC urgency call.
103
32 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
The DSC urgency call is transmitted as follows:
use a transmitter which is tuned to the frequency for DSC distress calls (2187.5 kHz
on MF, 156.525 MHz /channel 70 on VHF);
the format specifier (all ships call (VHF), geographical area (MF/HF only), or
the category of the call (urgency),
the frequency or channel on which the urgency message will be transmitted,
the type of communication in which the urgency message will be transmitted
(radiotelephony);
transmit the DSC urgency call.
After the DSC announcement, the urgency message will be transmitted on the frequency indicated
in the DSC call.
3 Safety
3.1 TransmissionofaDSCannouncement
The announcement of the safety message shall be made on one or more of the distress and safety
calling frequencies using DSC and the safety call format.
The DSC safety call may be addressed to all ships (VHF only), to a geographical area (MF/HF
only), or to a specific ship. The frequency on which the safety message will be transmitted after the
announcement shall be included in the DSC safety call.
The DSC safety call is transmitted as follows:
use a transmitter which is tuned to the frequency for DSC distress alerts (2187.5 kHz
on MF, 156.525 MHz/channel 70 on VHF);
the format specifier (all ships call (VHF only), geographical area (MF/HF only), or
the category of the call (safety),
the frequency or channel on which the safety message will be transmitted,
the type of communication in which the safety message will be transmitted
(radiotelephony);
transmit the DSC safety call.
After the DSC announcement, the safety message will be transmitted on the frequency indicated in
the DSC call.
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Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 33
4 Publiccorrespondence
4.1 DSCfrequencies/channelsforpubliccorrespondence
4.1.1 VHF
The frequency 156.525 MHz/channel 70 is used for DSC for distress and safety purposes. It may
also be used for calling purposes other than distress and safety, e.g. public correspondence.
4.1.2 MF
For public correspondence national and international frequencies are used which are different from
the frequencies used for distress and safety purposes.
When calling ship stations by DSC, coast stations should use for the call, in the order of preference:
a national DSC channel on which the coast station is maintaining watch;
the international DSC calling channel, with the coast station transmitting on 2177 kHz and
receiving on 2189.5 kHz. In order to reduce interference on this channel, it may be used as
a general rule by coast stations to call ships of another nationality, or in cases where it is not
known on which DSC frequencies the ship station is maintaining watch.
4.2 TransmissionofaDSCcalltoaship
The DSC call is transmitted as follows:
use a transmitter which is tuned to the appropriate calling frequency;
the 9-digit identity of the ship to be called,
the category of the call routine,
the type of subsequent communication (radiotelephony),
working frequency information;
after checking as far as possible that there are no calls in progress, transmit the DSC call.
4.3 Repeatingacall
Coast stations may transmit the call twice on the same calling frequency with an interval of at least
45 s between the two calls, provided that they receive no acknowledgement within that interval.
If the station called does not acknowledge the call after the second transmission, the call may be
transmitted again on the same frequency after a period of at least 30 min or on another calling
frequency after a period of at least 5 min.
4.4 Preparationforexchangeoftraffic
On receipt of a DSC acknowledgement with the indication that the called ship station can use the
proposed working frequency, the coast station transfers to the working frequency or channel and
prepares to receive the traffic.
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34 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
4.5 AcknowledgementofareceivedDSCcall
Acknowledgements shall normally be transmitted on the frequency paired with the frequency of the
received call. If the same call is received on several calling channels, the most appropriate channel
shall be chosen for transmission of the acknowledgement.
The acknowledgement of a DSC call is transmitted as follows:
use a transmitter which is tuned to the appropriate frequency;
the format specifier (individual station),
9-digit identity of the calling ship,
the category of the call routine,
if able to comply immediately on the working frequency suggested by the ship station,
the same frequency information as in the received call,
if no working frequency was suggested by the calling ship station, then the
acknowledgement should include a channel/frequency proposal,
if not able to comply on the working frequency suggested, but able to comply
immediately on an alternative frequency, the alternative working frequency,
if unable to comply immediately the appropriate information in that regard;
transmit the acknowledgement (after checking as far as possible that there are no calls in
progress on the frequency selected) after a delay of at least 5 s, but not later than 4 min.
After having transmitted the acknowledgement, the coast station transfers to the working frequency
or channel and prepares to receive the traffic.
5 Testingtheequipmentusedfordistressandsafetycalls
Perform VHF, MF and HF test calls in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.493, Table 4.7.
AcknowledgementofaDSCtestcall
The coast station should acknowledge test calls.
6 SpecialconditionsandproceduresforDSCcommunicationonHF
General
The procedures for DSC communication on HF are with some additions described in 6.1 to 6.3
below equal to the corresponding procedures for DSC communications on MF/VHF.
Due regard to the special conditions described in 6.1 to 6.3 should be given when making DSC
communications on HF.
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Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 35
6.1 Distress
6.1.1 ReceptionandacknowledgementofaDSCdistressalertonHF
Ships in distress may in some cases transmit the DSC distress alert on a number of HF bands with
only short intervals between the individual calls.
The coast station shall transmit DSC acknowledgement on all HF DSC distress channels on which
the DSC distress alert was received in order to ensure as far as possible that the acknowledgement is
received by the ship in distress and by all ships which received the DSC distress alert.
6.1.2 Distresstraffic
The distress traffic should, as a general rule, be initiated on the appropriate distress traffic channel
(radiotelephony or NBDP) in the same band in which the DSC distress alert was received.
For distress traffic by NBDP the following rules apply:
all messages shall be preceded by at least one carriage return, line feed, one letter shift and
the distress signal MAYDAY;
FEC broadcast mode should be used.
6.1.3 TransmissionofDSCdistressrelaycallonHF
HF propagation characteristics should be taken into account when choosing HF band(s) for
transmission of DSC distress relay call.
IMO Convention ships equipped with HF DSC for distress and safety purposes are required to keep
continuous automatic DSC watch on the DSC distress channel in the 8 MHz band and on at least
one of the other HF DSC distress channels.
In order to avoid creating on board ships uncertainty regarding on which band the subsequent
establishment of contact and distress traffic should be initiated, the HF DSC distress relay call
should be transmitted on one HF band at a time and the subsequent communication with responding
ships be established before eventually repeating the DSC distress relay call on another HF band.
6.2 Urgency
6.2.1 TransmissionofurgencyannouncementandmessageonHF
For urgency messages by NBDP the following apply:
the urgency message shall be preceded by at least one carriage return, line feed, one letter
shift, the urgency signal PAN PAN and the identification of the coast station;
FEC broadcast mode should normally be used.
ARQ mode should be used only when considered advantageous to do so in the actual
situation and provided that the radiotelex number of the ship is known.
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36 Rec.ITU-RM.541-9
6.3 Safety
6.3.1 TransmissionofsafetyannouncementsandmessagesonHF
For safety messages by NBDP the following apply:
the safety message shall be preceded by at least one carriage return, line feed, one letter
shift, the safety signal SECURITE and the identification of the coast station;
FEC broadcast mode should normally be used.
ARQ mode should be used only when considered advantageous to do so in the actual
situation and provided that the radiotelex number of the ship is known.
Annex5
FrequenciesusedforDSC
1 The frequencies used for distress, urgency, and safety purposes using DSC are as follows
(RR Appendix 15):
2187.5 kHz
4207.5 kHz
6312 kHz
8414.5 kHz
12577 kHz
16804.5 kHz
156.525 MHz (Note 1)
NOTE 1 The frequency 156.525 MHz may also be used for DSC purposes other than distress, urgency, and
safety.
2 The frequencies assignable on an international basis to ship and coast stations for DSC, for
purposes other than distress, urgency, and safety, are as follows (see Note 2):
2.1 Shipstations(seeNote2)
458.5 kHz
2177 (Note 3) 2189.5 kHz
4208 4208.5 4209 kHz
6312.5 6313 6313.5 kHz
8415 8415.5 8416 kHz
12577.5 12578 12578.5 kHz
16805 16805.5 16806 kHz
18898.5 18899 18899.5 kHz
22374.5 22375 22375.5 kHz
25208.5 25209 25209.5 kHz
156.525 MHz
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Rec.ITU-RM.541-9 37
2.2 Coaststations(seeNote2)
455.5 kHz
2177 kHz
4219.5 4220 4220.5 kHz
6331 6331.5 6332 kHz
8436.5 8437 8437.5 kHz
12657 12657.5 12658 kHz
16903 16903.5 16904 kHz
19703.5 19704 19704.5 kHz
22444 22444.5 22445 kHz
26121 26121.5 26122 kHz
156.525 MHz
NOTE 2 The following (kHz) paired frequencies (for ship/coast stations) 4208/4219.5, 6312.5/6331,
845/8436.5, 12577.5/12657, 16805/16903, 18898.5/19703.5, 22374.5/22444 and 25208.5/26121 are the
first choice international frequencies for DSC (See RR Appendix 17, Part A, footnote j) and l)).
NOTE 3 The frequency 2177 kHz is available to ship stations for intership calling only.
3 In addition to the frequencies listed in 2 above, appropriate working frequencies in the
following bands may be used for DSC (see RR Chapter II, Article 5):
415-526.5 kHz (Regions 1 and 3)
415-525 kHz (Region 2)
1606.5-3400 kHz (Regions 1 and 3)
1605.5-3400 kHz (Region 2) (For the band 1605-1625 kHz, see RR No. 5.89)
4000-27500 kHz
156-174 MHz
109
Rec.ITU-RM.585-4 1
*
,
**
Assignmentanduseofmaritimemobileserviceidentities
(1982-1986-1990-2003-2007)
Scope
This Recommendation provides guidance to administrations for the assignment and conservation of maritime
mobile service identities (MMSI). Formats for ship stations, coast stations, aircraft participating in search
and rescue operations, aids to navigation, and craft associated with a parent ship are described as well as
some limitations which constrain assignments for ships which utilize the satellite services of the global
maritime distress and safety system (GMDSS). Guidance is provided for future mobile satellite systems and
the reuse of decommissioned numbers.
considering
a) the need for a unique ship identity for safety and telecommunication purposes;
b) that the unique number should be the maritime mobile service identity (MMSI);
c) the need for this identity to be usable with automated radiocommunication systems;
d) that the identities assigned to ship stations, coast stations, aircraft participating in search
and rescue operations, aids to navigation, craft associated with a parent ship, and used for
establishing group calls should be of a similar nature;
e) that it is possible to use the MMSI to establish a telephone call to a ship after routing
through the public switched networks to an appropriate coast station;
f) that the public switched networks in many countries have restrictions on the maximum
number of digits that may be dialled or keyed to identify the called ship station and the routing coast
station, which would prevent the translation of the complete MMSI directly into a diallable number
for the ship that is compliant with ITU-T Recommendation E.164;
g) that whatever restrictions may be required should, in the interests of the development of
automatic shore-to-ship operations, be as few as possible;
h) that mobile-satellite systems enable the maritime community to participate in or interwork
with international public correspondence telecommunication systems on a fully automatic basis,
utilising the numbering, naming and addressing scheme pertaining to the service being used;
j) that the current generation of mobile-satellite systems participating in the global maritime
distress and safety system (GMDSS) have signalling and routing characteristics requiring ships
using these networks to have an MMSI ending with three zeroes;
k) that the numbering scheme specified for future generations of mobile-satellite systems
participating in the GMDSS will be designed to meet the needs of the international public
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of IALA, ICAO, IHO and IMO.
**
Note by the Secretariat: Only Annexes 1 to 5 to this Recommendation are considered incorporated by
reference.
-111-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.585-4
correspondence service and is unlikely to offer the facility to incorporate any part of the MMSI in a
diallable number for a ship,
recognizing
that Article 19 of the Radio Regulations (RR) contains provisions for the assignment of MMSI,
recommends
1 that ships complying with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974,
as amended, and other ships equipped with automated radiocommunication systems, including
Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), Digital Selective Calling (DSC), and/or carrying alerting
devices of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) should be assigned maritime
mobile service identities in accordance with Annexes 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 to this Recommendation, as
appropriate;
2 that ship, coast stations, and aircraft participating in search and rescue operations using
digital selective calling equipment in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.493 should use
their 9-digit numerical identities transmitted as a 10-digit address/self-identity, normally with a digit
0 added at the end of the identity (see also Recommendation ITU-R M.1080);
3 that ship, coast stations, and non-shipborne stations using AIS equipment in accordance
with Recommendation ITU-R M.1371 should use their 9-digit numerical identities;
4 for the purpose of ensuring compatibility with the Global Maritime Distress and Safety
System, the numbers, names and addresses of ship earth stations participating in international
telecommunication services should be made readily available to all authorized entities by the
telecommunication service providers concerned;
5 that the guidance given in Annex 6 to this Recommendation should be employed regarding
the reuse of MMSI, particularly those with three trailing zeroes.
Annex1
Assignmentofidentificationtoshipstation
1 Ships participating in the maritime radio services mentioned in recommends 1 should be
assigned a nine digit unique ship station identity in the format M
1
I
2
D
3
X
4
X
5
X
6
X
7
X
8
X
9
where in the
first three digits represent the Maritime Identification Digits (MID) and X is any figure from 0 to 9.
The MID denotes the geographical area of the administration responsible for the ship station so
identified.
2 Restrictions may apply with respect to the maximum number of digits, which can be
transmitted on some national telex and/or telephone networks for the purpose of ship station
identification.
3 The maximum number of digits that could be transmitted over the national networks of
many countries for the purpose of determining ship station identity was six. The digits carried on
the network to represent the ship station identity are referred to as the ship station number in this
text and in the relevant ITU-R Recommendations. The use of the techniques described below
should have made it possible for the coast stations of such countries to engage in the automatic
connection of calls to ship stations.
-112-
Rec.ITU-RM.585-4 3
To obtain the required nine digit ship station identity a series of trailing zeros would have to be
added automatically to the ship station number by the coast station in order to complete a shore-
originated telephone call, for example, carried over the public switched telephone network:
Ship station number Ship station identity
M
1
I
2
D
3
X
4
X
5
X
6
M
1
I
2
D
3
X
4
X
5
X
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
4 In accordance with the above, and the relevant ITU-T Recommendations, a numbering plan
was instituted for Inmarsat standard B, C and M systems, which also requires that MMSI with three
trailing zeroes be assigned to ships fitting standard B, C and M ship earth stations.
5 The above restrictions do not necessarily apply to Inmarsat Standard C systems, as they are
not diallable terminals from the public switched telephone network but are only data terminals.
6 With respect to Inmarsat Standard B and M systems and as long as the above restrictions
apply, ships reasonably expected to be affected by the above limitations should only be assigned
ship station identities with X
7
X
8
X
9
000.
7 Group ship station call identities for calling simultaneously more than one ship are formed
as follows:
0
1
M
2
I
3
D
4
X
5
X
6
X
7
X
8
X
9
where the first figure is zero and X is any figure from 0 to 9. The MID represents only the territory
or geographical area of the administration assigning the group ship station call identity and does not
therefore prevent group calls to fleets containing more than one ship nationality.
8 With the evolution of global mobile-satellite systems, ships earth stations are able to
participate in international public correspondence telecommunication services. Ship earth stations
having this functionality may be assigned international telecommunication numbers that have no
direct correspondence with the ship station MMSI. Those authorized to assign the numbers, names
and addresses associated with such ship earth stations should maintain a record of the cross
reference relationships with the MMSI, for example in an appropriate database. For the purposes of
GMDSS the details of these relationships should be made available to authorized entities such as
but not limited to the Rescue Coordination Centres (RCC)
1
. Such availability should be on an
automatic basis, 24 hours per day 365 days per year.
Annex2
Assignmentofidentificationtocoaststation
1 Coast stations and other stations on land participating in the maritime radio services
mentioned in recommends 2 should be assigned a nine-digit unique coast station identity in the
format 0
1
0
2
M
3
I
4
D
5
X
6
X
7
X
8
X
9
where the digits 3, 4 and 5 represent the MID and X is any figure
from 0 to 9. The MID reflects the territory or geographical area in which the coast station or coast
earth station is located.
2 As the number of coast stations decreases in many countries, an administration may wish to
assign MMSI of the format above to harbour radio stations, pilot stations and other stations
1
IMO Resolution A.888(21) requires that distress priority communications in these systems should, as far
as possible, be routed automatically to an RCC.
-113-
4 Rec.ITU-RM.585-4
participating in the maritime radio services. The stations concerned should be located on land or on
an island in order to use the 00MIDXXXX format.
3 The administration may use the sixth digit to further differentiate between certain specific
uses of this class of MMSI, as shown in the example applications below:
a) 00MID1XXX Coast radio stations
b) 00MID2XXX Harbour radio stations
c) 00MID3XXX Pilot stations, etc.
4 This format scheme creates blocks of 999 numbers for each category of station, however
the method is optional and should be used only as a guidance. Many other possibilities exist if the
administration concerned wishes to augment the scheme.
5 Group coast station call identities for calling simultaneously more than one coast station are
formed as a subset of coast station identities, as follows:
0
1
0
2
M
3
I
4
D
5
X
6
X
7
X
8
X
9
where the first two figures are zeros and X is any figure from 0 to 9. The MID represents only the
territory or geographical area of the administration assigning the group coast station call identity.
The identity may be assigned to stations of one administration which are located in only one
geographical region as indicated in the relevant ITU-T Recommendations.
6 The combination 0
1
0
2
M
3
I
4
D
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
should be reserved for a Group Coast Station Identity
and should address all 00MIDXXXX stations within the administration. The administration may
further augment this use with additional Group Call identities, i.e. 00MID1111, etc.
7 For the purpose of the GMDSS the details of these MMSI assignments should be made
available to authorized entities such as, but not limited to, RCC. Such availability should be on an
automatic basis, 24 hours per day 365 days per year.
8 The combination 0
1
0
2
9
3
9
4
9
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
is reserved for the All Coast Stations Identity and
should address all VHF 00XXXXXXX stations. It is not applicable to MF or HF coast stations.
Annex3
Assignmentofidentificationtoaircraft
1 When an aircraft is required to use maritime mobile service identities for the purposes of
conducting search and rescue communications with stations in the maritime mobile service, the
responsible administration should assign a nine-digit unique aircraft identity, in the format
1
1
1
2
1
3
M
4
I
5
D
6
X
7
X
8
X
9
where the digits 4, 5 and 6 represent the MID and X is any figure from 0 to 9.
The MID represents only the territory or geographical area of the administration assigning the
aircraft call identity.
2 The format shown above will accommodate 999 aircraft per MID. If the administration
concerned has more Search and Rescue (SAR) aircraft than 999 they may use an additional country
code (MID) if it is already assigned by the ITU.
-114-
Rec.ITU-RM.585-4 5
3 The administration may use the seventh digit to differentiate between certain specific uses
of this class of MMSI, as shown in the example applications below:
a) 111MID1XX Fixed-wing aircraft
b) 111MID5XX Helicopters
4 This format scheme creates blocks of 99 numbers for each of the category of stations,
however, the method shown here is optional.
5 The combination 1
1
1
2
1
3
M
4
I
5
D
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
should be reserved for a Group Aircraft Identity and
should address all 111MIDXXX stations within the administration. The administration may further
augment this with additional Group Call identities, i.e. 111MID111, etc.
6 For the purpose of search and rescue the details of these MMSI assignments should be
made available to authorized entities such as, but not limited to, RCC. Such availability should be
on an automatic basis, 24 hours per day 365 days per year.
7 The MMSI assigned to SAR aircraft should also be available from the ITU MARS database
(see No. 20.16).
Annex4
AssignmentofidentificationtoAISAidstoNavigation(AtoN)
1 When a means of automatic identification is required for a station aiding navigation at sea,
the responsible administration should assign a nine-digit unique number in the format
9
1
9
2
M
3
I
4
D
5
X
6
X
7
X
8
X
9
where the digits 3, 4 and 5 represent the MID and X is any figure from 0 to 9.
The MID represents only the territory or geographical area of the administration assigning the call
identity for the navigational aid.
2 The format shown above applies to unmanned AIS AtoN floating in the water and virtual
AIS AtoN belonging to aids to navigation systems; however, aids to navigation systems mounted
ashore on fixed land or on an island should be assigned an identification number in the format given
in Annex 2.
3 The format scheme shown above will accommodate 10 000 AtoN per MID. If the
administration concerned has more than 10 000 they may use an additional country code (MID) if it
is already assigned by the ITU giving a further 10 000 identities.
4 The administration may use the sixth digit to differentiate between certain specific uses of
the MMSI, as shown in the example applications below:
a) 99MID1XXX Physical AIS AtoN
b) 99MID6XXX Virtual AIS AtoN
5 This format scheme creates blocks of 999 numbers for each category of station, however
the method shown here is optional and should be used only as a guidance.
6 In addition to the use of the sixth digit to differentiate between specific navigational aids as
explained above, the seventh digit may be used for national purposes, to define areas where the AIS
AtoN are located or types of AIS AtoN to the discretion of the administration concerned.
7 The details of these MMSI assignments should be made available but not limited to the
International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) and
appropriate national authorities.
-115-
6 Rec.ITU-RM.585-4
8 The assigned MMSI to aids of navigation should also be available from the ITU MARS
database (see RR No. 20.16).
Annex5
Assignmentofidentificationtocraftassociatedwithaparentship
1 Devices used on craft associated with a parent ship, need unique identification. These
devices which participate in the maritime mobile service should be assigned a nine-digit unique
number in the format 9
1
8
2
M
3
I
4
D
5
X
6
X
7
X
8
X
9
where the digits 3, 4 and 5 represent the MID and X is
any figure from 0 to 9. The MID represents only the territory or geographical area of the
administration assigning the call identity for the craft associated with a parent ship.
2 This numbering format is only valid for devices on board crafts associated with a parent
ship. A craft may carry multiple devices for which a MMSI is required. These devices may be
located in lifeboats, life-rafts, MOB-boats or other craft belonging to a parent ship.
3 A unique MMSI should be assigned for each device onboard a craft associated with a
parent ship and will have to be separately registered and linked to the MMSI of the parent ship.
4 The format scheme shown above will accommodate 10 000 devices of this type per MID. If
the administration concerned has more than 10 000 they may use an additional country code (MID)
if it is already assigned by the ITU giving a further 10 000 identities.
5 The assigned MMSI to these devices should also be available from the ITU MARS
database (see RR No. 20.16).
Annex6
GuidanceontheconservationandmanagementofMMSI
1 Administrations should employ the following measures to manage the limited MMSI
numbering resource, particularly for the reuse of MMSI with three trailing zeroes, in order to avoid
depletion of MID and the corresponding MMSI series:
a) implement effective national procedures for MMSI assignment and registration taking into
account the requirements of Resolution 340 (WRC-97);
b) provide the Bureau with regular updates of assigned numbers in conformity with No. 20.16,
c) ensure that the period from the expiration of the ship station licence associated with the
number assignment until the date of reassignment of that number is sufficient for the
changes to be incorporated in the relevant ITU service publications, e.g., Lists V and VIIa,
taking into account the standard intervals between successive published editions;
d) ensure that when ships move from the flag of registration of one administration to that of
another administration, all of the assigned means of ship station identification, including the
MMSI, are reassigned as appropriate and that the changes are notified to the Bureau as soon
as possible (see RR No. 20.16).
2 It is essential for a lapsed number assignment to remain dormant for a number of years
before taking it back into use again, in order to avoid confusion over the origin of distress
-116-
Rec.ITU-RM.585-4 7
communications or over the responsible parties for billing and reconciling accounts for maritime
radiocommunications.
3 The objective is to ensure that a period of five years or a period spanning two successive
editions of List VIIa, whichever is the greater, should pass before a lapsed MMSI is reused and
entered into national and international databases pursuant to Resolution 340 (WRC-97)
and RR No. 20.16.
4 Administrations could also apply the above procedures to MMSI assigned with 2, 1 or no
trailing zeroes in the interests of the long term conservation of MMSI and MID resources. However
these number formats are normally not critical to the assignment of an additional MID to an
administration (see Section VI of RR Article 19).
-117-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 1
*
DIRECT-PRINTINGTELEGRAPHEQUIPMENTEMPLOYINGAUTOMATIC
IDENTIFICATIONINTHEMARITIMEMOBILESERVICE
``
(1986-1990-1992-1995)
Rec. ITU-R M.625-3
Summary
The Recommendation provides in Annex 1 characteristics of direct-printing telegraph equipment employing a 7-unit
ARQ method for selective communication, a 7-unit FEC method for broadcast mode and automatic identification to be
used for newly developed equipment to provide compatibility with existing equipment conforming to Recommen-
dation ITU-R M.476.
considering
a) that there is a requirement to interconnect ship stations or ship stations and coast stations, equipped with start-
stop apparatus employing the ITU-T International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2, by means of radiotelegraph circuits;
b) that direct-printing telegraph equipment in the maritime mobile service is used for:
telex and/or telegraph service between a ship station and a subscriber of the (international) telex network;
telegraph service between a ship station and a coast station or between two ship stations;
telegraph service between a ship station and an extended station (ship owner) via a coast station;
telegraph service in a broadcast mode from a coast station, or a ship station, to one or more ship stations;
c) that the broadcast mode cannot take advantage of an ARQ method, as a return path is not used;
d) that for the broadcast mode a forward error-correcting (FEC) method should be used;
e) that the period for synchronization and phasing should be as short as possible;
f) that most of the ship stations do not readily permit the simultaneous use of radio transmitter and receiver;
g) that a direct-printing telegraph system employing error-detecting and error-correcting methods in accordance
with Recommendation ITU-R M.476, is in actual operation;
h) that the increased use of direct-printing telegraph equipment has emphasized the importance of an
unambiguous identification of both stations when a circuit is established or re-established;
j) that unambiguous identification could be accomplished by the exchange of self-identification signals between
the ARQ equipments at the 7-unit level;
k) that Appendix 43 of the Radio Regulations (RR), Recommendation ITU-R M.585 and ITU-T Recommen-
dations E.210 and F.120 provide for a comprehensive system of assigning maritime mobile service identities;
_______________
*
**
Newly developed equipment should conform to the present Recommendation which provides for compatibility with existing
equipment built in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.476.
Note by the Secretariat: During the re-arrangement of the Radio Regulations carried out at WRC-95, Appendix 43, which is referred
to in this Recommendation, was suppressed and its contents was tranferred to other parts of the Radio Regulations.
119
2 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
l) that, in the interest of having a unique identity assigned to each ship station for distress and safety and other
telecommunication purposes, the address capability should allow the use of maritime mobile service identities in
accordance with the provisions of Appendix 43 of the RR;
m) that equipment built in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.476 cannot provide for the use of maritime
mobile service identities mentioned in k);
n) that there is a need to provide for compatibility to the extent possible with equipments built in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R M.476; however, unambiguous identification of both stations cannot be achieved when circuits
are established with equipments built in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.476,
recommends
1 that for direct-printing telegraph circuits in the maritime mobile service, a 7-unit ARQ method should be
employed;
2 that for the direct-printing telegraph service in the broadcast mode, a 7-unit forward acting error-correcting
method, using time diversity, should be employed;
3 that equipment designed in accordance with 1 and 2 should employ automatic identification and have the
characteristics given in Annex 1.
ANNEX 1
CONTENTS
Page
1 General (mode A (ARQ) and mode B (FEC))................................................................................................ 4
2 Conversion tables ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Traffic information signals ............................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Service information signals............................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Identification and check-sum numbers and signals........................................................................... 6
2.5 Check-sum signal derivation............................................................................................................. 6
3 Characteristics, mode A (ARQ) ..................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Master and slave arrangements......................................................................................................... 7
3.3 The information sending station (ISS) .............................................................................................. 7
3.4 The information receiving station (IRS) ........................................................................................... 7
3.5 Phasing procedure............................................................................................................................. 8
3.6 Automatic identification ................................................................................................................... 9
3.7 Traffic flow....................................................................................................................................... 11
3.8 Rephasing procedure......................................................................................................................... 12
3.9 Summary of service blocks and service information signals ............................................................ 14
4 Characteristics, mode B (FEC)....................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 14
4.2 The sending station (CBSS and SBSS)............................................................................................. 14
4.3 The receiving station (CBRS and SBRS).......................................................................................... 15
4.4 Phasing procedure............................................................................................................................. 15
4.5 Selecting calling procedure (selective B-mode) ............................................................................... 15
4.6 Traffic flow....................................................................................................................................... 15
-120-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 3
Page
Appendix 1 SDL diagrams (mode A)................................................................................................................. 27
Appendix 2 Phasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity (calling
station)............................................................................................................................................ 31
Appendix 3 Rephasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity (calling
station)............................................................................................................................................ 34
Appendix 4 Phasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call identity (calling
station)............................................................................................................................................ 37
Appendix 5 Rephasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call identity
(calling station)............................................................................................................................... 38
Appendix 6 Phasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity (called
station)............................................................................................................................................ 39
Appendix 7 Rephasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity (called
station)............................................................................................................................................ 42
Appendix 8 Phasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call identity (called
station)............................................................................................................................................ 45
Appendix 9 Rephasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call identity
(called station) ................................................................................................................................ 46
Appendix 10 Traffic flow in the case of a 4-signal call identity and in the case of a 7-signal call identity
(station is in the ISS position) ........................................................................................................ 47
Appendix 11 Traffic flow in the case of a 4-signal call identity and in the case of a 7-signal call identity
(station is in the IRS position) ........................................................................................................ 50
Appendix 12 State overview diagrams................................................................................................................. 52
Sheet 1 Phasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity (calling
station) and traffic flow if the station is in the ISS position................................................................ 52
Sheet 2 Rephasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity (calling
Sheet 3 Phasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call identity (calling
Sheet 4 Rephasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call identity (calling
Sheet 5 Phasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity (called
station) and traffic flow if the station is in the IRS position ............................................................... 56
Sheet 6 Rephasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity (called
Sheet 7 Phasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call identity (called
Sheet 8 Rephasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call identity (called
-121-
4 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
1 General(modeA(ARQ)andmodeB(FEC))
1.1 The system in both Mode A (ARQ) and Mode B (FEC) is a single-channel synchronous system using the
7-unit constant ratio error-detecting code as listed in 2.2 and 2.3.
1.2 FSK modulation is used on the radio link at 100 Bd. The equipment clock controlling the modulation rate
should have an accuracy of 30 parts in 10
6
or better.
1.3 The class of emission is F1B or J2B with a frequency shift on the radio link of 170 Hz. When frequency shift is
effected by applying audio signals to the input of a single-sideband transmitter, the centre frequency of the audio
spectrum applied to the transmitter should be 1 700 Hz.
1.4 The radio-frequency tolerance of the transmitter and the receiver should be in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R SM.1137. It is desirable that the receiver employs the minimum practicable bandwidth (see also
Report ITU-R M.585).
NOTE 1 The receiver 6 dB bandwidth should preferably be between 270 and 340 Hz.
1.5 For direct connection to the international telex network, the line input and output signals should be in
accordance with the 5-unit start-stop International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2, at a modulation rate of 50 Bd.
1.6 Equipment designed in accordance with this Recommendation is likely to contain high speed digital circuitry.
Special care should be taken to avoid interference to other equipment and to minimize susceptibility to interference from
other equipment or electrical lines on board ship (see also Recommendation ITU-R M.218).
1.7 When operating in mode A (ARQ), the called station employs a constant time interval between the end of the
received signal and the start of the transmitted signal (t
E
in Fig. 1). In the case of long propagation distances it is essential
to have this t
E
as short as practicable. However, in the case of short distances it may be desirable to introduce a longer
time interval, e.g. 20-40 ms, to accommodate receiver desensitization at the calling station. This time interval can be
introduced at the called station either in the ARQ equipment or in the radio equipment.
2 Conversiontables
2.1 General
Several kinds of signals are used in the system, such as:
traffic information signals,
service information signals (control signals, idle signals, signal repetition),
identification signals,
check-sum signals.
2.2 Trafficinformationsignals
These signals are used during communication to convey the message information which is passed from an information
sending station to one or more information receiving stations. Table 1 lists the traffic information signals which may be
used.
2.3 Serviceinformationsignals
These signals are used to control the procedures taking place over the radio circuit and do not form part of the transmitted
messages. Service information signals are not normally printed or displayed. Table 2 lists the service information signals
which may be used.
-122-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 5
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
Combination
No.
Traffic information signals
International
Telegraph
Alphabet No. 2
Code
(1)
Transmitted
7-unit
signal
(2)
Letter-
case
Figure
case
Bit position
(3)
1 2 3 4 5 66666
Bit position
(3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 666
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
?
:
(4)
3
(5)
(5)
(5)
8
(Audible signal)
(
)
.
,
9
0
1
4
5
7
2
/
6
+
ZZAAA
ZAAZZ
AZZZA
ZAAZA
ZAAAA
ZAZZA
AZAZZ
AAZAZ
AZZAA
ZZAZA
ZZZZA
AZAAZ
AAZZZ
AAZZA
AAAZZ
AZZAZ
ZZZAZ
AZAZA
ZAZAA
AAAAZ
ZZZAA
AZZZZ
ZZAAZ
ZAZZZ
ZAZAZ
ZAAAZ
BBBYYYB
YBYYBBB
BYBBBYY
BBYYBYB
YBBYBYB
BBYBBYY
BYBYBBY
BYYBYBB
BYBBYYB
BBBYBYY
YBBBBYY
BYBYYBB
BYYBBBY
BYYBBYB
BYYYBBB
BYBBYBY
YBBBYBY
BYBYBYB
BBYBYYB
YYBYBBB
YBBBYYB
YYBBBBY
BBBYYBY
YBYBBBY
BBYBYBY
BBYYYBB
27
28
29
30
31
32
m m mm (Carriage return)
m m mm (Line feed)
m m mm (Letter shift)
m m mm (Figure shift)
mm mm (Space)
mm
No information
AAAZA
AZAAA
ZZZZZ
ZZAZZ
AAZAA
AAAAA
YYYBBBB
YYBBYBB
YBYBBYB
YBBYBBY
YYBBBYB
YBYBYBB
(1)
A represents start polarity, Z represents stop polarity (see also Recommendation ITU-R M.490).
(2)
B represents the higher emitted frequency and Y the lower (see also Recommendation ITU-R M.490).
(3)
The bit in bit position 1 is transmitted first; B 0, Y 1.
(4)
The pictorial representation shown is a schematic of which may also be used when equipment allows
(ITU-T Recommendation F.1, C9).
(5)
At present unassigned (see ITU-T Recommendation F.1, C8). Reception of these signals, however,
should not initiate a request for repetition.
Mode A (ARQ) Transmitted signal Mode B (FEC)
Idle signal
Idle signal
Signal repetition (RQ)
BYBYYBB
YBYBYBB
BYYBBYB
BYBYBBY
BYYBYBB
BBYYBBY
BBBBYYY
YBBYYBB
BYBYYBB
BYBYYBB
BYBYYBB
BYBYYBB
BYBYYBB
Idle signal
Phasing signal 1, Idle signal
Phasing signal 2
-123-
6 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
2.4 Identificationandcheck-sumnumbersandsignals
Identification and check-sum numbers and signals are used in the automatic identification procedure in order to provide a
means by which, during the establishment or re-establishment of a radio circuit, the stations concerned are clearly and
unambiguously identified to each other. The relationship between the transmitted identification signals and their
equivalent numbers is shown in Table 3a; Table 3b indicates the conversion from check-sum numbers to the transmitted
check-sum signals.
TABLE 3a TABLE 3b
2.5 Check-sumsignalderivation
These identification signals IS1, IS2, IS3, IS4, IS5, IS6 and IS7 are converted into their equivalent numbers N1, N2, N3,
N4, N5, N6 and N7 respectively, in accordance with Table 3a. The three numbers N1, N2 and N3 are added and the sum
is translated into one check-sum number CN1 using modulo 20-addition. This process is repeated for the numbers N3,
N4 and N5 resulting in a check-sum number CN2 and for the numbers N5, N6 and N7 resulting in a check-sum number
CN3, as follows:
N1 N2 N3 CN1
N3 N4 N5 CN2
N5 N6 N7 CN3
where
denotes modulo 20-addition.

The last conversion is from check-sum numbers CN1, CN2 and CN3 into check-sum signal 1, check-sum signal 2
and check-sum signal 3 respectively, in accordance with Table 3b.
Example:
The seven identification signals of station 364775427 are: P E A R D B Y (see Recommendation ITU-R M.491).
Identification
signal
(IS)
Equivalent
number
(N)
Check-sum
number
(CN)
Check-sum
signal
(CK)
A
B
C
D
E
F
I
K
M
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
X
Y
Z
19
11
16
18
13
28
15
23
24
14
25
22
16
29
10
12
20
21
27
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
V
X
Q
K
M
P
C
Y
F
S
T
B
U
E
O
I
R
Z
D
A
-124-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 7
The check-sum derivation will be as follows:
P E A R D B Y 5 13 19 16 18 11 7
15 13 19 17 (37-20)
19 16 18 13 (53-20-20)
18 11 17 16 (36-20)
17 13 16 Z E R
where
denotes modulo 20-addition.

Result:
CK1 becomes Z (combination No. 26, see Table 1)
CK2 becomes E (combination No. 25, see Table 1)
CK3 becomes R (combination No. 18, see Table 1)
3 Characteristics,modeA(ARQ)
3.1 General
The system operates in a synchronous mode transmitting blocks of three signals from an information sending station
(ISS) towards an information receiving station (IRS). A control signal is transmitted from the IRS to the ISS after
reception of each block indicating correct reception or requesting retransmission of the block. These stations can
interchange their functions.
3.2 Masterandslavearrangements
3.2.1 The station that initiates the establishment of the radio circuit (the calling station) becomes the master
station, and the station being called will be the slave station. This situation remains unchanged during the entire time
that the established radio circuit is maintained, regardless of which station, at any given time, is the information sending
station (ISS) or the information receiving station (IRS).
3.2.2 The clock in the master station controls the timing of the entire circuit (see circuit timing diagram, Fig. 1). This
clock should have an accuracy of 30 parts in 10
6
or better.
3.2.3 The basic timing cycle is 450 ms and consists for each station of a transmission period followed by a
transmission pause during which reception is effected.
3.2.4 The master station transmit timing is controlled by the clock in the master station.
3.2.5 The clock controlling the timing of the slave station is phase-locked to the signal received from the master
station, i.e. the time interval between the end of the received signal and the start of the transmitted signal (t
E
in Fig. 1) is
constant (see also 1.7).
3.2.6 The master station receive timing is phase-locked to the signal received from the slave station.
3.3 Theinformationsendingstation(ISS)
3.3.1 The ISS groups the information to be transmitted into blocks of three signals (3 7 signal elements).
3.3.2 The ISS sends a block in 210 ms (3 70 ms) after which a transmission pause of 240 ms becomes effective.
3.4 Theinformationreceivingstation(IRS)
3.4.1 After the reception of each block the IRS sends one signal of 70 ms duration (7-signal elements), after which a
transmission pause of 380 ms becomes effective.
-125-
8 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
4
5
0

m
s
4
5
0

m
s
4
5
0

m
s
2
1
0

m
s
2
1
0

m
s
1
4
0

m
s
7
0

m
s
t
t
p
t
E
t
p
Information block
Control signal
FIGURE 1
Basictimingdiagram
Master station ISS
Slave station IRS
Slave station ISS
Master station IRS
Master station Slave station
t
p
t
E
: (one-way) propagation time
: equipment delay (see also 1.7)
Information block
Control signal
Information block
Control signal
D01
FIGURE 1/M.625-3...[D01] = 3 CM
3.5 Phasingprocedure
3.5.1 When no circuit is established, both stations are in the stand-by condition. In this condition neither of the
stations is designated master, slave, ISS or IRS.
3.5.2 The call signal contains either four or seven identification signals as applicable. The identification signals are
listed in Table 3a. The composition of these call signals should be in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.491.
3.5.2.1 The equipment should be capable of operating with both 4-signal and 7-signal identity procedures and
automatically employing the appropriate procedure for either, as indicated by the composition of the call signal
received from a calling station or by the number of digits (4, 5 or 9) supplied to the equipment of a calling station to
identify the station to be called.
3.5.3 The call signal (Note 1) contains:
in call block 1: in the first, second and third character places respectively: the first identification signal, the
service information signal signal repetition and the second identification signal of the called station;
in call block 2: in the first, second and third character places respectively, either:
in the case of a 4-signal call identity: the third and the fourth identification signals of the called station and
signal repetition; or
in the case of a 7-signal call identity: signal repetition, and the third and fourth identification signals of the
called station;
-126-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 9
in the case of a 7-signal call identity in call block 3: the last three identification signals of the called station.
NOTE 1 A station using a two block call signal shall be assigned a number in accordance with RR Nos. 2088, 2134
and 2143 to 2146.
A station capable of using a three block call signal, shall employ the maritime identification digits required in accordance
with RR Appendix 43 when communicating with stations also capable of using a three block call signal.
3.5.4 The station required to establish the circuit becomes the master station and sends the call signal until it
receives an appropriate control signal; however, if the circuit has not been established within 128 cycles (128 450 ms),
the station changes into the stand-by condition and waits for a time of at least 128 cycles before sending the same call
signal again.
3.5.5 The called station becomes the slave station and changes from the stand-by to the IRS condition:
in the case of a 4-signal call identity following the consecutive reception of call block 1 and call block 2, after
which it sends control signal 1 until the first information block has been received;
in the case of a 7-signal call identity following the reception of the three call blocks in succession after which it
sends control signal 4 until identification block 1 has been received.
3.5.6 On receipt of two consecutive identical signals control signal 1 or control signal 2 the calling station
changes to the ISS condition and proceeds directly with the transmission of traffic information (see 3.7) without
automatic identification.
NOTE 1 Equipment built in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.476 sends control signal 1 or control
signal 2 on receipt of the appropriate call signal.
3.5.7 On receipt of control signal 3 during the phasing procedure, the calling station immediately changes to the
stand-by condition, and waits 128 cycles before sending the same call signal again.
NOTE 1 Equipment built in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.476 may send control signal 3 on receipt of
the appropriate call signal, if the called station is rephasing and was in the ISS condition at the moment of interruption.
3.5.8 On receipt of control signal 5 during the phasing procedure, the calling station starts the end-of-
communication procedure in accordance with 3.7.14, and waits at least 128 cycles before sending the same call
signal again. During this waiting time the station is in the stand-by condition.
3.6 Automaticidentification
Only applicable in the case of a 7-signal call identity.
3.6.1 On receipt of control signal 4 the calling station changes to the ISS condition and starts the identification
procedure. During the identification cycle, information is exchanged about the identities of both stations; the ISS
transmits its identification blocks and the IRS returns the check-sum signals derived from its identity in accordance with
2.5. On receipt of each check-sum signal, the calling station compares this signal with the appropriate check-sum signal
locally derived from the identification signals transmitted in the call blocks. If they are identical, the calling station
continues with the following procedure, otherwise the procedure of 3.6.12 is followed.
3.6.2 The ISS sends identification block 1 containing its own first identification signal, idle signal and its
second identification signal in the first, second and third character places respectively.
3.6.3 On receipt of identification block 1 the called station sends check-sum signal 1, derived from its identity.
3.6.4 On receipt of check-sum signal 1 the calling station sends identification block 2 containing the first,
second and third character places respectively, idle signal , its third identification signal and its fourth identification
signal.
-127-
10 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
3.6.6 On receipt of check-sum signal 2 the calling station sends identification block 3 containing its fifth, sixth
and seventh identification signals in the first, second and third character places respectively.
3.6.8 On receipt of the last check-sum signal the calling station sends the end-of-identification block containing
three signal repetition signals.
3.6.9 On receipt of the end-of-identification block the called station sends, either:
control signal 1, thus starting the traffic flow in accordance with 3.7; or
control signal 3, if the called station is required to start the traffic flow in the ISS condition (in accordance with
3.7.11).
3.6.10 On receipt of control signal 1 the calling station ends the identification cycle and starts the traffic flow by
transmitting information block 1 in accordance with 3.7.
3.6.11 On receipt of control signal 3 the calling station ends the identification cycle and starts the traffic flow with
the change-over procedure in accordance with 3.7.11.
3.6.12 If any received check-sum signal is not identical to the locally derived check-sum signal, the calling station
retransmits the previous identification block. On receipt of this identification block, the called station sends the
appropriate check-sum signal once more.
On receipt of this check-sum signal the calling station compares again. If they are still not identical, and the received
check-sum signal is the same as the previous one, the calling station initiates the end of communication procedure in
accordance with 3.7.14; otherwise the calling station transmits the previous identification block again. Any
identification block should not be retransmitted more than four times due to reception of wrong check-sum signals, after
which, if the required check-sum signal is still not received, the calling station reverts to the stand-by condition.
3.6.13 If, due to mutilated reception, the calling station does not receive:
control signal 4, it continues transmitting the call signal;
check-sum signal 1, it retransmits identification block 1;
control signal 1 or control signal 3, it retransmits the end-of-identification block,
taking into account the time limit mentioned in 3.6.18.
3.6.14 If, due to mutilated reception, the called station does not receive a block during the identification cycle, it
transmits a signal repetition, taking into account the time limit mentioned in 3.6.18.
3.6.15 If during the identification cycle the calling station receives a signal repetition, it retransmits the previous
block.
3.6.16 If, due to retransmission of an identification block by the calling station, the identification signals as received
by the called station are not identical, the called station sends signal repetition until two identical consecutive
identification blocks are received after which the corresponding check-sum signal is transmitted, taking into account the
time limit mentioned in 3.6.18.
3.6.17 If during the identification cycle the called station receives the end-of-communication block (containing
three idle signals ), it sends a control signal 1 and reverts to the stand-by condition.
3.6.18 When reception of signals during the identification cycle is continuously mutilated, both stations revert to the
stand-by condition after 32 cycles of continuous repetition.
3.6.19 Each station should retain the identity of the other station for the duration of the connection (see 3.7.1) and
this information should be accessible locally, e.g. by means of a display or on a separate output circuit for external use.
However, this identity information should not appear on the output line to the network.
-128-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 11
3.7 Trafficflow
3.7.1 At all times after the start of the traffic flow and until the station reverts to the stand-by condition, the station
should retain the following information:
whether it is in the master or slave condition;
the identity of the other station (when applicable);
whether it is in the ISS or IRS condition;
whether the traffic flow is in the letter case or figure case condition.
3.7.2 The ISS transmits the traffic information in blocks, each block consisting of three signals. If necessary, idle
signals are used to complete or to fill information blocks when no traffic information is available.
3.7.3 The ISS retains the transmitted information block in memory until the appropriate control signal confirming
correct reception by the IRS has been received.
3.7.4 For internal use, the IRS numbers the received information blocks alternately information block 1 and
information block 2 dependent on the first transmitted control signal. The numbering is interrupted at the reception of,
either:
an information block in which one or more signals are mutilated; or
an information block containing at least one signal repetition.
3.7.5 The IRS sends control signal 1 at the reception of, either:
an unmutilated information block 2; or
a mutilated information block 1; or
an information block 1 containing at least one signal repetition.
3.7.6 The IRS sends control signal 2 at the reception of, either:
an unmutilated information block 1; or
a mutilated information block 2; or
an information block 2 containing at least one signal repetition.
3.7.7 For internal use, the ISS numbers successive information blocks alternately information block 1 and
information block 2. The first block should be numbered information block 1 or information block 2 dependent on
whether the received control signal is a control signal 1 or a control signal 2. The numbering is interrupted at the
reception of, either:
a request for repetition; or
a mutilated control signal; or
a control signal 3.
3.7.8 On receipt of control signal 1 the ISS sends information block 1.
3.7.9 On receipt of control signal 2 the ISS sends information block 2.
3.7.10 On receipt of a mutilated control signal the ISS sends a block containing three signal repetitions.
3.7.11 Change-overprocedure
3.7.11.1 If the ISS is required to initiate a change in the direction of the traffic flow, the station sends the signal
sequence ( combination No. 30), + (combination No. 26), ? (combination No. 2) followed, if necessary, by one
or more idle signals to complete the information block.
3.7.11.2 On receipt of the signal sequence (+, ? (combination No. 26 and combination No. 2)) with the traffic flow
in the figure case condition, the IRS sends control signal 3 until an information block containing the signals idle
signal , idle signal , idle signal has been received.
NOTE 1 The presence of idle signals between the signals + and ? should not inhibit the response of the IRS.
3.7.11.3 If the IRS is required to initiate a change in the direction of the traffic flow, it sends control signal 3.
-129-
12 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
3.7.11.4 On receipt of control signal 3 the ISS sends an information block containing idle signal , idle signal
and idle signal in the first, second and third character places respectively.
3.7.11.5 On receipt of the information block containing the service information signals idle signal , idle signal
and idle signal , the IRS changes to ISS and sends, either:
an information block containing three signal repetitions, if it is the slave station; or
one signal repetition, if it is the master station,
until either control signal 1 or control signal 2 is received, taking into account the time limit mentioned in 3.7.12.1.
3.7.11.6 The ISS changes to IRS after the reception of, either:
an information block containing three signal repetitions if it is the master station; or
one signal repetition if it is the slave station,
and sends either control signal 1 or control signal 2 depending on whether the preceding control signal was control
signal 2 or control signal 1, respectively, after which the traffic flow starts in the appropriate direction.
3.7.12 Time-outprocedure
3.7.12.1 When reception of information blocks or of control signals is continuously mutilated, both stations revert to the
rephase condition after 32 cycles of continuous repetition, in accordance with 3.8.
3.7.13. Answer-backprocedure
3.7.13.1 If the ISS is required to request terminal identification, the station sends the signals (combination No. 30)
and
(combination No. 4) followed, if necessary, by one or more idle signals to complete the information block.
3.7.13.2 On receipt of an information block containing the traffic information signal (combination No. 4) with the
traffic flow in the figure case condition, the IRS:
changes the direction of the traffic flow in accordance with 3.7.11;
transmits the traffic information signals derived from the teleprinter answer-back code generator;
transmits, after completion of the answer-back code, or in the absence of an answer-back code, two information
blocks of three idle signals ;
changes the direction of the traffic flow in accordance with 3.7.11, and reverts to IRS.
3.7.14 End-of-communicationprocedure
3.7.14.1 If the ISS is required to terminate the established circuit, it sends the end-of-communication block containing
three idle signals , until the appropriate control signal 1 or control signal 2 has been received; however, the
number of transmissions of the end-of-communication block is limited to four, after which the ISS reverts to the
stand-by condition.
3.7.14.2 On receipt of the end-of-communication block the IRS sends the appropriate control signal indicating correct
reception of this block, and reverts to the stand-by condition.
3.7.14.3 On receipt of the control signal that confirms the unmutilated reception of the end-of-communication block,
the ISS reverts to the stand-by condition.
3.7.14.4 If the IRS is required to terminate the established circuit, it has first to change over to the ISS condition, in
accordance with 3.7.11, before the termination can take place.
3.8 Rephasingprocedure
3.8.1 If during the traffic flow, reception of information blocks or control signals is continuously mutilated, both
stations change to the rephase condition after 32 cycles of continuous repetition. Rephasing is the automatic
re-establishment of the previous circuit immediately following interruption of that circuit as a result of continuous
repetition (see 3.7.12).
NOTE 1 Some coast stations do not provide for rephasing. Therefore, it should be possible to disable the rephasing
procedure.
-130-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 13
3.8.2 After changing to the rephase condition the master station immediately initiates the rephasing procedure.
This procedure is the same as the phasing procedure; however, in the case of a 7-signal call identity, instead of control
signal 4 the rephasing slave station will transmit control signal 5 after the reception of the appropriate call signal
transmitted by the rephasing master station.
3.8.3 When control signal 5 is received by the master station, automatic identification takes place along the same
lines as laid down in 3.6. However, on receipt of the end-of-identification block, containing three signal
repetitions:
3.8.3.1 If, at the time of interruption, the slave station was in the IRS condition, it sends either:
control signal 1 if the last correctly received block before the interruption occurred as an information block 2;
or
control signal 2 if the last correctly received block before the interruption occurred was an information block 1.
3.8.3.2 If, at the time of interruption, the slave station was in the ISS condition, it sends control signal 3, to initiate
change-over to the IRS condition. When the change-over is completed, i.e. after correct reception of the block containing
three signal repetitions by the master station, the master station sends either:
control signal 1 if the last correctly received block before the interruption occurred was an information block 2;
or
control signal 2 if the last correctly received block before the interruption occurred was an information block 1.
3.8.4 On receipt of control signal 4, during the rephasing procedure the master station sends one end-of-
communication block containing three idle signals after which it continues with the rephasing attempt.
3.8.5 On receipt of each identification block, the slave station compares the received identification signals with the
previously stored identity of the master station and:
if the signals are identical, the slave station continues with the procedure by sending the appropriate check-sum
signal;
if the signals are not identical, the slave station initiates the end-of-communication procedure in accordance with
3.7.14 and remains in the rephase condition.
3.8.6 On receipt of a block containing three idle signals , the slave station sends one control signal 1 and
remains in the rephase condition.
3.8.7 In the case of a 4-signal call identity, the rephasing master station:
upon receipt of two consecutive signals control signal 1 or control signal 2 resumes directly with the
transmission of traffic information if the slave station was in the IRS condition, or initiates the change-over
procedure in accordance with 3.7.11.1 if the slave station was in the ISS condition;
upon receipt of two consecutive signals control signal 3 proceeds directly with the change-over procedure in
accordance with 3.7.11.4 if the slave station was in the ISS condition.
3.8.8 In the case of a 4-signal call identity, the slave station on receipt of the appropriate call signal sends:
if, at the time of interruption, the slave station was in the IRS condition, either:
control signal 1 if it had correctly received information block 2 before the interruption occurred; or
control signal 2 if it had correctly received information block 1 before the interruption occurred;
if, at the time of interruption, the slave station was in the ISS condition, control signal 3 to initiate change-over to
the ISS condition.
3.8.9 If rephasing has not been accomplished within the time-out interval of 32 cycles, both stations revert to the
stand-by condition and no further rephasing attempts are made.
-131-
14 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
3.9 Summaryofserviceblocksandserviceinformationsignals
3.9.1 Serviceblocks
X
1
- RQ - X
2
: Call block 1 containing the 1st and 2nd identification signals.
X
3
- X
4
- RQ : Call block 2 for a 4-signal call identity containing the 3rd and 4th identification signals.
RQ - X
3
- X
4
: Call block 2 for a 7-signal call identity containing the 3rd and 4th identification signals.
X
5
- X
6
- X
7
: Call block 3 for a 7-signal call identity containing the 5th, 6th and 7th identification signals.
Y
1
- - Y
2
: Identification block 1 containing self-identification signals 1 and 2 and request for the 1st check-sum
signal.
- Y
3
- Y
4
: Identification block 2 containing self-identification signals 3 and 4 and request for the 2nd check-
sum signal.
Y
5
- Y
6
- Y
7
: Identification block 3 containing self-identification signals 5, 6 and 7 and request for the 3rd check-
sum signal.
RQ - RQ - RQ : If occurring within the automatic identification procedure, indicates the end of that procedure and
requests the appropriate control signal.
During the traffic flow, indicates request for repetition of the last control signal or in the change-over
procedure response to - - .
- - : Block to change the direction of the traffic flow.
- - : Block to initiate the end-of-communication procedure.
3.9.2 Serviceinformationsignals
CS1 : Request for information block 1 or call signal has been correctly received during phasing/rephasing (only in
the case of a 4-signal call identity).
CS2 : Request for information block 2.
CS3 : IRS requests change of traffic flow direction.
CS4 : Call signal has been correctly received during phasing.
CS5 : Call signal has been correctly received during rephasing.
RQ : Request for retransmission of the last identification or information block or in the change-over procedure,
response to - - .
4 Characteristics,modeB(FEC)
4.1 General
The system operates in a synchronous mode, transmitting an uninterrupted stream of signals from a station sending in the
collective B-mode (CBSS) to a number of stations receiving in the collective B-mode (CBRS), or from a station sending
in the selective B-mode (SBSS) to one or more selected stations receiving in the selective B-mode (SBRS).
4.2 Thesendingstation(CBSSandSBSS)
The sending station, both in collective and in selective B-mode, sends each signal twice: the first transmission (DX) of a
specific signal is followed by the transmission of four other signals, after which the retransmission (RX) of the first
signal takes place, allowing for time-diversity reception at 280 ms (4 70 ms) time space (see Fig. 2).
-132-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 15
280 ms t
M E S S A G E
M E S S A G E
DX position
RX position
FIGURE 2
Time-diversitytransmission
D02
FIGURE 2/M.625-3...[D02] = 3 CM
4.3 Thereceivingstation(CBRSandSBRS)
The receiving station, both in collective and selective B-mode, checks both signals (DX and RX), and uses the
unmutilated one. When both signals appear as unmutilated but different, then both signals should be considered as
mutilated.
4.4 Phasingprocedure
4.4.1 When no circuit is established, both stations are in the stand-by condition and no sending or receiving
condition is assigned to either of the stations.
4.4.2 The station required to transmit information becomes the sending station and sends alternately phasing signal
2 and phasing signal 1, whereby phasing signal 2 is transmitted in the DX position and phasing signal 1 in the RX
position. At least sixteen of these signal pairs should be transmitted.
4.4.3 On receipt of the signal sequence phasing signal 1-phasing signal 2, or of the signal sequence phasing
signal 2-phasing signal 1, in which phasing signal 2 determines the DX position and phasing signal 1 determines
the RX position, and at least two further phasing signals in the appropriate position, the station changes to the CBRS
condition and offers continuous stop-polarity to the line output terminal until either the traffic information signal
(combination No. 27) or (combination No. 28) is received.
4.5 Selectingcallingprocedure(selectiveB-mode)
4.5.1 After the transmission of the required number of phasing signals, the SBSS sends the call signal, which
consists of six transmissions of a sequence, each consisting of the identification signals of the station to be selected
followed by an idle signal . This transmission takes place using time-diversity in accordance with 4.2.
4.5.2 The SBSS sends the call signal and all further information signals in a 3B/4Y ratio, i.e. inverted with respect
to the information signals in Tables 1 and 2 and the identification signals in Table 3a.
4.5.3 The call signal contains either four, or seven identification signals as applicable. The identification signals
are listed in Table 3a. The composition of these call signals should be in accordance with Recommen-
dation ITU-R M.491.
4.5.4 Following unmutilated reception of one complete signal sequence representing its inverted identification
signals, the CBRS changes to the SBRS condition and continues offering stop-polarity to the line output terminal until
either the traffic information signal; (combination No. 27) or (combination No. 28) is received.
4.5.5 The station in the SBRS condition accepts the subsequent information signals received with the 3B/4Y ratio, all
other stations reverting to the stand-by condition.
4.6 Trafficflow
4.6.1 Immediately prior to the transmission of the first traffic signals the sending station transmits the information
signals (combination No. 27) and (combination No. 28), and starts transmitting traffic.
-133-
16 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
4.6.2 A CBSS sends, during breaks in the information flow, phasing signals 1 and phasing signals 2 in the RX
and DX positions respectively. At least one sequence of four consecutive phasing signal pairs should occur for every 100
signals sent in the DX position during traffic flow.
4.6.3 A SBSS sends, during breaks in the information flow, idle signals .
4.6.4 On receipt of either the traffic combination signal (combination No. 27) or (combination No. 28), the
receiving station starts printing the received traffic information signals.
NOTE 1 The term printing is used in 4.6.4 and 4.6.5 to denote the transfer of traffic signals to the output device.
4.6.5 The receiving station checks both signals received in the DX and RX position:
printing an unmutilated DX or RX signal; or
printing a (combination No. 31), or alternatively an error character (to be user-defined) if both DX and RX
signals are mutilated or appear unmutilated but are different.
4.6.6 A receiving station reverts to the stand-by condition if, during a predetermined time, the percentage of
mutilated signals received has reached a predetermined value.
4.6.7 End-of-transmission
4.6.7.1 A station sending in the B-mode (CBSS or SBSS) should terminate the transmission by sending at least 2 s of
consecutive idle signals , immediately after the last transmitted traffic information signals after which the station
reverts to the stand-by condition.
4.6.7.2 The receiving station reverts to the stand-by condition not less than 210 ms after receipt of at least two
consecutive idle signals in the DX position.
-134-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 17
P E D
Q R V E D S K K Q V Z R S E P E D
Q R V E D S K
K Q V Z R S E
K
RQ
Q
RQ
V
Z
R
S
E
R
S
E
Q
R
Q
V
E
V
E
D
S
K
RQ
RQ
RQ
A
B
C
A
B
C
D
E
F
D
E
F
CS4
P
P
E
E
D
D
CS1
CS2
t
CK2
CK3
ISS
IRS
CK1
D
S
K
K
RQ
Q
RQ
V
Z
RQ
RQ
RQ
CS1
CS2
CS1
CS4
A
B
C
D
E
F
CK signals
called station
FIGURE 3
Phasingprocedurewithautomaticidentification
inthecaseofa7-signalcallidentity(modeA)
Station I
Master
Identity: 179311383
Station II
Slave
Identity: 198542593
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Station
check-sum signals
Station
identification
signals
Called
station identity
198542593
Start ID
End ID
End ID
Start ID
Call block 1
Call block 2
Call block 3
IDblock 1
IDblock 2
IDblock 3
Block 2
Block 1
End-of-ID
Is CK
signal
OK?
Transmit
the next
block
Standby
Yes
Yes
Yes
No No
No
5th
retransmission?
Repeat
the last
ID block
First
reception?
End of
communication
procedure
Printing
Identity caller
Standby
Is
identity
OK?
Yes
No
D03
FIGURE 3/M.625-3...[D03] = PLEINE PAGE
-135-
18 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
ISS
P E D
Q R V E D S K K Q V Z R S E P E D
Q R V E D S K
K Q V Z R S E
K
RQ
Q
RQ
V
Z
R
S
E
R
S
E
Q
R
Q
V
E
V
E
D
S
K
A
B
C
A
B
C
CS5
P
P
E
E
D
D
CS3
CS2
t
CK2
CK3
ISS
IRS
CK1
D
S
K
CS1
RQ
RQ
RQ
D
E
F
D
E
F
RQ
RQ
RQ
K
RQ
Q
RQ
V
Z
RQ
RQ
RQ
CS1
CS2
CS1
RQ
RQ
RQ
CS3
CS5
A
B
C
D
E
F
FIGURE 4
Rephasingprocedurewithautomaticidentificationinthecase
ofa7-signalcallidentity(stationIIwasISS)
Station I
Master
Identity: 179311383
Station II
Slave
Identity: 198542593
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Station
check-sum signals
Station
identification
signals
Called
station identity
198542593
Start ID
End ID
End ID
Start ID
Call block 1
Call block 2
Call block 3
IDblock 1
IDblock 2
IDblock 3
Block 2
End-of ID
Is
CK signal
OK?
Transmit
the next
block
Standby
Yes
Yes
Yes
No No
No
5th
retransmission?
Repeat
the last
ID block
First
reception?
End of
communication
procedure
Printing
Identity caller
Standby
Is
identity
OK?
Yes
No
IRS (or CS2)
Block 1
Change of direction
Block over
Yes
No
Transmit the
CK signal
Are
ID-signals
OK?
End of
communication
procedure
CK signals
called station
D04
-136-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 19
RQ
RQ
RQ
ISS
K
L
M
Q
R
S
ISS IRS
CS1
K
L
M
N
O
P
N
O
P
Q
R
S
+
?
+
?
RQ
RQ
RQ
A
B
C
A
B
C
D
E
D
E
U
V
W
U
V
W
CS2
CS1
CS2
CS3
CS1
CS1
CS2
CS2
CS1
CS1
CS3
CS3
CS1
CS1
RQ
CS2
CS2
CS1
CS1
ISS
IRS
IRS
RQ
CS3
CS2
CS1
CS2
U
V
W
+
?
O
P
Q
R
S
K
L
M
N
+
?
A
B
C
D
E
FIGURE 5
Trafficflowwithchange-overprocedureandend-of-communication
Station I
Master
Station II
Slave
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Block 1
Block 2
Block 1
Block 2
Block 2
End-of-communication
Change of direction
Block over
Standby Standby
Block 1
Block 1
Block 1
Block over
Line output,
50 Bd
Line output,
50 Bd
Stop
polarity
Stop
polarity
D05
-137-
20 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
CS4
CS4
CS4
RQ
RQ
K
RQ
Q
R
S
E
ISS
IRS
RQ
V
Z
R
S
E
Q
R
D
S
K
CS4
CS1
CS4
*
*
*
Q
R
Q
R
CK1
P
P
V
E
V
E
V
E
CK2
RQ
E
V
E
V
E
*
E
E
CK2
CK3
RQ
D
S
K
RQ
RQ
RQ
*
CS1
A
B
C
A
B
C
D
D
RQ
RQ
RQ
RQ
RQ
RQ
*
K
RQ
Q
RQ
V
Z
K
RQ
Q
CS2
FIGURE 6
Phasingprocedurewithautomaticidentificationinthecondition
ofmutilatedreceptioninthecaseofa7-signalcallidentity
Station I
Master
Station II
Slave
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Call block 1
ID block 1
End-of-ID
Block 1
* Detected error
Call block 2
Call block 3
Call block 1
ID block 1
ID block 2
ID block 2
ID block 2
ID block 3
End-of-ID
Start ID cycle
End ID cycle
End ID cycle
Start ID cycle
D06
-138-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 21
A
B
C
A
B
C
D
E
F
CS1
CS2
IRS ISS
CS2
CS1
CS1
CS2
CS2
CS1
CS2
*
D
E
F
D
E
F
RQ
RQ
RQ
RQ
RQ
RQ
D
F
*
G
H
I
G
H
I
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Station I
Master
Station II
Slave
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
FIGURE 7
Trafficflowintheconditionofmutilatedreception
Block 1
Block 2
Block 2
Block 1
RQ block
* Detected error
Printing
Stop
polarity
Stop
polarity
D07
-139-
22 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
Z
RQ
F
Z
RQ
F
S
T
RQ
S
T
RQ
Z
RQ
F
Z
RQ
F
A
B
C
A
B
C
D
E
F
D
E
F
CS1
CS2
IRS
ISS
CS1
CS2
CS1
(1)
CS1
(1)
CS1
Station I
Master
Station II
Slave
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
FIGURE 8
Phasingprocedureinthecaseofa4-signalcallidentity
Call block 1
Call block 2
Block 1
Block 2
Call block 1
With some equipment built in accordance with Recommendation
ITU-R M.476 this could be CS2.
( ) 1
D08
-140-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 23
Z
RQ
F
Z
RQ
F
S
T
RQ
S
T
RQ
Z
RQ
F
Z
RQ
F
S
T
RQ
S
T
RQ
Z
RQ
F
A
B
C
A
B
C
D
E
F
D
E
F
*
*
CS1
CS2
IRS
ISS
*
CS2
CS1
CS1
(1)
CS1
(1)
CS1
(1)
CS1
(1)
CS1
Station I
Master
Station II
Slave
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
FIGURE 9
Phasingprocedureintheconditionofmutilatedreception
inthecaseofa4-signalcallidentity
Call block 1
Call block 2
Call block 1
Call block 2
Call block 1
Block 1
Block 2
Detected error
With some equipment built in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R M.476 this could be CS2.
*
(1)
D09
-141-
24 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
t
2
1
0

m
s
RX DX
CBRS
DX RX
1
*
*
*
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
<
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
<
2
2
2
*
*
*
*
<
<
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
<
1
1
1
2
8
0

m
s

2

s
2
1
2
1
CBSS
A
t

l
e
a
s
t

1
6

s
i
g
n
a
l

p
a
i
r
s
L
i
n
e

o
u
t
p
u
t

k
e
p
t

t
o

s
t
o
p
-
p
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
Stand-by
Printing
Stand-by
Station I Station II
FIGURE 10
CollectiveB-modeoperation
E
S
S
A
G
E
E
E
S
S
A
G
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
A
G
A
G
E
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
A
G
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
A
G
E
S
S
A
G
M
E
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
Stand-by
Error
symbol
S
t
o
p
-
p
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
1: phasing signal 1
2: phasing signal 2
* Detected error D10
-142-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 25
t 2
1
0

m
s
RX DX
CBRS
DX RX
<

2

s
2
1
2
1
CBSS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
SBRS
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Z
F
S
T
Z
F
Z
F
S
T
<
T
<
S
F
Z
T
S
F
T
S
F
Z
1
F
S
T
F
S
T
Z
F
S
T
Z
<
<
2
2
2
2
2
2
Z
F
S
T
Z
F
Z
F
S
T
SBSS
3

5
0
0

m
s
7
0
0

m
s
A
t

l
e
a
s
t

1
6

s
i
g
n
a
l

p
a
i
r
s
Stand-by
Printing
Stand-by
L
i
n
e

o
u
t
p
u
t

k
e
p
t

t
o

s
t
o
p
-
p
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
FIGURE 11
SelectiveB-modeoperationinthecaseofa4-signalcallidentity
E
S
S
A
G
E
M
6

c
a
l
l

s
i
g
n
a
l
s

4

2
0
0

m
s
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
E
G
A
M
E
S
S
E
G
A
M
E
S
S
E
G
A
M
E
S
S
1: phasing signal 1
2: phasing signal 2
Selective call No.: 67890
Z F S T
Stand-by
Overlined symbols (e.g. M)
are in the 3B/4Y ratio
D11
-143-
26 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
t
2
1
0

m
s
RX DX
CBRS
DX RX

2

s
CBSS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
SBRS
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
K
SBSS
5

6
0
0

m
s
1

1
2
0

m
s
2
1
Q
V
Z
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S
E
K
Q
V
Z
R
S
E
<
K
Q
V
Z
R
S
E
K
Q
V
Z
R
S
E
2
2
2
2
2
2
Q
V
Z
R
S
E
K
Q
V
Z
R
S
E
K
K
Q
V
Z
R
S
E
K
Q
V
Z
R
S
E
<
<
2
1
2
1
<
<
FIGURE 12
SelectiveB-modeoperationinthecaseofa7-signalcallidentity
A
t

l
e
a
s
t

1
6

s
i
g
n
a
l

p
a
i
r
s
Stand-by
Printing
Stand-by
Stand-by
L
i
n
e

o
u
t
p
u
t

k
e
p
t

t
o

s
t
o
p
-
p
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
6

c
a
l
l

s
i
g
n
a
l
s

6

7
2
0

m
s
Selective call No.: 198542593
K Q V Z R S E
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
S
M
S
A
G
E
E
M
E
S
S
A
G
E
S
M
S
A
G
E
E
S
M
S
A
G
E
E
1: phasing signal 1
2: phasing signal 2
Overlined symbols (e.g. M)
are in the 3B/4Y ratio
D12
-144-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 27
APPENDICES TO ANNEX 1
APPENDIX 1
SDLdiagrams(modeA)
1 General
The specification and description language (SDL) is described in ITU-T Recommendation Z.100.
The following graphical symbols have been used
*
:
State
D13
A state is a condition in which the action of a process is suspended awaiting an input.
External input
Internal input
D14
An input is an incoming signal which is recognized by a process.
External output
Internal output
D15
An output is an action which generates a signal which in turn acts as an input elsewhere.
Decision
D16
_______________
*
Note by the Secretariat:
A connector is represented by the following graphical symbol:
n
x-y (z)
where:
n : connector reference
x : number of the sheet
y : number of the Appendix (omitted when it occurs in the same Appendix).
z : number of occurrences.
-145-
28 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
A decision is an action which asks a question to which the answer can be obtained at that instant and chooses one
of several paths to continue the sequence.
Task
D17
A task is any action which is neither a decision nor an output.
2 Phasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity
(callingstation)
2.1 The SDL diagrams are given in Appendix 2.
2.2 The following supervisory counters are used in the diagrams:
Counter Time-out State Sheet
n
0
128 cycles 02, 03, 04 1
n
1
128 cycles 00 1
n
2
32 cycles 05, 06, 07, 08 2, 3
3 Rephasingprocedurewithautomaticidentificationinthecaseofa4-signalcallidentity
(callingstation)
n
5
32 cycles 00, 02, 03, 04 1
05, 06, 07, 08 2, 3
n
1
128 cycles 1
n
2
32 cycles 05, 06, 07, 08 2, 3
4 Phasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call
identity(callingstation)
n
0
128 cycles 02, 03 1
n
1
128 cycles 00 1
-146-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 29
5 Rephasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call
identity(callingstation)
n
5
132 cycles 00, 02, 03 1
n
1
128 cycles 1
6 Phasing procedure with automatic identification in the case of a 7-signal call identity
(calledstation)
n
2
32 cycles 05, 06, 07, 08 2, 3
7 Rephasingprocedurewithautomaticidentificationinthecaseofa7-signalcallidentity
(calledstation)
n
5
32 cycles 00, 01, 02, 03, 04 1
05, 06, 07, 08 2, 3
n
2
32 cycles 05, 06, 07, 08 2, 3
8 Phasing procedure without automatic identification in the case of a 4-signal call
identity(calledstation)
9 Rephasingprocedurewithoutautomaticidentificationinthecaseofa4-signalcall
identity(calledstation)
n
5
32 cycles 00, 01, 03 1
-147-
30 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
10 Traffic flow in the case of a 4-signal call identity and in the case of a 7-signal call
identity(stationisintheISSposition)
n
3
32 cycles 09, 10, 13 1, 3
n
4
4 cycles 11, 12 2
n
1
128 cycles 12 2
n
5
32 cycles 11, 12, 13, 14 2, 3
11 Traffic flow in the case of a 4-signal call identity and in the case of a 7-signal call
identity(stationisintheIRSposition)
n
3
32 cycles 09, 10, 11, 12 1, 2
n
5
32 cycles 09, 10, 11, 12 1, 2
-148-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 31
n
0
n
0
n
0
CB1
2
03
2
2-10
16
* CS4 CS5
CB2
04
* CS4 CS5
* CS4 CS5
2
2
2-10
16
2
2
2-10
16
1
1
2, 16
2, 16
1
2, 16
00
t
1
CB1
CB2
CB3
1
1
02
1
APPENDIX 2
Phasingprocedurewithautomaticidentificationin
thecaseofa7-signalcallidentity(callingstation)
Sheet 1 (of 3)
n = 128 cycles
1
Wait
for CS4
n = 128 cycles
1
n = 128 cycles
1
No
Stand-by
M7
Idle
Data
input
Calculate
Yes
7 identification +
3 check-sum signals
9 digit number
traffic data
n = 128 cycles
0
Connector
reference
Start
counter n
0
Stand-by
Stop
counter n
0
Stop
counter n
0
Start
counter n
1
Stand-by
Wait
for CS4
Stop
counter n
0
Stop
counter n
0
Start
counter n
1
Stand-by
Wait
for CS4
Stop
counter n
0
Stop
counter n
0
Start
counter n
1
t : call identity the same as the one before and n > 0?
* Detected error, invalid signal or no signal at all
1 1
D18
-149-
32 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
07
06
CK2 * RQ CK2* n
2
4
2
4
22
t
3
t
16
4
2
17
2-10
ID3
5
2(3)
CK3 * RQ CK3* n
2
5
2
5
22
t
3
t
16
5
2
17
2-10
6
3
05
ID2
CK1 * RQ CS4 CK1* n
2
3 3 3
2
t
3
t
16
3
2
17
2-10
3
2(4)
ID1
2
1(3)
2 2
4
2(3)
2
3
3
3, 17
5, 17
6
5
4, 17
5
4
4
APPENDIX 2
Sheet 2 (of 3)
t
16
: fourth reception of a wrong check-sum signal?
CKn*: wrong check-sum signal
t
3
: same wrong check-sum signal one cycle before?
Wait
for CK3
No
Yes
Connector
reference
n = 32 cycles
2
Wait
for CK1
No
Yes
Stand-by
Wait
for CK2
Re-set
counter n
2
Start
counter n
2
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
No
Yes
No
Yes
Stand-by
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
No
Yes
No
Yes
Stand-by
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
Re-set
counter n
2
Re-set
counter n
2
D19
-150-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 33
CS1 * RQ CS3 n
2
6
3
6
3
08
EOI
6
2; 3(2)
6
22
3-10
7
1-10
7, 22
6
APPENDIX 2
Sheet 3 (of 3)
2
Stop
counter n
Connector
reference
Wait
for CS1
Stand-by
2
Stop
counter n
D20
-151-
34 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
00
1
1
1
CB1
CB2
CB3
02
EOC
00
1
2
2
* CS5 CS4 n
5
EOC
00
1
2
2
* CS5 CS4 n
5
04
CB2
EOC
00
1
2
2
* CS5 CS4 n
5
03
CB1
2
2
1, 2
1
1
APPENDIX 3
Rephasingprocedurewithautomaticidentificationin
thecaseofa7-signalcallidentity
(callingstation)
Sheet 1 (of 3)
Wait
for CS5
MR7
Idle
Connector
reference
MR7
Idle
n = 128 cycles
1
Stand-by
Start
counter n
1
MR7
Idle
n = 128 cycles
1
Stand-by
Wait
for CS5
Start
counter n
1
MR7
Idle
n = 128 cycles
1
Stand-by
Wait
for CS5
Start
counter n
1
* Detected error, invalid signal or no signal at all D21
-152-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 35
00
00
00
22
3-10
CS3
22
3-10
CS3
22
3-10
CS3
07
06
CK2 * RQ CK2* n
2
4
2
4
22
t
3
t
16
4
2
17
2-10
ID3
5
2(3)
CK3 * RQ CK3* n
2
5
2
5
22
t
3
t
16
5
2
17
2-10
6
3
05
ID2
CK1 * RQ CS5 CK1* n
2
3 3 3
2
t
3
t
16
3
2
17
2-10
3
2(4)
ID1
2
1(3)
2 2
4
2(3)
2
3
3
3, 17
5, 17
6, 22
5
4, 17
5
4
4
22
22
1
1
1
APPENDIX 3
Sheet 2 (of 3)
t
16
: fourth reception of a wrong check-sum signal?
CKn*: wrong check-sum signal
t
3
: same wrong check-sum signal one cycle before?
No
Yes
MR7
Idle
No
Yes
MR7
Idle
No
Yes
MR7
Idle
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
Wait
for CK3
No
Yes
Connector
reference
n = 32 cycles
2
Wait
for CK1
No
Yes
Stand-by
Wait
for CK2
Re-set
counter n
2
Start
counter n
2
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
No
Yes
No
Yes
Stand-by
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
No
Yes
No
Yes
Stand-by
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
Re-set
counter n
2
Re-set
counter n
2
n = 0?
5
n = 0?
5
n = 0?
5
D22
-153-
36 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
11
1-10
7, 11
CS1 * RQ CS3 n
2
6
3
6
3
08
EOI
6
2; 3(2)
6
22
3-10
7
1-10
22
6
CS2
APPENDIX 3
Sheet 3 (of 3)
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
Connector
reference
Wait
for CS1
Stand-by
2
Stop
counter n
5
Stop
counter n
5
Stop
counter n
D23
-154-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 37
1
1
t
2
1-10
7
1-10
11 1, 7, 11
t
2
t
2
n
0
CS3
t
2
n
0
CS3 * CS1 CS2
CB1
1-10
03
7
1-10
11
* CS1 CS2
7, 11
00
t
1
CB1
CB2
1
1
02
1
APPENDIX 4
Phasingprocedurewithoutautomaticidentificationin
thecaseofa4-signalcallidentity(callingstation)
Sheet 1 (of 1)
Start
counter n
1
Stand-by
n = 128 cycles
1
No
Yes
No
Yes
Start
counter n
1
Stand-by
Stop
counter n
0
Stop
counter n
0
Stop
counter n
0
Start
counter n
1
Start
counter n
1
Stand-by
n = 128 cycles
1
Yes
No No
Yes
Wait
for CS1
No
Stand-by
M4
Idle
Data
input
Calculate
Yes
4 identification signals
5 digit number
traffic data
n = 128 cycles
0
Connector
reference
Start
counter n
0
Stand-by
Wait
for CS1
Stop
counter n
0
Stop
counter n
0
Stop
counter n
0
t : call identity the same as the one before and n > 0?
t : same control signal one cycle before?
1 1
2
D24
-155-
38 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
n
5
n
5
t
2
3-10
22
t
2
3-10
22
1
1
t
2
1-10
7
1-10
11 1, 7, 11, 22
t
2
t
2
CS3
t
2
CS3 * CS1 CS2
CB1
1-10
03
7
1-10
11
* CS1 CS2
7, 11, 22
00
CB1
CB2
1
1
02
1
APPENDIX 5
Rephasingprocedurewithoutautomaticidentificationin
(callingstation)
Sheet 1 (of 1)
t : same control signal one cycle before?
2
No
Yes
Stop
counter n
5
Stop
counter n
5
Stop
counter n
5
Stop
counter n
5
Stop
counter n
5
No
Yes
Stop
counter n
5
Start
counter n
1
Stand-by
n = 128 cycles
1
No
Yes
No
Yes
Start
counter n
1
Stand-by
n = 128 cycles
1
Yes
No No
Yes
Wait
for CS1
MR4
Idle
Connector
reference
Wait
for CS1
D25
-156-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 39
0
1-8
01 03
02
CB2(4) CB2 *
CB3 *
04
CB3 *
CB1 *
1
2
9
1-11
CB1 CB2
1
2
00
*
0
9
1
APPENDIX 6
Phasingprocedurewithautomaticidentificationin
(calledstation)
Sheet 1 (of 3)
Wait
for CB2
Wait
for CB3
Wait
for CB3
Stand-by
Stand-by
Wait
for CB1
Stand-by
Stand-by
Connector
reference
S7
Idle
Stand-by
D26
-157-
40 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
6
2
6
CS1
EOC
CS1
RQ
10
09
ID2 ID1 * n
2
3
2
4
22
CK2
5
2
ID3
7
3
08
CK1
ID1 * EOC n
2
2
2
2
CS4
1
1(2)
2
3
2
1
2
2
5, 6, 7
5
3, 4
3
4
2
4
t
8
CS1
EOC
RQ
ID2 * n
2
5
2
6
22
t
8
APPENDIX 6
Sheet 2 (of 3)
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
No
Yes
Stand-by
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
Wait
for ID3
Connector
reference
n = 32 cycles
2
Wait
for ID1
Stand-by
Wait
for ID2
Re-set
counter n
2
Start
counter n
2
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
No
Yes
Stand-by
Re-set
counter n
2
Re-set
counter n
2
t
3
: same ID-block one cycle before?
D27
-158-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 41
CS1
EOC
RQ
EOI ID3 * n
2
7
3
8
3
9
1-11
11
8
3
7
2; 3
7
8
7, 8, 9
t
8
CK3
APPENDIX 6
Sheet 3 (of 3)
t
3
: same ID-block one cycle before?
2
Stop
counter n
Stand-by
Connector
reference
Wait
for EOI
No
Yes
Stand-by
Stop
counter n
2
D28
-159-
42 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
00
CB3 *
00
CB1 *
04 00
CB3 *
03 00
CB2 *
1
2
CB1
02 00
CB2 *
1
2
00
1
01
n
5
n
5
n
5
n
5
n
5
1
1
1
1
1
APPENDIX 7
(calledstation)
Sheet 1 (of 3)
SR
Idle
Stand-by
SR7
Idle
Stand-by
Wait
for CB1
SR7
Idle
Stand-by
Wait
for CB3
SR7
Idle
Stand-by
Wait
for CB2
Wait
for CB3
SR7
Idle
Connector
reference
SR7
Idle
Stand-by
D29
-160-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 43
00
00
CS1
1
RQ
4
3
2
2
CS1
ID3 EOC n
2
6
13
2-11
2
1
7
3
CS1
4
2
4
6
2
6
10
CK2
ID2 * ID1 EOC n
2
13
2-11
5
2
3
13
5
ID2*
RQ
* ID2
5
2
5
13
ID3*
00
1
6, 7
09
08
CK1
ID1 * EOC n
2
2
13
2-11
2
2
CS5
1
1(2)
2
3
2
1
2
2
13
3
ID1*
4
APPENDIX 7
Sheet 2 (of 3)
Stand-by
Wait
for ID3
Re-set
counter n
2
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
SR7
Idle
Stand-by
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
SR7
Idle
Connector
reference
n = 32 cycles
2
Wait
for ID1
Stand-by
Wait
for ID2
Re-set
counter n
2
Start
counter n
2
2
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
SR7
Idle
Stop
counter n
2
IDn* : wrong identification signal(s)
D30
-161-
44 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
17
1-11
9
1-11
t
11
CK3
00
CS1 RQ
8
3
1
EOI * EOC n
2
7
3
7
9, 17
ID3
11
8
3
7
2; 3
7
8
8
APPENDIX 7
Sheet 3 (of 3)
No
Yes
Stand-by
2
Stop
counter n
SR7
Idle
Connector
reference
Wait
for EOI
Stop
counter n
2
Stop
counter n
5
t
11
: block 2 was the last received block at the
moment the interruption occurred?
D31
-162-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 45
01 03
CB2(7) CB2 * CB1 *
9
1-11
0
1-6
CB1 CB2
9
1-11
00
*
0, 9
APPENDIX 8
Phasingprocedurewithoutautomaticidentificationin
(calledstation)
Sheet 1 (of 1)
Wait
for CB2
Wait
for CB1
Stand-by Stand-by
Connector
reference
S4
Idle
Stand-by
D32
-163-
46 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
1
1
17
1-11
9
1-11
t
11
00
CB1 *
03 00
CB2 *
1
1
CB1
00
CB2 *
00
9, 17
01
n
5
n
5
n
5
1 1
1
1
1
APPENDIX 9
(calledstation)
Sheet 1 (of 1)
No
Yes
SR4
Idle
Stand-by
Wait
for CB1
SR4
Idle
Stand-by
Wait
for CB2
SR4
Idle
Connector
reference
SR4
Idle
Stand-by
Stop
counter n
5
t
11
: block 2 was the last received block at the
moment the interruption occurred?
D33
-164-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 47
1-4(2); 3-3
1-5(2)
1
8
3
11
12
1
13
1
RQ RQ RQ
2
17
ISS
* n
3
1
13 23
1
12
3
20
CS1 CS2 CS3
10
t
5
26
2-11
7
1-4(2);
1-5(2);
3-2; 3-3
8
1
9
1
10
1
RQ RQ RQ
2
14
ISS
* n
3
1
10
3
23
1
9
3
20
CS2 CS1 CS3
09
t
5
7
8
26
9
10, 14
11
9, 20
10, 23
12
13
17
12, 20
8, 13, 23
APPENDIX 10
Trafficflowinthecaseofa4-signalcallidentityandin
thecaseofa7-signalcallidentity(stationisintheISSposition)
Sheet 1 (of 3)
No
Wait
for CS1
Assemble
Yes
Read next 3 signals from
traffic data buffer
Block 2
Start
counter n
3
n = 32 cycles
3
Stop
counter n
3
Re-set
counter n
3
No
Wait
for CS2
Assemble
Yes
Read next 3 signals from
traffic data buffer
Connector
reference
Block 1
n = 32 cycles
3
Start
counter n
3
Start
counter n
3
n = 32 cycles
3
Stop
counter n
3
Re-set
counter n
3
: data block contains message
end-of-communication?
t
5
: notice: station is ISS at the moment
the interruption occurred
ISS
D34
-165-
48 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
n
4
CS2 * CS1
19
25
19
12
19
16
1-2(3)
EOC
17
19
25
16
19
2
3
2
2(2)
17
1; 2-2(3);
2-3(3)
n
4
15
25
14
15
CS1 * CS2
15
2
25
3
15
2
11
15
2(2)
14
1
EOC
APPENDIX 10
Sheet 2 (of 3)
n = 0?
5
n = 0?
5
Wait
for CS1
No
Yes
Stand-by
4
Stop
counter n
Start
counter n
4
n = 4 cycles
4
Connector
reference
Wait
for CS2
No
Yes
Stand-by
4
Stop
counter n
Start
counter n
4
n = 4 cycles
4
Start
counter n
1
n = 128 cycles
1
D35
-166-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 49
RQ RQ RQ ISS
n
3
23
1(2)
t
6
t
7
t
7
00
1-5
00
1-3
00
1-9
00
1-7
23
21
25 25
21
2(2)
21
3
20
18
22
20
CO1 * CS3
21
3
20
3
18
1-11
13
20
1(2); 3
22
3-2; 1-5(2);
2-3(3); 3-3
APPENDIX 10
Sheet 3 (of 3)
Change from
ISS to IRS
No
SR4
Idle
MR4
Idle
SR7
Idle
No
Yes
Connector
reference
Wait
for CO1
No
Yes
MR7
Idle
Start
counter n
3
n = 32 cycles
3
Yes
Start
counter n
5
n = 32 cycles
5
Stop
counter n
3
ISS : notice: station is ISS at the moment
the interruption occurred
: station is master station? t
6
CO1: if ISS is:
master then RQ RQ RQ
slave then RQ
: station working in the case of
a 4-position call identity?
t
7
D36
-167-
50 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
17
1; 1-9; 3-7
EOC
16
2
13
2
13
2
t
13
CS1 IRS1
n
3
12
1(2)
* RQ-BL
12
1
12
1
14
2
13
CS2
12
13
12
13, 14
16
10
1
t
15
EOC
16
2
13
2
13
2
18
3-10
17
1
t
12
t
13
t
14
CS2 IRS2
n
3
11
1(2)
* RQ-BL
11
1
11
1
14
2
12
10
1
9
1-8(2); 1-6;
1-9; 3-6; 3-7
CS1
18
17
9
10
11
13
11, 17
13, 14
16
10
APPENDIX 11
Trafficflowinthecaseofa4-signalcallidentityandinthe
caseofa7-signalcallidentity(stationisintheIRSposition)
Sheet 1 (of 2)
IRS2: notice: station is IRS at the moment the
interruption occurred, last received block 2
IRS1: notice: station is IRS at the moment the
interruption occurred, last received block 1
: block 2 with or without the previous block 1
contains the sequence +??
t
15
: block 1 with or without the previous block 2
contains the sequence +??
t
14
: the emitting control signal is CS3? t
13
: block 2 was the last received block? t
12
Start
counter n
3
Block 2
n = 0?
5
Assemble
No
Stand-by
No
Yes
Wait
for block 2
No
Yes
Yes
Stop
counter n
3
Re-set
counter n
3
Appropriate control signal
Block 1
n = 0?
5
No
Yes
Assemble
No
Stand-by
No
Yes
Connector
reference
Wait
for block 1
No
Yes
Start
counter n
3
n = 32 cycles
3
Yes
Stop
counter n
3
Re-set
counter n
3
Appropriate
control signal
n =
32 cycles
3
D37
-168-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 51
CO2 ISS
n
3
14
1(2)
t
6
t
7
t
7
00
1-5
00
1-3
00
1-9
00
1-7
14
16 16
1(2)
13
26
13
* RQ RQ RQ
13
2
13
2
26
1-10
14
13
1(4); 2(2);
2-7(3)
CS3
APPENDIX 11
Sheet 2 (of 2)
Change from
ISS to IRS
No
SR4
Idle
MR4
Idle
SR7
Idle
No
Yes
Connector
reference
Wait
for
No
Yes
MR7
Idle
Yes
Start
counter n
5
n = 32 cycles
5
Stop
counter n
3
: station is master station? t
6
CO2: if IRS is:
master then RQ
slave then RQ RQ RQ
: station working in the case of
a 4-signal call identity?
t
7
D38
-169-
52 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
00
02
03
04
05 12 09 10
13 06
08
11
IRS
IRS
07
APPENDIX 12
inthecaseofa7-signalcallidentity(callingstation)andtrafficflowifthestation
isintheISSposition(stateoverviewdiagram)
Sheet 1 (of 8)
Rephasing
Rephasing
Stand-by
State number
00
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
Supervisory counters
= 32 cycles n
3
= 128 cycles n
0
= 128 cycles n
1
= 32 cycles n
2
= 4 cycles n
4
State description
M7 idle
Wait for CS4
Wait for change-over
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS4
Wait for CS4
Wait for CK1
Wait for CK2
Wait for CK3
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS2
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS2
Sheet reference
1-2
1-10
1-2
1-2
1-2
2-2
2-2
2-2
3-2
1-10
2-10
2-10
3-10
Counters running
n
1
n
0
n
0
n
0
n
2
n
2
n
2
n
2
n
3
n
3
n
4
, n
1
n
4
n
3
D39
-170-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 53
00
02
03
04
05 12 09 10
13 06
08
11
IRS
IRS
07
APPENDIX 12
Rephasingprocedurewithautomaticidentification
Sheet 2 (of 8)
Rephasing
Rephasing
Stand-by Rephasing
State number
00
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
Counters running
n
5
n
5
n
5
n
5
, n
2
n
5
, n
2
n
5
, n
2
n
5
, n
2
n
5
, n
3
n
5
, n
3
n
5
, n
4
n
5
, n
1 , n
4
n
5
, n
3
n
5
= 128 cycles n
1
= 32 cycles n
2
= 32 cycles n
3
= 4 cycles n
4
= 32 cycles n
5
State description
MR7 idle
Wait for CS5
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS5
Wait for CS5
Wait for CK1
Wait for CK2
Wait for CK3
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS2
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS2
Sheet reference
1-3
1-10
1-3
1-3
1-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
3-3
1-10
2-10
2-10
3-10
D40
-171-
54 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
00
02
03
12 09 10
IRS
IRS
13
11
APPENDIX 12
Phasingprocedurewithoutautomaticidentification
Sheet 3 (of 8)
Rephasing
Rephasing
Stand-by
State number
00
02
03
09
10
11
12
13
= 128 cycles n
0
= 32 cycles n
3
= 4 cycles n
4
n
1
= 128 cycles
State description
M4 idle
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS2
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS2
Wait for CS1
Sheet reference
1- 4
1- 4
1- 4
1-10
1-10
2-10
2-10
3-10
Counters running
n
1
n
0
n
0
, n
1
n
4
n
3
n
4
n
3
n
3
D41
-172-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 55
IRS
IRS
00
02
03
12 09 10
13
11
APPENDIX 12
Rephasingprocedurewithoutautomaticidentification
Sheet 4 (of 8)
Rephasing
Rephasing
Stand-by Rephasing
State number
00
02
03
09
10
11
12
13
Counters running
n
5
n
5
n
5
, n
1
n
4
n
3
n
4
n
3
n
3
= 128 cycles n
1
= 32 cycles n
3
= 4 cycles n
4
n
5
= 32 cycles
State description
M4 idle
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS2
Wait for CS1
Wait for CS2
Wait for CS1
Sheet reference
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-10
1-10
2-10
2-10
3-10
D42
-173-
56 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
ISS
03 01
00
08
02 04
09 10 11 12 13
14
ISS
APPENDIX 12
inthecaseofa7-signalcallidentity(calledstation)andtrafficflowifthestation
isintheIRSposition(stateoverviewdiagram)
Sheet 5 (of 8)
Rephasing
Stand-by
01
02
03
09
11
12
13
10
00
04
08
14
State number Counters running
n
2
n
2
n
2
n
2
n
3
n
3
n
3
n
3
= 32 cycles
n
2
= 32 cycles
State description
S7 idle
Wait for CB2
Wait for ID1
Wait for EOI
Wait for block 1
Wait for
Wait for CB3
Wait for CB3
Wait for CB1
Wait for ID2
Wait for ID3
Wait for block 2
Sheet reference
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-11
2-11
1-6
1-6
2-6
2-6
2-6
3-6
1-11
D43
-174-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 57
ISS
ISS
08 09 10 12
14
13 11
01
02
03
04
00
APPENDIX 12
Rephasingprocedurewithautomaticidentification
Sheet 6 (of 8)
Rephasing
Stand-by Rephasing
01
02
03
09
11
12
13
10
00
04
08
14
State number Counters running
n , n
2 5
n
5
n
5
n
5
n
5
n
5
n , n
2 5
n , n
2 5
n , n
2 5
n , n
3 5
n , n
3 5
n , n
3 5
n
2
= 32 cycles
n
5
= 32 cycles
3
= 32 cycles n
State description
SR7 idle
Wait for CB2
Wait for ID1
Wait for EOI
Wait for block 1
Wait for
Wait for CB3
Wait for CB3
Wait for CB1
Wait for ID2
Wait for ID3
Wait for block 2
Sheet reference
1-7
1-11
2-11
2-7
2-7
2-7
3-7
1-11
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-7
D44
-175-
58 Rec.ITU-RM.625-3
ISS
ISS
00
01
12 13
14
03
APPENDIX 12
Phasingprocedurewithoutautomaticidentification
Sheet 7 (of 8)
Rephasing
Stand-by
State number
00
01
03
12
13
14
= 32 cycles n
3
Counters running
n
3
n
3
n
3
State description
S4 idle
Wait for CB2
Wait for CB1
Wait for block 1
Wait for
Wait for block 2
Sheet reference
1-8
1-11
1-11
2-11
1-8
1-8
D45
-176-
Rec.ITU-RM.625-3 59
ISS
ISS
00
01 03
12 13
14
APPENDIX 12
Rephasingprocedurewithoutautomaticidentification
Sheet 8 (of 8)
Rephasing
Stand-by Rephasing
n
2
= 32 cycles
n
5
= 32 cycles
3
= 32 cycles n
State number
01
03
14
00
12
13
State description
SR4 idle
Wait for CB2
Wait for block 1
Wait for
Wait for CB1
Wait for block 2
Counters running
n
5
n
5
n
5
n , n
3 5
n , n
3 5
n , n
3 5
Sheet reference
1-9
1-9
1-9
1-11
1-11
2-11
D46
-177-
Rec.ITU-RM.633-3 1
RECOMMENDATIONITU-RM.633-3
*
Transmissioncharacteristicsofasatelliteemergencyposition-indicatingradio
beacon(satelliteEPIRB)systemoperatingthrougha
satellitesysteminthe406MHzband
(QuestionITU-R90/8)
(1986-1990-2000-2004)
considering
a) thatsatelliteEPIRBscanbeusedIordistressalertinginthemaritime,landandaeronautical
environments;
b) that satellite EPIRBs with common characteristics may be employed in diverse operating
environments;
c) that satellite EPIRBs are one oI the prime alerting means in the Global Maritime Distress
andSaIetySystem(GMDSS)oItheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO);
d) thatallshipstowhichChapterIVoItheInternationalConventionIortheSaIetyoILiIeat
Sea(SOLAS),1974,(asamendedin1988)applies,arerequiredbyRegulationIV/7.1.6tocarrya
satelliteEPIRBIrom1August1993;
e) thatSOLASRegulationIV/7.1.6providesIorthecarriageoIasatelliteEPIRBoperatingin
the406MHzband;
I) the assured availability oI operational Cospas-Sarsat type satellites in orbit until the
year2008andtheplannedavailabilitythereaIter;
g) thecurrentandprojectedavailabilityoItheCospas-Sarsatgroundsystem,
recommends
1 that the transmission characteristics and data Iormats Ior a satellite EPIRB operating
through a satellite system in the 406 MHz band should be in accordance with Cospas-Sarsat
DocumentC/S T.001 (Issue 3, Revision5 October 2003 titled SpeciIication Ior406MHz Cospas-
SarsatDistressBeacons).
NOTE1Document C/S T.001 (Issue 3, Revision 5, October 2003) has been provided to the
Radiocommunication Bureau Secretariat; a copy oI this document can also be obtained Iree oI
chargeIromtheCospas-SarsatSecretariat(e-mail:cospassarsatimso.org).
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention oI the International Maritime Organization
(IMO), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Mobile Satellite
Organization(IMSO)andtheCospas-SarsatSecretariat.
-179-
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.672-4
*

Satellite antenna radiation pattern for use as
a design objective in the fixed-satellite service
employing geostationary satellites

(1990-1992-1993-1995-1997)
FRQVLGHULQJ
a) that the use oI space-station antennas with the best available radiation patterns will lead to
the most eIIicient use oI the radio-Irequency spectrum and the geostationary orbit;
b) that both single Ieed elliptical (or circular) and multiple Ieed shaped beam antennas are
used on operational space stations;
c) that although improvements are being made in the design oI space-station antennas, Iurther
inIormation is still required beIore a reIerence radiation pattern can be adopted Ior coordination
purposes;
d) that the adoption oI a design objective radiation pattern Ior space-station antennas will
encourage the Iabrication and use oI orbit-eIIicient antennas;
e) that it is only necessary to speciIy space-station antenna radiation characteristics in
directions oI potential interIerence Ior coordination purposes;
I) that Ior wide applicability the mathematical expressions should be as simple as possible
consistent with eIIective predictions;
g) that nevertheless, the expressions should account Ior the characteristics oI practical antenna
systems and be adaptable to emerging technologies;
h) that measurement diIIiculties lead to inaccuracies in the modelling oI spacecraIt antennas at
large oII-axis angles;
j) that the size constraints oI launch vehicles lead to limitations in the '/ values oI spacecraIt
antennas, particularly at lower Irequencies such as the 6/4 GHz band;
k) that space-station antenna pattern parameters such as reIerence point, coverage area,
equivalent peak gain, that may be used to deIine a space-station reIerence antenna pattern, are Iound
in Annex 1;
l) that two computer programs have been developed to generate coverage contours (see
Annex 2),

*
Radiocommunication Study Group 4 made editorial amendments to this Recommendation in 2001 in
accordance with Resolution ITU-R 44 (RA-2000).
-181-
2 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4
UHFRPPHQGV
1 that Ior single Ieed circular or elliptical beam spacecraIt antennas in the Iixed-satellite
service (FSS), the Iollowing radiation pattern should be used as a design objective, outside the
coverage area:

) b 4 ( 180 90 Ior dBi ) (
) a 4 ( 90 Ior dBi ) (
) 3 ( Ior dBi log 25 ) (
) b 2 ( 5 . 0 Ior dBi ) (
) a 2 ( 5 . 0 Ior dBi log 20 ) (
) 1 ( Ior dBi ) / ( 3 ) (
<
<
<
< +
< + +

%
)
E
E E 1 P
E E 1 P
E E E P
/ *
< / *
< E ; *
E E / * *
E D ] / * *
D * *

where:

) ( 04 . 0
10 and ) ( log 25
) 1 P
/ / *
E E 1 P
E < E / * ;
+
+ +
*() : gain at the angle Irom the main beam direction (dBi)
*
P
: maximum gain in the main lobe (dBi)

E
: one-halI the 3 dB beamwidth in the plane oI interest (3 dB below *
P
)
(degrees)
/
1
: near-in-side-lobe level in dB relative to the peak gain required by the system
design
/
)
0 dBi Iar side-lobe level (dBi)
] : (major axis/minor axis) Ior the radiated beam
/
%
: 15 + /
1
+ 0.25 *
P
+ 5 log ] dBi or 0 dBi whichever is higher.
NOTE 1 Patterns applicable to elliptical beams require experimental veriIication. The values oI D in
Table 1 are provisional.
TABLE 1

The numeric values oI D, E, and Ior /
1
20 dB and 25 dB side-lobe levels are given in Table 1.
The values oI D and Ior /
1
30 dB require Iurther study. Administrations are invited to provide
data to enable the values oI D and Ior /
1
30 dB to be determined;
2 that Ior multiple-Ieed, shaped beam, spacecraIt antennas in the FSS, the radiation pattern to
be used as a design objective shall be selected Irom the Iollowing Iormulae depending upon the
class oI antenna and the range oI the scan ratio.
/
1

(dB)
D E
20 2.58 ( log ) 1 ] 6.32 2
25 2.58 ( . log ) 1 08 ] 6.32 2
30 6.32
-182-
Definition of class of antennas
DeIinition oI class A antennas:
Class A antennas are those with the boresight location within the coverage area.
DeIinition oI class B antennas:
Class B antennas are those with the boresight location outside the coverage areas Ior one or
more oI the beams.
Definition of scan ratio
There are two deIinitions oI the scan ratio:
The scan ratio in 2.1 is deIined as the angular distance between the centre oI coverage (deIined
as the centre oI the minimum area ellipse) and a point on the edge-oI-coverage, divided by the
beamwidth oI the component beam.
Scan ratio 6 used in 2.2 and 2.3 is deIined as the angular distance between the antenna boresight
and a point on the edge-oI-coverage, divided by the beamwidth oI the component beam.
In the initial determination oI which UHFRPPHQGV is applicable to a speciIic class A antenna, the
scan ratio deIinition should be used;
2.1 Ior class A antennas with scan ratio values 3.5:

0
0
0
0
0
2
0
dBi
/ 18 9244 . 1
9244 . 1 8904 . 0
8904 . 0 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
9244 . 1
log 20 25
25
5 . 0 065 . 13 256 . 0
) (

<

<

+

4
4 4
4
4
*
*
4
*
*
HS
HS
HS

where:
: angle (degrees) Irom the convex coverage contour to a point outside the
coverage region in a direction normal to the sides oI the contour
*
HS
: equivalent peak gain (dBi)
*
H
+ 3.0

0
: the halI-power beamwidth oI component beams (degrees)
72 ( /')
: wavelength (m)
' : physical diameter oI the reIlector (m)

2 2
2
)| 02 . 0 ) / |(
) 2 / 1 ( 000075 . 0
10
S
' )
4
: scan ratio as deIined in 2
)/'
S
: ratio oI the reIlector Iocal length ) to parent parabola diameter '
S

'
S
2(G K)
-183-
G : projected aperture diameter oI the oIIset paraboloid
K : oIIset height to the edge oI the reIlector;
2.2 that Ior class A antennas with scan ratio values 6 5:

$
$
18 ) 5 . 4 (
) 5 . 4 (
0
Ior
Ior
Ior
) 5 . 4 (
log 20 22
22
1 1
) (
10
2
dBi
< +
+ <

+
+

+

E
E E
E
E
H
H
E
H
&
& &
&
&
*
*
% *
*
where:
: angle (degrees) Irom the convex coverage contour in a direction normal to the
sides oI the contour
*
H
: gain at the edge-oI-coverage (dBi)
% %
0
(6 1.25) % Ior 6 5
%
0
2.05 + 0.5 ()/' 1) + 0.0025 '/
% 1.65 ('/)
0.55

E
: beamlet radius
36 /'
: wavelength (m)
1
22
1
%
& +
6 : scan ratio as deIined in 2
)/' : ratio oI Iocal length over the physical diameter oI the antenna;
2.3 that Ior class B antennas, which only use scan ratio 6 (Ior 6 0):

< +
+ < +
+ <

+
+

+

18 ) 5 . 4 (
) 5 . 4 ( ) 1 (
) 1 (
0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
) 5 . 4 (
log 20 22
22
cos log 7012 . 18 17
1 1
) (
10
10
2
dBi
E
E E
E E
E
E
H
H
E
E
H
E
H
&
& &
& &
&
&
*
*
&
*
% *
*
where:
: angle (degrees) Irom the convex coverage contour in a direction normal to the
*
H
: gain at the edge-oI-coverage (dBi)
% %
0
(6 1.25) % Ior 6 0
%
0
2.05 0.5 ()/' 1) 0.0025 '/
% 1.65 ('/)
0.55

E
: beamlet radius
-184-
36 /'
: wavelength (m)
1
17
1
%
& +
6 : scan ratio as deIined in 2
)/' : ratio oI Iocal length over the physical diameter oI the antenna;
2.4 that Ior class A antennas with scan ratio values > 3.5 and 6 < 5, the design objective is
still under study. In particular, studies are required on the extension oI the equations given in 2.1
and 2.2 into this region. One possible method oI extending the design objective into this region is
described in Annex 1. For the deIinition oI scan ratios and 6 and their application, see 2;
2.5 that the Iollowing Notes shall be considered part oI 2.1 and 2.2:
NOTE 1 The coverage area shall be deIined as the contour constructed Irom the polygon points
surrounding the service area, using the method given in Annex 2.
NOTE 2 For the cuts, where the 3 dB gain contour is outside oI the constructed coverage
contour, the design objective pattern should originate Irom the 3 dB contour.
NOTE 3 This Recommendation should be applied only in the direction oI an interIerence
sensitive system. That is, it need not be applied in directions where the potential Ior interIerence to
other networks does not exist (e.g. oII the edge oI the Earth, unpopulated ocean regions). 10 oI
the cuts may exceed the design objective pattern.
NOTE 4 This Recommendation does not apply to dual Irequency band antennas. Antennas using
the reIlector induced phase error Ior beam broadening belong to this category and require Iurther
study.

ANNEX 1
Satellite antenna patterns in the fixed-satellite service
1 Satellite antenna reference radiation patterns
1.1 Single feed circular beams
The radiation pattern oI the satellite antenna is important in the region oI the main lobe as well as
the Iarther side lobes. Thus, the possible patterns commencing at the 3 dB contour oI the main lobe
are divided into Iour regions. These are illustrated in Fig. 1.
DiIIiculties arise, however, in attempting to apply the postulated pattern to a non-circular beam.
Administrations are thereIore requested to submit measured radiation patterns Ior antennas with
other than simple circular beams.
-185-
0672-01
20
25
30
D E /
V
0
10
20
30
1
2 5
10 10
2
2 5
/
V
20 dB
25 dB /
V
30 dB /
V
dBi
(I)
0
D
0
*() *
P
/
V
*() 0
*() *
P
/
V
20 25 log (/
0
)
*() *
P
3 (/
0
)
2
dBi
dBi
dBi
(II) D
0
< E
0
(III) E
0
<
1
(IV)
1
<
*():
*
P
:
0
:
/
V
:
DE:
1
:
G
a
i
n

r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

t
o

*
P

(
d
B
)
Relative oII-axis angle, /
0
FIGURE 1
Radiation pattern envelope functions
2.58
2.88
3.16
6.32
6.32
6.32
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
where:
gain at the angle () Irom the axis (dBi)
maximum gain in the main lobe (dBi)
one-halI the 3 dB beamwidth in the plane oI interest (3 dB below *
P
) (degrees)
value oI () when *() in equation (III) is equal to 0 dBi
the required near-in-side-lobe level (dB) relative to peak gain
the numeric values are given below:

1.2 Single feed elliptical beams
The Iunctions in Fig. 1 deIine a maximum envelope Ior the Iirst side lobes at a level oI 20 dB
relative to peak gain and this pattern applies to antennas oI Iairly simple designs. However, in the
interest oI a better utilization oI the orbit capacity, it may be desirable to reduce this level to 30 dB
and to use antennas oI more sophisticated design. The pattern adopted by the World Administrative
Radio ConIerence Ior the Planning oI the Broadcasting-Satellite Service, Geneva, 1977 (WARC
BS-77) Ior broadcasting satellite antennas meets this requirement and is now being achieved and
-186-
should thereIore apply in that case. Additional studies may be desirable to ascertain the Ieasibility
oI achieving these reduced side-lobe levels in common practice, particularly with respect to the
6/4 GHz bands.
1.3 Multiple feed shaped beams
A similar pattern applicable to shaped beams must be based on analysis oI several shaped beams
and also on theoretical considerations. Additional parameters must be speciIied, such as the
diameter oI the elemental beamlet and the level oI the Iirst side lobe. In addition the cross-section
and means oI measuring angles Iorm part oI the pattern deIinition.
The important consideration in producing such a reIerence is the discrimination to be achieved Irom
the edge oI coverage oI all types oI antenna, including the most complex shaped beam antenna, as a
Iunction oI angular separation oI the coverage areas as seen Irom the orbit. The radiation pattern oI
a shaped beam antenna is unique and it is mainly determined by the Iollowing operational and
technical Iactors:
shape oI the coverage area;
satellite longitude;
maximum antenna aperture;
Ieed design and illumination taper;
normalized reIlector aperture diameter ('/);
Iocal length to aperture diameter ratio ()/');
number oI Irequency re-use and independent beam ports;
number oI Ieed elements utilized;
bandwidths;
polarization orthogonality requirements;
total angular coverage region provided;
stability oI Ieed element phase and amplitude excitations;
reconIigurability requirements;
number oI orbital positions Irom which beam coverages must be provided;
reIlector surIace tolerances achieved;
beam pointing (i.e. derived Irom satellite or independent beam positioning via earth-based
tracking beacons);
component beam degradations due to scan aberrations that are related to the speciIic
reIlector or antenna conIiguration (i.e. single reIlector, dual reIlector, shaped reIlector
systems without a Iocal axis, direct radiating array, etc.).
In view oI this, there may be some diIIiculties in developing a single reIerence radiation pattern Ior
shaped beam antennas.
The reIerence pattern oI Fig. 1 is unsatisIactory Ior shaped beam antennas, since a key parameter to
the reIerence pattern is
0
, the 3 dB halI-beamwidth, whereas the beam centre oI a shaped beam is
ill-deIined and largely irrelevant to the out-oI-beam response. A simple reIerence pattern consisting
oI Iour segments, as illustrated in Fig. 2 might be more satisIactory Ior the basis oI a reIerence
pattern. The slope oI the skirt oI this pattern would be a Iunction oI the angular distance outside the
average contour.
-187-
0672-02
3 dB
/
V
dB
*
0
dB
0
0
90
'
'
%/
%/
:
:
Edge oI coverage
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

g
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
Main lobe skirt
Limit
discrimination
(typically Iirst
side-lobe level)
Far side lobe
Back lobe
Region a Region b Region c Region d
FIGURE 2
Possible form of reference radiation pattern
oII-axis angle relative to edge oI coverage
(assumed to be equivalent to the 3 dB contour)
oII-axis angle relative to reIerence point

The particular direction in which to measure this angular distance is also a parameter which needs
deIinition. One method is to measure this angle orthogonally Irom the constant gain contour which
corresponds most closely to the coverage area. DiIIiculties arise with this method where portions oI
the gain contours are concave such as occurs with crescent-shaped patterns. For this type oI pattern,
the orthogonal direction away Irom a contour could intersect the coverage area again. From an
antenna design standpoint, the diIIiculty in achieving good discrimination in the concave portion oI
a pattern increases with the degree oI concavity. An alternative method which could circumvent
these problems is to circumscribe the coverage area by a contour which has no concavity and then
measure the angles orthogonally Irom this contour; this contour being considered as edge oI
coverage. Other methods oI deIining the direction oI measurement are possible, e.g. the centre oI a
circumscribing ellipse could be used as a reIerence point (see 2.1 and 2.2), but an unambiguous
deIinition is needed Ior any reIerence pattern.
Once the direction is deIined, the radiation pattern can be separated into Iour regions oI interest:
Region a: Main lobe skirt (edge oI coverage to angle oI limit discrimination)
This region is assumed to cover what is considered to be adjacent coverage regions. The required
isolation between satellite networks would be obtained Irom a combination oI satellite antenna
discrimination and orbital separation.
A simple Iunction which could be applied to this region could be in a Iorm similar to that given in
equation (I) oI Fig. 1.
-188-
Region b: Non-adjacent coverage region
This region begins where the radiation pattern yields suIIicient discrimination to allow nearly co-
located satellites to serve non-adjacent areas (
/
in Fig. 2). The limit discrimination (/
V
) may be
between 20 and 30 dB.
Region c: Far side-lobe region
Region d: Back-lobe region
Each oI these regions covers the higher order side lobes and is applicable to very widely spaced
service areas and, in those Irequency bands used bidirectionally, to parts oI the orbit. In the latter
case, care must be exercised when considering very large oII-axis angles since unpredictable
reIlections Irom the spacecraIt bus and spill-over Irom the main reIlector might have signiIicant
eIIect. A minimum gain envelope oI 0 dBi is suggested pending more inIormation (Region d in
Fig. 2).
2 Shaped beam radiation pattern models
For shaped beam modelling purposes, prior to the actual design oI an antenna, a simpliIied
reIerence pattern might be used. Two models which can generate such patterns and their associated
parameters are presented below. Both models are suitable Ior computer-aided interIerence studies
and, in conjunction with satellite centred maps, Ior manual application. The models Iorm the basis
oI a recommended pattern or patterns. However, it would be advisable to only apply the resultant
pattern 'proIiles in the direction oI an interIerence sensitive system. That is, they should not be
applied in directions where the potential Ior interIerence to other networks does not exist (i.e. oII
the edge oI the Earth, unpopulated ocean regions, etc.).
2.1 Representation of coverage area
Various methods have been proposed in the past Ior the service area representation oI FSS antennas.
In one method, the angular distance outside the coverage area is measured in a direction normal to
the service area geography (constant gain contour) as seen Irom the satellite. In practice, the gain
contour is designed to Iit the service area as closely as possible and thereIore the diIIerence between
using the service area and the constant gain contour is expected to be very small. However,
diIIiculties will arise with this method in certain cases where portions oI gain contours are concave
such as with crescent shaped patterns. For such patterns, the orthogonal direction away Irom the
contour could intersect the coverage area again thereby causing ambiguity (see Fig. 3a)). Another
diIIiculty with this representation is that Ior a given location outside the coverage area, there could
be more than one point on the service area at which the line joining the observation location to the
point on the service area is normal to the service area contour at that point (see Fig. 3a)).
However, a method has been developed which circumvents the diIIiculties cited above using
angular measurements normal to the coverage area and patterns containing concavities. This
method involves a number oI graphical constructions and is described in a set oI step-by-step
procedures in Annex 2.
-189-
10 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4
In addition, these step-by-step procedures can be simpliIied by use oI a convex-only coverage
contour. To produce a convex-only coverage contour, the same procedure as described in Annex 2
is undertaken, except that only convex corners, i.e. those in which the circle lies inside the coverage
contour are considered. The resultant coverage contour is illustrated in Fig. 3b).
Another way oI representing the shaped beam patterns is by circumscribing the actual coverage area
by a minimum area ellipse. The angular distance is measured Irom the edge oI the ellipse in a
direction normal to the periphery oI the ellipse. This has the advantage that it is relatively easy to
write highly eIIicient computer programs to deIine such an angular measurement procedure.
However, this representation tends to considerably overestimate the area deIined by the actual
service area.
Another method is a hybrid approach which gives an unambiguous deIinition Ior representing the
shaped beam coverage area. In this method a minimum area ellipse circumscribing the geographic
coverage is used to deIine the centre oI coverage area. The centre oI coverage area does not
necessarily represent the beam centre and is used only to deIine the axis oI pattern cuts. Once the
centre oI coverage area is deIined, the minimum area ellipse has no Iurther signiIicance.
A convex polygon is then used to deIine the coverage area boundary. The number oI sides Iorming
the polygon are determined based on the criteria that it should circumscribe the coverage area as
closely as possible and should be oI convex shape. A typical example is shown in Fig. 3c) Ior the
service area representation. The angular directions are radial Irom the centre oI the coverage area.
For an observation location outside the coverage area, the direction oI applying the template and the
angular distances are unambiguously deIined with reIerence to the centre oI coverage area.
However, this method tends to underestimate the angular spacing between the gain contours outside
the coverage area when the angle oI the radial with respect to the coverage contour signiIicantly
departs Irom normal.
In summary, it would appear that the most acceptable method, both in accuracy and ease oI
construction, is the use oI the convex-only coverage contour with the angular distances measured
along directions normal to the sides oI the contour, as shown in Fig. 3b).
2.2 Equivalent peak gain
In situations where it is not necessary to tailor the beam to compensate Ior the variation in
propagation conditions across the service area, the minimum coverage area gain achieved at the
coverage area contour is considered to be 3 dB less than the equivalent peak gain (*
HS
). In practice
the actual peak gain may be higher or lower than the equivalent peak gain and may not necessarily
occur on-axis.
In some situations there could be a large variation oI propagation conditions over the service area or
service requirements may warrant special beam tailoring within the service area. In these cases the
minimum required relative gain (relative to the average gain on the coverage area contour) at each
polygon vertex is computed and linear interpolation based on the azimuth Irom the beam axis may
then be used to determine the relative gain at intermediate azimuths. Under this scenario the gain at
the coverage area contour is direction dependent.
Note that Ior a shaped beam, the gain variation within the coverage area is not related to the roll-oII
oI gain beyond the edge oI coverage. The antenna perIormance within the coverage area, including
the gain, is not related to the interIerence introduced into adjacent systems. The gain variation
within the coverage area, thereIore, need not be characterized in shaped beam reIerence patterns.
-190-
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 11
0672-03
P
B
1
A
1
A
2
B
3
B
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
B'
C
D
E
E'
O
c)
a)
Convex polygon circumscribing
the coverage area
b)Measurement oI the angle, , Irom the (convex) coverage contour
Coverage area
boundary
Typical cut No. 1
Convex polygon
Minimum area ellipse
Coverage area boundary
FIGURE 3
Different representation of coverage area
Typical cut No. 2
Typical cut No. 1
Typical cut No. 2

-191-
12 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4
2.3 Elemental beamlet size
The side-lobe levels are determined by the aperture illumination Iunction. Considering an
illumination Iunction oI the Iorm:
1 , ,
2
cos ) (
[ [ [ I
1
(5)
which is zero at the aperture edge Ior 1 > 0. The elemental beamlet radius, as a Iunction oI the side-
lobe level (dB) and the '/ ratio, is, over the range oI interest, approximately given by:

E
(16.56 0.775 /
V
) /' degrees (6)
where /
V
is the relative level oI the Iirst side lobe (dB).
This expression illustrates the trade-oII between antenna diameter, side-lobe level and steepness oI
the main lobe skirt regions. It is derived by curve Iitting the results obtained Irom calculations Ior
diIIerent side-lobe levels. This relationship has been used as a starting point in the models described
below.
2.4 Development of co-polar pattern models
Generalized co-polar patterns Ior Iuture shaped beam antennas based on measurements on several
operational shaped beam antennas (Brazilsat, Anik-C, Anik-E, TDRSS, Intelsat-V, G-Star,
Intelsat-VI, Intelsat-VII, Cobra) and on theoretical considerations are given in this section.
Previous modelling did not appear to quantiIy the beam broadening eIIects. The Iollowing models
include two separate approaches which deal with these eIIects, which are essential to predicting
shaped beam antenna perIormance accurately.
2.4.1 First model
The shaped beam pattern given in this section is in terms oI the primary as well as the secondary
parameters. The primary parameters are the beamlet size, coverage area width in the direction oI
interest and the peak side-lobe level. Secondary parameters are the blockage parameter, surIace
deviation and the number oI beamwidths scanned. The eIIect oI secondary parameters on the
antenna radiation is to broaden the main beam and increase the side-lobe level. Although the
dominant parameter in the beam broadening is the number oI beamwidths scanned, the eIIects oI
the other two parameters are given here Ior completeness. However, the eIIect oI blockage on
side-lobe level should not be overlooked. Though it is true that, due to practical limitations, even Ior
a satellite antenna design which calls Ior maintaining the blockage Iree criteria, there is normally a
small amount oI edge blockage. In particular, edge blockage is quite likely to occur Ior linear
dual-polarization antennas employing a common aperture as is the case oI dual gridded reIlectors
used Ior Anik-E, G-Star, Anik-C, Brazilsat, etc. This is because oI the required separation between
the Ioci oI the two overlapped reIlectors Ior the isolation requirements and Ior the volume needed
Ior accommodating two sets oI horns.
In the Iar side-lobe regions there is very little measured inIormation available on which to base a
model. ReIlections Irom the spacecraIt structure, Ieed array spill-over, and direct radiation Irom the
Ieed cluster can introduce uncertainties at large oII-axis angles and may invalidate theoretical
-192-
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 13
projections. Measurement in this region is also extremely diIIicult and thereIore Iurther study is
required to gain conIidence in the model in this region. In the interim, a minimum gain plateau oI
0 dBi is suggested.
It should be noted that the suggested pattern is only intended to apply in directions where side-lobe
levels are oI concern. In uncritical directions, e.g. towards ocean regions or beyond the limb oI the
Earth or in any direction in which interIerence is not oI concern, this pattern need not be a
representative model.
General co-polar Model 1
The Iollowing three-segment model representing the envelope oI a satellite shaped beam antenna
radiation pattern outside oI the coverage area, is proposed:
Main lobe skirt region:

0
2
0
dBi
0 Ior 5 . 0 4 ) (

+ 4 :
4
9 8 * *
HS

Near-in side-lobe region:
*
dBi

() *
HS
+ 6/ Ior : 4
0
= 4
0

Far side-lobe region:
*
dBi

() *
HS
+ 6/ + 20 log (= 4
0
/ ) Ior = 18
where:
: angle Irom the edge oI coverage (degrees)
*
dBi
() : gain at (dBi)
*
HS
: equivalent peak gain
*
HS
*
H
3.0 (dBi)

0
: halI-power diameter oI the beamlet (degrees)

0
(33.12 1.55 6/) /'
: wavelength (m)
' : diameter oI the reIlector (m)
6/: side-lobe level relative to the peak (dB)
8 10 log $, 9 4.3429 % are the main beam parameters
% |ln (0.5/10
0.16/
)| / ||(16.30 3.345 6/) / (16.56 0.775 6/)|
2
1|
$ 0.5 exp(%)
: (0.26 2.57 6/) / (33.12 1.55 6/)
= (77.18 2.445 6/) / (33.12 1.55 6/)
4 : beam broadening Iactor due to the secondary eIIects:

2 2
2
| 02 . 0 ) / ( |
) 2 / 1 ( 000075 . 0
5 . 0 2 2
10 )| ( | | ) / ( 8 |( exp
S
' )
L
4 (7)
The variables in equation (7) are deIined as:
: r.m.s. surIace error
: blockage parameter (square root oI the ratio between the area blocked and the
aperture area)
-193-
14 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4
:

number oI beamwidths scanned away Irom the axial direction

0

/
0

0
:

angular separation between the centre oI coverage, deIined as the centre oI the
minimum area ellipse, to the edge oI the coverage area

L
() 1
2
Ior central blockage
|1 |1 $ (1 )
2
|
2
|
2
Ior edge blockage (8)
$ in equation (8) is the pedestal height in the primary illumination Iunction (1 $U
2
) on the
reIlector and U is the normalized distance Irom the centre in the aperture plane oI the reIlector (U 1
at the edge). )/'
S
in equation (7) is the ratio oI the Iocal length to the parent parabola diameter. For
a practical satellite antenna design this ratio varies between 0.35 and 0.45.
The Iar-out side-lobe gain depends on the Ieed-array spillover, reIlection and diIIraction eIIects
Irom the spacecraIt structure. These eIIects depend on individual designs and are thereIore diIIicult
to generalize.
As given in equation (7), the beam broadening Iactor 4 depends on the r.m.s. surIace error , the
blockage parameter , number oI beams scanned , and )/'
S
ratio. In practice, however, the eIIect
oI and on beam broadening is normally small and can be neglected. Thus, equation (7) can be
simpliIied to:

2 2
2
| 02 . 0 ) / |(
) 2 / 1 ( 000075 . 0
10
S
' )
4 (9)
where:
'
S
2(G + K)
G : projected aperture diameter oI the oIIset paraboloid
K : oIIset height to the edge oI the reIlector.
Equation (9) clearly demonstrates the dependence oI beam broadening on number oI beams scanned
and the satellite antenna )/'
S
ratio. This expression is valid Ior as high as nine beamwidths,
which is more than suIIicient Ior global coverage even at 14/11 GHz band; Ior service areas as large
as Canada, United States or China the value oI is generally one to two beams at 6/4 GHz band and
about Iour beams at 14/11 GHz band, in the application oI this model. Thus, Ior most oI the systems
the value oI 4 is normally less than 1.1. That is, the beam broadening eIIect is generally about 10
oI the width oI the elemental beamlet oI the shaped-beam antenna.
Neglecting the main beam broadening due to blockage and reIlector surIace error, and assuming a
worst-case value oI 0.35 Ior )/'
S
ratio oI the reIlector, the beam broadening Iactor 4 can be
simpliIied as:

2
) 2 / 1 ( 0037 . 0
10
4
In the 6/4 GHz band, a 25 dB side-lobe level can be achieved with little diIIiculty using a
multi-horn solid reIlector antenna oI about 2 m in diameter, consistent with a PAM-D type launch.
To achieve 30 dB discrimination, a larger antenna diameter could be required iI a sizeable angular
-194-
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 15
range is to be protected or controlled. In the 14/11 GHz Iixed-satellite bands, 30 dB discrimination
can generally be achieved with the 2 m antenna and the use oI a more elaborate Ieed design.
The above equations Ior the reIerence pattern are dependent upon the scan angle oI the component
beam at the edge oI coverage in the direction oI each individual cut Ior which the pattern is to be
applied. For a reIerence pattern to be used as a design objective, a simple pattern with minimum
parametric dependence is desirable. Hence, a value or values oI 4 which cover typically satellite
coverages should be selected and incorporated in the above equations.
A steeper main beam Iall-oII rate can be achieved Ior a typical domestic satellite service area as
compared to very large regional coverage areas; and conversely a reIerence pattern satisIying a
regional coverage will be too relaxed Ior domestic satellite coverages.
ThereIore it is proposed to simpliIy Model 1 into the Iollowing two cases Ior the FSS antennas. For
these cases a 25 dB side-lobe plateau level is assumed.
a) Small coverage regions( < 3.5)
Most oI the domestic satellite coverage areas Iall under this category. The beam broadening Iactor
4 is taken as 1.10 to represent reIerence patterns oI modest scan degradations Ior small coverage
regions as:

18 1168 . 2
1168 . 2 9794 . 0
9794 . 0 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
) / 1168 . 2 ( log 20 25
25
) 55 . 0 (
797 . 10
256 . 0
) (
0
0 0
0
0
2
0
2
0
dBi
<
<

+
+
+

HS
HS
HS
*
*
*
*
b) Wide coverage regions( > 3.5)
Examples Ior wide coverage regions are the hemi-beam and global coverages oI INTELSAT and
INMARSAT. In order to represent the pattern degradation due to large scan, a value oI 1.3 is taken
Ior the 4 Iactor. The reIerence patterns applicable to these coverages ( > 3.5) are deIined as:

18 5017 . 2
5017 . 2 1575 . 1
1575 . 1 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
) / 5017 . 2 ( log 20 25
25
) 65 . 0 (
73 . 7
256 . 0
) (
0
0 0
0
0
2
0
2
0
dBi
<
<

+
+
+

HS
HS
HS
*
*
*
*
2.4.2 Second model
There will be many diIIiculties in providing a relatively simple pattern that could be applied to a
range oI diIIerent satellite antennas without prejudice to any particular design or system. With this
thought the template presented here by Model 2 does not intend to describe a single unique
envelope, but a general shape. The template may be considered not only Ior a single antenna
application, but as an overall representation oI a Iamily oI templates describing antennas suitable
Ior many diIIerent applications.
In the development oI the model, an attempt has been made to take Iull account oI the beam
broadening that results Irom component beams scanned away Irom boresight oI a shaped-beam
antenna. A careIul attempt has been made to encompass the eIIects oI interIerence and mutual
-195-
16 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4
coupling between adjacent beamlets surrounding the component beamlet under consideration. To
avoid complexity in the Iormulation, two additional adjacent beamlets along the direction oI scan oI
the component beamlets have been considered. The variation in beam broadening with )/' ratio
has also been taken into account, the results have been tested over the range 0.70 )/' 1.3 and
modelled Ior an average scan plane between the elevation plane and azimuth plane. II the modelling
had been done Ior the azimuth plane only, sharper characteristics than predicted might be expected.
Other assumptions made in the model are as Iollows:
the boundary oI the component beams corresponding to the individual array elements has
been assumed to correspond to the ideal 3 dB contour oI the shaped coverage beam;
the component beamlet radius,
E
, is given by equation (6) and corresponds to an aperture
edge taper oI 4 dB;
the value oI % which controls the main beam region, is directly modelled as a Iunction oI
the scan angle oI the component beam, the antenna diameter ' and the )/' ratio oI the
antenna reIlector.
The value oI )/' used in this model is the ratio oI Iocal length to the physical diameter oI the
reIlector. The model is valid Ior reIlector diameters up to 120 , beam scanning oI up to 13 beam
widths and has shown good correlation to some 34 pattern cuts taken Irom Iour diIIerent antennas.
Recognizing that at some Iuture date it may be desirable to impose a tighter control on antenna
perIormance, this model provides two simple improvement Iactors, .
1
and .
2
, to modiIy the
overall pattern generated at present.
General co-polar Model 2
The equations to the various regions and the corresponding oII-axis gain values are described
below. Those gain values are measured normal to the coverage area at each point and this technique
is allied to the deIinition oI coverage area described in Annex 2.
At present, the values oI .
1
and .
2
should be taken as unity, .
1
.
2
1.
The equations used in this model are normalized to a Iirst side lobe (/
V
) oI 20 dB. Ultimately, the
particular value oI the Iirst side-lobe level chosen Ior the given application would be substituted.
a) The main lobe skirt region:(0 < &
E
)
In this region the gain Iunction is given by:
* () *
H
.
1
%

+ 1 1
2
E
dBi (10)
where:
* () : reIerence pattern gain (dBi)
*
H
: gain at the edge oI coverage (dBi)
: angle (degrees) Irom the (convex) coverage contour in a direction normal to the

E
32 /' is the beamlet radius (degrees) (corresponding to /
V
20 dB in
equation (6))
% %
0
(6 1.25) % Ior 6 1.25 and
-196-
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 17
% %
0
Ior 6 < 1.25
%
0
2.05 + 0.5 ()/' 1) + 0.0025 '/
% 1.65 ('/)
0.55
.
Equations Ior both the elevation and azimuth planes are given here in order to maintain generality.
azimuth plane : %
0
2.15 + 7
elevation plane : %
0
1.95 + 7
where 7 0.5 ()/' 1) + 0.0025 '/
azimuth plane : % 1.3 ('/)
0.55

elevation plane : % 2.0 ('/)
0.55

' : physical antenna diameter (m)
: wavelength (m)
6 : angular displacement A between the antenna boresight and the point oI the edge-oI-
coverage, in halI-power beamwidths oI the component beam, as shown in Fig. 4, i.e.
6
1
$
1
/ 2
E
and 6
2
$
2
/ 2
E

1
) 3 20 (
1
1
2
% .
.
& +
and corresponds to the limit where * () corresponds to a 20 .
2
(dB) level with respect
to equivalent peak gain *
HS
, i.e. * () *
H
+ 3 20 .
2
.
b) Near side-lobe region: &
E
< (& + 0.5)
E

This region has been kept deliberately very narrow Ior the Iollowing reasons. High Iirst lobes oI the
order oI 20 dB occur only in some planes and are Iollowed by monotonically decreasing side
lobes. In regions where beam broadening occurs, the Iirst side lobe merges with the main lobe
which has already been modelled by % Ior the beam skirt. Hence it is necessary to keep this region
very narrow in order not to over-estimate the level oI radiation. (For class B antennas this region
has been slightly broadened and the gain Iunction modiIied.) The gain Iunction in this region is
constant and is given by:
* () *
H
+ 3 20 .
2
(11)
c) Intermediate side-lobe region: (& + 0.5)
E
< (& + 4.5)
E

This region is characterized by monotonically decreasing side lobes. Typically, the envelope
decreases by about 10 dB over a width oI 4
E
. Hence this region is given by:

+ + +
E
H
& . * * ) 5 . 0 ( 5 . 2 20 3 ) (
2
dBi (12)
The above expression decreases Irom *
H
+ 3 20 .
2
at (& + 0.5)
E
to *
H
+ 3 10 20 .
2

at (& + 4.5)
E
.

d) Wide-angle side-lobe region: (& + 4.5)
E
< (& + 4.5)
E
',
where ' 10
|
(
*H 27
)
/ 20|

-197-
18 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4
This corresponds to the region which is dominated by the edge diIIraction Irom the reIlector and it
decreases by about 6 dB per octave. This region is then described by:

* () *
H
+ 3 10 20 .
2
+ 20 log

+
E
& ) 5 . 4 (
dBi (13)
In this region * () decreases Irom *
H
+ 3 10 20 .
2
at (& + 4.5)
E
to *
H
+ 3 16 20 .
2

at 2 (& + 4.5)
E
. The upper limit corresponds to where * () 3 dBi.
0672-04
A
2
A
1
A
1
A
2
A
1
, A
2
:
Edge oI coverage
Antenna
boresight
a) Boresight outside the coverage zone
b) Boresight inside the coverage zone
FIGURE 4
A schematic of a coverage zone
angular deviation (degrees) oI the two points on the edge oI
coverage Irom the antenna boresight
Antenna boresight

-198-
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 19
e) Far-out side-lobe region: (& + 4.5)
E
' 90,
where ' 10
|
(
*H 27
)
/ 20|

*() 3 dBi (14)
These regions are depicted in Fig. 5.
0672-05
*
H
3 /
V
10 dB/4
b
0 dBi
*
1
*
3
*
2
1
*
)
6 dB/octave
/
V
: Iirst side-lobe level
FIGURE 5
Different regions in the proposed model 2

The model can also be extended to the case oI simple circular beams, elliptical beams and to
shaped-reIlector antennas. These cases are covered by adjustment to the value oI % in the above
general model:
Ior simple circular and elliptical beams % is modiIied to a value, % 3.25
Ior shaped-reIlectors the Iollowing parameters are modiIied to:

75 . 2
75 . 2 75 . 0
75 . 0 5 . 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
62 . 0
34 . 0 56 . 1
3 . 1
>
<

6
6
6
6 %
where:
6 : (angular displacement Irom the centre oI coverage) / 2
E

-199-
20 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4

E
40 /'

.
2
1.25
It should be noted that the values proposed Ior shaped-reIlector antennas correspond to available
inIormation on simple antenna conIigurations. This new technology is rapidly developing and
thereIore these values should be considered tentative. Furthermore, additional study may be needed
to veriIy the achievable side-lobe plateau levels.
Use of improvement factors .
1
and .
2

The improvement Iactors .
1
and .
2
are not intended to express any physical process in the model,
but are simple constants to make adjustments to the overall shape oI the antenna pattern without
changing its substance.
Increasing the value oI .
1
Irom its present value oI 1, will lead to an increase in the sharpness oI the
main beam roll-oII.
Parameter .
2
can be used to adjust the levels oI the side-lobe plateau region by increasing .
2
Irom
its value oI unity.
2.5 Shaped beam pattern roll-off characteristics
The main beam roll-oII characteristics oI shaped beam antennas depend primarily on the antenna
size. The angular distance
/
Irom the edge oI coverage area to the point where the gain has
decreased by 22 dB (relative to edge gain) is a useIul parameter Ior orbit planning purposes: it is
related to the antenna size as:

/
& (/')
For central beams with little or no shaping, the value oI & is 64 Ior 25 dB peak side-lobe level.
However, Ior scanned beams & is typically in the range 64 to 80 depending on the extent oI main
beam broadening.
2.6 Reference pattern for intermediate scan ratios
UHFRPPHQGV 2.1 and 2.2 have two reIerence patterns Ior the satellite antennas in the FSS, one Ior
small coverage areas with scan ratios less than 3.5 and the other Ior wide coverage areas with scan
ratios greater than 5.0. However, the radiation patterns Ior intermediate scan ratios (3.5 < < 5.0) oI
satellite antennas have not been deIined.
In order to Iully utilize the Recommendation the radiation pattern Ior antennas with intermediate
scan ratios between 3.5 and 5.0 should be deIined. One approach would be to redeIine either oI the
two models to cover the other region. However, as an interim solution it is proposed to connect the
two models with a reIerence pattern deIined by parameters similar to those used in UHFRPPHQGV 2.1
and 2.2.
Based on this approach a new reIerence pattern, which is applicable only to Class A antennas, has
been developed which satisIies the existing patterns Ior the small coverage and the wide coverage
areas at 3.5 and 5.0 respectively. It is deIined as a Iunction oI the beam-broadening Iactor 4
L

-200-
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 21
which is the ratio oI upper limits oI the main beam Iall-oII regions oI the shaped beam ( > 1/2) and
the pencil beam ( 1/2). For intermediate scan ratios in the range 3.5 < < 5.0, the value oI 4
L
is
interpolated as:

+
5 . 1
5 . 3
7808 . 1
4
&
4 4
L

where:

2 2
2
| 02 . 0 ) / |(
) 2 / 1 ( 000075 . 0
10
S
' )
4
1
22
1
%
& +
% 2.05 + 0.5 ()/' 1) + 0.0025 '/ ( 1.25) 1.65 ('/)
0.55

The reIerence pattern Ior intermediate scan ratios (3.5 < < 5.0) is deIined as:

0 0
0
0
2
0
dBi
18
9244 . 1
9244 . 1 8904 . 0
8904 . 0 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
9244 . 1
log 20 25
25
5 . 0 065 . 13 256 . 0
) (

<

<

+

L
L L
L
L
HS
HS
L
HS
4
4 4
4
4
*
*
4
*
*
The variables in the above equations have been deIined in UHFRPPHQGV 2.1 and 2.2.
Figure 6 shows an example oI the new reIerence pattern Ior 4.25 and Ior two diIIerent values oI
'/.
0672-06
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
'/ 30
'/ 80
G
a
i
n

r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

t
o

p
e
a
k

(
d
B
)
FIGURE 6
Proposed reference patterns for intermediate scan ratios
(3.5 < < 5.0)
Angle Irom edge oI coverage, (degrees)
'/ : parameter oI the curves
1.25
)/' 1, )/'
S
0.35

-201-
22 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4
Further study is needed to validate this model Ior the intermediate scan ratio region.

ANNEX 2
1 Defining coverage area contours and gain contours about the coverage
area
1.1 Defining coverage area contours
A coverage area can be deIined by a series oI geographic points as seen Irom the satellite. The
number oI points needed to reasonably deIine the coverage area is a Iunction oI the complexity oI
the area. These points can be displaced to account Ior antenna pointing tolerances and variations
due to service arc considerations. A polygon is Iormed by connecting the adjacent points. A
coverage area contour is constructed about this polygon by observing two criteria:
the radius oI the curvature oI the coverage area contour should be
E
;
the separation between straight segments oI the coverage area contour should be > 2
E
(see
Fig. 7).
II the coverage polygon can be included in a circle oI radius
E
, this circle is the coverage area
contour. The centre oI this circle is the centre oI a minimum radius circle which will just encompass
the coverage area contour. II the coverage polygon cannot be included in a circle oI radius
E
, then
proceed as Iollows:
6WHS: For all interior coverage polygon angles < 180, construct a circle oI radius
E
with its
centre at a distance (
E
) on the internal bisector oI the angle. II all angles are less than 180
(no concavities) Steps 2 and 4 which Iollow are eliminated.
6WHS: a) For all interior angles > 180, construct a circle oI radius
E
which is tangent to the
lines connected to the coverage point whose centre is on the exterior bisector oI the
angle.
b) II this circle is not wholly outside the coverage polygon, then construct a circle oI
radius
E
which is tangent to the coverage polygon at its two nearest points and wholly
outside the coverage polygon.
6WHS: Construct straight line segments which are tangent to the portions oI the circles oI Steps 1
and 2 which are closest to, but outside the coverage polygon.
6WHS: II the interior distance between any two straight line segments Irom Step 3 is less than 2
E
,
the controlling points on the coverage polygon should be adjusted such that reapplying
Steps 1 through 3 results in an interior distance between the two straight line segments
equal to 2
E
.
An example oI this construction technique is shown in Fig. 7.
-202-
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 23
0672-07
E
Coverage
polygon
Step 2a)
Iails
Coverage area
contour
FIGURE 7
Construction of a coverage area contour
Step 2a)
Step 2b)
Step 1
Step 1
Step 1
Step 1

1.2 Gain contours about the coverage area contours
As also noted in Annex 1, diIIiculties arise where the coverage area contour exhibits concavities.
Using a measured normal to the coverage area contour will result in intersections oI the normals
and could result in intersections with the coverage area contour.
In order to circumvent this problem, as well as others, a two step process is proposed. II there are no
concavities in the coverage contours, the Iollowing Step 2 is eliminated.
6WHS: For each , construct a contour such that the angular distance between this contour and
the coverage area contour is never less than .
This can be done by constructing arcs oI dimension Irom points on the coverage area contour.
The outer envelope oI these arcs is the resultant gain contour.
-203-
24 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4
Where the coverage area contour is straight or convex, this condition is satisIied by measuring
normal to the coverage area contour. No intersections oI normals will occur Ior this case.
Using the process described in Step 1 circumvents these construction problems in areas oI
concavity. However, Irom a realistic standpoint some problem areas remain. As noted in Annex 1,
side-lobe control in regions oI concavity can become more diIIicult as the degree oI concavity
increases, the pattern cross-section tends to broaden and using the Step 1 process, discontinuities in
the slope oI the gain contour can exist.
It would appear reasonable to postulate that gain contours should have radii oI curvature which are
never less than (
E
+ ) as viewed Irom inside and outside the gain contour. This condition is
satisIied by the Step 1 process where the coverage area contour is straight or convex, but not in
areas oI concavity in the coverage area contour. The Iocal points Ior radii oI curvature where the
coverage area contour is straight or convex are within the gain contour. In areas oI concavity, the
use oI Step 1 can result in radii oI curvature as viewed Irom outside the gain contour which are less
than (
E
).
Figure 8 shows an example oI the Step 1 process in an area oI concavity. Semi-circular segments
are used Ior the coverage area contour Ior construction convenience. Note the slope discontinuity.
To account Ior the problems enumerated above and to eliminate any slope discontinuity, a Step 2 is
proposed where the concavities exist.
0672-08
1
Coverage area
contour
Slope
discontinuity
FIGURE 8
Gain contours from Step 1 in a concave coverage
area contour

-204-
Rec. ITU-R S.672-4 25
6WHS: In areas oI the gain contour determined by Step 1 where the radius oI curvature as viewed
Irom outside this contour is less than (
E
+ ) this portion oI the gain contour should be
replaced by a contour having a radius equal to (
E
+ ).
Figure 9 shows an example oI the Step 2 process applied to concavity oI Fig. 8. For purposes oI
illustration, values oI the relative gain contours are shown, assuming
E
as shown and a value oI
% 3 dB.
This method oI construction has no ambiguities and results in contours in areas oI concavities
which might reasonably be expected. However, diIIiculties occur in generating soItware to
implement the method, and Iurthermore it is not entirely appropriate Ior small coverage areas.
Further work will continue to reIine the method.
To Iind the gain values at speciIic points without developing contours the Iollowing process is used.
Gain values at points which are not near an area oI concavity can be Iound by determining the angle
measured normal to the coverage area contour and computing the gain Irom the appropriate
equation: (10), (11), (12), (13) or (14). The gain at a point in concavity can be determined as
Iollows.
First a simple test is applied. Draw a straight line across the coverage concavity so that it touches
the coverage edge at two points without crossing it anywhere. Draw normals to the coverage
contour at the tangential points. II the point under consideration lies outside the coverage area
between the two normals, the antenna discrimination at that point may be aIIected by the coverage
concavity. It is then necessary to proceed as Iollows:
Determine the smallest angle between the point under consideration and the coverage area
contour. Construct a circle with radius (
E
+ ), whose circumIerence contains the point, in such a
way that its angular distance Irom any point on the coverage area contour is maximized when the
circle lies entirely outside the coverage area; call this maximum angular distance . The value oI
may be any angle between 0 and ; it cannot be greater than but may be equal to . The
antenna discrimination Ior the point under consideration is then obtained Irom equations (10), (11),
(12), (13) or (14) as appropriate using instead oI .
Two computer programs Ior generating the coverage area contours based on the above method have
been developed and are available at the Radiocommunication Bureau.
-205-
26 Rec. ITU-R S.672-4
0672-09
U
U
U
0
E

*() dB
U
E

2
| | ( )
*() 3 1 1 dB
0
U
E

U
0
:
U:
16.0
11.4
8.4
5.4
3.3
1.5
28.8
Coverage area contour
FIGURE 9
Construction of gain contours in a concave coverage area
contour - Step 1 plus Step 2
radius oI curvature oI coverage contour concavity
radius oI curvature
U
0
1.9
E

-206-
*
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EMERGENCY POSITION-INDICATING
RADIO BEACONS (EPIRBs) OPERATING ON THE CARRIER
FREQUENCIES OF 121.5 MHz AND 243 MHz
(1990-1995)
Rec. ITU-R M.690-1
Summary
This Recommendation contains technical characteristics to which emergency position-indicating radio
beacons (EPIRBs) intended to operate on the carrier frequency of 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz should conform.
Additional characteristics for EPIRBs intended for carriage on aircraft are specified in relevant annexes to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation.
considering
a) that the Radio Regulations define the purpose of emergency position-indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) signals;
b) that administrations authorizing the use of EPIRBs operating on carrier frequencies of 121.5 MHz
and 243 MHz should ensure that such EPIRBs comply with relevant ITU-R Recommendations and the standards and
recommended practices of ICAO,
recommends
1 that the technical characteristics of EPIRBs operating on the carrier frequencies of 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz
should be in accordance with Annex 1.
ANNEX 1
Technical characteristics of emergency position-indicating
radio beacons (EPIRBs) operating on the carrier
frequencies of 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz
EPIRBs operating on the carrier frequencies of 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz should fulfil the following conditions (see
Note 1):
a) emission in normal antenna conditions and positions should be vertically polarized and be essentially
omnidirectional in the horizontal plane;
b) carrier frequencies should be amplitude-modulated (minimum duty cycle of 33%), with a minimum depth of
modulation of 0.85;
c) the emission should consist of a characteristic audio-frequency signal obtained by amplitude modulation of the
carrier frequencies with a downward audio-frequency sweep within a range of not less than 700 between 1 600 Hz
and 300 Hz and with a sweep repetition rate of two to four times per second;
_______________
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and
the COSPAS-SARSAT Secretariat.
-207-
d) the emission should include a clearly defined carrier frequency distinct from the modulation sideband components;
in particular, at least 30% of the power should be contained at all times within:
30 Hz of the carrier frequency on 121.5 MHz;
60 Hz of the carrier frequency on 243 MHz;
e) the class of emission should be A3X; however, any type of modulation which satisfies the requirements laid down
in b), c) and d) above may be used, provided it does not impair the precise locating of the radio beacon.
NOTE 1 Additional characteristics for EPIRBs aboard aircraft are specified in the relevant annexes to the Convention
on International Civil Aviation.
_________________
-208-
Rec.ITU-RP.838-3 1
Specificattenuationmodelforrainforuseinpredictionmethods
(1992-1999-2003-2005)
considering
a) thatthereisaneedtocalculatetheattenuationduetorainIromaknowledgeoIrainrates,
recommends
1 thattheIollowingprocedurebeused.
The speciIic attenuation
R
(dB/km) is obtained Irom the rain rate R (mm/h) using the power-law
relationship:
kR
R
(1)
ValuesIorthecoeIIicientskandaredeterminedasIunctionsoIIrequency,f(GHz),intherange
Irom1to1000GHz,IromtheIollowingequations,whichhavebeendevelopedIromcurve-Iitting
topower-lawcoeIIicientsderivedIromscatteringcalculations:
_
+ +
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

4
1
10
2
10
10
log
log
exp log
j
k k
j
j
j
c f m
c
b f
a k (2)
_

+ +
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

5
1
10
2
10
log
log
exp
j
j
j
j
c f m
c
b f
a (3)
where:
f : Irequency(GHz)
k: eitherk
H
ork
V
: either
H
or
V
.
Values Ior the constants Ior the coeIIicient k
H
Ior horizontal polarizationare given in Table 1 and
IorthecoeIIicientk
V
IorverticalpolarizationinTable2.Table3givesthevaluesIortheconstants
IorthecoeIIicient
H
Iorhorizontalpolarization,andTable4givesthevaluesIortheconstantsIor
thecoeIIicient
V
Iorverticalpolarization.
-209-
2 Rec.ITU-RP.838-3
TABLE1
Coefficientsfork
H
j a
j
b
j
c
j
m
k
c
k
1 5.33980 0.10008 1.13098
2 0.35351 1.26970 0.45400
3 0.23789 0.86036 0.15354
4 0.94158 0.64552 0.16817
0.18961 0.71147
TABLE2
Coefficientsfork
V
j a
j
b
j
c
j
m
k
c
k
1 3.80595 0.56934 0.81061
2 3.44965 0.22911 0.51059
3 0.39902 0.73042 0.11899
4 0.50167 1.07319 0.27195
0.16398 0.63297
TABLE3
Coefficientsfor
H
j a
j
b
j
c
j
m
1 0.14318 1.82442 0.55187

2 0.29591 0.77564 0.19822
3 0.32177 0.63773 0.13164
4 5.37610 0.96230 1.47828
5 16.1721 3.29980 3.43990
0.67849 1.95537
TABLE4
Coefficientsfor
V
j a
j
b
j
c
j
m
1 0.07771 2.33840 0.76284

2 0.56727 0.95545 0.54039
3 0.20238 1.14520 0.26809
4 48.2991 0.791669 0.116226
5 48.5833 0.791459 0.116479
0.053739 0.83433
-210-
Rec.ITU-RP.838-3 3
Forlinearandcircularpolarization,andIorallpathgeometries,thecoeIIicientsinequation(1)can
becalculatedIromthevaluesgivenbyequations(2)and(3)usingtheIollowingequations:
2 / | 2 cos cos ) ( |
2
+ +
V H V H
k k k k k (4)
( ) k k k k k
V V H H V V H H
2 / | 2 cos cos |
2
+ + (5)
where is the path elevation angle and is the polarization tilt angle relative to the horizontal
( 45Iorcircularpolarization).
ForquickreIerence,thecoeIIicientskandareshowngraphicallyinFigs.1to4,andTable5lists
numericalvaluesIorthecoeIIicientsatgivenIrequencies.
-211-
4 Rec.ITU-RP.838-3
-212-
Rec.ITU-RP.838-3 5
TABLE5
Frequency-dependentcoefficientsforestimatingspecificrainattenuation
usingequations(4),(5)and(1)
Frequency
(GHz)
k
H

H
k
V

V
1 0.0000259 0.9691 0.0000308 0.8592
1.5 0.0000443 1.0185 0.0000574 0.8957
2 0.0000847 1.0664 0.0000998 0.9490
2.5 0.0001321 1.1209 0.0001464 1.0085
3 0.0001390 1.2322 0.0001942 1.0688
3.5 0.0001155 1.4189 0.0002346 1.1387
4 0.0001071 1.6009 0.0002461 1.2476
4.5 0.0001340 1.6948 0.0002347 1.3987
5 0.0002162 1.6969 0.0002428 1.5317
5.5 0.0003909 1.6499 0.0003115 1.5882
6 0.0007056 1.5900 0.0004878 1.5728
7 0.001915 1.4810 0.001425 1.4745
8 0.004115 1.3905 0.003450 1.3797
9 0.007535 1.3155 0.006691 1.2895
10 0.01217 1.2571 0.01129 1.2156
-213-
6 Rec.ITU-RP.838-3
TABLE5(continued)
Frequency
(GHz)
k
H

H
k
V

V
11 0.01772 1.2140 0.01731 1.1617
12 0.02386 1.1825 0.02455 1.1216
13 0.03041 1.1586 0.03266 1.0901
14 0.03738 1.1396 0.04126 1.0646
15 0.04481 1.1233 0.05008 1.0440
16 0.05282 1.1086 0.05899 1.0273
17 0.06146 1.0949 0.06797 1.0137
18 0.07078 1.0818 0.07708 1.0025
19 0.08084 1.0691 0.08642 0.9930
20 0.09164 1.0568 0.09611 0.9847
21 0.1032 1.0447 0.1063 0.9771
22 0.1155 1.0329 0.1170 0.9700
23 0.1286 1.0214 0.1284 0.9630
24 0.1425 1.0101 0.1404 0.9561
25 0.1571 0.9991 0.1533 0.9491
26 0.1724 0.9884 0.1669 0.9421
27 0.1884 0.9780 0.1813 0.9349
28 0.2051 0.9679 0.1964 0.9277
29 0.2224 0.9580 0.2124 0.9203
30 0.2403 0.9485 0.2291 0.9129
31 0.2588 0.9392 0.2465 0.9055
32 0.2778 0.9302 0.2646 0.8981
33 0.2972 0.9214 0.2833 0.8907
34 0.3171 0.9129 0.3026 0.8834
35 0.3374 0.9047 0.3224 0.8761
36 0.3580 0.8967 0.3427 0.8690
37 0.3789 0.8890 0.3633 0.8621
38 0.4001 0.8816 0.3844 0.8552
39 0.4215 0.8743 0.4058 0.8486
40 0.4431 0.8673 0.4274 0.8421
41 0.4647 0.8605 0.4492 0.8357
42 0.4865 0.8539 0.4712 0.8296
43 0.5084 0.8476 0.4932 0.8236
44 0.5302 0.8414 0.5153 0.8179
45 0.5521 0.8355 0.5375 0.8123
46 0.5738 0.8297 0.5596 0.8069
47 0.5956 0.8241 0.5817 0.8017
48 0.6172 0.8187 0.6037 0.7967
-214-
Rec.ITU-RP.838-3 7
TABLE5(continued)
Frequency
(GHz)
k
H

H
k
V

V
49 0.6386 0.8134 0.6255 0.7918
50 0.6600 0.8084 0.6472 0.7871
51 0.6811 0.8034 0.6687 0.7826
52 0.7020 0.7987 0.6901 0.7783
53 0.7228 0.7941 0.7112 0.7741
54 0.7433 0.7896 0.7321 0.7700
55 0.7635 0.7853 0.7527 0.7661
56 0.7835 0.7811 0.7730 0.7623
57 0.8032 0.7771 0.7931 0.7587
58 0.8226 0.7731 0.8129 0.7552
59 0.8418 0.7693 0.8324 0.7518
60 0.8606 0.7656 0.8515 0.7486
61 0.8791 0.7621 0.8704 0.7454
62 0.8974 0.7586 0.8889 0.7424
63 0.9153 0.7552 0.9071 0.7395
64 0.9328 0.7520 0.9250 0.7366
65 0.9501 0.7488 0.9425 0.7339
66 0.9670 0.7458 0.9598 0.7313
67 0.9836 0.7428 0.9767 0.7287
68 0.9999 0.7400 0.9932 0.7262
69 1.0159 0.7372 1.0094 0.7238
70 1.0315 0.7345 1.0253 0.7215
71 1.0468 0.7318 1.0409 0.7193
72 1.0618 0.7293 1.0561 0.7171
73 1.0764 0.7268 1.0711 0.7150
74 1.0908 0.7244 1.0857 0.7130
75 1.1048 0.7221 1.1000 0.7110
76 1.1185 0.7199 1.1139 0.7091
77 1.1320 0.7177 1.1276 0.7073
78 1.1451 0.7156 1.1410 0.7055
79 1.1579 0.7135 1.1541 0.7038
80 1.1704 0.7115 1.1668 0.7021
81 1.1827 0.7096 1.1793 0.7004
82 1.1946 0.7077 1.1915 0.6988
83 1.2063 0.7058 1.2034 0.6973
84 1.2177 0.7040 1.2151 0.6958
85 1.2289 0.7023 1.2265 0.6943
86 1.2398 0.7006 1.2376 0.6929
-215-
8 Rec.ITU-RP.838-3
TABLE5(end)
Frequency
(GHz)
k
H

H
k
V

V
87 1.2504 0.6990 1.2484 0.6915
88 1.2607 0.6974 1.2590 0.6902
89 1.2708 0.6959 1.2694 0.6889
90 1.2807 0.6944 1.2795 0.6876
91 1.2903 0.6929 1.2893 0.6864
92 1.2997 0.6915 1.2989 0.6852
93 1.3089 0.6901 1.3083 0.6840
94 1.3179 0.6888 1.3175 0.6828
95 1.3266 0.6875 1.3265 0.6817
96 1.3351 0.6862 1.3352 0.6806
97 1.3434 0.6850 1.3437 0.6796
98 1.3515 0.6838 1.3520 0.6785
99 1.3594 0.6826 1.3601 0.6775
100 1.3671 0.6815 1.3680 0.6765
120 1.4866 0.6640 1.4911 0.6609
150 1.5823 0.6494 1.5896 0.6466
200 1.6378 0.6382 1.6443 0.6343
300 1.6286 0.6296 1.6286 0.6262
400 1.5860 0.6262 1.5820 0.6256
500 1.5418 0.6253 1.5366 0.6272
600 1.5013 0.6262 1.4967 0.6293
700 1.4654 0.6284 1.4622 0.6315
800 1.4335 0.6315 1.4321 0.6334
900 1.4050 0.6353 1.4056 0.6351
1000 1.3795 0.6396 1.3822 0.6365
-216-
Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4 1
*
,
**
Interimsolutionsforimprovedefficiencyintheuseoftheband
156-174MHzbystationsinthemaritimemobileservice
(1994-1995-1997-1998-2001)
considering
a) that Recommendation No. 318 (Mob-87) of the World Administrative Radio Conference
for the mobile services (Geneva, 1987) (WARC Mob-87) seeks the most appropriate means to
improve efficiency in the use of the RR Appendix 18 VHF frequency spectrum for maritime mobile
communications;
b) that a common international system is essential for maritime communications to ensure the
safety of life at sea;
c) that the greatest long-term benefits in spectrum efficiency will be gained by using the latest
digital or narrow-band transmission techniques;
d) that the introduction of new technology or replanning of frequency bands will be a
significant exercise involving a long period of transition;
e) that any new equipment needs to be compatible or be able to co-exist with existing
equipment conforming to Recommendation ITU-R M.489 already in widespread use;
f) that the introduction of new technology should not interrupt the continuous availability of
RR Appendix 18 maritime mobile distress and safety communications in the VHF bands for all
users;
g) that congestion in the VHF maritime mobile band has become a serious problem in some
parts of the world and is continuing to grow;
h) that because of this need administrations may decide to take measures to solve their local
congestion problem;
j) that RR Appendix 18 makes provision for administrations having an urgent need to reduce
local congestion to apply 12.5 kHz channel interleaving on a non-interference basis to 25 kHz
channels;
k) that the implementation of 12.5 kHz channels would require a standard channel numbering
plan;
l) that administrations are planning to implement single frequency operation of two frequency
channels as a means of alleviating current congestion;
____________________
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the International Maritime Organization
(IMO).
**
Note by the Secretariat: Only Tables 1 and 3 of Annex 4 to this Recommendation are considered
incorporated by reference.
-217-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4
m) that these interim solutions are used by the standard universal automatic identification
system developed in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.1371 to meet IMO vessel carriage
requirements,
recommends
1 that administrations having an urgent need to resolve congestion, should implement single
frequency operation of two frequency channels as an interim expedient measure;
2 that, for administrations having an urgent need to resolve congestion, changing to 12.5 kHz
analogue frequency modulation (FM) as an interim expedient would be a simple approach to
improving spectrum utilization but could have an impact on current operations, especially where it
involved international shipping using 25 kHz channel spacing;
3 that administrations, when employing 12.5 kHz analogue FM channels as an interim
measure, should avoid distress and safety channels and channels affecting the safety of international
shipping;
4 that the interim arrangements referred to in recommends 2 and 3 should not prejudice the
implementation of the longer term solution resulting from the ongoing studies which may result in
the use of advanced technologies and channelling of bandwidth other than 12.5 kHz;
5 that the interim arrangements referred to in recommends 2 and 3 shall not prejudice the
implementation of a single international system for distress and safety communications by the
international community in the longer term;
6 that administrations intending to resolve current congestion problems through the use of
narrow-band channels should consider Annex 2 as a guide to migration from 25 kHz channels to
narrower bands;
7 that administrations intending to resolve current congestion problems through the use of
narrow-band channels should use equipment conforming to the technical parameters given at
Annex 1, whilst taking into account the provisions of RR Appendix 18;
8 that administrations implementing interleaved narrow-band channels at 12.5 kHz offset
spacing on an interim basis should consider Annex 3 as an example of a possible implementation
method (different example methods are available with other characteristics than those described in
Annex 3);
9 that administrations implementing narrow-band channels at 12.5 kHz should consider
Annex 4 for numbering the new channels;
10 that administrations implementing single frequency operation of two frequency channels
should consider Annex 4, Section 3, for numbering the channels;
11 that administrations should, as far as possible, look to the implementation of the latest
digital or narrow-band techniques to meet future operational requirements and achieve the efficient
use of the band 156-174 MHz.
-218-
Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4 3
ANNEX 1
Technicalcharacteristicsforequipmentdesignedtooperate
inchannelsspacedby12.5kHz
Use of equipment implementing these parameters listed below (see Note 1) should only be in
accordance with the provisions of RR Appendix 18:
the frequency tolerance for coast and ship station transmitters should not exceed 5 parts
in 10
6
;
the frequency deviation should not exceed 2.5 kHz.
NOTE 1 For information, other characteristics are based on European Telecommunications Standard
(ETS) 300 086 published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
ANNEX 2
Migrationtonarrow-bandchannelsinthemaritimemobileservice
1 Introduction
This Annex considers how in future the maritime-mobile service might migrate to narrow-band
channels spaced at 5 kHz or 6.25 kHz apart, using linear or digital modulation. Consideration is
given to migration from 25 kHz channel spacing as used at present, and from 12.5 kHz if the latter
was to be implemented as an interim measure by some administrations.
2 Implicationsofmigrationtonarrow-bandchannels
2.1 Migration
The most practicable and least disruptive method of migrating from 25 kHz or 12.5 kHz to 5 kHz or
6.25 kHz would be by interleaving the narrow-band channels with the wider ones and a similar
technique can be used in all cases. However because the linear and digital modulation techniques
using 5 kHz and/or 6.25 kHz are incompatible with current FM equipment, dual mode or additional
equipment would be required during the change-over period.
2.2 Interleaving
2.2.1 Interleavingwith25kHzchannels
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate how 5 kHz and 6.25 kHz channels could be interleaved with the existing
25 kHz ones. During the change-over period, coast stations and ships would be required to equip
with narrow-band equipment and move to the new narrow-band channels as they became available.
The numbers of new narrow-band channels would be gradually increased during the transition
period with the number of 25 kHz channels available correspondingly decreasing.
-219-
4 Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4
On a specified date all remaining 25 kHz channels would be withdrawn to be replaced by new ones.
The migration from 25 kHz channels is fairly straightforward but some realignment of channel or
band edges is likely to be required.
1084-01
25 kHz 25 kHz
FIGURE 1
Migrationfrom25kHzto5kHzchannelling
a) New channels interleaved between the old
b) All new channels after changeover with
readjustment of channel frequencies
FIGURE 2
Migrationfrom25kHzto6.25kHzchannelling
b) All new channels after changeover
2.2.2 Interleavingwith12.5kHzchannels
Figures 3 and 4 show that the principle for interleaving 5 kHz or 6.25 kHz channels with any
interim 12.5 kHz channels is exactly the same as for 25 kHz. However, the final transition is made
more complicated in the case of 5 kHz as the channel initially interleaved on the centre of the
25 kHz band would have to be moved by 2.5 kHz.
2.2.3 Interleavingwith25kHzand12.5kHzchannels
If some administrations were to move to 12.5 kHz channel spacing as an interim measure, and if the
12.5 kHz channels were interleaved with the 25 kHz channels, future migration to 5 kHz or
6.25 kHz channels would be significantly more complicated. As shown in Fig. 5, the new 5 kHz or
6.25 kHz channel would overlap one or other of the wider bandwidth channels.
-220-
Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4 5
1084-03
25 kHz 25 kHz
FIGURE 3
Migrationfrom12.5kHzto5kHzchannelling
FIGURE 4
Migrationfrom12.5kHzto6.25kHzchannelling
1084-05
25 kHz 25 kHz
12.5 kHz
FIGURE 5
Insertinganewchannel,5or6.25kHz,ontopof12.5kHzchannelsalreadyinterleaved
between25kHzchannels,increasestheoverlapoftransmissions.
Twoalternativecasesareshown
-221-
6 Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4
3 Interference
The interleaving process has to be done so as to minimize mutual interference. Some measurements
of the interference and co-channel performance between interleaved linear modulation and
12.5 kHz FM have been made. No similar published information has been identified for
narrow-band digital speech. It is however reasonable to assume that interleaving 5 kHz or 6.25 kHz
channels between 25 kHz channels will lead to less interference and better co-channel performance
than between 12.5 kHz channels.
4 Conclusions
The migration path to either 5 kHz or 6.25 kHz channels would be similar. However, a direct
transition from 25 kHz rather than via an interim step of 12.5 kHz would be simpler in that:
it would require less channel planning and realignment of centre frequencies;
it would avoid channel overlap if 12.5 kHz channels were interleaved, as an interim
measure, with 25 kHz ones; and
the interference potential is likely to be less.
Clearly interleaving of channels will need to be carefully planned and the use of frequency planning
tools will be important. Further field measurements and studies will be needed to provide the
necessary information.
ANNEX 3
Anexamplemethodforimplementinginterleavednarrow-bandchannels
at12.5kHzoffsetspacing
This method could be used when 12.5 kHz operation is included along with digital selective-calling
(DSC) operation (see Note 1) and 25 kHz in a single equipment.
NOTE 1 DSC operation in this implementation is in full accordance with Recommendations ITU-R M.493,
ITU-R M.541, ITU-R M.821 and ITU-R M.825.
1 Receiverperformance
1.1 The sensitivity should be equal to or less than 0.3 V for a 12 dB signal plus noise plus
distortion to noise plus distortion (SINAD) ratio at the output of the receiver for a 1 kHz narrow
band frequence modulation (NBFM) modulation tone at 2 kHz peak deviation.
1.2 Adjacent channel rejection should be at least 70 dB for a 12.5 kHz spaced adjacent channel.
1.3 The spurious response and out-of-band rejection ratio should be at least 75 dB.
-222-
Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4 7
1.4 The radio-frequency intermodulation rejection ratio should be at least 75 dB.
1.5 The power of any conducted spurious emission, measured at the antenna terminals, should
not exceed 2.0 nW at any discrete frequency.
1.6 The effective radiated power (e.r.p.) of any cabinet radiated spurious emission on any
frequency up to 70 MHz removed from the carrier should not exceed 10 nW. More than 70 MHz
removed from the carrier, the spurious emissions should not exceed 10 nW plus an additional
6 dB/octave in frequency up to 1000 MHz.
1.7 For receivers with DSC and C4FM capability. C4FM (constant envelope four-level FM)
digital modulation in this implementation is compatible with CQPSK (compatible quadrature
phase-shift key) modulation for both transmission and reception.
1.7.1 For DSC operation on 25 kHz channels, the receiver must be capable of error-free reception
of any DSC data packet at 0.3 V.
1.7.2 For DSC operation on interleaved (12.5 kHz offset) channels, the receiver must be capable
of error-free reception of a DSC data packet at 0.3 V at a reduced maximum deviation of
2.5 kHz.
1.7.3 For C4FM operation at 9600 bit/s, the receiver must be capable of error-free reception of a
data packet of 512 characters at 0.5 V. Forward error correction (FEC) may be applied to
accomplish the error-free reception.
2 Transmitterperformance
2.1 The frequency tolerance for coast station transmitters should not exceed one part in 10
6
and
that for ship station transmissions should not exceed five parts in 10
6
.
2.2 Spurious emissions on discrete frequencies, when measured in a non-reactive load equal to
the nominal output impedance of the transmitter, should be in accordance with the provisions of
RR Appendix 3.
2.3 The carrier power for coast station transmitters should normally not exceed 50 W (e.r.p.).
2.4 The carrier power for ship stations transmitters should not exceed 25 W and means should
be provided to readily reduce this to 1 W or less for use at short ranges.
2.5 The frequency deviation should not exceed 2.5 kHz when transmitting on NBFM
12.5 kHz channels. The occupied bandwidth on these channels should not exceed 11 kHz.
Deviation limiting circuits should be employed such that the maximum frequency deviation
attainable should be independent of the input audio frequency. If a modulation switch is employed,
5 kHz deviation should be allowed for use on the wideband frequency modulation (WBFM)
25 kHz channels.
2.6 The upper limit of the audio-frequency band should not exceed 3 kHz.
2.7 The cabinet radiated power should not exceed 25 W.
2.8 Voice transmissions should be by means of standard maritime VHF FM with a 6 dB/octave
pre-emphasis. This is necessary to ensure reliable, safe, interoperable communications on the high
seas and in the waterways.
-223-
8 Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4
2.9 FortransmitterswithDSCandC4FMcapability
2.9.1 Transmitters with DSC capability should comply with the requirements of
Recommendations ITU-R M.493, ITU-R M.541, and IMO A.803 (19) as a minimum. Stations
should have provision for monitoring the VHF channel used for DSC purposes to determine the
presence of a signal and, except for distress and safety calls, provide facilities for automatically
preventing the transmission of a DSC call until the channel is free.
2.9.2 DSC (1200 bit/s) operation should be used at all times when operating on channel 70.
Channel 70 should not be used as a working channel for any purposes. This channel should be kept
as an international distress and calling channel. Passing of data for all other purposes such as data
messaging, security monitoring, vessel tracking, and automated dependent surveillance (ADS)
should be accomplished on another working channel.
2.9.3 General purpose data transmission should be performed on both wideband 25 kHz channels
and narrow-band interleaved (12.5 kHz offset) channels and should utilize the DSC protocol to the
fullest extent practicable. Enhancements to the DSC protocol should be developed as needed and
coordinated in order to maintain regulatory control and thus ensure interoperability between
equipments from various manufacturers.
2.9.4 DSC (1200 bit/s) operation on narrow-band interleaved (12.5 kHz offset) channels should
be at a reduced maximum deviation of 2.5 kHz.
2.9.5 High speed (9600 bit/s) data transmissions should be performed using C4FM modulation
with baseband filter shaping.
2.9.5.1 C4FMmodulationon12.5kHzoffsetfrequencychannels
The C4FM modulator consists of a Nyquist raised cosine filter, cascaded with a shaping filter,
cascaded with a frequency modulator.
2.9.5.2 C4FMNyquistfilter
The dibits of information (i.e., 4800 symbols/s) are filtered with a raised cosine filter which
satisfies the Nyquist criterion minimizing inter-symbol interference. The group delay of the filter is
flat over the passband for | f | < 2880 Hz. The magnitude response of the filter is:
approximately 1 for | f | < 1920 Hz
0.5 + 0.5 cos (2 f / 1920) for 1920 Hz < | f | < 2880 Hz
0 for | f | 2880 Hz
2.9.5.3 C4FMshapingfilter
The shaping filter has a flat group delay over the band-pass for | f | < 2880 Hz. The magnitude
response of the filter for | f | < 2880 Hz is ( f / 4800)/sin( f / 4800).
2.9.5.4 C4FMfrequencymodulator
The deviation is +1.8 kHz for dibit 01, +0.6 kHz for dibit 00, 0.6 kHz for dibit 10, and 1.8 kHz
for dibit 11.
-224-
Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4 9
ANNEX 4
Assignmentofchannelnumberstointerleavedchannelsandsimplexoperation
ofduplexchannelsintheVHFmaritimeband
1 For channel number assignments to interleaved narrow-band channels at 12.5 kHz offsets:
CHANNEL
NUMBER
SHIP SHIP & COAST COAST
First 25 kHz
Channel
Interleaved 12.5 kHz
Channel
Second
25 kHz Channel

60 156.025 160.625
260 156.0375 160.6375
01 156.050 160.650
201 156.0625 160.6625
61 156.075 160.675
261 156.0875 160.6875
02 156.100 160.700
202 156.1125 160.7125
62 156.125 160.725
262 156.1375 160.7375
03 156.150 160.750
203 156.1625 160.7625
63 156.175 160.775
263 156.1875 160.7875
04 156.200 160.800
204 156.2125 160.8125
64 156.225 160.825
264 156.2375 160.8375
05 156.250 160.850
205 156.2625 160.8625
65 156.275 160.875
265 156.2875 160.8875
06 156.300
206 156.3125 160.9125
66 156.325 160.925
266 156.3375 160.9375
07 156.350 160.950
207 156.3625 160.9625
67 156.375
267 156.3875
08 156.400
208 156.4125
68 156.425
268 156.4375
-225-
10 Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4
CHANNEL
NUMBER
First 25 kHz
Channel
Channel
Second 25 kHz
Channel

09 156.450
209 156.4625
69 156.475
269 156.4875
10 156.500
210 156.5125 DSC Guardband
70 156.525 DSCCalling,distress&
safety
270 156.5375 DSC Guardband
11 156.550
211 156.5625
71 156.575
271 156.5875
12 156.600
212 156.6125
72 156.625
272 156.6375
13 156.650
213 156.6625
73 156.675
273 156.6875
14 156.700
214 156.7125
74 156.725
274 156.7375
15 156.750
215 156.7625
75 156.775 Guardband
16 156.800 Calling,distress&safety
276 156.8375
17 156.850
217 156.8625
77 156.875
277 156.8875
18 156.900 161.500
218 156.9125 161.5125
78 156.925 161.525
278 156.9375 161.5375
19 156.950 161.550
219 156.9625 161.5625
-226-
Rec.ITU-RM.1084-4 11
2 Extension of channel number assignments for migration to 6.25 kHz channel spacing from
the current 25 kHz channel spacing with interleaved 12.5 kHz offset frequencies channels: (This
channel numbering sequence is provided as an example.)
CHANNEL
NUMBER
First 25 kHz
Channel
Channel
Second
25 kHz Channel

79 156.975 161.575
279 156.9875 161.5875
20 157.000 161.600
220 157.0125 161.6125
80 157.025 161.625
280 157.0375 161.6375
21 157.050 161.650
221 157.0625 161.6625
81 157.075 161.675
281 157.0875 161.6875
22 157.100 161.700
222 157.1125 161.7125
82 157.125 161.725
282 157.1375 161.7375
23 157.150 161.750
223 157.1625 161.7625
83 157.175 161.775
283 157.1875 161.7875
24 157.200 161.800
224 157.2125 161.8125
84 157.225 161.825
284 157.2375 161.8375
25 157.250 161.850
225 157.2625 161.8625
85 157.275 161.875
285 157.2875 161.8875
26 157.300 161.900
226 157.3125 161.9125
86 157.325 161.925
286 157.3375 161.9375
27 157.350 161.950
227 157.3625 161.9625
87 157.375 161.975
287 158.3875 161.9875
28 157.400 162.000
228 157.4125 162.0125
88 157.425 162.025
-227-
3 For channel number assignments to simplex operation of duplex channels: (This channel
numbering sequence is provided as an example.)
NOTE 1 This method of numbering a duplex channel used for simplex operation is in accordance with
Recommendation ITU-R M.493, Annex 1, Table 13.
4 For channel number assignments to narrow-band operation (12.5 kHz) on 25 kHz channels:
(This channel numbering sequence is provided as an example.)
CHANNEL No. SHIP SHIP & COAST COAST
Fornormalchanneloperation:
60 156.025 160.625
For12.5kHzoperationon25kHzchannel:
460 156.025 160.625
CHANNEL No.
(6.25 kHz spacing)
60 156.025 160.625
160 156.03125 160.63125
260 156.0375 160.6375
360 156.04375 160.64375
01 156.050 160.650
101 156.05625 160.65625
201 156.0625 160.6625
301 156.06875 160.66875
61 156.075 160.675
CHANNEL No. SHIP SHIP & COAST COAST
Fornormalduplexoperation:
60 156.025 160.625
Forsimplexoperationofshipstationfrequency:
1 060 (see Note 1) 156.025
Forsimplexoperationofcoaststationfrequency:
2 060 (see Note 1) 160.625
-228-
Rec.ITU-RSM.1138-1 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SM.1138-1
Determinationofnecessarybandwidthsincludingexamplesfortheircalculation
andassociatedexamplesforthedesignationofemissions
(1995-2007)
Scope
This Recommendation serves as a basis for the determination of necessary bandwidths of emissions under
amplitude, frequency and pulse modulation by various types of signals. Sample calculations and designation
of emissions are also provided.
considering
a) that the assignment of frequencies requires the determination of the necessary bandwidth of
emissions;
b) that necessary bandwidth is a key data element of all automated spectrum-management
systems,
recommends
1 that the formulae given in Annex 1 shall be used to calculate the necessary bandwidth when
required by the Radio Regulations (RR).
Annex1
Determinationofnecessarybandwidthsincludingexamplesfortheircalculation
andassociatedexamplesforthedesignationofemissions
1 The necessary bandwidth is not the only characteristic of an emission to be considered in
evaluating the interference that may be caused by that emission.
2 In the formulation of the table, the following terms have been employed:
B
n
: necessary bandwidth (Hz)
B: modulation rate (Bd)
N: maximum possible number of black plus white elements to be transmitted per second,
in facsimile
M: maximum modulation frequency (Hz)
C: sub-carrier frequency (Hz)
D: peak deviation, i.e. half the difference between the maximum and minimum values of
the instantaneous frequency. The instantaneous frequency (Hz) is the time rate of
change in phase (rad) divided by 2
t: pulse duration (s) at half-amplitude
-229-
2 Rec.ITU-RSM.1138-1
t
r
:
pulse rise time (s) between 10% and 90% amplitude
K: an overall numerical factor which varies according to the emission and which depends
upon the allowable signal distortion
N
c
: number of baseband channels in radio systems employing multichannel multiplexing
f
p
: continuity pilot sub-carrier frequency (Hz) (continuous signal utilized to verify
performance of frequency-division multiplex systems).
Necessary bandwidth
Description
of emission
Formula Sample calculation
Designation
of emission
I. NO MODULATING SIGNAL
Continuous wave
emission
NONE
II. AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1. Signal with quantized or digital information
Continuous wave telegraphy,
Morse code
B
n
= BK
K = 5 for fading circuits
K = 3 for non-fading circuits
25 words per minute
B = 20, K = 5
Bandwidth: 100 Hz 100HA1AAN
Telegraphy by on-off keying
of a tone modulated carrier,
Morse code
B
n
= BK + 2M
K = 5 for fading circuits
K = 3 for non-fading circuits
25 words per minute
B = 20, M = 1 000, K = 5
Bandwidth: 2 100 Hz = 2.1 kHz 2K10A2AAN
Selective calling signal using
sequential single frequency
code, single-sideband full
carrier
B
n
= M Maximum code frequency is: 2 110 Hz
M = 2 110
Bandwidth: 2 110 Hz = 2.11 kHz 2K11H2BFN
Direct-printing telegraphy
using a frequency shifted
modulating sub-carrier, with
error-correction,
single-sideband,
suppressed carrier
(single channel)
B
n
= 2M + 2DK
2
B
M
B = 50
D = 35 Hz (70 Hz shift)
K = 1.2
Bandwidth: 134 Hz 134HJ2BCN
Telegraphy, multichannel
with voice frequency,
error-correction, some
channels are time-division
multiplexed, single-
sideband, reduced carrier
B
n
= highest central
frequency + M + DK
2
B
M
15 channels;
highest central frequency is: 2 805 Hz
B = 100
D = 42.5 Hz (85 Hz shift)
K = 0.7
Bandwidth: 2 885 Hz = 2.885 kHz 2K89R7BCW
2. Telephony (commercial quality)
Telephony, double-sideband
(single channel)
B
n
= 2M M = 3 000
Bandwidth: 6 000 Hz = 6 kHz 6K00A3EJN
Telephony, single-sideband,
full carrier
(single channel)
B
n
= M M = 3 000
Bandwidth: 3 000 Hz = 3 kHz 3K00H3EJN
Telephony, single-sideband,
suppressed carrier (single
channel)
B
n
= M lowest modulation
frequency
M = 3 000
lowest modulation frequency = 300 Hz
Bandwidth: 2 700 Hz = 2.7 kHz 2K70J3EJN
Telephony with separate
frequency modulated signal
to control the level of
demodulated speech signal,
single-sideband, reduced
carrier (Lincompex) (single
channel)
B
n
= M Maximum control frequency = 2 990 Hz
M = 2 990
Bandwidth: 2 990 Hz = 2.99 kHz 2K99R3ELN
-230-
Necessary bandwidth
Description
of emission
Designation
of emission
2. Telephony (commercial quality) (cont.)
Telephony with privacy,
single-sideband, suppressed
carrier (two or more
channels)
B
n
= N
c
M lowest
modulation frequency in the
lowest channel
N
c
= 2
M = 3 000
Bandwidth: 5 750 Hz = 5.75 kHz 5K75J8EKF
Telephony, independent
sideband (two or more
channels)
B
n
= sum of M for each
sideband
2 channels
M = 3 000
Bandwidth: 6 000 Hz = 6 kHz 6K00B8EJN
3. Sound broadcasting
Sound broadcasting, double-
sideband
B
n
= 2M
M may vary between 4 000
and 10 000 depending on the
quality desired
Speech and music
M = 4 000
Bandwidth: 8 000 Hz = 8 kHz 8K00A3EGN
Sound broadcasting,
single-sideband, reduced
carrier (single channel)
B
n
= M
M may vary between 4 000
and 10 000 depending on the
quality desired
Speech and music
M = 4 000
Bandwidth: 4 000 Hz = 4 kHz 4K00R3EGN
Sound broadcasting, single-
sideband, suppressed carrier
B
n
= M lowest modulation
frequency
Speech and music
M = 4 500
Bandwidth: 4 450 Hz = 4.45 kHz 4K45J3EGN
4. Television
Television,
vision and sound
Refer to relevant ITU-R
documents for the
bandwidths of the commonly
used television systems
Number of lines: 625
Nominal video bandwidth 5 MHz
Sound carrier relative to
video carrier: 5.5 MHz
Total vision Bandwidth: 6.25 MHz
FM sound bandwidth including
guardbands: 750 kHz
RF channel Bandwidth: 7 MHz
6M25C3F --
750KF3EGN
5. Facsimile
Analogue facsimile by sub-
carrier frequency modulation
of a single-sideband
emission with reduced
carrier, monochrome
B
n
= C +
2
N
+ DK
K = 1.1
(typically)
N = 1 100 corresponding to an index of
cooperation of 352 and a cycler rotation
speed of 60 rpm. Index of cooperation is the
product of the drum diameter and number of
lines per unit length.
C = 1 900
D = 400 Hz
Bandwidth: 2 890 Hz = 2.89 kHz 2K89R3CMN
Analogue facsimile;
frequency modulation of an
audio frequency sub-carrier
which modulates the main
carrier, single-sideband
suppressed carrier
B
n
= 2M + 2DK
M =
2
N
K = 1.1
(typically)
N = 1 100
D = 400 Hz
Bandwidth: 1 980 Hz = 1.98 kHz 1K98J3C --
-231-
Necessary bandwidth Description
of emission
Designation
of emission
6. Composite emissions
Double-sideband, television
relay
B
n
2C + 2M + 2D Video limited to 5 MHz, audio on 6.5 MHz,
frequency modulated sub-carrier, sub-carrier
deviation 50 kHz:
C 6.5 10
6
D 50 10
3
Hz
M 15 000
Bandwidth: 13.13 10
6
Hz
13.13 MHz
13M1A8W --
Double-sideband radio-relay
system, frequency division
multiplex
B
n
2M 10 voice channels occupying baseband
between 1 kHz and 164 kHz
M 164 000
Bandwidth: 328 000 Hz 328 kHz
328KA8E --
Double-sideband emission of
VOR with voice
(VOR: VHF omnidirectional
radio range)
B
n
2C
max
+ 2M+ 2DK
K 1
(typically)
The main carrier is modulated by:
a 30 Hz sub-carrier
a carrier resulting from a 9 960 Hz tone
a telephone channel
a 1 020 Hz keyed tone for continual
Morse identification
C
max
9 960
M 30
D 480 Hz
Bandwidth: 20 940 Hz 20.94 kHz
20K9A9WWF
Independent sidebands;
several telegraph channels
with error-correction
together with several
telephone channels with
privacy; frequency division
multiplex
B
n
sum of M for each
sideband
Normally composite systems are operated in
accordance with standardized channel
arrangements
(e.g. Rec. ITU-R F.348).
3 telephone channels and 15 telegraphy
channels require the bandwidth:
12 000 Hz 12 kHz 12K0B9WWF
7. Standard frequency and time signals
7.1 High frequency (voice)
Voice announcements,
double-sideband
B
n
2M Speech
M = 4 000
Bandwidth: 8 000 Hz = 8 kHz 8K00A3XGN
7.2. High frequency (time code)
Time code as telegraphy B
n
BK + 2M B = 1/s
M = 1
K = 5
Bandwidth: 7 Hz 7H00A2XAN
7.3. Low frequency (time code)
Time code as telegraphy B
n
BK + 2M B = 1/s
M = 1
K = 3
Bandwidth: 5 Hz 5H00A2XAN
-232-
of emission
Designation
of emission
III-A. FREQUENCY MODULATION
1. Signal with quantized or digital information
Telegraphy without error-
correction (single channel)
B
n
= 2M + 2DK
2
B
M
K 1.2
(typically)
B 100
D 85 Hz (170 Hz shift)
Bandwidth: 304 Hz
304HF1BBN
Telegraphy, narrow-band
direct-printing with error-
correction (single channel)
B
n
= 2M + 2DK
2
B
M
K 1.2
(typically)
B 100
Bandwidth: 304 Hz
304HF1BCN
Selective calling signal B
n
= 2M + 2DK
2
B
M
K 1.2
(typically)
B 100
Bandwidth: 304 Hz
304HF1BCN
Four-frequency duplex
telegraphy
B
n
= 2M + 2DK
B: modulation rate (Bd) of
the faster channel.
If the channels are
synchronized:
2
B
M (otherwise, M 2B)
K 1.1
(typically)
Spacing between adjacent
frequencies 400 Hz
Synchronized channels
B 100
M 50
D 600 Hz
1K42F7BDX
2. Telephony (commercial quality)
Commercial telephony B
n
= 2M + 2DK
K 1
(typically, but under certain
conditions a higher value
of K may be necessary)
For an average case of commercial
telephony,
D 5 000 Hz
M 3 000
16K0F3EJN
3. Sound broadcasting
Sound broadcasting B
n
= 2M + 2DK
K 1
(typically)
Monaural
D 75 000 Hz
M 15 000
180KF3EGN
4. Facsimile
Facsimile by direct
frequency modulation of the
carrier; black and white
B
n
= 2M + 2DK
2
N
M
K 1.1
(typically)
N 1 100 elements/s
D 400 Hz
1K98F1C --
Analogue facsimile B
n
= 2M + 2DK
2
N
M
K 1.1
(typically)
N 1 100 elements/s
D 400 Hz
1K98F3C --
-233-
of emission
Designation
of emission
5. Composite emissions (see Table III-B)
Radio-relay system,
frequency division multiplex
B
n
2f
p
+ 2DK
K 1
(typically)
60 telephone channels occupying baseband
between 60 kHz and 300 kHz;
rms per-channel deviation: 200 kHz;
continuity pilot at 331 kHz produces
100 kHz rms deviation of main carrier.
D 200 10
3
3.76 2.02
1.52 10
6
Hz
f
p
0.331 10
6
Hz
Bandwidth: 3.702 10
6
Hz
3.702 MHz
3M70F8EJF
Radio-relay system,
B
n
2M+ 2DK
K 1
(typically)
between 60 kHz and 4 028 kHz; rms per-
channel deviation: 200 kHz;
continuity pilot at 4 715 kHz produces
D 200 10
3
3.76 5.5
4.13 10
6
Hz
M 4.028 10
6
f
p
4.715 10
6
(2M + 2DK) > 2 f
p
Bandwidth: 16.32 10
6
Hz 16.32 MHz
16M3F8EJF
Radio-relay system,
B
n
2f
p
between 60 kHz and 2 540 kHz;
rms per-channel deviation: 200 kHz;
continuity pilot at 8 500 kHz produces
D 200 10
3
3.76 4.36
3.28 10
6
Hz
M 2.54 10
6
K 1
f
p
8.5 10
6
(2M + 2DK) < 2 f
p
Bandwidth: 17 10
6
Hz 17 MHz
17M0F8EJF
Stereophonic sound
broadcasting with
multiplexed subsidiary
telephony sub-carrier
B
n
2M+ 2DK
K 1
(typically)
Pilot tone system;
M 75 000
D 75 000 Hz
300KF8EHF
-234-
III-B. MULTIPLYING FACTORS FOR USE IN COMPUTING D,
PEAK FREQUENCY DEVIATION, IN FM FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEX (FM-FDM) MULTI-CHANNEL EMISSSIONS
For FM-FDM systems the necessary bandwidth is:
B
n
2M+ 2DK
The value of D, or peak frequency deviation, in these formulae for B
n
is calculated by multiplying the rms value of per-channel
deviation by the appropriate multiplying factor shown below.
In the case where a continuity pilot of frequency f
p
exists above the maximum modulation frequency M, the general formula
becomes:
B
n
2f
p
+ 2DK
In the case where the modulation index of the main carrier produced by the pilot is less than 0.25, and the rms frequency deviation
of the main carrier produced by the pilot is less than or equal to 70% of the rms value of per-channel deviation, the general
formula becomes either:
B
n
= 2f
p
or B
n
= 2M+ 2DK
whichever if greater.
Multiplying factor
(1)
Number of
telephone channels
N
c
(
20
level reference modulation above dB in value
antilog ) factor Peak (
3 < N
c
< 12
(
(
(
20
approval tion administra to subject
licensee, station or er manufactur equipment the by specified dB in value a
antilog 47 . 4
12 N
c
< 60
(
20
log 2 2.6
antilog 76 . 3
c
N
Multiplying factor
(2)
Number of
telephone channels
N
c
(
20
level reference modulation above dB in value
antilog ) factor Peak (
60 N
c
< 240
(
20
log 4 1
antilog 76 . 3
c
N
N
c
240
(
20
log 0 1 15
antilog 76 . 3
c
N
(1)
In the above chart, the multipliers 3.76 and 4.47 correspond to peak factors of 11.5 and 13.0 dB, respectively.
(2)
In the above chart, the multipliers 3.76 correspond to peak factors of 11.5 dB.
-235-
Necessary bandwidth
Description
of emission
Designation
of emission
IV. PULSE MODULATION
1. Radar
Unmodulated pulse
emission
t
K
B
n
2
K depends upon the ratio of

pulse duration to pulse rise
time. Its value usually falls
between 1 and 10 and in
many cases it does not need
to exceed 6
Primary radar
range resolution 150 m
K 1.5 (triangular pulse where t ~ t
r
,
only components down to 27 dB from the
strongest are considered)
Then:
(
light of velocity
) resolution (range 2
t

8
10 3
150 2
1 10
6
s
Bandwidth: 3 10
6
Hz 3 MHz
3M00P0NAN
2. Composite emissions
Radio-relay system
t
K
B
n
2
K 1.6
Pulse position modulated by 36 voice
channel baseband; pulse width at half
amplitude 0.4 s
Bandwidth: 8 10
6
Hz 8 MHz
(Bandwidth independent of the number of
voice channels)
8M00M7EJT
3. Standard frequency and time signals
3.1 High frequency (tone bursts)
Ticks used for epoch
measurement
B
n
= 2/t
R
t
R
= 1 ms
Bandwidth: 2 000 Hz = 2 kHz 2K00K2XAN
3.2 Low frequency (time code)
Time code leading edge
used for epoch
measurement
B
n
= 2/t
R
t
R
= 1 ms
Bandwidth = 2 000 Hz = 2 kHz 2K00K2XAN
-236-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SA.1154
*
,
**
Provisionstoprotectthespaceresearch(SR),spaceoperations(SO)
andEarthexploration-satelliteservices(EES)andtofacilitate
sharingwiththemobileserviceinthe2025-2110MHz
and2200-2290MHzbands
(1995)
considering
a) that the bands 2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz are allocated on a primary basis to
three of the space science services (SR, SO, EES), the fixed service (FS) and the mobile service
(MS) subject to the provisions of Nos. 5.391 and 5.392 of the Radio Regulations (RR);
b) that the World Administrative Radio Conference for Dealing with Frequency Allocations in
Certain Parts of the Spectrum (Malaga-Torremolinos, 1992) (WARC-92), in its Resolution No. 211,
invites the ex-CCIR to continue to study appropriate provisions to protect the space science services
operating in the bands 2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz from harmful interference from
emissions by stations of the mobile service and to report the results of studies to the next competent
conference;
c) that there is an increasing use of SR, SO and EES services in these frequency bands by
space stations in low-Earth orbit (LEO);
d) that the introduction of future high density or conventional land mobile systems in the
2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz bands would cause unacceptable interference to the SR, SO
and EES services; for further information see Annex 1;
e) that studies indicate that specific low density mobile systems, such as those described in
Annex 2, could share the 2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz bands with the SR, SO and EES
services;
f) that in some countries the space science services have successfully shared for many years
with low density mobile electronic news gathering (ENG) systems (see Annex 3) and aeronautical
mobile telemetry systems (see Annex 4) without restrictions, however, restrictions may be needed
in the future considering the expected growth rate of these systems;
g) that space science service operations in the band 2200-2290 MHz are more vulnerable to
interference than operations in the band 2025-2110 MHz because of high gain antennas of
geostationary data relay satellite (DRS) spacecraft pointing towards the Earth when tracking a low-
Earth orbiting spacecraft;
h) that the protection criteria required for the SR service are the most stringent of the three
space science services and provide adequate protection for the SR, SO and EES services;
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of Radiocommunication Study Groups 4, 8
and 9.
**
accordance with Resolution ITU-R 44.
-237-
2 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
j) that Recommendation ITU-R SA.609 ( 1, 1.1, 1.2 and 2) specifies the protection criteria
for the SR service;
k) that the protection criteria of Recommendation ITU-R SA.609 have been used repeatedly in
sharing studies and are widely recognized;
l) that SR, SO and EES services use the 2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz bands for
Earth-to-space, space-to-Earth and space-to-space radiocommunications. The space-to-space links
typically include the use of a DRS as described in the hypothetical reference system in
Recommendations ITU-R SA.1020 and ITU-R SA.1018. The sharing criteria should consider the
protection requirements of DRS radiocommunication links operating in the 2025-2110 MHz and
2200-2290 MHz bands;
m) that for the protection of SR, SO and EES services, Earth-to-space and space-to-Earth links,
a N/I of 6 dB, resulting in a 1 dB degradation is considered sufficient in most cases;
n) that, taking into account the typically low margins on space-to-space links of 2 dB and less,
a N/I of 10 dB, resulting in a 0.4 dB degradation is considered necessary for DRS space-to-space
links;
o) that the bands under consideration are shared with the FS and the MS. Each service is
assumed to contribute half of the total interference to the spacecraft. Due to expected coordination
only one of the services is assumed to interfere with an earth station;
p) that DRS spacecraft are typically located on the geostationary orbit (GSO);
q) that the 2025-2110 MHz band is used for SR, SO and EES Earth-to-space links to both
low-Earth orbiting and GSO spacecraft. This band is also used for SR, SO and ESS space-to-space
links, typically for radiocommunications from DRS spacecraft to low-Earth orbiting spacecraft;
r) that the 2200-2290 MHz band is used for SR, SO and EES space-to-Earth links from both
low-Earth orbiting and GSO spacecraft. This band is also used for SR, SO and EES space-to-space
links, typically for radiocommunications from low-Earth orbiting spacecraft to DRS spacecraft;
s) that terms concerning the density mobile systems refer to the number of systems and the
population distribution of systems,
recognizing
1 that specifying a maximum number of mobile stations worldwide operating in the 2025-
2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz bands such that the aggregate interference level does not exceed
the sharing criteria may constitute a valid technical solution. However, the implementation of such a
solution may not be practical,
further recognizing
1 that it is a unique combination of technical and operational characteristics of specific
mobile systems that facilitate sharing, and sharing between such mobile systems and the SR, SO
and EES services can be described in both qualitative and quantitative terms,
-238-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 3
recommends
1 that the following provisions are suitable to protect the SR, SO and EES services from
aggregate interference from emissions of mobile systems in the 2025-2110 MHz band:
1.1 that the aggregate interference at the input terminals of the spacecraft receiver, except in the
case of a space-to-space link, should not exceed 180 dB(W/kHz) for more than 0.1% of the time;
1.2 that in the case of space-to-space links the aggregate interference at the input terminals of
the spacecraft receiver should not exceed 184 dB(W/kHz) for more than 0.1% of the time;
2 that the following provisions are suitable to protect the SR, SO and EES services from
aggregate interference from emissions of mobile systems in the 2200-2290 MHz band:
2.1 that the aggregate interference at the input terminals of the receiver in the earth station
should not exceed 216 dB(W/Hz) for more than 0.1% of the time;
2.2 that the aggregate interference at the input terminals of the DRS spacecraft receiver should
not exceed 184 dB(W/kHz) for more than 0.1% of the time;
3 that high density or conventional type mobile systems should not be introduced in the
2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz bands, because they will cause unacceptable interference in
the SR, SO and EES services as confirmed in Annex 1;
4 that new mobile systems should be introduced in such a way that their long term,
worldwide deployment would not cause aggregate interference levels in excess of the values given
in 1 and 2;
5 that technical and operational parameters such as low power spectral densities, low
worldwide population densities and intermittent transmissions (see Annex 2) be preferred for the
introduction of new mobile systems;
6 that during the consideration of new low density mobile systems for introduction in the
2025-2110 MHz band, technical and operational characteristics, similar to those described in
Annex 3, should be used for guidance;
7 that during the consideration of new low density mobile systems for introduction in the
2200-2290 MHz band, technical and operational characteristics, similar to those described in
Annex 4, should be used for guidance.
Annex1
Compatibilitystudyofspaceresearch/spaceoperations
andhighdensitylandmobilesystems
1 Introduction
Sharing between high density and conventional land mobile systems on the one hand and space
services on the other hand is not feasible. This Annex is based on contributions which lead to this
conclusion and provides the underlying analysis. The mobile system considered in this study is the
future public land mobile telecommunication system (FPLMTS). The model used is also applicable
to conventional type mobile systems.
-239-
4 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
The bands 2025-2110 GHz and 2200-2290 MHz are intensively used for space operations, Earth
exploration by satellite, and space research on a worldwide basis with numerous agreements for
international cross-support among space agencies. Due to the long distances between transmitters
and receivers, signal levels at the receivers are very low. Consequently these services are very
sensitive to interference requiring high protection levels as specified in the RR and ITU-R
Recommendations.
Figure 1 shows the various links considered and the resulting interference configurations. Only
voice services are considered for the personal and mobile stations. Additional interference from
base stations has not been studied yet.
FIGURE 1
InterferenceconfigurationsbetweenFPLMTSunitsandspaceservices
Interfering links
Mobile
station
Mobile
base
station
S
p
a
c
e
-
t
o
-
E
a
r
t
h
E
a
r
t
h
-
t
o
-
s
p
a
c
e
S
p
a
c
e
-
t
o
-
s
p
a
c
e
l
i
n
k
s
Personal
stations
outdoors
Base
station
Personal
stations
indoors
L
E
O
s
p
a
c
e
c
r
a
f
t
D
a
t
a
r
e
la
y
s
a
t
e
l
lit
e
L
E
O
s
p
a
c
e
c
r
a
f
t
Base
stations
D01
-240-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 5
At present it is already a challenge for frequency managers to satisfy new assignment requests for
the currently allocated space services in such a way as to minimize interference impacts on existing
assignments. Consequently, intra-service sharing with additional users becomes increasingly
difficult.
In the case of mobile services antenna patterns are quasi omnidirectional and the envisaged tens of
millions of mobile transmitters have a very high cumulative interference level. As FPLMTS units
are mobile by definition, coordination is not possible for obvious reasons. It can be demonstrated
that for practically every configuration considered, sharing with these mobile systems is not
feasible.
2 Radioregulatoryandbandoccupationaspects
The 2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz bands are allocated on a co-primary basis to the SR, SO
and EES and the mobile service in all ITU regions.
Maximum tolerable interference levels for earth stations are defined in Appendix 7 to the RR, Table
8b and in Recommendations ITU-R SA.363 and ITU-R SA.609. Antenna diagrams for earth
stations are based on the radiation patterns specified in Appendix 8 to the RR, Annex III. The
minimum elevation angles for earth station antennas are in agreement with RR No. 21.15 and RR
No. 21.14. Interference levels for spacecraft receivers are specified in Recommenda-
tions ITU-R SA.609 and ITU-R SA.363.
In the band 2025-2110 MHz there are currently more than 300 assignments. In the band 2200-
2290 MHz the number of assignments is above 350. For the space-to-space links there are currently
six allocations for the data relay system with a number of additional ones in progress for the
international space station programme as well as for the European and the Japanese data relay
satellite programmes.
It is apparent that the bands under consideration are heavily used by space services and that a large
number of satellites and earth stations would be affected by land mobile services operating in these
frequency bands.
3 Landmobileservices(FPLMTS)systemassumptions
A wide range of services is foreseen for future mobile communication systems. One of the services
envisaged for operation in the bands near 2 GHz is the future public land mobile telecommunication
system (FPLMTS). The designated bandwidth for these services is 230 MHz.
The FPLMTS is in the planning stage with preliminary figures on subscriber rates, traffic densities,
and power levels. Radiocommunication Study Group 8 provided relatively detailed assumptions on
power levels, bandwidth requirements, traffic density, etc. A summary of system assumptions
provided is listed in Table 1.
-241-
6 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
TABLE 1
Summaryofsystemassumptions
In some cases it was found that for an average interference assessment the FPLMTS assumptions
were too optimistic, in particular regarding traffic density and subscriber rate. Values quoted
between brackets have been used instead. With the original FPLMTS data the interference excess
values would be higher. Where no data were available the numbers between brackets have been
used for the calculations.
Only the voice services have been taken into account but it is expected that non-voice services will
result in very similar values.
The traffic density assumptions for the analyses are based upon figures available for Europe. The
population in all common market countries is currently around 323 million living in an area of 2.3
million km
2
. This leads to an average of 140 people per km
2
used as a basis for interference
calculation to earth stations.
The traffic density assumptions for the interference scenario for spacecraft receivers can be derived
in a similar way. A geostationary spacecraft sees an area as indicated in Fig. 3 with approximately
4 billion people living in it by the year 2000. The minimum orbit height of a spacecraft is 250 km.
Figure 4 shows the area seen by a spacecraft flying at orbit heights of 250 km and 750 km,
respectively. The interference reception area for a 250 km orbit is already 9.6 million m
2
. The
population living in this area is estimated to more than 600 million people. Figure 5 shows
interference reception areas for low inclination orbits around 29 which are typical for space shuttle
type orbits.
Environmental attenuation for transmission paths through windows, walls, ceilings, buildings and
trees have been taken into account for all FPLMTS services. Typical attenuation figures are
assumed to be; for windows (6.6 dB), walls and ceilings (27 dB). It was assumed that the signal of
most but not all indoor personal units would be attenuated. There will remain a small percentage of
Mobile
station
outdoor
Personal
station
outdoor
Personal
station
Indoor
Base station antenna height (m) 50 < 10 < 3
Traffic density urban area (E/km
2
) 500 (0.25) 1 500 (1.2) 20 000 (1.2)
Cell area (km
2
) 0.94 0.016 0.0006
Duplex bandwidth per channel (kHz) 25 50 50
Traffic per cell (E) 470 24 12
Number of channels per cell 493 34 23
Bandwidth for voice services (MHz) 111 27 24
Station power range (W) 1-5 0.02-0.05 0.003-0.01
Speech coding rate (kbit/s) 8 (16) (16)
Peak-to-mean ratio for traffic (3) 3 (3)
Peak traffic density per station (E) 0.1 (0.04) 0.04 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1)
Subscriber rate (penetration) (%) 50 (10) 80 (20) (20)
-242-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 7
terminals which will radiate through open windows, on balconies, terraces or other open
locations. For this study it was assumed that the signal from around 5% of the units is hardly
attenuated and from 25% of units attenuated by glass. The interference from the remaining 70% of
units was considered insignificant. An average attenuation of 10 dB has consequently been taken
into account for indoor personal units. The signals from outdoor personal units and mobile units
will only be attenuated if the signal is going through buildings and trees. This is often the case for
low elevation angles but less significant for higher angles. Considering that the main interference
comes from units close to the subsatellite point, which means high elevation angles, an average
attenuation of not more than 3 dB is expected.
The interference caused by base stations has not been studied in this paper as sufficient technical
information was not available. It is evident that the same order of magnitude must be expected in
addition.
4 Protectionrequirementsforspaceservices
4.1 Protectionrequirementsforearthstations
The maximum interference levels at the earth station receivers depend on the service in operation
and are in agreement with Appendix 7 to the RR, Table 8b and Recommendation ITU-R SA.363.
These values and the corresponding minimum elevation angles
r
are as follows:
1. Space operation: 184.0 dB(W/kHz),
r
3
2. Space Research: 216.0 dB(W/Hz),
r
5
For typical support of SO and Space Research missions, antennas with a diameter between 5.5 and
15 m are in operation for general support up to and beyond the geostationary orbit. Figure 2 shows
antenna gain characteristics for the stations considered. The radiation patterns are based on
Appendix 8 to the RR, Annex III.
4.2 Protectionrequirementsforspacecraftreceivers
Typical system noise temperatures of spacecraft receivers range around 800 K resulting in a noise
spectral density of around 200 dB(W/Hz). Some critical space research missions require noise
temperatures down to 600 K.
Recommendation ITU-R SA.609 specifies that interference shall not exceed a value of
177 dB(W/kHz) at the input terminals of the receiver for more than 0.1% of time. With fixed,
mobile and space services in this band, each service is assumed to contribute one third of the total
interference. This results in 182 dB(W/kHz) equivalent to 212 dB(W/Hz) acceptable interference
contribution from mobile services. This number fits well with the protection criteria in
recommends 1.1, 1.2 and 2.2.
The average gain of a quasi omnidirectional antenna is around 0 dBi with gain minima exceeding
occasionally 6 dBi. Such an antenna is required to establish a link to the spacecraft in emergency
cases or when other antennas cannot be used for technical or operational reasons, for instance
during launch and early orbit phases. This applies also to communication satellites. With a 0 dBi
antenna the acceptable interference from mobile units at the antenna input is consequently
212 dB(W/Hz).
-243-
8 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
15 m
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5
FIGURE 2
Typicalantennacharacteristicsforsatelliteearthstations
5.5 m
Off-centre angle (degrees)
A
n
t
e
n
n
a

g
a
i
n

(
d
B
i
)
Frequency = 2.25 GHz
G = 6 and 10 dBi
min
D02
The situation is more severe for a space-to-space link where, for example, a data relay satellite
points a high gain antenna to a low-Earth orbiting satellite. Applying the same assumptions as
above but taking a typical antenna gain of 35 dBi the acceptable interference level is consequently
_
247 dB(W/Hz) at the input of the antenna.
Recommendation ITU-R SA.363 specifies a C/I protection ratio of 20 dB for space operations. In
recent years many space agencies have introduced channel coding techniques in order to conserve
transmitter power and consequently also reduce interference to other systems. Two cases, i.e.
uncoded and coded transmissions, have to be distinguished:
Uncoded transmissions require an E
s
/N
0
of 9.6 dB for a bit-error rate of 10
5
. Adding a
typical margin of 3 dB results in a required C/N of 12.6 dB. The total interference-to-noise
ratio I/N is consequently 7.4 dB. Allowing one third of the total interference for mobile
services leads to an I
m
/N of 12.4 dB. For a typical noise power density of 200 dB(W/Hz)
the acceptable interference is 212.4 dB(W/Hz).
Coded transmissions require an E
s
/N
0
of 1.5 dB for a bit-error rate of 10
5
with standard
convolutional channel coding. Adding a typical margin of 3 dB results in a required C/N of
4.5 dB. The I/N is consequently 15.5 dB. Allowing one third of the total interference for
mobile services leads to an I
m
/N of 20.5 dB. For a noise power density of 200 dB(W/Hz)
the acceptable interference is 217.5 dB(W/Hz), that is 5 dB lower than the protection value
of Recommendation ITU-R SA.609.
Although coded transmissions require higher protection levels, for this study a protection criterion
of 212 dB(W/Hz) has been adopted as it is consistent with values specified in Recommendations
ITU-R SA.609 and ITU-R SA.363.
-244-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 9
5 Interferenceanalysis
5.1 Earth-to-spacelink(2025-2110MHz)
5.1.1 Interferencecausedtothespacecraft
Earth-to-space links considered in this analysis are based on orbit heights between 250 and
36000 km as more than 90% of all spacecraft are operated at or below the geostationary orbit.
Figure 3 shows the area from which a geostationary spacecraft will receive signals via a quasi
omnidirectional antenna. The arbitrarily selected position of the spacecraft is 10 W. It is estimated
that in the worst case the spacecraft can see an area where more than 70% of all mobile terminals on
the Earth are located.
10 W
FIGURE 3
Interferencereceptionareaforgeostationarysatellites
D03
Figure 4 shows the area from which a low-Earth orbiting satellite at orbit heights between 250
and 750 km will receive signals. The position of the spacecraft has in this case been assumed to be
above the middle of Europe. The resulting window will move along the ground track given in
dotted lines. It is apparent that a very large area with potentially millions of transmitting mobiles
can be seen by the spacecraft.
Figure 5 shows the total area from which space shuttle type spacecraft with a typical inclination
of 29 will receive interference.
-245-
10 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
750 km 250 km
FIGURE 4
Interferencereceptionareaforlow-Earthorbiters(i98)
D04
The area of interference A
i
is determined by:
A
i
2 R
2
h
R + h
where:
R: Earth radius (6378 km)
h: orbit height (250 to 36000 km).
At an altitude of 250 km the spacecraft will receive interference from an area of 9.6 million km
2
.
This number increases to 27 million km
2
for an orbit height of 750 km. The maximum area seen by
a geostationary satellite is 217 million km
2
.
The interference spectral density level P
i
received by a spacecraft antenna from one single mobile
transmitter can be calculated as follows:
P
i
E
i
c
2
B
i
(4 x f )
2
-246-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 11
750 km
250 km
FIGURE 5
Interferencereceptionareaforlow-Earthorbiters(i29)
D05
The cumulative interference P
i
from all mobiles in the interference area is given by:
P
i
]
(
(
x h
d
m
n
a
P
i
B
i
h
2
dA
(x)
B
m
A
i
x
2
dx
n
a
E
i
c
2
(4 f )
2
B
m
A
i ]
(
(
x h
d
m
dA
(x)
x
2
dx
A
(x)
R (x
2
h
2
)
R + h
dA
(x)
dx
2 R
R + h
x
d
m
(R + h)
2
R
2
P
i
n
a
E
i
c
2
(4 f )
2
B
m
R h
[ln(d
m
) ln(h)]
where:
P
i
: power density of interferer
E
i
: e.i.r.p. of interferer
x: distance to interferer
-247-
12 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
f : transmission frequency
n
a
: number of active mobiles
c: speed of light
B
i
: bandwidth of one mobile
B
m
: bandwidth of mobile service
d
m
: maximum distance to interferer.
For the sake of simplicity an equal distribution of active terminals over the available bandwidth and
over the interference area has been assumed. Table 2 lists the detailed assumptions made and the
resulting interference levels. It must be concluded that sharing for these links is impossible as the
interference levels are several orders of magnitude above acceptable levels.
5.1.2 Interferencecausedtomobileunits
Mobile units will receive harmful interference from a transmitting earth station if operated within a
certain distance of that station. Maximum e.i.r.p. levels for the support of near-Earth satellites range
typically from 66 to 78 dBW.
Taking into account the antenna gains in the horizontal direction as shown in Fig. 2 and the fact that
an antenna radiates in principle into all directions with a lowest gain specification of 10 dBi for the
back of the antenna (6 dBi for a 5.5 m antenna) the following e.i.r.p. levels around the antenna
must be expected in the horizontal direction. E.i.r.p. density levels depend very much on the
transmitted data rate. For the SO service the maximum data rate is typically a few kbit/s whereas for
the SR service a range from at least 1 kbit/s to 100 kbit/s must be taken into account.
Protection levels of the FPLMTS units are not known, but the system will be self-interference
limited and not noise limited. Assuming that interference levels of around 150 dB(W/4 kHz) are
acceptable, and assuming some further loss due to signal diffraction, a protection zone of up to
100 km may be required to allow satisfactory operation of the mobile units.
5.2 Space-to-Earthlink(2200-2290MHz)
For these links a distinction between the various space services must be made. The most critical one
is space research but results for space operation and Earth exploration are in fact very similar.
Assumptions on the distribution of mobile transmitters around a satellite earth station are difficult to
make as they depend to a large extent on the location of the station. An average distribution based
on the number of inhabitants in the European common market countries has been assumed.
The average population density is 140 people per km
2
resulting from 323 million people living
in 2.3 million km
2
. The resulting average traffic density is 2.8 E/km
2
for personal stations and
0.56 E/km
2
for mobile stations.
Antenna diameter
(m)
e.i.r.p. range
(dBW)
e.i.r.p. density range
(dB(W/4 kHz))
5.5 (3) 20-50 14-47
15 (3) 19-50 13-47
-248-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 13
T
A
B
L
E

2

E
a
r
t
h
-
t
o
-
s
p
a
c
e
l
i
n
k
s
(
2
0
2
5
-
2
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1
-249-
14 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
The interference is integrated over a distance ranging from 1-10 km around the station for which a
line-of-sight connection can be assumed. For most station locations it cannot be excluded that
mobiles come even closer than 1 km. Additional interference is of course received from further
distant mobile terminals but for the sake of simplicity this is not taken into account here. The
antenna gain varies with the azimuth angle and has been integrated over 360 in order to come to an
average antenna gain value.
The cumulative interference is determined by:
P
i
]
(
(
x d
1
d
2
md
a
P
i
B
i
dA
(x)
B
m
dx
md
a
E
i
c
2
(4 f )
2
B
m ]
(
(
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dA
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x
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A
(x)
x
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dA
(x)
dx
2 x
P
i
md
a
E
i
c
2
8 f
2
B
m
[ln(d
2
) ln(d
1
)]
where:
md
a
: average mobile density
d
1
: minimum radius around station
d
2
: maximum radius around station.
Tables 3a and 3b list the detailed results for the space services considered. The worst-case results
from a mobile unit transmitting into the direction of the main beam. A single station transmitting at
a distance of 10 km was assumed representative although a much shorter distance is possible. The
main conclusion to be drawn is that, even when an average gain specification of a few dBi around
the antenna is assumed and a simplified interference calculation unfavourable to the space services
is performed, interference levels are produced which are several orders of magnitude above the
acceptable levels; hence sharing is impossible.
5.3 Space-to-spacelink(2025-2110MHz)
The most critical case in this category is the link between a geostationary satellite, for example a
data relay satellite, and a low-Earth orbiting satellite. The orbit height of the latter one ranges
typically between 250 and 1000 km.
Such a link is for example representative for a manned space shuttle which will orbit around
400 km. It is imperative that this spacecraft has an omnidirectional antenna in order to enable safe
commanding and communications during every flight phase and in particular in emergency
situations.
Due to power flux-density limitations on the Earth, a limit is also set on the e.i.r.p. which the data
relay satellite may radiate towards the Earth, i.e. towards the low orbiting satellite. This results in
very tight link margins. Interference, even at low levels, is extremely critical.
The calculated interference levels are so high that any data or communication links to low orbiting
spacecraft are totally blanked out. An e.i.r.p. increase on the transmitting geostationary satellite is
not feasible due to power flux-density restrictions. Consequently, sharing with land mobiles is
impossible.
Table 4 lists the detailed results.
-250-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 15
T
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-252-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 17
5.4 Space-to-spacelink(2200-2290MHz)
This frequency band is used for data links from low orbiting satellites to geostationary data relay
satellites and for short range communications between low orbiting satellites and eventually also
between astronauts. Orbit heights between 250 and 36000 km have consequently to be taken into
account.
In principle, the same assumptions as listed above are applicable with the exception that the
geostationary satellite uses high gain antennas for the links to the low orbiters. This results in very
low acceptable interference levels at the input of the antenna. The beamwidth of the antenna is
typically a few degrees so that interference from an area somewhat smaller than for the 250 km
orbit can be received. Figure 6 gives a typical example for the area from which interference will be
received by a data relay satellite when tracking a low-Earth orbiter.
D
R
S
(
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L
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O
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=
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=
0
FIGURE 6
Coverageofadatarelaysatelliteantennaanda250kmLEO
D06
Table 5 lists the detailed results. Also in this case sharing is unfortunately impossible.
5.5 Worst-casescenariosforalllinks
The assumptions used for the interference studies above are based on an average distribution of
mobiles over the interference area, an average activity, minimum power levels for the FPLMTS
units and an equal occupation of all available channels. The resulting interference excess values are
consequently average numbers on the low end.
-253-
18 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
T
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0
4
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
.
9
0
0
0
0
5
.
0
0
0
0
0
7
.
0
0
0
0
0
5
.
3
0
0
0
5
1
.
8
0
0
0
0
0
5
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
.
8
-254-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 19
If the spacecraft flies over large cities or highly populated areas in Europe the cumulative
interference will increase significantly due to the shorter distance from a high number of mobiles to
the spacecraft. To take into account large urban and suburban areas it was assumed that 20% of all
mobile units seen by the spacecraft are close to the subsatellite point. This is easily possible over
large cities like Paris and London with traffic densities up to 20 000 E/km
2
per building floor. This
results in increased interference between 3 dB for a 750 km orbit and 5 dB for a 250 dB orbit. For
the geostationary orbits no increase was assumed as it is unlikely that a very high mobile
concentration can be found near the equator.
An interference increase will also occur at times with peak activities. A traffic density increase up
to a factor of 3 can be assumed. This leads to a potential increase of interference between
4 and 7 dB. Another reason for higher interference can be unequal occupation of channels but as
this is difficult to estimate it has not been taken into account in this study.
For the Earth-to-space and the two space-to-space links it can be concluded that the worst-case
interference can be between 9 and 16 dB higher than the average value.
The situation for the space-to-Earth link is slightly different. The worst case would be a mobile
transmitting in the vicinity of the station near the direction of the main beam. Assuming a distance
of 10 km between the mobile and the earth station the corresponding interference level would be
43-75 dB above specified protection levels.
6 Conclusions
A short summary of interference excess is listed in Table 6 for all links analysed. The lower value is
based on average interference excess. The higher value takes into account worst cases with respect
to increased mobile densities in highly populated areas, upper limits of specified operating power,
and times with high communication activity. Unequal channel occupation, yet another source of
increased interference, has not been considered.
TABLE 6
Interferencesummaryforalllinksandallmobileunitsconsidered
Interference excess
(dB)
Indoor
personal station
Outdoor
personal station
Mobile station
Earth-to-space (2 025-2 110 MHz) 16-32 31-45 35-52
Space-to-Earth (2 200-2 290 MHz) 39-47 47-55 51-75
Space-to-space (2 025-2 110 MHz) 16-32 31-45 35-52
Space-to-space (2 200-2 290 MHz) 27-37 35-45 39-52
-255-
20 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
An interference analysis between FPLMTS type land mobile systems and the space operations,
space research and Earth-exploration service has been presented. On all types of links considered in
this Recommendation sharing with this and similar high density mobile systems is not feasible. The
resulting interference levels are orders of magnitude higher than acceptable levels specified in
the RR and in ITU-R Recommendations.
Annex2
Summaryofstudiesofthecharacteristicsofmobilesystemsthatfacilitate
radio-frequencycompatibilitywiththespacescienceservices
1 Introduction
This Annex summarizes the results of studies concerning the technical and operational
characteristics of mobile systems that might be compatible with the SR, SO and EES systems
operating in the 2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz bands.
The characteristics of mobile systems that facilitate sharing are:
emissions of low power spectral density,
transmissions of an intermittent nature,
use of directional transmitting antennas,
number of mobile stations is self-limiting as a result of the nature of the application.
Studies concerning different sets of assumptions and ranges of values for these general
characteristics are presented in the following sections. Further studies regarding the compatibility
between mobile systems and space science systems in the 2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz
bands would be required to better define the interference environment.
2 Summaryofstudiesofe.i.r.p.andantennagain
The introduction of technical requirements for the mobile service in the bands 2025-2110 MHz
and 2200-2290 MHz led to the proposal of an e.i.r.p. limit of 28 dBW together with a minimum
antenna gain of 24 dBi in order to facilitate sharing with the space science services. Studies were
conducted as to the interference effect of such systems on the space research service.
The model used in the study assumed a global and uniform distribution of directional mobile
terminals with antenna gains ranging between 22 and 26.5 dBi and e.i.r.p. ranging between 28 and
37 dBW. Orbital heights for spacecraft between 250 km and 36000 m were taken into account.
The study results show that space science operations in the 2200-2290 MHz band are significantly
more susceptible to interference than in the 2025-2110 MHz band. An antenna gain sensitivity
analysis was performed. For the case of constant e.i.r.p. levels, the probability of interference
decreases with increasing antenna gain as shown in Fig. 7. The Figure also shows a non-linear
increase in interference probability with linearly increasing e.i.r.p.
-256-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 21
The study finally concluded that the proposed e.i.r.p. limit of 28 dBW, together with an antenna
gain in excess of 24 dBi, are adequate provisions to enable sharing with around 1000 mobile
systems of such kind worldwide.
3 Asummaryofastudyofinterferencefromcertainmobilesystems
A study was conducted that considered four possible scenarios concerning interference to space
science services systems as shown in Table 7.
The characteristics of the systems used in the study are discussed in the following.
3.1 Systemcharacteristics
3.1.1 Receivecharacteristics
3.1.1.1 Datarelaysatellite
Receive antenna (assumed to track the LEO spacecraft when visible):
boresight gain 34 dBi;
off-beam characteristics in accordance with the reference radiation pattern for single feed
circular beams (near in side-lobe level of 20 dB) as defined in Recommendation
ITU-R S.672.
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000
4
3
2
1
0
33 dBW / 24 dBi
28 dBW / 22 dBi
28 dBW / 24 dBi
FIGURE 7
InterferenceprobabilityforvariousENGsystemcharacteristics
1 000 ENG systems
10 % activity
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

(
%
)
Spacecraft orbit height (km)
37.3 dBW / 26.5 dBi
28 dBW / 25.6 dBi
D07
-257-
22 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
TABLE 7
3.1.1.2 LEOspacecraft(DRSpointing)
Receive antenna (assumed to track the geostationary relay satellite when visible):
off-beam characteristics in accordance with the reference radiation pattern for single feed
circular beams (near in side-lobe level of 20 dB) as defined in Recommendation
ITU-R S.672;
orbit altitude 300 km;
inclination 29.
3.1.1.3 LEOspacecraft(Earthpointing)
Receive antenna omnidirectional (gain 0 dBi):
orbit altitude 300 km;
inclination 29.
3.1.1.4 Earthstation
Receive antenna (assumed to track the LEO spacecraft when visible):
off-beam characteristics in accordance with those defined in RR Appendices 28 and 29.
3.1.2 Transmitcharacteristics
3.1.2.1 Mobileterminal(directional)ENG
antenna boresight gain 25 dBi;
power spectral density into the antenna 38 dB(W/kHz);
off-beam characteristics in accordance with those defined in RR Appendices 28 and 29.
2 025-2 110 MHz 2 200-2 290 MHz
Space services
Data relay
Space-to-space
(Forward)
(1)
Space-to-space
(Return)
(3)
Space services
Direct-to-ground
Earth-to-space
(2)
Space-to-Earth
(4)
Mobile Directional (ENG) Omnidirectional
-258-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 23
3.1.2.2 Mobileterminal(omnidirectional)
antenna gain 0 dBi;
power spectral density into the antenna 42 dB(W/kHz).
3.2 Summaryandconclusions
Four geometric configurations (A-D) were evaluated for the scenarios shown in Table 7 using the
technical characteristics shown above. The results of a probabilistic analysis are summarized in
Table 8.
TABLE 8
3.2.1 InterferencefromdirectionalmobilestoaLEOspacecraft(DRSpointing)intheband
2025-2110MHz
The values in Table 8 suggest that a single ENG terminal in various geometric configurations can
exceed the applicable protection criteria. However, considering the majority of configurations, if
the ENG transmit power were decreased by 1 dB then the probability that the protection criterion
would be exceeded would be decreased to 0.1%. This would not, of course, be true for the more
critical geometric configurations and, therefore, some constraints may need to be placed on the
siting of terrestrial ENG terminals.
3.2.2 Interference from directional mobiles to a LEO spacecraft (Earth pointing) in the
band2025-2110MHz
The results suggest that two or three spatially separated co-channel terminals would be acceptable.
This translates into an acceptable community of between 100 and 150 ENG terminals not
considering the worst case geometry.
3.2.3 Interference from omnidirectional mobiles to a geostationary data relay satellite
(trackingaLEOspacecraft)intheband2200-2290MHz
The values presented in Table 8 show that the interfering power levels from a single
omnidirectional terminal are well within the permissible criteria. However, the probabilities of these
Reference Entry
Maximum level of interference
relative to criterion
(dB)
Probability criterion
exceeded
(%)
1 A
1 B
1 C
1 D
ENG into LEO (DRS pointing)
+ 31.0
+ 07.5
+ 06.5
+ 06.5
0.65
0.20
0.15
0.15
2 A
2 B
2 C
2 D
ENG into LEO (Earth pointing)
+ 02.5
+ 02.5
+ 02.5
+ 02.5
0.20
0.04
0.045
0.035
3 A
3 B
3 C
3 D
Omni into DRS
16.5
16.5
15.0
15.0
2.50
(1)
1.50
(1)
0.15
(1)
0.50
(1)
4 A
4 B
Omni into ES + 48.5
+ 48.0
1.00
0.55
(1)
Probability of maximum level of interference.
-259-
24 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
levels occurring are high and hence multiple terminals could give rise to aggregate levels of
interference which whilst just exceeding the permissible power levels would exceed the permissible
levels many times in terms of probability of occupance.
3.2.4 Interference from omnidirectional mobiles to an earth station (tracking a LEO
spacecraft)intheband2200-2290MHz
Assuming no line-of-sight paths such that the basic transmission loss follows an inverse third power
law, a single omnidirectional terminal may operate within 0.5 km of an earth station (with an
elevation greater than 5).
Annex3
Descriptionofcertainelectronicnewsgathering(ENG)
systemsoperatinginthe2025-2110MHzband
1 Introduction
This Annex presents information about the unique technical and operational characteristics used by
specific ENG systems operated by one administration that may facilitate sharing with the SR, SO,
and EES services.
2 Characteristics/descriptionofENGsystems
ENG systems include both mobile point-of-view and transportable ENG systems that provide video
from a variety of locations and activities. ENG systems are used for on-location coverage of news
events or interviews and live-action video during sports or entertainment events. Because of the
value of on-location video, most local television stations in urban areas of the United States of
America operate ENG systems. The transportable ENG systems, used for on-location coverage, are
generally mounted in vans and operate in a stationary mode transmitting video to a fixed receive
site. These systems provide mobility for news coverage throughout a geographic region.
3 ENGsystemsandenvironments
This section describes two common operational modes.
3.1 Transportable
The transportable ENG systems described in the previous section are used for live or taped on-
location video for news, sports, and entertainment broadcasts. The transportable ENG systems are
generally mounted in vans and use transmitters operating around 10.8 dBW of power. These
systems utilize directional antennas with gains between 20-22 dBi mounted on top of a pneumatic
-260-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 25
mast of up to 15 m in height. ENG systems may employ linear or circular polarization to provide
additional interference protection from each other. Many ENG systems (probably 30-50%) transmit
with up to 5 dB of transmission line loss.
3.2 Point-of-view
Small light-weight microwave transmitters are used for mobile and close-up video situations since
live pictures are desired and because video recorders are impractical due to size and ruggedness
requirements. These transmitters usually operate with up to 5 dBW of power. These systems utilize
essentially omnidirectional antennas with 0-3 dBi of gain and may also use linear or circular
polarization.
A small point-of-view system usually operates instead of, rather than in addition to, a transportable
ENG operation on the same channel. Point-of-view systems cannot usually operate simultaneously
with transportable systems because the transportable systems cause excessive interference to the
point-of-view receiver.
Table 9 presents characteristics of typical ENG systems that operate in the 2025-2110 MHz band.
TABLE 9
Typical2GHzENGsystemsinuseintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Type of use
Transmitter
location
Transmit
power
Antenna
gain
(dBi)
Receiver
location
ENG transportable
(van)
Van mast 12 W 22 Tower
Temporary fixed link Roof 12 W 25 Roof
Convention Floor of convention hall 100 mW 0-5 Hall rafters
Point-of-view
(e.g., skier)
On body/helmet 100 mW 0 Hillside or helicopter
Sports venues
Playing field Field 1 W 12 Pressbox
Golf course (system 1) On golf course 3 W 16 Tethered blimp
Golf course (system 2) On golf course 12 W 12 Crane
Racecam In car 3 W 7 Helicopter
Helicopter Relay helicopter 12 W 7 Ground receive
Marathon
Motorcycle Motorcycle 3 W 7 Helicopter
Relay vehicle Pick-up truck 12 W 12 Helicopter
Helicopter Relay helicopter 12 W 7 Roof
-261-
26 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
4 Operationalcharacteristics
All ENG systems, cannot operate simultaneously. Since ENG systems are sensitive to interference,
only one transmission per channel per receive site at a time is usually possible. Most television
markets in the United States of America contain multiple receive sites that allow for simultaneous
transmissions on a channel. In most large markets, however, only six simultaneous transmissions
are possible on the busiest channel, and in most markets the number does not exceed two. More
than two simultaneous transmissions on a single channel rarely occur. In fact, multiple ENG receive
sites and systems exist only in the largest television markets, so most regions have little or no
simultaneous ENG activity per channel.
Although used throughout the day, transportable ENG systems operate primarily during weekday
local news broadcasts, which usually occur around 1200-1230, 1700-1900, and 2300-2330 local
time. In most markets before the afternoon news hours around 1500-1700, ENG use is also
significant. The popularity of local morning shows from 0600-0900 is increasing in various
markets, and these shows also use ENG systems. Transportable ENG transmitters are operated
approximately twice per day. Broadcast engineers estimate that each ENG operation transmits an
average of 15 min per operation but can vary from about 5 min to perhaps as long as 5 h.
5 Spectrumuseandcharacteristics
The 1990-2110 MHz band is used as the primary ENG band because of favourable propagation
characteristics. These include the lower levels of foliage attenuation that apply at higher frequencies
and the ability to building bounce a signal to achieve a temporary link to a fixed receive site
despite unavoidable path blockage.
In the United States of America, the ENG frequency band is divided into 7 channels each
with 17 MHz except the first channel which is 18 MHz as shown in Fig. 8. ENG systems are
usually operated at the centre of each channel, but the lower offset and upper offset channels are
also used. Consequently, 21 carrier frequencies are possible, but all carrier frequencies cannot be
used simultaneously. ENG systems may operate at the centre channel, the lower offset channel, the
higher offset channel, or the lower and higher offset channels simultaneously, depending on the
need and adjacent channel use at any time. Since ENG systems are sensitive to interference, only
one transmission per channel per receive site at a time is usually possible.
ENG systems use frequency modulation (FM) for transmitting video. The carrier is virtually never
transmitted unmodulated by video raster.
-262-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 27
1 990 2 008 2 025 2 042 2 059 2 076 2 093 2 110
FIGURE 8
ENGchannelplaninuseintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Centre carrier frequencies (MHz)
Offset low carrier frequency (MHz)
Offset high carrier frequency (MHz)
Frequency (MHz)
1 994.75
Channel 1
2 012.25
Channel 2
2 029.25
Channel 3
2 046.25
Channel 4
2 063.25
Channel 5
2 080.25
Channel 6
2 097.25
Channel 7
1 999.00 2 016.50 2 033.50 2 050.50 2 067.50 2 084.50 2 101.50
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4 Channel 5 Channel 6 Channel 7
2 003.25
Channel 1 +
2 020.75
Channel 2 +
2 037.75
Channel 3 +
2 054.75
Channel 4 +
2 071.75
Channel 5 +
2 088.75
Channel 6 +
2 105.75
Channel 7 +
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4 Channel 5 Channel 6 Channel 7
D08
Annex4
Descriptionofcertainaeronauticalmobiletelemetrysystems
operatinginthe2200-2290MHzband
1 Introduction
The aeronautical mobile telemetry systems operated by one administration consist of a small
number of controlled, short duration transmitters operating in a few specific areas.
The number of simultaneously operating transmitting systems within any 1000 km radius will
rarely exceed 15. The maximum e.i.r.p. in the direction of a satellite in any 3 MHz bandwidth
within any 1000 km radius will rarely exceed 10 W.
2 Technicalcharacteristicsofaeronauticalmobiletelemetrysystems
Aeronautical telemetry has been using the 2200-2290 MHz band for testing of missiles, space
launch vehicles, air vehicles, and subsystems thereof since the late 1960s. The duration of the
majority of these tests is less than 10 min, however some tests last for several hours. Telemetry
operations can occur at any hour of the day with the peak usage during daylight hours. The majority
of the flight tests occur at one (or more) of the test ranges operated by the United States of America
government.
-263-
28 Rec.ITU-RSA.1154
The characteristics of the telemetry transmitting systems are optimized for the vehicle being tested.
Therefore, these characteristics vary considerably from vehicle to vehicle. There is no typical
transmitting system. The effective radiated power of the telemetry systems is usually between 1 and
5 W. The required power level is determined by the amount of information to be transmitted, the
maximum range between transmitting and receiving systems, the required data quality, and the
sensitivity of the receiving system. The telemetry transmitting antennas are usually linearly
polarized and are typically designed to have nearly isotropic coverage because the orientation of the
vehicle under test with respect to the telemetry receiving antenna can change very rapidly. As the
receiving antenna tracks a vehicle in flight, large variations occur in the signal levels at the receiver.
These fades are caused by nulls in the vehicle antenna pattern and propagation anomalies such as
multipath and ducting. The decrease in signal level during fades can exceed 30 dB. Therefore, a
received signal considerably above threshold is required during optimum flight conditions to avoid
data loss during signal fades.
The telemetry data formats and rates vary considerably from vehicle to vehicle. Most telemetry
transmitting systems use frequency or phase modulation. The input to the transmitter may be digital,
analogue, or a combination of digital and analogue. The 99% power bandwidths of the telemetry
transmitting systems vary from less than 1 MHz to more than 10 MHz.
The required pre-detection signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for acceptable data quality varies from 9
to 15 dB. The maximum distance between the vehicle under test and the telemetry receiving station
is usually between 20 and 400 km (the maximum range for some tests is greater than 3000 km).
Typical receiver bandwidths vary from 0.5 to 10 MHz (these values are increasing). Receiving
system noise temperatures vary between 200 K and 500 K. Main lobe gains of the receiving
antennas vary from 6 dBi for some short-range mobile systems to greater than 50 dBi for large
antennas. The larger antennas automatically track the test vehicle while the smaller antennas (gain
less than 20 dBi) typically are pointed in the direction of the transmitter. The receiving antenna side
lobes depend on the size and design of the receiving antenna. The majority of telemetry receiving
antennas have diameters between 2.44 m (8 feet) and 10 m (32.8 feet).
3 Spectrumconsiderations
Aeronautical mobile telemetry system providers in the United States of America have divided this
band into 90 channels each with a 1 MHz bandwidth. Multiple channels are assigned together when
a wider bandwidth is needed.
Aeronautical telemetry operations are currently protected by coordination between the various
users. The territory of the United States of America is divided into coordination areas. Area
frequency coordinators assign and schedule frequency use within these areas.
The potential exists for significant interference between satellite earth stations co-located with
aeronautical telemetry transmitting sites in the 2200-2290 MHz band. This problem is mitigated by
controlling the time, frequency and location of the transmissions by each service in this band.
Frequency interference control centres accommodate real-time changes and locate and identify any
unauthorized transmissions.
-264-
Rec.ITU-RSA.1154 29
A sample radiated power spectral density is shown in Fig. 9. This Figure shows the nominal power
spectral density for one telemetry system. The data in this Figure is not typical, best case or worst
case but is included only as an example of the spectral characteristics of the most common type of
system currently used for aeronautical mobile telemetry systems. Some aeronautical mobile
telemetry systems may have discrete spectral components during portions of a test flight, therefore
the maximum spectral densities (dB(W/kHz)) may be significantly larger than the values shown
in Fig. 9.
20
30
40
50
60
FIGURE 9
Samplespectrum
2 248.5 2 256.5 2 252.5 2 250.5 2 254.5
P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
(
W
/
k
H
z
)
)
Frequency (MHz) D09
The maximum aggregate radiated power in any direction from all aeronautical mobile telemetry
systems within a radius of 1000 km will be less than 100 W in the band from 2200-2290 MHz. The
maximum aggregate radiated power in any 3 MHz bandwidth will rarely exceed 10 W in any
direction in any 1000 km radius.
-265-
Rec.ITU-RM.1171 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1171
*
RADIOTELEPHONYPROCEDURESINTHE
MARITIMEMOBILESERVICE
(1995)
Rec. ITU-R M.1171
considering
a) that there is a need to describe standard procedures for radiotelephony in the maritime mobile service,
recommends
1 that radiotelephony in the maritime mobile service should be performed in accordance with Annex 1.
ANNEX 1
SectionI.Introduction
1. Radiotelephone stations should, as far as possible, be equipped with devices for instantaneous switching from
transmission to reception and vice versa. This equipment is necessary for all stations participating in communication
between ships and subscribers of the land telephone system.
2. (1) Stations equipped for radiotelephony may transmit and receive radiotelegrams by means of
radiotelephony. Coast stations providing such service and open for public correspondence shall be indicated in the List of
Coast Stations.
(2) To facilitate radiocommunications the service abbreviations given in Recommendation ITU-R M.1172
may be used.
SectionII.CallsbyRadiotelephony
3. The provisions of this Section relating to the intervals between calls are not applicable to a station operating
under conditions involving distress, urgency or safety.
4. (1) As a general rule, it rests with the ship station to establish communication with the coast station. For this
purpose the ship station may call the coast station only when it comes within the service area of the latter, that is to say,
that area within which, by using an appropriate frequency, the ship station can be heard by the coast station.
(2) However, a coast station having traffic for a ship station may call this station if it has reason to believe
that the ship station is keeping watch and is within the service area of the coast station.
_______________
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the
Note by the Secretariat: The references made to the Radio Regulations (RR) in this Recommendation refer to the RR as revised by
the World Radiocommunication Conference 1995. These elements of the RR will come into force on 1 June 1998. Where applicable,
the equivalent references in the current RR are also provided in square brackets.
-267-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.1171
5. (1) In addition, each coast station shall, so far as practicable, transmit its calls in the form of traffic lists
consisting of the call signs or other identification in alphabetical order of all ship stations for which it has traffic on hand.
These calls shall be made at specified times fixed by agreement between the administrations concerned and at intervals
of not less than two hours and not more than four hours during the working hours of the coast station.
(2) Coast stations shall transmit their traffic lists on their normal working frequencies in the appropriate
bands. The transmission shall be preceded by a general call to all stations.
(3) The general call to all stations announcing the traffic lists may be sent on a calling frequency in the
following form:
Hello all ships or CQ (spoken as CHARLIE QUEBEC) not more than three times;
the words THIS IS (or DE spoken as DELTA ECHO in case of language difficulties);
. . . Radio not more than three times;
Listen for my traffic list on . . . kHz.
In no case may this preamble be repeated.
(4) However, in the bands between 156 MHz and 174 MHz when the conditions for establishing contact are
good, the call described in 5.(3) above may be replaced by:
Hello all ships or CQ (spoken as CHARLIE QUEBEC), once;
. . . Radio, twice;
Listen for my traffic list on channel . . . .
In no case may this preamble be repeated.
(5) The provisions of 5.(3) are obligatory when 2182 kHz or 156.8 MHz is used.
(6) The hours at which coast stations transmit their traffic lists and the frequencies and classes of emission
which they use for this purpose shall be stated in the List of Coast Stations.
(7) Ship stations should as far as possible listen to the traffic lists transmitted by coast stations. On hearing
their call sign or other identification in such a list they must reply as soon as they can do so.
(8) When the traffic cannot be sent immediately, the coast station shall inform each ship station concerned of
the probable time at which working can begin, and also, if necessary, the frequency and class of emission which will be
used.
6. When a coast station receives calls from several ship stations at practically the same time, it decides the order
in which these stations may transmit their traffic. Its decision shall be based on the priority (see RR No. S53.1
[No. 4441]) of the radiotelegrams or radiotelephone calls that the ship stations have on hand and on the need for allowing
each calling station to clear the greatest possible number of communications.
7. (1) When a station called does not reply to a call sent three times at intervals of two minutes, the calling shall
cease.
(2) However, when a station called does not reply, the call may be repeated at three-minute intervals.
(3) In areas where reliable VHF communication with a called coast station is practicable, the calling ship
station may repeat the call as soon as it is ascertained that traffic has been terminated at the coast station.
(4) In the case of a communication between a station of the maritime mobile service and an aircraft station,
calling may be renewed after an interval of five minutes.
(5) Before renewing the call, the calling station shall ascertain that the station called is not in communication
with another station.
-268-
Rec.ITU-RM.1171 3
(6) If there is no reason to believe that harmful interference will be caused to other communications in
progress, the provisions of 7.(4) above are not applicable. In such cases the call, sent three times at intervals of
two minutes, may be repeated after an interval of not less than three minutes.
(7) However, before renewing the call, the calling station shall ascertain that further calling is unlikely to
cause interference to other communications in progress and that the station called is not in communication with another
station.
(8) Ship stations shall not radiate a carrier wave between calls.
8. When the name and address of the administration or private operating agency controlling a ship station are not
given in the appropriate list of stations or are no longer in agreement with the particulars given therein, it is the duty of
the ship station to furnish as a matter of regular procedure, to the coast station to which it transmits traffic, all the
necessary information in this respect.
9. (1) The coast station may, by means of the abbreviation TR (spoken as TANGO ROMEO), ask the ship
station to furnish it with the following information:
a) position and, whenever possible, course and speed;
b) next port of call.
(2) The information referred to in 9.(1) above, preceded by the abbreviation TR, should be furnished by
ship stations, whenever this seems appropriate, without prior request from the coast station. The provision of this
information is authorized only by the master or the person responsible for the ship.
SectionIII.MethodofCalling,ReplytoCallsand
SignalsPreparatorytoTrafficwhenUsingCalling
MethodsOtherthanDigitalSelectiveCalling
A. Method of Calling
10. (1) The call consists of:
the call sign or other identification of the station called, not more than three times;
the call sign or other identification of the calling station, not more than three times.
(2) However, in the bands between 156 MHz and 174 MHz when the conditions for establishing contact are
good, the call described in 10.(1) above may be replaced by:
the call sign of the station called, once;
the call sign or other identification of the calling station, twice.
(3) When calling a VHF coast station operating on more than one channel, a ship station calling on a working
channel should include the number of that channel in the call.
(4) When contact is established, the call sign or other identification may thereafter be transmitted once only.
(5) When the coast station is fitted with equipment for selective calling in accordance with Recommendation
ITU-R M.541, and the ship station is fitted with equipment for receiving such selective calls, the coast station shall call
the ship by transmitting the appropriate code signals. The ship station shall call the coast station by speech in the manner
given in 10.(1) (see also Annex 2 to Recommendation ITU-R M.257).
11. Calls for internal communications on board ship when in territorial waters shall consist of:
a) From the master station:
the name of the ship followed by a single letter (ALFA, BRAVO, CHARLIE, etc.) indicating the
sub-station not more than three times;
the words THIS IS;
the name of the ship followed by the word CONTROL;
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4 Rec.ITU-RM.1171
b) From the sub-station:
the name of the ship followed by the word CONTROL not more than three times;
the words THIS IS;
the name of the ship followed by a single letter (ALFA, BRAVO, CHARLIE, etc.) indicating the
sub-station.
B. Frequency to Be Used for Calling
and for Preparatory Signals
B1. Bands Between 1605 kHz and 4 000 kHz
12. (1) A radiotelephone ship station calling a coast station should use for the call, in order of preference:
a) a working frequency on which the coast station is keeping watch;
b) the carrier frequency 2 182 kHz;
c) in Regions 1 and 3 and in Greenland, the carrier frequency 2191 kHz (assigned frequency 2 192.4 kHz)
when a carrier frequency of 2182 kHz is being used for distress;
d) in Region 2 except for Greenland, the carrier frequency 2191 kHz as a supplementary calling frequency in
those areas of heavy usage of 2 182 kHz.
(2) A radiotelephone ship station calling another ship station should use for the call:
a) the carrier frequency 2 182 kHz;
b) an intership frequency, whenever and wherever traffic density is high and prior arrangements can be
made.
(3) Subject to the provisions of 12.(6), coast stations shall, in accordance with the requirements of their own
country, call ship stations of their own nationality either on a working frequency or, when calls to individual ships are
made, on the carrier frequency 2182 kHz.
(4) However, a ship station which keeps watch simultaneously on the carrier frequency 2 182 kHz and a
working frequency should be called on the working frequency.
(5) As a general rule, coast stations should call radiotelephone ship stations of another nationality on the
carrier frequency 2182 kHz.
(6) Coast stations may call ship stations equipped to receive selective calls in accordance with
Recommendations ITU-R M.257 and ITU-R M.541.
B2. Bands Between 4000 kHz
and 27500 kHz
13. (1) A ship station calling a coast station by radiotelephony shall use either one of the calling frequencies
mentioned in RR No. S52.221 [No. 4375] or the working frequency associated with that of the coast station, in
accordance with RR Appendix S17, Part B Section I, [Appendix 16, Section A]
(2) A coast station calling a ship station by radiotelephony shall use one of the calling frequencies mentioned
in RR No. S52.222 [No. 4376], one of its working frequencies shown in the List of Coast Stations, or the carrier
frequency 4125 kHz or 6 215 kHz, in accordance with the provisions of RR Nos. S52.221.2 and S52.221.3 [Nos. 4375.2
and 4375.3].
(3) The preliminary operations for the establishment of radiotelephone communications may also be carried
out by radiotelegraphy using the procedure appropriate to radiotelegraphy (see Recommendation ITU-R M.1170 17).
(4) The provisions of 13.(1) and 13.(2) do not apply to communications between ship stations and coast
stations using the simplex frequencies specified in RR Appendix S17, Part B, Section I [Appendix 16, Section B].
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Rec.ITU-RM.1171 5
B3. Bands Between 156 MHz and 174 MHz
14. (1) In the bands between 156 MHz and 174 MHz, intership and coast station to ship calling should, as a
general rule, be made on 156.8 MHz. However, coast station to ship calling may be conducted on a working channel or
on a two-frequency calling channel which has been implemented in accordance with RR No. S52.236 [No. 4391]. Except
for distress, urgency or safety communications, when 156.8 MHz should be used, ship to coast station calling should,
whenever possible, be made on a working channel or on a two-frequency calling channel which has been implemented in
accordance with RR No. S52.236 [No. 4391]. Ships wishing to participate in a port operations service or ship movement
service should call on a port operations or ship movement working frequency, indicated in heavy type in the List of
Coast Stations.
(2) When 156.8 MHz is being used for distress, urgency or safety communications, a ship station desiring to
participate in the port operations service may establish contact on 156.6 MHz, or another port operations frequency
indicated in heavy type in the List of Coast Stations.
B4. Procedure for Calling a Station
Providing Pilot Service
15. A radiotelephone ship station calling a station providing pilot service should use for the call, in order of
preference:
a) an appropriate channel in the bands between 156 MHz and 174 MHz;
b) a working frequency in the bands between 1605 kHz and 4000 kHz;
c) the carrier frequency 2 182 kHz, and then only to determine the working frequency to be used.
C. Form of Reply to Calls
16. The reply to calls consists of:
the call sign or other identification of the calling station, not more than three times;
the call sign or other identification of the station called, not more than three times.
D. Frequency for Reply
D1. Bands Between 1605 kHz and 4 000 kHz
17. (1) When a ship station is called on the carrier frequency 2182 kHz, it should reply on the same carrier
frequency unless another frequency is indicated by the calling station.
(2) When a ship station is called by selective calling in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.257 it
shall reply on a frequency on which the coast station keeps watch.
(3) When a ship station is called on a working frequency by a coast station of the same nationality, it shall
reply on the working frequency normally associated with the frequency used by the coast station for the call.
(4) When calling a coast station or another ship station, a ship station shall indicate the frequency on which a
reply is required if this frequency is not the normal one associated with the frequency used for the call.
(5) A ship station which frequently exchanges traffic with a coast station of another nationality may use the
same procedure for reply as ships of the nationality of the coast station, where this has been agreed by the
administrations concerned.
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6 Rec.ITU-RM.1171
(6) As a general rule a coast station shall reply:
a) on the carrier frequency 2 182 kHz to calls made on the carrier frequency 2 182 kHz, unless another
frequency is indicated by the calling station;
b) on a working frequency to calls made on a working frequency;
c) on a working frequency to calls made in Regions 1 and 3 and in Greenland on the carrier frequency
2 191 kHz (assigned frequency 2 192.4 kHz).
D2. Bands Between 4000 kHz
and 27500 kHz
18. (1) A ship station called by a coast station shall reply either on one of the calling frequencies mentioned in
RR No. S52.221 [No. 4375] or on the working frequency associated with that of the coast station, in accordance with
RR Appendix S17, Part B, Section I [Appendix 16, Section A].
(2) A coast station called by a ship station shall reply on one of the calling frequencies mentioned in
RR No. S52.222 [No. 4376], or on one of its working frequencies shown in the List of Coast Stations.
(3) When a station is called on the carrier frequency 4125 kHz it should reply on the same frequency unless
another frequency is indicated for that purpose by the calling station.
(4) When a station is called on the carrier frequency 6215 kHz it should reply on the same frequency unless
another frequency is indicated for that purpose by the calling station.
(5) The provisions of 18.(1) and 18.(2) do not apply to communication between ship stations and coast
stations using the simplex frequencies specified in RR Appendix S17, Part B, Section I [Appendix 16, Section B].
D3. Bands Between 156 MHz and 174 MHz
19. (1) When a station is called on 156.8 MHz it should reply on the same frequency unless another frequency is
indicated by the calling station.
(2) When a coast station open to public correspondence calls a ship either by speech or by selective calling in
accordance with Annex 2 to Recommendation ITU-R M.257, using a two-frequency channel, the ship station shall reply
by speech on the frequency associated with that of the coast station; conversely, a coast station shall reply to a call from a
ship station on the frequency associated with that of the ship station.
E. Indication of the Frequency to Be Used for Traffic
E1. Bands Between 1605 kHz and 4 000 kHz
20. If contact is established on the carrier frequency 2182 kHz, coast and ship stations shall transfer to working
frequencies for the exchange of traffic.
E2. Bands Between 4000 kHz
and 27500 kHz
21. After a ship station has established contact with a coast station, or another ship station, on the calling frequency
of the band chosen, traffic shall be exchanged on their respective working frequencies.
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Rec.ITU-RM.1171 7
E3. Bands Between 156 MHz and 174 MHz
22. (1) Whenever contact has been established between a coast station in the public correspondence service and a
ship station either on 156.8 MHz or on a two-frequency calling channel (see RR No. S52.237 [No. 4392]), the stations
shall transfer to one of their normal pairs of working frequencies for the exchange of traffic. The calling station should
indicate the channel to which it is proposed to transfer by reference to the frequency in MHz or, preferably, to its channel
designator.
(2) When contact on 156.8 MHz has been established between a coast station in the port operations service
and a ship station, the ship station should indicate the particular service required (such as navigational information,
docking instructions, etc.) and the coast station shall then indicate the channel to be used for the exchange of traffic by
reference to the frequency in MHz, or, preferably, to its channel designator.
(3) When contact on 156.8 MHz has been established between a coast station in the ship movement service
and a ship station, the coast station shall then indicate the channel to be used for the exchange of traffic by reference to
the frequency in MHz or, preferably, to its channel designator.
(4) A ship station, when it has established contact with another ship station on 156.8 MHz, should indicate the
intership channel to which it is proposed to transfer for the exchange of traffic by reference to the frequency in MHz or,
preferably, to its channel designator.
(5) However, a brief exchange of traffic not to exceed one minute concerning the safety of navigation need
not be transmitted on a working frequency when it is important that all ships within range receive the transmission.
(6) Stations hearing a transmission concerning the safety of navigation shall listen to the message until they
are satisfied that the message is of no concern to them. They shall not make any transmission likely to interfere with the
message.
F. Agreement on the Frequency to Be Used for Traffic
23. (1) If the station called is in agreement with the calling station, it shall transmit:
a) an indication that from that moment onwards it will listen on the working frequency or channel announced
by the calling station;
b) an indication that it is ready to receive the traffic of the calling station.
(2) If the station called is not in agreement with the calling station on the working frequency or channel to be
used, it shall transmit an indication of the working frequency or channel proposed.
(3) For communications between a coast station and a ship station, the coast station shall finally decide the
frequency or channel to be used.
(4) When agreement is reached regarding the working frequency or channel which the calling station shall use
for its traffic, the station called shall indicate that it is ready to receive the traffic.
G. Indication of Traffic
24. When the calling station wishes to exchange more than one radiotelephone call, or to transmit one or more
radiotelegrams, it should indicate this when contact is established with the station called.
H. Difficulties in Reception
25. (1) If the station called is unable to accept traffic immediately, it should reply to the call as indicated in 16
followed by Wait . . . minutes (or S A spoken as ALFA SIERRA . . . (minutes) in case of language difficulties),
indicating the probable duration of waiting time in minutes. If the probable duration exceeds ten minutes the reason for
the delay shall be given. Alternatively the station called may indicate, by any appropriate means, that it is not ready to
receive traffic immediately.
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8 Rec.ITU-RM.1171
(2) When a station receives a call without being certain that such a call is intended for it, it shall not reply
until the call has been repeated and understood.
(3) When a station receives a call which is intended for it, but is uncertain of the identification of the calling
station, it shall reply immediately asking for a repetition of the call sign or other identification of the calling station.
SectionIV.Forwarding(Routing)ofTraffic
A. Traffic Frequency
26. (1) Every station should transmit its traffic (radiotelephone calls or radiotelegrams) on one of its working
frequencies in the band in which the call has been made.
(2) In addition to its normal working frequency, printed in heavy type in the List of Coast Stations, a coast
station may use one or more supplementary frequencies in the same band, in accordance with the provisions of RR
Article S52 [Article 60].
(3) The use of frequencies reserved for calling shall be forbidden for traffic, except distress traffic (see RR
Appendix S13 [Chapter IX]).
(4) After contact has been established on the frequency to be used for traffic, the transmission of a
radiotelegram or radiotelephone call shall be preceded by:
the call sign or other identification of the station called;
the call sign or other identification of the calling station.
(5) The call sign or other identification need not be sent more than once.
B. Establishment of Radiotelephone Calls
and Transmission of Radiotelegrams
B1. Establishment of Radiotelephone Calls
27. (1) In setting up a radiotelephone call, the coast station should establish connection with the telephone
network as quickly as possible. In the meantime, the ship station shall maintain watch on the appropriate working
frequency as indicated by the coast station.
(2) However, if the connection cannot be quickly established, the coast station shall inform the ship station
accordingly. The latter station shall then either:
a) maintain watch on the appropriate frequency until an effective circuit can be established; or
b) contact the coast station later at a mutually agreed time.
(3) When a radiotelephone call has been completed, the procedure indicated in 29.(3) shall be applied
unless further calls are on hand at either station.
B2. Transmission of Radiotelegrams
28. (1) The transmission of a radiotelegram should be made as follows:
radiotelegram begins: from . . . (name of ship or aircraft);
number . . . (serial number of radiotelegram);
number of words . . . ;
date . . . ;
time . . . (time radiotelegram was handed in aboard ship or aircraft);
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Rec.ITU-RM.1171 9
service indicators (if any);
address . . . ;
text . . . ;
signature . . . (if any);
radiotelegram ends, over.
(2) As a general rule, radiotelegrams of all kinds transmitted by ship stations shall be numbered in a daily
series; number 1 shall be given to the first radiotelegram sent each day to each separate station.
(3) A series of numbers which has begun in radiotelegraphy should be continued in radiotelephony and
vice versa.
(4) Each radiotelegram should be transmitted once only by the sending station. However, it may, when
necessary, be repeated in full or in part by the receiving or the sending station.
(5) In transmitting groups of figures, each figure shall be spoken separately and the transmission of each
group or series of groups shall be preceded by the words in figures.
(6) Numbers written in letters shall be spoken as they are written, their transmission being preceded by the
words in letters.
B3. Acknowledgement of Receipt
29. (1) The acknowledgement of receipt of a radiotelegram or a series of radiotelegrams shall be given by the
receiving station in the following manner:
the call sign or other identification of the sending station;
the call sign or other identification of the receiving station;
Your No. . . . received, over (or R spoken as ROMEO . . . (number), K spoken as KILO in case of
language difficulties); or
` Your No. . . . to No. . . . received, over (or R spoken as ROMEO . . . (numbers), K spoken as KILO in
case of language difficulties).
(2) The radiotelegram, or series of radiotelegrams, shall not be considered as cleared until this
acknowledgement has been received.
(3) The end of work between two stations shall be indicated by each of them by means of the word Out
(or VA spoken as VICTOR ALFA in case of language difficulties).
SectionV.DurationandControlofWorking
30. (1) In communications between coast stations and ship stations, the ship station shall comply with the
instructions given by the coast station in all questions relating to the order and time of transmission, to the choice of
frequency, and to the duration and suspension of work.
(2) In communications between ship stations, the station called controls the working in the manner indicated
in 30.(1) above. However, if a coast station finds it necessary to intervene, the ship stations shall comply with the
instructions given by the coast station.
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Rec. ITU-R M.1172 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1172*
MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNALS TO BE USED
FOR RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS IN THE MARITIME MOBILE SERVICE
(1995)
Rec. ITU-R M.1172
considering
a) that there is a need to describe miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used in the maritime mobile
service,
recommends
1 that the use of miscellaneous abbreviations and signals for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile
service be in accordance with Annex 1.
ANNEX 1
Miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used
for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile service
Section I. Q Code
Introduction
1 The series of groups listed in this Annex range from QOA to QUZ.
2 The QOA to QQZ series are reserved for the maritime mobile service.
3 Certain Q code abbreviations may be given an affirmative or negative sense by sending, immediately following
the abbreviation, the letter C or the letters NO (in radiotelephony spoken as: CHARLIE or NO).
4 The meanings assigned to Q code abbreviations may be amplified or completed by the appropriate addition of
other groups, call signs, place names, figures, numbers, etc. It is optional to fill in the blanks shown in parentheses. Any
data which are filled in where blanks appear shall be sent in the same order as shown in the text of the following tables.
5 Q code abbreviations are given the form of a question when followed by a question mark in radiotelegraphy
and RQ (ROMEO QUEBEC) in radiotelephony. When an abbreviation is used as a question and is followed by
additional or complementary information, the question mark (or RQ) should follow this information.
6 Q code abbreviations with numbered alternative significations shall be followed by the appropriate figure to
indicate the exact meaning intended. This figure shall be sent immediately following the abbreviation.
7 All times shall be given in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) unless otherwise indicated in the question or
reply.
8 An asterisk * following a Q code abbreviation means that this signal has a meaning similar to a signal
appearing in the International Code of Signals.
_______________
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
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216 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbreviations Available for the Maritime Mobile Service
A. List of Abbreviations in Alphabetical Order
Abbre-
viation
Question Answer or Advice
QOA Can you communicate by radio-
telegraphy (500 kHz)?
I can communicate by radiotele-
graphy (500 kHz).
QOB Can you communicate by radio-
telephony (2 182 kHz)?
I can communicate by radio-
telephony (2 182 kHz).
QOC Can you communicate by radiote-
lephony (channel 16 frequency
156.80 MHz)?
phony (channel 16 frequency
156.80 MHz).
QOD Can you communicate with me
in
0. Dutch 5. Italian
1. English 6. Japanese
2. French 7. Norwegian
3. German 8. Russian
4. Greek 9. Spanish?
I can communicate with you in
0. Dutch 5. Italian
4. Greek 9. Spanish.
QOE Have you received the safety signal
sent by (name and/or call
sign)?
I have received the safety signal
sign).
QOF What is the commercial quality of
my signals?
The quality of your signals is
1. not commercial
2. marginally commercial
3. commercial.
QOG How many tapes have you to send? I have tapes to send.
QOH Shall I send a phasing signal for
seconds?
Send a phasing signal for sec-
onds.
QOI Shall I send my tape? Send your tape.
QOJ Will you listen on kHz (or
MHz) for signals of emergency
position-indicating radiobea-
cons?
I am listening on kHz (or MHz)
for signals of emergency posi-
tion-indicating radiobeacons.
2
-278-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 217
Abbre-
viation
QOK Have you received the signals of an
emergency position-indicating
radiobeacon on kHz (or
MHz)?
I have received the signals of an
MHz).
QOL Is your vessel fitted for reception of
selective calls? If so, what is
your selective call number or
signal?
My vessel is fitted for the reception
of selective calls. My selective
call number or signal is
QOM On what frequencies can your ves-
sel be reached by a selective
call?
My vessel can be reached by a
selective call on the following
frequency/ies (periods of time
to be added if necessary).
QOO Can you send on any working fre-
quency?
I can send on any working fre-
quency.
QOT Do you hear my call; what is the
approximate delay in minutes
before we may exchange traffic?
I hear your call; the approximate
delay is minutes.
QRA What is the name of your vessel (or
station)?
The name of my vessel (or station)
is
QRB How far approximately are you
from my station?
The approximate distance between
our stations is nautical miles
(or kilometres).
QRC By what private enterprise (or state
administration) are the accounts
for charges for your station
settled?
The accounts for charges of my
station are settled by the private
enterprise (or state ad-
ministration).
QRD Where are you bound for and
where are you from?
I am bound for from
QRE What is your estimated time of ar-
rival at (or over ) (place)?
My estimated time of arrival at
(or over ) (place) is hours.
QRF Are you returning to (place)? I am returning to (place).
or
Return to ... (place).
3
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218 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
QRG Will you tell me my exact fre-
quency (or that of )?
Your exact frequency (or that of
) is ... kHz (or MHz).
QRH Does my frequency vary? Your frequency varies.
QRI How is the tone of my trans-
mission?
The tone of your transmission is
1. good
2. variable
3. bad.
QRJ How many radiotelephone calls
have you to book?
I have radiotelephone calls to
book.
QRK What is the intelligibility of my
signals (or those of (name
and/or call sign))?
The intelligibility of your signals
(or those of (name and/or call
sign )) is
1. bad
2. poor
3. fair
4. good
5. excellent.
QRL Are you busy? I am busy (or I am busy with
(name and/or call sign)). Please
do not interfere.
QRM Is my transmission being interfered
with?
Your transmission is being inter-
fered with
1. nil
2. slightly
3. moderately
4. severely
5. extremely.
QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static
1. nil
2. slightly
3. moderately
4. severely
5. extremely.
4
-280-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 219
Abbre-
viation
QRO Shall I increase transmitter power? Increase transmitter power.
QRP Shall I decrease transmitter power? Decrease transmitter power.
QRQ Shall I send faster? Send faster ( words per minute).
QRR Are you ready for automatic
operation?
I am ready for automatic opera-
tion. Send at words per mi-
nute.
QRS Shall I send more slowly? Send more slowly ( words per
minute).
QRT Shall I stop sending? Stop sending.
QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you.
QRV Are you ready? I am ready.
QRW Shall I inform that you are call-
ing him on kHz (or MHz)?
Please inform that I am calling
him on kHz (or MHz).
QRX When will you call me again? I will call you again at hours on
kHz (or MHz).
QRY What is my turn?
(Relates to communication.)
Your turn is Number (or ac-
cording to any other indication).
QRZ Who is calling me? You are being called by (on
kHz(or MHz)).
QSA What is the strength of my signals
sign))?
The strength of your signals (or
those of (name and/or call
sign)) is
1. scarcely perceptible
2. weak
3. fairly good
4. good
5. very good.
5
-281-
220 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
QSB Are my signals fading? Your signals are fading.
QSC Are you a low traffic ship station? I am a low traffic ship station.
QSD Are my signals mutilated? Your signals are mutilated.
QSE* What is the estimated drift of the
survival craft?
The estimated drift of the survival
craft is (figures and units).
QSF* Have you effected rescue? I have effected rescue and am pro-
ceeding to base (with per-
sons injured requiring ambu-
lance).
QSG Shall I send telegrams at a time? Send telegrams at a time.
QSH Are you able to home with your
direction-finding equipment?
I am able to home with my direc-
tion-finding equipment (on
(name and/or call sign)).
QSI I have been unable to break in on
your transmission.
or
Will you inform (name and/or
call sign) that I have been unable
to break in on his transmission
(on kHz (or MHz)).
QSJ What is the charge to be collected
to including your internal
charge?
The charge to be collected to
including my internal charge is
francs.
QSK Can you hear me between your
signals and if so may I break in
on your transmission?
I can hear you between my signals;
break in on my transmission.
QSL Can you acknowledge receipt? I am acknowledging receipt.
6
-282-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 221
Abbre-
viation
QSM Shall I repeat the last telegram
which I sent you (or some
previous telegram)?
Repeat the last telegram which
you sent me (or telegram(s)
number(s) ).
QSN Did you hear me (or (name
and/or call sign)) on kHz (or
MHz)?
I did hear you (or (name and/or
call sign)) on kHz (or MHz).
QSO Can you communicate with
(name and/or call sign) direct (or
by relay)?
I can communicate with (name
and/or call sign) direct (or by
relay through ).
QSP Will you relay to (name and/or
call sign) free of charge?
I will relay to (name and/or call
sign) free of charge.
QSQ Have you a doctor on board (or is
(name of person) on board)?
I have a doctor on board (or
(name of person) is on board).
QSR Shall I repeat the call on the calling
frequency?
Repeat your call on the calling fre-
quency; did not hear you (or
have interference).
QSS What working frequency will you
use?
I will use the working frequency
kHz (or MHz) (in the high
frequency bands normally only
the last three figures of the fre-
quency need be given).
QSU Shall I send or reply on this fre-
quency (or on kHz (or MHz))
(with emissions of class )?
Send or reply on this frequency (or
on kHz (or MHz)) (with
emissions of class ).
QSV Shall I send a series of Vs (or
signs) for adjustment on this
frequency (or on kHz (or
MHz))?
Send a series of Vs (or signs) for
adjustment on this frequency (or
on kHz (or MHz)).
7
-283-
222 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
QSW Will you send on this frequency (or
emissions of class )?
I am going to send on this fre-
(with emissions of class ).
QSX Will you listen to (name and/or
call sign(s)) on kHz (or
MHz), or in the bands /
channels ?
I am listening to (name and/or
channels
QSY Shall I change to transmission on
another frequency?
Change to transmission on another
MHz)).
QSZ Shall I send each word or group
more than once?
Send each word or group twice (or
times).
QTA Shall I cancel telegram (or
message) number ?
Cancel telegram (or message)
number
QTB Do you agree with my counting of
words?
I do not agree with your counting
of words; I will repeat the first
letter or digit of each word or
group.
QTC How many telegrams have you to
send?
I have telegrams for you (or for
QTD* What has the rescue vessel or res-
cue aircraft recovered?
(identification) has recovered
1. (number) survivors
2. wreckage
3. (number) bodies.
QTE What is my TRUE bearing from
you?
or
What is my TRUE bearing from
(name and/or call sign)?
or
Your TRUE bearing from me is
degrees at hours.
or
Your TRUE bearing from (name
and/or call sign) was
degrees at hours.
or
8
-284-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 223
Abbre-
viation
QTE
(cont.)
What is the TRUE bearing of
(name and/or call sign) from
The TRUE bearing of (name
and/or call sign) from (name
and/or call sign) was degrees
at hours.
QTF Will you give me my position
according to the bearings taken
by the direction-finding stations
which you control?
Your position according to the
bearings taken by the direction-
finding stations which I control
was latitude, longitude (or
other indication of position),
class at hours.
QTG Will you send two dashes of ten
seconds each (or carrier) fol-
lowed by your call sign (or
name) (repeated times) on
kHz (or MHz)?
or
Will you request (name and/or
call sign) to send two dashes of
ten seconds each (or carrier) fol-
lowed by his call sign (and/or
kHz (or MHz)?
I am going to send two dashes of
lowed by my call sign (or name)
(repeated times) on kHz
(or MHz).
or
I have requested (name and/or
name) (repeated times) on ...
kHz (or MHz).
QTH What is your position in latitude
and longitude (or according to
any other indication)?
My position is latitude,
longitude (or according to any
other indication).
QTI* What is your TRUE course? My TRUE course is degrees.
9
-285-
224 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
QTJ* What is your speed? My speed is knots (or kilo-
metres per hour or statute
miles per hour).
(Requests the speed of a ship or
aircraft through the water or air
respectively.)
(Indicates the speed of a ship or
respectively.)
QTK* What is the speed of your aircraft in
relation to the surface of the
Earth?
The speed of my aircraft in relation
to the surface of the Earth is
knots (or kilometres per hour
or statute miles per hour).
QTL* What is your TRUE heading? My TRUE heading is degrees.
QTM* What is your MAGNETIC head-
ing?
My MAGNETIC heading is
degrees.
QTN At what time did you depart from
(place)?
I departed from (place) at
hours.
QTO Have you left dock (or port)?
or
Are you airborne?
I have left dock (or port).
or
I am airborne.
QTP Are you going to enter dock (or
port)?
or
Are you going to alight (or land)?
I am going to enter dock (or port).
or
I am going to alight (or land).
QTQ Can you communicate with my
station by means of the
International Code of Signals
(INTERCO)?
I am going to communicate with
your station by means of the
(INTERCO).
QTR What is the correct time? The correct time is hours.
QTS Will you send your call sign
(and/or name) for seconds?
I will send my call sign (and/or
name) for seconds.
QTT The identification signal which
follows is superimposed on
another transmission.
10
-286-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 225
Abbre-
viation
QTU What are the hours during which
your station is open?
My station is open from to
hours.
QTV Shall I stand guard for you on the
frequency of kHz (or MHz)
(from to hours)?
Stand guard for me on the fre-
quency of kHz (or MHz)
(from to hours).
QTW* What is the condition of survivors? Survivors are in condition and
urgently need
QTX Will you keep your station open for
further communication with me
until further notice (or until
hours)?
I will keep my station open for
further communication with you
hours).
QTY* Are you proceeding to the position
of incident and if so when do you
expect to arrive?
I am proceeding to the position of
incident and expect to arrive at
hours (on ... (date)).
QTZ* Are you continuing the search? I am continuing the search for
(aircraft, ship, survival craft,
survivors or wreckage).
QUA Have you news of (name and/or
call sign)?
Here is news of (name and/or
call sign).
QUB* Can you give me in the following
order information concerning:
the direction in degrees TRUE
and speed of the surface wind;
visibility; present weather; and
amount, type and height of base
of cloud above surface elevation
at (place of observation)?
Here is the information requested:
(The units used for speed and

distances should be indicated.)
11
-287-
226 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
QUC What is the number (or other indi-
cation) of the last message you
received from me (or from
(name and/or call sign))?
The number (or other indication) of
the last message I received from
you (or from (name and/or
call sign)) is
QUD Have you received the urgency
signal sent by (name and/or
call sign)?
I have received the urgency signal
sign) at hours.
QUE Can you speak in (language),
with interpreter if necessary; if
so, on what frequencies?
I can speak in (language) on
kHz (or MHz).
QUF Have you received the distress sig-
nal sent by (name and/or call
sign)?
I have received the distress signal
sign) at hours.
QUH* Will you give me the present baro-
metric pressure at sea level?
The present barometric pressure at
sea level is (units).
QUM May I resume normal working? Normal working may be resumed.
QUN 1. When directed to all stations:
Will vessels in my immediate
vicinity
or
(in the vicinity of latitude,
longitude)
or
(in the vicinity of ) please
indicate their position, TRUE
course and speed?
2. When directed to a single
station: Please indicate your
position, TRUE course and
speed.
My position, TRUE course and
speed are
12
-288-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 227
Abbre-
viation
QUO* Shall I search for.
1. aircraft
2. ship
3. survival craft
in the vicinity of latitude,
longitude (or according to
Please search for
1. aircraft
2. ship
3. survival craft
any other indication).
QUP* Will you indicate your position by
1. searchlight
2. black smoke trail
3. pyrotechnic lights?
My position is indicated by
1. searchlight
3. pyrotechnic lights.
QUR* Have survivors
1. received survival equipment
2. been picked up by rescue
vessel
3. been reached by ground rescue
party?
Survivors ...
1. are in possession of survival
equipment dropped by
2. have been picked up by rescue
vessel
3. have been reached by ground
rescue party.
QUS* Have you sighted survivors or
wreckage? If so, in what posi-
tion?
Have sighted
1. survivors in water
2. survivors on rafts
3. wreckage
in position latitude, longi-
tude (or according to any other
indication).
QUT* Is position of incident marked? Position of incident is marked by
1. flame or smoke float

2. sea marker
3. sea marker dye
4. (specify other marking).
13
-289-
228 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
QUU* Shall I home ship or aircraft to my
position?
Home ship or aircraft (name
and/or call sign)
1. to your position by sending
your call sign and long dashes
on kHz (or MHz)
2. by sending on kHz (or
MHz) TRUE track to reach
you.
QUW* Are you in the search area desig-
nated as (designator or lati-
tude and longitude)?
I am in the (designation) search
area.
QUX Do you have any navigational
warnings or gale warnings in
force?
I have the following navigational
warning(s) or gale warning(s) in
force:
QUY* Is position of survival craft
marked?
Position of survival craft was
marked at hours by
2. sea marker
3. sea marker dye
QUZ May I resume restricted working? Distress phase still in force; res-
tricted working may be resumed.
14
-290-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 229
B. List of Signals According to the Nature of Questions, Answer or Advice
Abbre-
viation
Name
QRA What is the name of your vessel (or
station)?
The name of my vessel (or station)
is
Route
QRD Where are you bound for and
where are you from?
I am bound for from
Position
QRB How far approximately are you
from my station?
The approximate distance between
our stations is nautical miles
(or kilometres).
QTH What is your position in latitude
and longitude (or according to
My position is latitude, lon-
gitude (or according to any other
indication).
(place)?
hours.
Quality of Signals
QOF What is the commercial quality of
my signals?
The quality of your signals is
1. not commercial
2. marginally commercial
3. commercial.
QRI How is the tone of my trans-
mission?
The tone of your transmission is
1. good
2. variable
3. bad.
15
-291-
230 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
Quality of Signals (cont.)
QRK What is the intelligibility of my
signals (or those of (name
and/or call sign))?
The intelligibility of your signals
sign)) is
1. bad
2. poor
3. fair
4. good
5. excellent.
Strength of Signals
QRO Shall I increase transmitter power? Increase transmitter power.
QRP Shall I decrease transmitter power? Decrease transmitter power.
QSA What is the strength of my signals
sign))?
The strength of your signals (or
those of (name and/or call
sign)) is
1. scarcely perceptible
2. weak
3. fairly good
4. good
5. very good.
QSB Are my signals fading? Your signals are fading.
Keying
QRQ Shall I send faster? Send faster ( words per minute).
QRR Are you ready for automatic
operation?
I am ready for automatic opera-
tion. Send at words per
minute.
16
-292-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 231
Abbre-
viation
Keying (cont.)
QRS Shall I send more slowly? Send more slowly ( words per
minute).
QSD Are my signals mutilated? Your signals are mutilated.
Interference
QRM Is my transmission being inter-
fered with?
Your transmission is being inter-
fered with
1. nil
2. slightly
3. moderately
4. severely
5. extremely.
QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static
1. nil
2. slightly
3. moderately
4. severely
5. extremely.
Adjustment of Frequency
QRG Will you tell me my exact fre-
quency (or that of )?
Your exact frequency (or that
of ) is kHz (or MHz).
QRH Does my frequency vary? Your frequency varies.
QTS Will you send your call sign
(and/or name) for seconds?
I will send my call sign (and/or
name) for seconds.
Choice of Frequency
and/or Class of Emission
QOO Can you send on any working fre-
quency?
I can send on any working fre-
quency.
17
-293-
232 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
Choice of Frequency and/or
Class of Emission (cont.)
QSN Did you hear me (or (name
and/or call sign)) on kHz (or
MHz)?
I did hear you (or (name and/or
call sign)) on kHz (or MHz).
QSS What working frequency will you
use?
I will use the working frequency
kHz (or MHz) (in the high
frequency bands normally only
the last three figures of the fre-
quency need be given).
QSU Shall I send or reply on this fre-
(with emissions of class )?
Send or reply on this frequency (or
emissions of class ).
QSV Shall I send a series of Vs (or
signs) for adjustment on this
MHz))?
Send a series of Vs (or signs) for
adjustment on this frequency (or
on kHz (or MHz)).
QSW Will you send on this frequency (or
emissions of class )?
I am going to send on this fre-
(with emissions of class ).
QSX Will you listen to (name and/or
channels ?
I am listening to (name and/or
channels
Change of Frequency
QSY Shall I change to transmission on
another frequency?
Change to transmission on another
MHz)).
Establishing
Communication
QOA Can you communicate by radio-
telegraphy (500 kHz)?
graphy (500 kHz).
18
-294-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 233
Abbre-
viation
Establishing
Communication (cont.)
QOB Can you communicate by radio-
telephony (2 182 kHz)?
phony (2 182 kHz).
QOC Can you communicate by radio-
telephony (channel 16 fre-
quency 156.80 MHz)?
I can communicate by radio-
telephony (channel 16 fre-
quency 156.80 MHz).
QOD Can you communicate with me in
0. Dutch 5. Italian
4. Greek 9. Spanish?
I can communicate with you in
0. Dutch 5. Italian
4. Greek 9. Spanish.
QOT Do you hear my call; what is the
approximate delay in minutes
before we may exchange traffic?
I hear your call; the approximate
delay is minutes.
QRL Are you busy? I am busy (or I am busy with
(name and/or call sign)). Please
do not interfere.
QRV Are you ready? I am ready.
QRX When will you call me again? I will call you again at hours on
kHz (or MHz).
QRY What is my turn?
Your turn is Number (or ac-
cording to any other indication).
QRZ Who is calling me? You are being called by (on
kHz (or MHz)).
QSC Are you a low traffic ship station? I am a low traffic ship station.
19
-295-
234 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
Establishing
Communication (cont.)
QSR Shall I repeat the call on the calling
frequency?
Repeat your call on the calling fre-
quency; did not hear you (or
have interference).
QTQ Can you communicate with my
station by means of the
(INTERCO)?
I am going to communicate with
your station by means of the
(INTERCO).
QUE Can you speak in (language),
with interpreter if necessary; if
so, on what frequencies?
I can speak in (language) on
kHz (or MHz).
Selective Calls
QOL Is your vessel fitted for reception of
selective calls? If so, what is
your selective call number or
signal?
My vessel is fitted for the reception
of selective calls. My selective
call number or signal is
QOM On what frequencies can your ves-
sel be reached by a selective
call?
My vessel can be reached by a
selective call on the following
frequency/ies (periods of time
to be added if necessary).
Time
QTR What is the correct time? The correct time is ... hours.
QTU What are the hours during which
your station is open?
My station is open from to
hours.
Charges
QRC By what private enterprise (or state
administration) are the accounts
for charges for your station
settled?
The accounts for charges of my
station are settled by the private
enterprise (or state ad-
ministration).
20
-296-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 235
Abbre-
viation
Charges (cont.)
QSJ What is the charge to be collected
to including your internal
charge?
The charge to be collected to
including my internal charge is
francs.
Transit
QRW Shall I inform that you are call-
ing him on kHz (or MHz)?
Please inform that I am calling
him on kHz (or MHz).
QSO Can you communicate with
(name and/or call sign) direct (or
by relay)?
I can communicate with (name
and/or call sign) direct (or by
relay through ).
QSP Will you relay to (name and/or
call sign) free of charge?
I will relay to (name and/or call
sign) free of charge.
QSQ Have you a doctor on board (or is
(name of person) on board)?
I have a doctor on board (or
(name of person) is on board).
QUA Have you news of (name and/or
call sign)?
Here is news of (name and/or
call sign).
QUC What is the number (or other indi-
cation) of the last message you
received from me (or from
(name and/or call sign))?
The number (or other indication) of
the last message I received from
you (or from (name and/or
call sign)) is ...
Exchange of
Correspondence
QOG How many tapes have you to send? I have tapes to send.
QOH Shall I send a phasing signal for
seconds?
Send a phasing signal for sec-
onds.
21
-297-
236 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
Exchange of
Correspondence (cont.)
QOI Shall I send my tape? Send your tape.
QRJ How many radiotelephone calls
have you to book?
I have radiotelephone calls to
book.
QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you.
QSG Shall I send telegrams at a time? Send telegrams at a time.
QSI I have been unable to break in on
your transmission.
or
Will you inform (name and/or
call sign) that I have been unable
to break in on his transmission
(on kHz (or MHz)).
QSK Can you hear me between your
signals and if so may I break in
on your transmission?
I can hear you between my signals;
break in on my transmission.
QSL Can you acknowledge receipt? I am acknowledging receipt.
QSM Shall I repeat the last telegram
which I sent you (or some previ-
ous telegram)?
Repeat the last telegram which
you sent me (or telegram(s)
number(s) ).
QSZ Shall I send each word or group
more than once?
Send each word or group twice (or
times).
QTA Shall I cancel telegram (or mes-
sage) number ?
Cancel telegram (or message)
number
QTB Do you agree with my counting of
words?
I do not agree with your counting
of words; I will repeat the first
letter or digit of each word or
group.
22
-298-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 237
Abbre-
viation
Exchange of
Correspondence (cont.)
QTC How many telegrams have you to
send?
I have telegrams for you (or for
QTV Shall I stand guard for you on the
frequency of kHz (or MHz)
(from to hours)?
Stand guard for me on the fre-
quency of kHz (or MHz)
(from to hours).
QTX Will you keep your station open for
further communication with me
hours)?
I will keep my station open for
further communication with you
hours).
Movement
QRE What is your estimated time of ar-
rival at (or over ) (place)?
My estimated time of arrival at
(or over ) (place) is hours.
QRF Are you returning to (place)? I am returning to (place).
or
Return to (place).
QSH Are you able to home with your
direction-finding equipment?
I am able to home with my direc-
tion-finding equipment (on
QTI* What is your TRUE course? My TRUE course is degrees.
QTJ* What is your speed? My speed is knots (or kilo-
metres per hour or statute
miles per hour).
(Requests the speed of a ship or
respectively.)
(Indicates the speed of a ship or
respectively.)
23
-299-
238 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
Movement (cont.)
QTK* What is the speed of your aircraft in
relation to the surface of the
Earth?
The speed of my aircraft in relation
to the surface of the Earth is
knots (or kilometres per hour
or statute miles per hour).
QTL* What is your TRUE heading? My TRUE heading is degrees.
QTM* What is your MAGNETIC head-
ing?
My MAGNETIC heading is
degrees.
(place)?
hours.
QTO Have you left dock (or port)?
or
Are you airborne?
I have left dock (or port).
or
I am airborne.
QTP Are you going to enter dock (or
port)?
or
Are you going to alight (or land)?
I am going to enter dock (or port).
or
I am going to alight (or land).
vicinity
or
longitude)
or
(in the vicinity of )
please indicate their position,
TRUE course and speed?
station:
Please indicate your position,
TRUE course and speed.
speed are
24
-300-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 239
Abbre-
viation
Meteorology
QUB* Can you give me in the following
order information concerning:
the direction in degrees TRUE
and speed of the surface wind;
visibility; present weather; and
amount, type and height of base
of cloud above surface elevation
at (place of observation)?
Here is the information requested:
(The units used for speed and

distances should be indicated.)
QUH* Will you give me the present baro-
metric pressure at sea level?
The present barometric pressure at
sea level is (units).
force?
force:
Radio Direction-Finding
QTE What is my TRUE bearing from
you?
or
What is my TRUE bearing from
or
What is the TRUE bearing of
(name and/or call sign) from
Your TRUE bearing from me is
degrees at hours.
or
Your TRUE bearing from (name
at hours.
or
The TRUE bearing of (name
and/or call sign) from (name
at hours.
25
-301-
240 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
Radio Direction-Finding (cont.)
QTF Will you give me my position ac-
cording to the bearings taken by
the direction-finding stations
which you control?
Your position according to the
bearings taken by the direction-
finding stations which I control
was latitude, longitude (or
other indication of position),
class at hours.
QTG Will you send two dashes of ten
seconds each (or carrier) fol-
lowed by your call sign (or
kHz (or MHz)?
or
Will you request (name and/or
kHz (or MHz)?
I am going to send two dashes of
lowed by my call sign (or name)
(repeated times) on kHz
(or MHz).
or
I have requested (name and/or
kHz (or MHz).
Suspension of Work
QRT Shall I stop sending? Stop sending.
Safety
QOE Have you received the safety signal
sign)?
I have received the safety signal
sign).
26
-302-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 241
Abbre-
viation
Safety (cont.)
force?
force:
Urgency
QUD Have you received the urgency
signal sent by (name and/or
call sign)?
I have received the urgency signal
sign) at hours.
Distress
QOJ Will you listen on kHz (or
MHz) for signals of emergency
position-indicating radiobea-
cons?
I am listening on kHz (or MHz)
for signals of emergency posi-
tion-indicating radiobeacons.
QOK Have you received the signals
of an emergency position-
indicating radiobeacon on
kHz (or MHz)?
I have received the signals of an
MHz).
QUF Have you received the distress sig-
nal sent by (name and/or call
sign)?
I have received the distress signal
sign) at hours.
Search and Rescue
QSE* What is the estimated drift of the
survival craft?
The estimated drift of the survival
craft is (figures and units).
27
-303-
242 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
Search and Rescue (cont.)
QSF* Have you effected rescue? I have effected rescue and am pro-
ceeding to base (with per-
sons injured requiring ambu-
lance).
QTD* What has the rescue vessel or res-
cue aircraft recovered?
(identification) has recovered
1.. (number) survivors
2. wreckage
3. (number) bodies.
QTW* What is the condition of survivors? Survivors are in condition and
urgently need
QTY* Are you proceeding to the position
of incident and if so when do you
expect to arrive?
I am proceeding to the position of
incident and expect to arrive at
hours (on (date)).
QTZ* Are you continuing the search? I am continuing the search for
(aircraft, ship, survival craft,
survivors or wreckage).
vicinity
or
longitude)
or
(in the vicinity of )
please indicate their position,
TRUE course and speed?
station:
Please indicate your position,
TRUE course and speed.
speed are
28
-304-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 243
Abbre-
viation
QUO* Shall I search for
1. aircraft
2. ship
3. survival craft
Please search for
1. aircraft
2. ship
3. survival craft
any other indication).
QUP* Will you indicate your position by
1. searchlight
3. pyrotechnic lights?
My position is indicted by
1. searchlight
3. pyrotechnic lights.
QUR* Have survivors
1. received survival equipment
2. been picked up by rescue
vessel
3. been reached by ground rescue
party?
Survivors
1. are in possession of survival
equipment dropped by
2. have been picked up by rescue
vessel
3. have been reached by ground
rescue party.
QUS* Have you sighted survivors or
wreckage? If so, in what
position?
Have sighted
1. survivors in water
2. survivors on rafts
3. wreckage
in position latitude, longi-
tude (or according to any other
indication).
QUT* Is position of incident marked? Position of incident is marked by

2. sea marker
3. sea marker dye
29
-305-
244 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
QUU* Shall I home ship or aircraft to my
position?
Home ship or aircraft (name
and/or call sign)
1. to your position by sending
your call sign and long dashes
on ... kHz (or MHz)
2. by sending on kHz (or
MHz) TRUE track to reach
you.
QUW* Are you in the search area desig-
nated as (designator or lati-
tude and longitude)?
I am in the (designation) search
area.
QUY* Is position of survival craft
marked?
Position of survival craft was
marked at hours by
2. sea marker
3. sea marker dye
Identification
QTT The identification signal which
follows is superimposed on
another transmission.
30
-306-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 245
Section II. Miscellaneous Abbreviations and Signals
Abbre-
viation
or signal
Definition
AA
All after (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ
in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to
request a repetition).
AB
All before (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ
in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to
ADS
Address (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in
radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to
AR
End of transmission.
AS
Waiting period.
BK
Signal used to interrupt a transmission in progress.
BN
All between and (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or
after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after
RPT, to request a repetition).
BQ
A reply to an RQ.
BT
Signal to mark the separation between different parts of the same

transmission.
C
Yes or The significance of the previous group should be read in the
affirmative.
CFM
Confirm (or I confirm).
CL
I am closing my station.
COL
Collate (or I collate).
CORREC-
TION
Cancel my last word or group. The correct word or group follows (used
in radiotelephony, spoken as KOR-REK-SHUN).
CP
General call to two or more specified stations (see Recommendation
ITU-R M.1170).
CQ
General call to all stations.
CS
Call sign (used to request a call sign).
______________
Note: When used in radiotelegraphy, a bar over the letters composing a signal denotes
that the letters are to be sent as one signal.
31
-307-
246 Rec. ITU-R M.1172
Abbre-
viation
or signal
Definition
DE
From (used to precede the name or other identification of the
calling station).
DF
Your bearing at hours was degrees, in the doubtful sector of this
station, with a possible error of degrees.
DO
Bearing doubtful. Ask for another bearing later (or at hours).
DSC
Digital selective calling.
E
East (cardinal point).
ETA
Estimated time of arrival.
INTERCO
International Code of Signals groups follow (used in radiotelephony,
spoken as IN-TER-CO).
K
Invitation to transmit.
KA
Starting signal.
KTS
Nautical miles per hour (knots).
MIN
Minute (or Minutes).
MSG
Prefix indicating a message to or from the master of a ship concerning its
operation or navigation.
MSI
Maritime safety information.
N
North (cardinal point).
NBDP
Narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy.
NIL
I have nothing to send to you.
NO
No (negative).
NW
Now.
NX
Notice to Mariners (or Notice to Mariners follows).
OK
We agree (or It is correct).
OL
Ocean letter.
P
Prefix indicating a private radiotelegram.
PBL
Preamble (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in
PSE
Please.
R
Received.
32
-308-
Rec. ITU-R M.1172 247
Abbre-
viation
or signal
Definition
RCC
Rescue coordination centre.
REF
Reference to (or Refer to ).
RPT
Repeat (or I repeat) (or Repeat ).
RQ
Indication of a request.
S
South (cardinal point).
SAR
Search and Rescue.
SIG
Signature (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in
SLT
Radiomaritime Letter.
SVC
Prefix indicating a service telegram.
SYS
Refer to your service telegram.
TFC
Traffic.
TR
Used by a land station to request the position and next port of call of a
mobile station; used also as a prefix to the reply.
TU
Thank you.
TXT
Text (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in
VA
End of work.
W
West (cardinal point).
WA
Word after (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after
RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to
WB
Word before (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after
RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to
WD
Word(s) or Group(s).
WX
Weather report (or Weather report follows).
XQ
Prefix used to indicate the transmission of a service note.
YZ
The words which follow are in plain language.
33
-309-
Rec. ITU-R M.1173 1
*
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE-SIDEBAND TRANSMITTERS USED IN
THE MARITIME MOBILE SERVICE FOR RADIOTELEPHONY IN THE BANDS
BETWEEN 1606.5 kHz (1 605 kHz REGION 2) AND 4 000 kHz
AND BETWEEN 4 000 kHz AND 27 500 kHz
(1995)
Rec. ITU-R M.1173
considering
a) that there is a need to describe the technical characteristics of single-sideband transmitters for the
bands 1 606.5 kHz (1 605 kHz Region 2) to 4 000 kHz and 4 000 kHz to 27 500 kHz,
recommends
1 that single-sideband transmitters used in the maritime mobile service for radiotelephony in the bands between
1 606.5 kHz (1 605 kHz Region 2) and 4 000 kHz and between 4000 kHz and 27 500 kHz should be designed to meet the
technical characteristics shown in Annex 1.
ANNEX 1
Technical characteristics of single-sideband transmitters used in
the maritime mobile service for radiotelephony in the bands
between 1606.5 kHz (1605 kHz Region 2) and 4000 kHz
and between 4000 kHz and 27500 kHz
1 Power of the carrier:
For class J3E emissions the power of the carrier shall be at least 40 dB below the peak envelope power.
2 Coast and ship stations shall use only the upper sideband.
3 The transmitter audio-frequency band shall be 350 Hz to 2700 Hz with a permitted amplitude variation
of 6 dB.
4 The carrier frequencies shall be maintained within the tolerances specified in Recommen-
dation ITU-R SM.1137.
5 The unwanted frequency modulation of the carrier shall be sufficiently low to prevent harmful distortion.
_______________
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
-311-
2 Rec. ITU-R M.1173
6 When class H3E or J3E emissions are used, the power of any unwanted emission supplied to the antenna
transmission line on any discrete frequency shall, when the transmitter is driven to full peak envelope power, be in
accordance with the following Tables:
a) Transmitters installed before 2 January 1982:
Separation between the frequency
of the unwanted emission
1
and the assigned frequency
4
(kHz)
Minimum attenuation below
peak envelope power
1.6 < 4.8 28 dB
4.8 < 8 38 dB
8 < 43 dB without the unwanted emission power
exceeding the power of 50 mW
Transmitters using suppressed carrier emission may, as far as concerns out-of-band emissions
2
and those
spurious emissions
3
which are a result of the modulation process but do not fall in the spectrum of out-of-band
emissions
2
, be tested for compliance with this regulation by means of a two-tone-audio input signal with a frequency
separation between the tones such that all intermodulation products occur at frequencies at least 1.6 kHz removed from
the assigned frequency
4
.
b) Transmitters installed after 1 January 1982:
Separation between the frequency
of the unwanted emission
1
and the assigned frequency
4
(kHz)
Minimum attenuation below
peak envelope power
1.5 < 4.5 31 dB
4.5 < 7.5 38 dB
7.5 < 43 dB without the unwanted emission power
exceeding the power of 50 mW
Transmitters using suppressed carrier emission may, as far as concerns out-of-band emissions
2
and those
spurious emissions
3
which are a result of the modulation process but do not fall in the spectrum of out-of-band
emissions
2
, be tested for compliance with this regulation by means of a two-tone-audio input signal with a frequency
separation between the tones such that all intermodulation products occur at frequencies at least 1.5 kHz removed from
the assigned frequency
4
.
_________________
_______________
1
Unwanted emission: see RR No. S1.146 [No. 140].
2
Out-of-band emission: see RR No. S1.144 [No. 138].
3
Spurious emission: see RR No. S1.145 [No. 139].
4
The assigned frequency is 1 400 Hz higher than the carrier frequency: see RR No. S.52.177 [No. 4325].
-312-
Rec.ITU-RM.1174-2 1
*
Technicalcharacteristicsofequipmentusedforon-board
vesselcommunicationsinthebands
between450and470MHz
(1995-1998-2004)
Summary
This Recommendation describes the technical characteristics Ior equipment operating in the
maritimemobileservicesinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoINo.5.287oItheRadioRegulations
(RR) Ior on-board vessel communications. Provision is made Ior 25 kHz or 12.5 kHz channel
spacing.
considering
a) that there is a need to describe the characteristics oI equipment Ior on-board vessel
communicationsinthebandsbetween450and470MHz;
b) thatchangeshaverecentlybeenmadetotheIrequencyavailability;
c) Resolution341(WRC-97),
recommends
1 that transmitters and receivers used in the maritime mobile service Ior on-board vessel
communications in the bands between 450 and 470 MHz should conIorm to the technical
characteristicsshowninAnnex1.
Annex1
Technicalcharacteristicsofequipmentusedforon-board
vesselcommunicationsinthebands
between450and470MHz
1 The equipment should be Iitted with suIIicient channels Ior satisIactory operation in the
areaoIintendeduse.
2 The eIIective radiated power should be limited to the maximum required Ior satisIactory
operations,butshouldinnocaseexceed2W.WhereverpracticabletheequipmentshouldbeIitted
withasuitabledevicetoreducereadilytheoutputpowerbyatleast10dB.
3 In the case oI equipment installed at a Iixed point on the ship, the height oI its antenna
shouldnotbemorethan3.5mabovetheleveloIthebridge.
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention oI the International Maritime Organization
(IMO)andtheInternationalMaritimeRadioCommittee(CIRM).
-313-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.1174-2
25kHzchannels 12.5kHzchannels
4 OnlyIrequencymodulationwitha
pre-emphasisoI6dB/octave(phase
modulation)shouldbeused.
OnlyIrequencymodulationwitha
pre-emphasisoI6dB/octave(phase
modulation)shouldbeused.
5 TheIrequencydeviationcorrespondingto
100modulationshouldapproach5kHz
asnearlyaspracticable.Innoeventshould
theIrequencydeviationexceed5kHz.
TheIrequencydeviationcorrespondingto
100modulationshouldapproach2.5kHz
asnearlyaspracticable.Innoeventshould
theIrequencydeviationexceed2.5kHz.
6 TheIrequencytoleranceshouldbe5parts
in10
6
.
TheIrequencytoleranceshouldbe2.5parts
in10
6
.
7 Theaudio-Irequencybandshouldbe
limitedto3000Hz.
Theaudio-Irequencybandshouldbe
limitedto2550Hz.
8 Control, telemetry and other non-voice signals such as paging, should be coded in such a
manner as to minimize the possibility oI Ialse response to interIering signals. The Irequencies
speciIiedinRRNo.5.287Ioron-boardcommunicationsmaybeusedIorsingleIrequencyandtwo-
Irequencysimplexoperation.
9 WhenusedintheduplexmodethebasetransmitterIrequencyshouldbeselectedIromthe
lowerrangeIorimprovedoperability.
10 II the use oI a repeater station is required on board a ship, the Iollowing Irequency pairs
shouldbeused(seeRRNo.5.287and5.288):
457.525MHz and 467.525MHz
457.550MHz and 467.550MHz
457.575MHz and 467.575MHz
457.5375MHz and 467.5375MHz
457.5625MHz and 467.5625MHz.
11 Frequencies
TheIrequenciesspeciIiedinRRNo.5.287(subjecttonationalregulations)maybeused:
For25or12.5kHzchannelspacing:
457.525MHz
457.550MHz
457.575MHz
467.525MHz
467.550MHz
467.575MHz.
For equipment designed to operate with 12.5 kHz channel spacing the additional Irequencies
reIerredtoinRRNo.5.287are:
457.5375MHz
457.5625MHz
467.5375MHz
467.5625MHz.
-314-
Rec.ITU-RM.1187-1 1
Amethodforthecalculationofthepotentiallyaffectedregionfora
mobile-satelliteservicenetworkinthe1-3GHz
rangeusingcircularorbits
(QuestionsITU-R83/8andITU-R201/8)
(1995-2006)
Scope
ThisRecommendationdeIinesthetermactiveservicearcandprovidesamethodIorthecalculationoIan
aIIected region when assigning Irequencies to space stations oI MSS systems operating between 1 and
3GHzandIorgivingassistanceintheidentiIicationoIadministrationswhoseassignmentsmaybeincluded
withinthisaIIectedregion.
considering
a) that there is a need to develop Recommendations on coordination methods, the necessary
orbitaldatarelatingtonon-geostationary(non-GSO)satellitesystems,andsharingcriteria;
b) that non-GSO satellite systems implementing these MSS allocations may have diIIerent
constellations,withdiIIerentaltitudes,anddiIIerentinclinationangles;
c) thatactiveservicearcneedstobedeIined;
d) that there is a need to deIine the area where other services, including MSS, might be
aIIectedandwherecoordinationmaybeperIormedIorwhichtherelevantcriteriaandmethodsare
notdeIinedinthisRecommendation;
e) thatthereisaneedtoIurtherdeIinetheconceptoIanaIIectedregion(whichisnottobe
conIusedwiththecoordinationarea)IorMSSoperatingbetween1and3GHz,
recognizing
1 thatChapter III oI the RadioRegulations(RR) which includes the procedure Ior eIIecting
coordination Ior MSS systems Ior certain bands within the Table oI Frequency Allocations oI the
RadioRegulationswithintheIrequencyrangeoI1-3GHz,
recommends
1 that active service arc should be deIined as: the locus oI orbital points in an MSS
constellation that describes where the satellites are transmitting or receiving. The MSS operator
calculates the arc utilizing those system speciIic characteristics such as the constellations orbits,
spacecraIt antenna characteristics, e.i.r.p., which achieves its service objectives Ior a particular
servicearea;
2 thatwhenaspeciIicactiveservicearcispublished,themethodologyinAnnex1couldbe
used to assist in the identiIication oI administrations whose assignments may be included in the
aIIectedregionasdeIinedinAnnex1(seeNote1).
NOTE1This methodology could be Iurther improved by taking into account more precise
technicalcharacteristicsoItheMSSsystem.
-315-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.1187-1
Annex1
Amethodforthecalculationofthepotentiallyaffectedregionfor
anMSSnetworkinthe1-3GHzrangeusingcircularorbits
1 Introduction
This Annex deIines a methodology Ior calculating the aIIected region. This aIIected region
shouldbeusedtoidentiIyco-IrequencyMSSandotherserviceswithequalorhigherstatusinother
administrationsthatmightbeaIIectedbyoperationoItheMSSnetwork.First,thelocusoIpointsoI
thesatellitesorbitalarcareplottedthatcorrespondtopointswherethesatellitewouldbeactivein
order to cover its service area. Then, the corresponding sub-satellite locations are plotted on the
EarthssurIace.TheaIIectedregionisthendeIinedtobetheseareasontheEarthwithinvisibilityoI
thespacecraItandreIerencedtotheperimeteroIthesub-satellitelocus.
ThismethodologytocalculatetheaIIectedregionidentiIiestheadministrationswhoseco-Irequency
assignmentsmightbeaIIected.
It is recognized that another methodology oI determining aIIected Irequency assignments oI other
administrationswithrespecttoanMSSspacestationanditsassociatedserviceareacouldbeused
andthattheincorporationoIthismethodologyintoanITU-RRecommendationwouldnotmakeits
usemandatory.
Use oI this methodology Ior calculating an aIIected region does not change the status (primary or
secondary)oItheradioserviceswithinthatregion.
2 Calculationoftheaffectedregion
LetthequadrilateralAdepictedinFig.1representtheactivesub-satelliteareaneededtoservean
administration Ior a representative MSS system. Note that the sub-satellite area is not necessarily
coincidentwiththebordersoItheadministration.Thedistance,D,depictedinFig.1isthedistance
Irom the outer perimeter oI A to the Iield oI view(FOV) point Irom the satellite. The FOV is
deIinedasextendingtothelimitsoIthevisiblehorizonasseenIromthesatellite.ThetotalaIIected
regionisthenthetotalareacalculatedIromtheedgesoIthesub-satelliteareaouttothedistanceD.
ForcircularconstellationsdistanceD will be a constant greatcircle distance which increases with
increasingsatellitealtitudes.
2.1 Calculationofwidthofaffectedregionenvelope
Thissectionpresentsamethodologytocalculatethedistancethatshouldbeusedtodrawtheouter
perimeteraroundtheactivesub-satelliteareastocreatetheaIIectedregion.
Figure2illustratesthecalculationoItheouterperimeterdistanceD,whichisthedistanceIromthe
edgeoIthesub-satelliteareaAtotheFOVoIthesatelliteattheactiveareaouteredge.TheaIIected
regionisdeIinedasIollows:
Affectedregion:anareaontheEarthssurIacecalculatedbydeIiningadistanceIromtheperimeter
oI the active sub-satellite area A, a distance D Irom the perimeter oI the active sub-satellite sub-
area,correspondingtothemaximumIieldoIviewIromthesatellitesattheperimeteroItheactive
servicearc.Theregionalsoincludesadministrationswithintheactivesub-satellitearea.
-316-
Rec.ITU-RM.1187-1 3
Activeservicearcandactivesub-satelliteareaaredeIinedasIollows:
Activeservicearc: seethedeIinitioninrecommends1.
Activesub-satellitearea:theprojectiondownthenadirIromtheactiveservicearctopointsonthe
EarthssurIace.TheperimeteroIthisareaisdeIinedingeocentriccoordinates(latitude/longitude).
FIGURE1
Representationofanactivesub-satellitearearequiredtoserve
anadministrationanditscorrespondingaffectedregion
-317-
4 Rec.ITU-RM.1187-1
FIGURE2
GeometryrequiredtocalculateD,envelopedistancearoundsub-satellitearea
DeIinitionoIvariables:
R
e
: Earthradius
h: satellitealtitude
: nadirangleIromsatelliteatsub-satelliteperimeteredgetoitsIieldoIviewdistance
: geocentricangleIromsub-satelliteareaedgetoIieldoIviewdistance
: elevationangle
D: EarthdistanceIromactivesub-satelliteareaperimeterto0elevationanglepoint(maximum
IieldoIviewlimits).
ThenecessaryIormulaetocalculatethedistanceD:
cos
1
|R
e
/(R
e
+ h)| (1)
D R
e
rad (2)
Once Dhasbeencalculated,itcanbeusedtodeterminetheaIIectedregioninconjunctionwiththe
sub-satellitearea.
2.2 Examplecalculationofanaffectedregion
ThissectiongivesanexampleoIhowtocalculatetheaIIectedregionIoramobile-satellitesystem
intendingtoprovideservicewithintheterritoryoIanadministration.Theexampleadministrationis
Italy, and Fig. 3 illustrates the sub-satellite area Ior servicing Italy Ior the LEO A (see
RecommendationITU-RM.1184)mobile-satellitesystem.
-318-
Rec.ITU-RM.1187-1 5
FIGURE3
Hypotheticalsub-satelliteactiveareaforItaly
ThenecessaryparameterstocalculatetheaIIectedregionare:
Satellitealtitude: 780km
Earthradius: 6367km
Sub-satelliteareawidth: 1140km
Sub-satellitearealength: 1625km
Note that the sub-satellite active area was chosen assuming the service area was the Italian
administrationandisonlyanexample.Theactualsub-satelliteareaIorItalyoIanymobile-satellite
systemmaybequitediIIerentdependingonthesatellitenetworkssystemspeciIiccharacteristics.
Usingequations(1)and(2)Iorthiscase, 27andD 3000km,sothedistanceDtoaddaround
thesub-satelliteareais3000km.ThereIore,Iortheexamplesub-satelliteareainFig.3,theaIIected
region would extend into North-Western Sudan, Western Russia (including Moscow), Northern
NorwayandMauritania.
-319-
Rec. ITU-R S.1256 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1256
METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE POWER
FLUX-DENSITY AT THE GEOSTATIONARY-SATELLITE ORBIT IN THE BAND
6 700-7 075 MHz FROM FEEDER LINKS OF NON-GEOSTATIONARY-
SATELLITE SYSTEMS IN THE MOBILE-SATELLITE SERVICE
IN THE SPACE-TO-EARTH DIRECTION
(1997)
Rec. ITU-R S.1256
considering
a) that the band 6 700-7 075 MHz is allocated to the fixed-satellite service (FSS), in the space-to-Earth direction,
on a primary basis, for the use by feeder links of non-geostationary satellite networks in the mobile-satellite service
(MSS);
b) that the band 6 700-7 075 MHz is also allocated to the FSS in the Earth-to-space direction, on a primary basis,
and the band 6725-7 025 MHz is subject to the Allotment Plan of Appendix 30B of the Radio Regulations (RR) for
geostationary satellite networks;
c) that, under No. S22.5A of the RR, the maximum aggregate power flux-density (pfd) produced within 5 of
the geostationary-satellite orbit (GSO) by a non-geostationary satellite system in the FSS shall not exceed
_
168 dB(W/m
2
) in any 4 kHz band;
d) that Resolution 115 of the World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 1995) (WRC-95) invites ITU-R
to establish a methodology to determine the maximum aggregate power flux-density at the GSO from a
non-geostationary satellite network;
e) that non-geostationary satellite networks of the mobile-satellite service have orbital and transmission
parameters available as specified in A.3 vii) of Annex 1 to Resolution 46 (Rev.WRC-95),
recommends
1 that the methodology given in Annex 1 shall be followed to determine the maximum level of aggregate power
flux-density (dB(W/m
2
) in any 4 kHz band), at any location within 5 inclination of the GSO, from the feeder links of
a non-geostationary satellite network operating in the band 6 700-7 075 MHz, in the space-to-Earth direction.
ANNEX 1
Methodology
1 Description of methodology
To calculate the aggregate pfd from a non-geostationary orbiting satellite (non-GSO) network to a single test location at
the GSO, computer modelling of the full non-GSO constellation and a test location at the GSO is needed.
Basically, noting that in an ordinary situation a GSO satellite will orbit the geostationary orbit with a period of about
T
GSO
24 h and that the orbital period of a non-GSO satellite (T
non-GSO
) is not necessarily a submultiple of T
GSO
,
extensive time-consuming statistical simulations may be needed to assess the worst-case scenario that would lead to the
maximum pfd level at the GSO location.
-321-
2 Rec. ITU-R S.1256
A simple and very much less time-consuming simulation can be performed to assess the maximum pfd at any GSO
location. Instead of a real orbiting GSO satellite, a fixed test location at the GSO is considered whose orbital position is
fixed with respect to a 0xyz Cartesian reference system (see Fig. 1) but not with respect to the rotating Earth reference
system. With this in mind, since the non-GSO satellites have an orbital period T
non-GSO
, it implies that the position of the
non-GSO satellites, as seen from the fixed GSO test location (see Fig. 1), will be repeated at least once every orbital
period T
non-GSO
. Moreover, in the case where the non-GSO satellites are uniformly distributed on each orbital plane, the
same geometrical disposition of the non-GSO satellites will be repeated with a period equal to T
non-GSO
/N
s
(where N
s
is
the number of non-GSO satellites uniformly distributed on one plane). With these basic considerations, the aggregate
pfd level (aggregated over the visible non-GSO satellites) at the GSO test location will have values that will be repeated
within this period.
1256-01
z
y
x,
i, j
d
i, j
i
Line of nodes
Equatorial plane
Aries
n
o
n
-
G
S
O

p
l
a
n
e
GSO
FIGURE 1
GSO/non-GSO constellation geometry to calculate pfd: = 0
non-GSO
FIGURE 1..[1256-01] = 11.5 cm
The aggregate pfd can be calculated for each time step and a maximum aggregate pfd, for the chosen GSO test location,
can be derived during the simulation period from T
0
to T
0
+ T
non-GSO
/N
s
.
The value found for the particular GSO test location in Fig. 1 is not necessarily the maximum pfd level. In order to find
the highest possible maximum aggregate pfd level, the same procedure must be repeated to the other GSO test locations
by incrementing the angle (see Fig. 2) between the GSO test location and the non-GSO line of nodes. This second
iteration will be done for angles of between 0 and
max
360/N
p
, where N
p
is the number of non-GSO satellite
orbital planes. In cases where N
p
is even (as per LEO-F and LEO-D) then
max
180/N
p
.
The method can also apply to any non-GSO constellation which does not meet the orbital requirements as stated above
(e.g. non-uniform satellite distribution, elliptical orbits). In such cases the time simulation will be performed for a period
of time equal to the minimum repeatability period of the constellation configuration, which in many cases is equal to the
constellation period T
non-GSO
.
The 2 reports all the basic equations needed to arrive at the aggregate pfd level from a given non-GSO network to a
given test location at the GSO and Fig. 3 shows the flow chart for the software implementation of the methodology here
described.
-322-
Rec. ITU-R S.1256 3
1256-02
z
y
x,
i, j
d
i, j
i
Line of
nodes
Equatorial plane
Aries
n
on-G
S
O
p
lane
FIGURE 2
GSO/non-GSO constellation geometry to calculate pfd: 0
non-GSO
GSO
FIGURE 2..[1256-02] = 11.5 cm
-323-
4 Rec. ITU-R S.1256
1256-03
FIGURE 3
Methodology flow chart
Input non-GSO system
and GSO test location
parameters
Initialize simulation parameters
and variables: = 0
MAXpfd = 9999.0 dB
Start simulation
t = 0
pfd
max
() = 9999.0 dB
For each non-GSO satellite calculate
d(t)
i, j
and (t)
i, j
as in
Steps 1, 2 and 3 of 2
Calculate the aggregate pfd(t) as
in Steps 4 and 5 of 2
pfd(t) > pfd
max
() pfd
max
() = pfd(t)
pfd
max
() > MAXpfd
MAXpfd = pfd
max
()
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
= +
=
max
Output
MAXpfd
END
Next GSO
location
t = T
non-GSO
/N
s
t = t + t
Next
time step
FIGURE 3..[1256-03] = 24 cm (page pleine)
-324-
Rec. ITU-R S.1256 5
2 Basic simulation steps
Step 1: Orbital position of the non-GSO satellites
1256-04
R
z
S
j
a
I
y
i
x,
Satellite
Perigee
Ascending node
Apogee
FIGURE 4
Non-GSO orbit and reference systems
FIGURE 4..[1256-04] = 12.5 cm
Figure 4 indicates the various parameters that are needed to fully assess at any instant the position of any non-GSO
satellite on its orbit. These parameters are referenced in A.3 vii) of Annex 1 to Resolution 46 (Rev.WRC-95):
a : semi-major axis, in case of a circular orbit the semi-major axis is constant and equal to the orbit radius;
I : inclination of the orbit relative to the equatorial plane
j
: right ascension of the ascending node for the j-th orbital plane, measured counter-clockwise in the equatorial
plane from the direction of the vernal equinox to the point where the satellite makes its south-to-north
crossing of the equatorial plane (0
j
< 360)
p
: argument of perigee, for a circular orbit, the perigee is equal to the apogee and thus
p
can be put to 0
i
: initial phase angle of the i-th satellite in its orbital plane at reference time t 0, measured from the point of
ascending node (0
i
< 360)
: true anomaly of the satellite.
For a constellation of non- GSO satellites using circular orbits, a and I will be constant and
p
will be equal to zero, then
the variation of the position of each satellite will be defined by and .
-325-
6 Rec. ITU-R S.1256
For a circular orbit, the angular velocity of a satellite is constant, the angular position of a satellite is then equal to its
true anomaly and is given by:
( )
, ,
t
T
t
i j i j
+
360
(1)
for i 1 to N
s
and j 1 to N
p
where N
s
is the number of satellites in each orbital plane, N
p
is the number of orbital planes
and T is the orbital period in seconds given by:
T a 2
3
(2)
where is the geocentric gravitational constant and is equal to 3.986 E14(m
3
s
2
).
The various values of
j
will depend on the geometry of the constellation and will be given in the set of elements found
in A.3 vii) of Annex 1 to Resolution 46 (Rev.WRC-95). The same principal applies to the values of
i, j
.
Knowing for each satellite its true anomaly
i, j
(t) and the right ascension of its ascending node
j
, its geocentric
coordinates are given by:
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
x t a t I t
i j
j
i j
j
i j , , ,
cos cos cos sin sin (3)
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
y t a t I t
i j
j
i j
j
i j , , ,
sin cos cos + cos sin (4)
( ) ( )
[ ]
z t a I t
i j i j , ,
sin sin (5)
The position of the GSO test location with respect to the line of nodes of the non-GSO constellation is determined
by (see 1). Hence, in equations (3), (4) and (5)
j

j, 0
+ , where ranges from 0 to
max
(see 1) and
j, 0

j
for 0.
Step 2: Distance between the non-GSO satellite and the test location at the GSO
x
GSO
, y
GSO
and z
GSO
are the geocentric coordinates of the GSO test location given by:
x a I
GSO GSO GSO
cos (6)
y
GSO
0 (7)
z a I
GSO GSO GSO
sin (8)
where:
a
GSO
: semi-major axis of the geostationary orbit (42 164 km)
I
GSO
: inclination of the geostationary orbit (5 I
GSO
5).
These equations remain constant during the simulation since it is simpler to vary
j
in equations (3), (4) and (5) by
incrementing the offset .
The distance between a non-GSO satellite and the GSO test location can then be calculated using Pythagoras theorem:
( ) ( )
d t x x t y t z z t
i j GSO i j i j GSO i j
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , , ,
+ +
2
2
2
(9)
-326-
Rec. ITU-R S.1256 7
Step 3: Calculation of the non-GSO antenna off-axis angle to the test location at the GSO
Fig. 5 shows the geometry, represented in a two-dimensional diagram, of the non-GSO satellite off-axis angle relative to
the test location at the GSO.
1256-05
d
i, j
i, j
R
N
a
a
LEO
GSO
a
GSO
Earth
min
FIGURE 5
Calculation of
i, j
FIGURE 5..[1256-05] = 8 cm
The non-GSO antenna off-axis angle can be determined using Carnots theorem (known also as the cosine theorem):
( ) cos
( )
( )
,
,
,
t
a d t a
a d t
i j
i j GSO
i j
+
j
(
,
,
\
,
(
(
arc
2 2 2
2
(10)
Step 4: Calculation of the non-GSO off-axis antenna gain toward the test location at the GSO
Taken the off-axis angle calculated in equation (10), for each visible satellite it is possible to calculate the off-axis
antenna gain G((t)
i, j
). However, as seen in Fig. 5, this is only necessary if (t)
i, j
is higher than a minimum value
of
min
given by:
( )
min
R a arc sin / (11)
Step 5: Calculation of the aggregate pfd level towards the GSO test location
The aggregate pfd level can be expressed as:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) pfd t
P
G t
d t
t
peak kHz i j
i j i j N t
i j
min
v

, ,
,
,
4
2
1
4

to
for (12)
where:
P
peak, 4kHz
: peak power in the worst 4 kHz band at the input of the non-GSO satellite antenna, assumed
constant and equal for all the non-GSO satellites
N(t)
v
: number of visible non-GSO satellites from the GSO test location at the time t.
-327-
8 Rec. ITU-R S.1256
3 Total number of simulation steps and simulation step increments
Two simulation steps are needed to perform the calculation of the maximum aggregate pfd toward the GSO from a
non-GSO network, the time step t and the right ascension step .
Since there is no direct in-line interference from the non-GSO satellites (either they use isoflux low gain antenna or
interference comes from the side lobes of the transmitting antenna), various simulations (for LEO-D and LEO-F) have
shown that an angular step of no more than 0.5 is sufficient to get valid results. The calculation steps will then be:
t
T
( ) . s 05
360
0.5
The total simulation time for each GSO test location and the total number of GSO test locations are given in 1.
_________________
-328-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1260-1 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RS.1260-1
*
,
**
Feasibilityofsharingbetweenactivespacebornesensorsand
otherservicesintherange420-470MHz
(1997-2003)
considering
a) that synthetic aperture radars (SARs) can measure soil moisture, forest biomass, can detect
buried geologic structures such as faults, fractures, synclines and anticlines, and can map and
measure the depth of Antarctic ice, and hydrogeological properties of arid and semiarid regions;
b) that experimental SARs mounted on aircraft have demonstrated the potential for making
these measurements;
c) that these spaceborne SARs must operate at frequencies below 500 MHz in order to
penetrate dense vegetation and the Earths surface on a worldwide repetitive basis;
d) that the need for monitoring forests was emphasized at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992;
e) that Resolution 727 (Rev.WRC-2000) seeks provision of up to 6 MHz of frequency
spectrum to the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) in the frequency range 420-470 MHz in
order to meet the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) requirements;
f) that frequency bands between 420-470 MHz are currently allocated to the radiolocation,
fixed, amateur, space operations and mobile services;
g) that within the amateur service weak-signal operations (including Earth-Moon-Earth) are
conducted centred around 432 MHz, and amateur-satellite operations (both uplink and downlink)
are conducted in the band 435-438 MHz;
*
NOTE The following Administrations Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Jordan,
Kuwait, Morocco, Mauritania, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia and Yemen object to the approval of this
Recommendation. For more details, please refer to the appropriate Summary Record of RA-03.
**
Radiocommunication Study Group 7 made editorial amendments to this Recommendation.
329
2 Rec.ITU-RRS.1260-1
h) that other uses are made of portions of these bands including:
wind profilers in the range 440-450 MHz, and in case of incompatibility between wind
profiler radars and other applications, in the bands 420-435 MHz and 438-440 MHz
(Resolution 217 (WRC-97));
launch vehicle range safety command destruct receivers in the band 449.75-450.25 MHz
(No. 5.286 of the Radio Regulations (RR)), as well as around 421.0, 425.0, 427.0, 440.0
and 445.0 MHz in the United States of America and Brazil and, in the French Overseas
Departments in Region 2 and India, the band 433.75-434.25 MHz (RR No. 5.281);
j) that certain spaceborne SARs could produce pfds at the Earths surface in excess of the pfd
levels that may be required to protect the fixed service and the land mobile service allocated in this
frequency range;
k) that co-frequency sharing with wind profilers is likely to be unfeasible due to interference
to the spaceborne active sensor;
l) that SARs and the amateur service (primary in Region 1 and secondary in Regions 2 and 3,
except as in RR No. 5.278) can coexist in the band 430-440 MHz, by taking appropriate technical
and operational measures defined in Annex 1 to this Recommendation;
m) that in addition, the provisions of RR Nos. 5.274, 5.275, 5.276, 5.277, 5.278, 5.281 and
5.283 list countries that have defined portions of the band between 430 and 440 MHz as having
primary status for the fixed, mobile, space operation and/or the amateur services;
n) that some sharing studies have indicated that co-frequency sharing between the amateur
services and some proposed SARs in the Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) is possible for
some amateur modes of transmission such as FM and time division multiple access (TDMA), but
would be difficult with continuous wave and single sideband modes of operation;
o) that Recommendation ITU-R M.1462 contains the technical and operational characteristics
of, and protection criteria for, radars (airborne, shipborne, and space object tracking) operating in
the radiolocation service operating in the band 420-450 MHz;
p) that there is a potential for unacceptable interference from some spaceborne SARs to
terrestrial space object tracking radars operating in the band 420-450 MHz if the spaceborne SAR
radar is within the view of the terrestrial radars (i.e. above the radars visible horizon);
q) that some spaceborne SARs will be tracked by terrestrial space object tracking radars, and
that the resultant unwanted received power level at a spaceborne SAR can approach its maximum
power-handling capability;
330
r) that there is a potential for unacceptable interference from some spaceborne SARs to
airborne and shipborne radars operating in 420-450 MHz, the probability and severity of which is
highly dependent upon the characteristics of the SARs;
s) that any harmful interference, even for very short periods, by SARs into launch vehicle
command destruct receivers could impede the safety of life and property;
t) that given the complexity of the EESS (active) instruments implementation in these low
frequencies, very few such platforms are expected to be in orbit at the same time,
recommends
1 that active spaceborne sensors operating in the bands used by the amateur service, the
amateur satellite service, the fixed, radiolocation, space operation, mobile services and the MSS in
the range 420-470 MHz, respect the technical and operational constraints provided in Annex 1 to
this Recommendation;
2 that spaceborne active sensors operating in the range 420-450 MHz not be put into
operation within view of the terrestrial space object tracking radars listed in Table 2, unless detailed
analysis, on a case-by-case basis, to include consideration of the effects of the radars receiver
processing upon unwanted SAR signals, and possibly field testing have been performed to confirm
compatibility with the mutual agreement of the affected administrations;
3 that a spaceborne SAR intended for operation in the 420-450 MHz band be designed to
tolerate the unwanted signal power levels that will result from being tracked by terrestrial space
object tracking radars;
4 that sufficient frequency and geographical separation between spaceborne SARs and wind
profilers operating in the ranges 420-432 MHz and 438-450 MHz may need to be provided;
5 that spaceborne active sensor frequency bands be selected in such a way as not to overlap
with launch vehicle range safety command destruct receive frequency bands listed in
considering h);
6 that in cases where recommends 5 becomes difficult to implement, spaceborne active
sensors operating in the frequency ranges allocated for launch vehicle range safety command
destruct receive frequency bands should not be put into operation within the specific distance of
locations where launch vehicle commands are used, in order to avoid interference from spaceborne
active sensors into launch vehicle receivers.
331
Annex1
TechnicalandoperationalconstraintsforEESS(active)
operatingintherange420-470MHz
For the purposes of protecting stations operating in the existing services, SAR transmissions from
stations in the EESS (active) operating in the frequency range 420-470 MHz are subject to the
technical and operational constraints specified in this Annex.
The following constraints are based on ITU-R studies. Annex 2 provides information on the
feasibility of sharing between active spaceborne sensors and other services in the range of
420-470 MHz.
1 Technicalconstraints
TABLE 1
TechnicalconstraintsforEESS(active)instruments
intherange420-470MHz
2 Operationalconstraints
EESS (active) operating in the band 420-450 MHz shall not transmit within view of the terrestrial
space object tracking radars listed in Table 2, unless detailed analysis, to include consideration of
the effects of the radars receiver processing upon unwanted SAR signals, and possibly field testing,
have been performed to confirm compatibility.
As a consequence of the above constraints, EESS (active) instruments shall be designed in such a
way as to allow programmable turning off of all RF emissions over geographical areas or countries
where ITU regulations or national regulations do not allow their operations.
The EESS (active) instruments operation profile shall be campaign-oriented, targeted to specific
geographical areas and shall limit the instrument active time to the minimum required to achieve the
campaign objectives. Thus, the measurements carried out by the instrument do not require
continuous operation of the instrument, and intervals of months between successive measurements
on the same area can be expected.
The operational duty cycle in campaign-mode will be 15% maximum (typically 10%). While not in
campaign-mode, the instrument will be switched off.
Parameter Value
Peak pfd on Earths surface from antenna main lobe 140 dB(W/(m
2
Hz))
Maximum mean pfd on Earths surface from antenna main lobe 150 dB(W/(m
2
Hz))
Maximum mean pfd on Earths surface from 1st antenna side lobe 170 dB(W/(m
2
Hz))
332
1260-01
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80
FIGURE 1
ExampleofexclusionzonearoundspaceobjecttrackingradarsforaSARina550kmorbit
TABLE 2
Spaceobjecttrackingradarsoperatingin430-440MHz
Radarlocation Latitude Longitude
Massachusetts (United States of America) 41.8 N 70.5 W
Texas (United States of America) 31.0 N 100.6 W
California (United States of America) 39.1 N 121.5 W
Georgia (United States of America) 32.6 N 83.6 W
Florida (United States of America) 30.6 N 86.2 W
North Dakota (United States of America) 48.7 N 97.9 W
Alaska (United States of America) 64.3 N 149.2 W
Thule (Greenland) 76.6 N 68.3 W
Fylingdales Moor (United Kingdom) 54.5 N 0.4 W
Pirinclik (Turkey) 37.9 N 40.0 E
333
3 Protectioncriteriaforexistingservicesinthefrequencyrange420-470MHz
Not all protection criteria mentioned in this section are contained in ITU-R Recommendations.
Therefore, some of these protection criteria have been derived from information provided in ITU-R
studies. Table 3 reflects the information available at the time of the development of this
Recommendation.
It should be noted that any future Recommendation describing the protection criteria for any given
service, has preference above the value listed in the table as derived from ITU-R studies.
TABLE 3
Protectioncriteriaforservicesintherange420-470MHz
Frequency
range
(MHz)
ITU-R
services
Thetimepercentagesand
criteriaincolumns4and
5aretobeappliedonlyin
thefollowing
geographicalareas
Maximum
percentage
oftimethat
thecriteria
maybe
exceeded
(1)
Interferencecriteriaat
receivingstations
Sources
430-440 Amateur Within line-of-sight (LoS)
of terrestrial amateur
stations located in regions
defined in considering l)
1% pfd
204 dB(W/(m
2
Hz))
(2)
ITU-R studies
435-438 Amateur
satellite
Within LoS of satellite
amateur earth stations
located in regions defined
in considering l)
1% pfd
197 dB(W/(m
2
Hz))
ITU-R studies
435-438 Amateur
satellite
Within LoS of receivers of
amateur space stations
1% pfd
187 dB(W/(m
2
Hz))
ITU-R studies
420-470
(3)
Fixed Within LoS of stations of
the fixed service including
stations located in regions
defined in considering m)
Not
applicable
(I/N)
MEAN
20 dB
(equivalent to 1% fractional
degradation in performance)
Recs.
ITU-R F.758 and
ITU-R F.1108
420-432 and
438-450
Radio-
location
Within LoS of wind
profiler radars
(4)
(I/N)
PEAK
6 dB Rec.
ITU-R M.1462
420-450 Space
operation
Within LoS of launch
vehicle command destruct
receivers located in regions
defined in considering m)
Frequency or geographical separation
required
ITU-R studies
334
TABLE 3 (end)
Annex2
Methodologyforinterferenceassessmentandmitigation
1 Introduction
A methodology is presented that allows an estimate to be made as to whether or not the unwanted
signal received by other services in the band 420-470 MHz from an active spaceborne sensor may
cause difficulties if operated in common frequency bands. Much of the content of this Annex has
been extracted from Annex 1 of Recommendation ITU-R RS.1280 Selection of active spaceborne
sensor emission characteristics to mitigate the potential for interference to terrestrial radars
operating in frequency bands 1-10 GHz. The calculations highlight a number of parameters of the
sensor that can be chosen such that the sharing situation is improved.
Frequency
range
(MHz)
ITU-R
services
Thetimepercentagesand
criteriaincolumns4and
5aretobeappliedonlyin
thefollowing
geographicalareas
Maximum
percentage
oftimethat
thecriteria
maybe
exceeded
(1)
Interferencecriteriaat
receivingstations
Sources
420-450 Radio-
location
Within LoS of terrestrial
space object tracking
radars
(5)
(4)
(I/N)
PEAK
6 dB Rec.
ITU-R M.1462
420-450 Radio-
location
Within LoS of shipborne
radars
(4)
(I/N)
PEAK
6 dB Rec.
ITU-R M.1462
420-450 Radio-
location
Within LoS of airborne
radars
(4)
(I/N)
PEAK
6 dB Rec.
ITU-R M.1462
420-470
(3)
Mobile Within LoS of mobile
stations including stations
located in Regions defined
in considering m)
0.1% pfd
204 dB(W/(m
2
Hz))
(2)
ITU-R studies
(1)
Considering all active SARs in this frequency range.
(2)
The maximum aggregate pfd specified for the band 430-440 MHz has been based on the maximum acceptable interference
level received by the average side lobe of an amateur receiving antenna.
(3)
In the frequency range 430-440 MHz, the fixed and mobile services are allocated only in some countries by footnote.
(4)
The criterion given in Recommendation ITU-R M.1462 is based on the protection of radiolocation systems from noise-like
interference. Sharing may be possible between radiolocation systems and spaceborne active sensors at interference levels
greater than those given in Recommendation ITU-R M.1462 through the use of signal processing techniques to filter out
unwanted pulsed emissions. Recommendation ITU-R M.1372 provides a description of some of these interference suppression
techniques.
(5)
The EESS (active) operating in the band 420-450 MHz shall not transmit within view of the terrestrial space object tracking
radars listed in Table 2, unless detailed analysis, on a case-by-case basis, to include consideration of the effects of the radars
receiver processing upon unwanted SAR signals, and possibly field testing, have been performed to confirm compatibility with
the mutual agreement of the affected administrations.
335
2 Calculationofinterferencetootherservices
The average interfering signal pfd, I
pfd
(dB(W/(m
2
Hz))) and average interfering signal power
level, I (dBW), received by the other services from spaceborne active sensors is calculated from the
following:
I
pfd
10 log P
t
+ 10 log ( PRF) + G
t
(130.99 + 20 log R + 10 log B) + OTR PG (1a)
and
I 10 log P
t
+ 10 log ( PRF) + G
t
+ G
r
(32.44 + 20 log ( f R)) + OTR PG (1b)
where:
P
t
: peak space borne sensor transmitter power (W)
: spaceborne sensor pulse width (s)
PRF: spaceborne sensor pulse repetition frequency (Hz)
G
t
: spaceborne sensor antenna gain towards other service (dBi)
R: slant range between sensor and radar (km)
B: bandwidth of sensor (MHz)
OTR: receiver on-tune rejection (dB)
PG: processing gain (dB), rejection of unwanted signals due to receiver signal
processing (assumed to be zero if not known)
f : frequency (MHz).
Equation (1a) gives the average interference signal pfd level and equation (1b) gives the average
interference signal power level. The average interference power level is used when it can be
determined that such use is appropriate. For example, a radar that performs a fast Fourier transform
(FFT) on the received signal will smear the dissimilar pulsed signal across a number of bins,
resulting in an averaged interfering signal level. The on-tune rejection term is calculated from:
OTR 10 log (B
r
/ B
t
) for B
r
B
t
(2a)
0 for B
r
> B
t
(2b)
where:
B
r
: receiver bandwidth
B
t
: bandwidth of the transmitted interfering signal.
If the peak interfering signal is of interest, then the second term of equation (1) should be left out,
and on-tune rejection is calculated from the following:
Input pulse with no frequency modulation:
OTR 20 log (B
r
) for B
r
< 1 (3a)
0 for B
r
> 1 (3b)
336
Input pulse with frequency modulation:
OTR 10 log
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
r
B
B
2
for
c
r
B
B
2
< 1 (4a)
0 for
c
r
B
B
2
> 1 (4b)
where:
B
r
: other service receiver IF bandwidth
B
c
: chirp bandwidth of spaceborne sensor
: sensor pulse width.
3 Interferencecriteriaforotherservices
Specific criteria for specific systems in the other services are given in Table 1 in terms of the
maximum aggregate pfd limits at the receiving stations (dB(W/(m
2
Hz))) and also the maximum
percentage of time that the pfd limits may be exceeded. There are several instances where a
different criteria is used as follows.
3.1 Surveillanceradarsinradiolocationservice
It will be assumed that the received S/N of the surveillance radars may not be degraded by more
than 0.5 dB longer than a single scan time, taken to be 10 s. This equates to an I/N power ratio of
_
9 dB at the receiver IF stage. The average interfering signal power level is considered to be of
interest in the case of the surveillance radars.
3.2 Trackingradarsinradiolocationservice
Tracking radars often use range gates to exclude all returns other than those at specific ranges of
interest. An important consideration in determining the susceptibility of a tracking radar to an
interfering pulse train is the fraction of interfering pulses that are coincident with the range gate.
The coincidence of interfering pulses with the range gate will depend upon whether the desired and
undesired PRFs are related by integer multiples (Case I) or not (Case II). The fraction of coinciding
pulses, f
c
, is found from:
g
g i
c
PRF
PRF PRF GCF
f
) , (
for Case I (5a)
) (
i g i c
PRF f + for Case II (5b)
where:
PRF
i
: interfering PRF
PRF
g
: gate PRF
GCF (PRF
i
, PRF)
g
: greatest common factor of PRF
i
and PRF
g
i
: interfering pulse width
g
: gate width.
337
Note that when
i
>
g
and the desired and undesired PRFs are not related by integer multiples
(Case II), f
c
is approximately the duty cycle of the interfering pulses. This situation is considered to
be the typical case, and is used in the following determination of degradation threshold for a
tracking radar.
To obtain highly accurate position data on objects of interest, tracking radars use high gain antennas
with well-defined, narrow mainbeams. A servo mechanism attempts to keep the boresight of the
antenna mainbeam on the target; the servo mechanism is driven by an error signal generated by the
angle error between the target and the antenna boresight. Undesired signals entering the radar can
increase this bias error.
A degradation threshold for a tracking radar, expressed as an allowed fraction of coincident
interfering pulses, f
c
, as a function of the S/I ratio at the IF output is given as:
1
) 1 / (
90
1
2
I S
B
a
f
r
c
when S/I > 1 (6a)
1
) 1 / (
90
1
2
I S
B
a
f
r
c
when S/I < 1 (6b)
where:
a: factor associated with total tracking error, with degradation due to interference
included (e.g. a 1.1 allows a 0.1%, or 10% increase due to interference)
B
r
: 3 dB bandwidth of the radar IF filter
: length of the target pulses (note B
r
1 for a tracking radar)
S/I : S/I power ratio at the radar IF output (not in dB).
Figure 2 is a plot of the fraction of coincident pulses versus S/I at the radar IF output, allowing
a 10% increase in the radar tracking error due to interference. The fraction of coincident pulses is
approximately the sensors duty cycle (6%), so an S/I of 13 dB corresponds to a 10% tracking error.
It will be assumed that the S/I must be 13 dB for periods of time longer than 3 s. (Since the
interference criterion has been developed based upon an interfering pulse being coincident with the
radars range gate, the peak interfering signal power should be used.)
338
1260-02
1
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
0 5 10 15
S/I power ratio (dB)
F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
i
n
g

p
u
l
s
e
s
FIGURE 2
RadarS/I asafunctionoffractionofcoincidentinterferingpulses
(10increaseintrackingerror)
4 Exampleanalysisoftheunwantedsignalfromaspacebornesensortootherservices
4.1 Technicalcharacteristics
4.1.1 Spacebornesensor
Table 4 gives the technical characteristics of the representative spaceborne sensor used in the
following analysis.
TABLE 4
SpaceborneSAR1characteristics
Parameter Value
Orbit height (km) 750
Orbit inclination (degrees) 98.4
Peak radiated RF power (W) 400
Average radiated RF power (W) 4.4
Pulse width (s) 50
PRF (Hz) 2 200
Modulation of pulse Linear FM
Pulse bandwidth (MHz) 4.8
Antenna peak gain (dB) 27.9
Antenna orientation (degrees) 37 from nadir
Antenna 1st side lobe (dB) 17.6 from peak
Antenna 5th side lobe (dB) 34 from peak
339
4.1.2 Airborneradars
Recommendation ITU-R M.1462 provides the characteristics and protection criteria for radars
operating in the frequency band 420-450 MHz. Previous analyses concluded that spaceborne active
sensors are not technically compatible with highly sensitive land-based space object tracking radars.
The computer simulation analysis considered the compatibility of spaceborne SARs with airborne
radars in this frequency band. Shipboard radar results are similar to those of the airborne radar. The
draft revision to the Recommendation lists the airborne receiver bandwidth as 1 MHz, and the radar
antenna as a 22 dBi gain planar array. For the purposes of analysis, the antenna was assumed to be
scanning in azimuth at a 0 elevation angle. The protection criterion for the radars is an I/N of
_
6 dB.
4.2 Analysisapproachandresults
4.2.1 Computersimulations
4.2.1.1 Processinggain
The analysis of the potential interference from spaceborne SARs into the radiolocation service
receivers assumed no processing gain (that is, ability to reject the interference due to receiver signal
processing). For the radiolocation systems, it may be appropriate to examine the potential response
of the receiver to pulsed interfering signals such as from the SARs.
The details of a radars resistance to interfering pulsed signals are generally not published.
However, many modern radar receivers, particularly those which need to perform a surveillance
function in the presence of significant clutter, will do digital Doppler processing in order to resolve
targets against the clutter background. The effect of the FFT on the incoming pulsed interference
will be to smear the peak pulse power over the neighbouring range/Doppler bins, and result in an
averaged interfering power effect.
4.2.1.2 Radarinterferencecriterion
An I/N equal to 6 dB is given as the protection criterion for the airborne radars in
Recommendation ITU-R M.1462. No per cent of time or duration of time is given as permissible for
interference to exceed this value. It is not appropriate to apply the concept of an allowed per cent of
time that interference can exceed this value to radars, and particularly to surveillance radars such as
the airborne radars considered in this analysis. The concept of data loss or permitted outage can
be applied to a communications link or sensor system, but target detection a basic and critical
radar system function occurs at an instant in time, and thus long-term outages are not relevant.
An approach used in a number of similar analyses in ITU-R, is to examine the simulation results
with the assumption that a surveillance radar cannot be degraded for a period of time exceeding a
single antenna scan. This means that a target may go undetected during the first scan period that
detection may otherwise have successfully been accomplished. The airborne radars in this analysis
have antenna rotation times on the order of 10 s. Thus, interference should not exceed I/N 6 dB
for longer than 10 s. (Under this assumption, a target with an 800 km/h velocity approaches another
340
~2 km after detection should have happened in the absence of interference. This may or may not be
acceptable, depending upon the situation.) Upon examination of the results of the simulations (using
both peak as well as average interfering power into the radars), it is evident that frequency sharing
may be difficult between the spaceborne SARs and the radars.
4.2.1.3 Computersimulationresults
Simulations were performed using the SAR1 type (see Table 5). Table 6 provides the results of
computer simulations of the expected interference environment from spaceborne SAR1 into
radiolocation service systems. All simulations were conducted in 2s time increments over a 60-day
period. Note that two results with respect to the per cent of time that interference occurs are also
given in Table 6.
The first is the per cent of time that the interference criterion is exceeded during periods when one
or more SARs are visible (i.e. above the horizon) to the earth station(s); the second is the per cent of
time that the interference criterion is exceeded out of the entire period simulated (i.e. including the
times when no SAR is visible on some portions of the Earth).
TABLE 5
Peak/averagepfdinterferencefrommainlobesandsidelobes
ofP-bandSAR1atEarthssurface
Parameter Value dB
Transmitted power (W) 400.00 26.02
Peak main lobe antenna gain (dBi) 27.90 27.90
Antenna side-lobes level (dBi) 6.10 6.10
1/(4) 7.96 10
2
10.99
1/(distance)
2
(km) 972.80 119.76
1/Bandwidth (MHz) 1/4.80 66.81
Pulse width (s) 50
PRF (Hz) 2200
Peak power density in main lobe (dBW) 75.86
Peak power density in side lobe (dBW) 109.86
Peak pfd in main lobe (dB(W/(m
2
Hz))) 143.6
Average pfd in main lobe (dB(W/(m
2
Hz))) 153.2
Peak pfd in side lobes (dB(W/(m
2
Hz))) 177.6
Average pfd in side lobes (dB(W/(m
2
Hz))) 187.2
341
TABLE 6
Computersimulationresults
5 Proceduretousemethodology
The average pfd of an active spaceborne sensor should be examined during the design stages.
Equations (1) to (4) can be examined to determine parameters that can potentially be adjusted
during the design of the spaceborne sensor, in order to improve sharing with the other services.
Transmitter power, antenna gain (particularly side-lobe levels), pulse width and repetition rate, and
chirp bandwidth are all likely candidates for adjustment.
When compatibility between a spaceborne sensor and a particular service system is analysed, the
processing gain, if any, of the receiving system should be considered since the analysis assumed
that there was none. This assumption is valid for the general case since not all receiving stations
have processing gain.
For example, consider two radars operating in 420-450 MHz:
a tracking radar with a 0.1 MHz IF bandwidth (radar 1)
an airborne intercept radar with a 1 MHz IF bandwidth (radar 2).
If the spaceborne sensor of Table 4 can be operated with a different pulse width and chirp
bandwidth such as in Table 7, then a significant reduction in the unwanted signal power level can be
achieved.
Receiver Criterion SAR1
I/N, worst (dB) 36.2
I/N, average (dB) 4.4
Per cent of time I/N > 6 dB
(SAR visible) (%)
12.0
Per cent of time I/N > 6 dB
(All times) (%)
0.6
Maximum time I/N > 6 dB (min) 4.8
Average time I/N > 6 dB (s) 7.3
Airborne radar
Number of times I/N > 6 dB (events) 3 823
342
TABLE 7
Exampleofreductioninreceivedunwantedsensorpower,
viachangesinsensorpulsewidthandchirpbandwidth
6 Conclusion
It has been demonstrated that it should be possible to reduce the pfd to improve the emission
characteristics of active spaceborne sensor in order to enhance the compatibility with other services.
Sensor transmitter power, antenna gain pattern, pulse width, PRF, and chirp bandwidth (if
frequency modulation is used) are all possible characteristics that can be adjusted to improve
compatibility.
Newparameter
valuesforSAR1

(s)
B
c
(MHz)
OTR
(dB)
P
avg
(dB)
I
(dB)
Radar 1 25 6 4.0 Not
available
(1)
4.0
Radar 2 25 6 0.0 3.0 3.0
(1)
It has been deemed appropriate to use average interference signal power for the
airborne radar, and peak interference signal power for the tracking radar.
343
Rec.ITU-RBO.1293-2 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BO.1293-2
Protectionmasksandassociatedcalculationmethodsfor
interferenceintobroadcast-satellitesystems
involvingdigitalemissions
(1997-2000-2002)
considering
a) that protection ratios and associated protection masks are essential characteristics for the
television signals in the broadcasting-satellite service (BSS) and associated feeder links;
b) that the Radio Regulations (RR) Appendices 30 and 30A Plans have been developed by
using values of protection ratio and interference calculation methods based on fixed frequency
offsets and given types of signal;
c) that new systems submitted to the Radiocommunication Bureau (BR) for implementation in
these plans propose to use new types of signals for which no protection masks and only limited
interference calculation methods are available;
d) that the BR has requested Radiocommunication Study Group 6 to provide additional
methodologies and protection criteria to assess interference from and to these new types of signals;
e) that the definition of protection masks and associated calculation methods provides very
useful technical information when revising the RR Appendices 30 and 30A Plans for Regions 1
and 3;
f) that several studies have now been carried out by various administrations and organisations
that validate the proposed interference calculation method,
recognizing
a) that protection masks extend the usefulness of protection ratios, which are themselves
associated with fixed frequency offsets;
b) that appropriate protection masks for interference calculation between digital emissions can
be derived by using the methodology provided in Annex 3;
c) that the World Radiocommunication Conference (Istanbul, 2000) (WRC-2000) has
established new BSS and associated feeder-link plans for Regions 1 and 3, based on digital modula-
tion, and new Regions 1 and 3 Lists, thus updating Appendices 30 and 30A;
d) that Administrations are entitled to implement their Plan assignments at any time without
any further restrictions with respect to the characteristics on which the plans are based,
-345-
2 Rec.ITU-RBO.1293-2
recommends
1 that for any EPM/OEPM compatibility analysis carried out under Articles 4 and 5 of
Appendices 30 and 30A, Annex 1 should be applied;
2 that the associated interference calculation methods of EPM/OEPM provided in Annex 2,
should be used for the compatibility analyses referred to in recommends 1.
NOTE 1 The calculation method to generate protection masks provided in Annex 3 for BSS
networks employing all types of digital phase shift keyed emissions may be applied in compatibility
analyses for bilateral coordination between administrations.
NOTE 2 Further studies are needed to develop masks for interference between other types of
emission (i.e. for analogue into analogue, digital into analogue and analogue into digital interfe-
rence). Until such time as these masks are available, the method described in Annex 1 should be
used when calculating interference between emissions when the interference is digital.
ANNEX 1
Calculationofdigitalinterferenceintheabsence
ofappropriateprotectionmasks
When applying the calculation method of Annex 2, it is desirable to apply the most appropriate
protection mask for the digital interference situation under consideration (i.e. the most appropriate
value for D
i
(fo
i
) in Annex 2). For example, for digital interference into a digital emission, this
mask can be derived using the calculation method given in Annex 3.
Further studies are required to derive suitable generic protection masks for the case of digital into
analogue interference.
Until such time as these masks are available, the method given below should be used to calculate
the interference between two emissions, where the interferer is a digital emission.
The value for D(fo) is calculated as follows:
D( fo) 10 log
10
( ) ) ( / fo b B + K
where:
b(fo) : overlapping bandwidth between the interfering carrier and the wanted
carrier (MHz)
B : necessary bandwidth of the interfering digital carrier (MHz)
K : positive weighting coefficient.
-346-
In general, a protection mask calculation method such as that given in Annex 3 quantifies the
value K which may vary depending upon the wanted and interfering signal parameters and the
frequency offset between the two signals (in fact, the method of Annex 3 does not explicitly
calculate the factor K but rather calculates directly the value D( fo)).
In the absence of suitable protection masks which quantify the factor K, either directly or indirectly,
it should be assumed that K 0 which corresponds to the worst case.
ANNEX 2
InterferencecalculationmethodsassociatedwithAnnexes1and3
`
1 Introduction
The purpose of this Annex is to define a generic method to calculate the interference situation in
the BSS Plans, taking into account different categories of interference (e.g. co-channel, adjacent-
channel, etc.).
The generic interference calculation method defined below, associated with the appropriate
protection mask calculation methods, should be applied to establish the values necessary to assess
the interference situation between different emissions of the BSS Plans.
2 Terminology,symbolsandoperators
In order to simplify this Annex and to facilitate its understanding, the following terminology,
symbols and operators are defined:
Single entry, se: a single interfering carrier is considered
Aggregate, ag: all interfering carriers are considered
Equivalent, eq: combination of co-frequency and frequency offset interference
Overall, ov: combination of feeder-link (up) and downlink (dn) interference
fo: frequency offset difference between the centre frequencies of two carriers
C/I : carrier-to-interference ratio (dB)
PR: protection ratio (dB)
EPM: equivalent protection margin (dB)
OEPM: overall equivalent protection margin (dB)
____________________
*
This method has been developed to carry out the compatibility analysis of assignments, submitted to the
BR under the provision of RR Appendices 30 and 30A, with parameters different from those used in the
establishment of the Plans (channel bandwidth, centre frequency, type of emission, etc.).
-347-
X: reduction of the overall C/I due to interference in the feeder link (dB)
Operator : A B 10 log( )
10 / 10 /
10 10
B A
+
Operator : A B 10 log( )
10 / 10 /
10 10
B A
Operator : ( )
10 / 10 /
2
10 /
1
1
10 ... 10 10 log 10
n
A A A
N
n
n
A + + +
_
3 Interferencecalculationmethods
In order to calculate the interference situation of an assignment, two major elements are needed:
the equivalent aggregate carrier to interference ratio, C/I
eq, ag
, on both up and downlinks,
C/I
eq, ag, up
, C/I
eq, ag, dn
, respectively;
the overall co-channel (or co-frequency) protection ratios of the wanted carrier, PR
ov
.
In addition, definitions for the EPM (see Note 1) and OEPM are required.
NOTE 1 EPM is not needed in case of application of this method to the Region 2 BSS Plan.
3.1 The first elements, i.e. the equivalent aggregate carrier to interference ratios, are calculated
as follows for both the up and downlinks:
( )
_
+
m
i
i i up se i up ag eq
fo I C I C D
1
, , , ,
) ( / = /
( )
_
+
n
i
i i dn se i dn ag eq
fo D I C I C
1
, , , ,
) ( / = /
where:
m: number of interfering carriers on the feeder link
n: number of interfering carriers on the downlink
fo: frequency offset between the centre frequencies of the wanted carrier and one
interfering carrier; a positive or negative value (MHz)
D( fo) : difference (dB) between the appropriate protection masks value with no
frequency offset (i.e. the centre value at 0 MHz) and the protection masks
value with a frequency offset of fo MHz.
For the case of a digital wanted carrier and a digital interfering carrier, the value D( fo) I( fo),
where I( fo) ( I(f )) is defined in Annex 3 assuming a linear or non-linear channel.
For other combinations of wanted and interfering carrier types (digital into analogue interference)
appropriate masks remain to be defined. Until such time as these masks are available, the model
given in Annex 1 should be applied to evaluate D( fo).
-348-
From these first elements the overall equivalent aggregate carrier-to-interference ratio (denoted
C/I
ov, eq, ag
) can be calculated as follows:
C/I
ov, eq, ag
C/I
eq, ag, up
C/I
eq, ag, dn
3.2 The second major element, i.e. the overall protection ratio, PR
ov
, is associated to the type of
the wanted carriers.
In addition to this second element, a feeder-link protection ratio and a downlink protection ratio,
PR
up
and PR
dn
respectively, can be defined. Assuming a given increase, X, in the downlink
protection ratio to allow for interference in the feeder link, PR
up
and PR
dn
are defined as follows:
X PR PR
ov dn
+
dn ov up
PR PR PR
3.3 EPM
up
, EPM
dn
andOEPMdefinitions
ov ag eq ov
PR I C OEPM
, ,
/
up up ag eq up
PR I C EPM
, ,
/
dn dn ag eq dn
PR I C EPM
, ,
/
ANNEX 3
Calculationofprotectionmasksforinterference
betweenvarioustypesofdigitalcarriers
1 Method
It is assumed that the interfering digital carrier can, for interference calculation purposes, be
modelled as a white noise source followed by a square-root, raised cosine pulse shaping filter. The
roll-off factor,
i
, of this filter may be freely specified in the range 0
i
1 (0% to 100% roll-off).
The filters 3 dB bandwidth is specified by the transmitted symbol rate, R
i
, for the interfering digital
signal.
The level of digital interference affecting the wanted digital signal is dependent upon:
the frequency offset between the wanted and interfering signals, f;
the characteristics of the receivers filter;
the characteristics of the transmission channel that carries the interfering signal.
-349-
The receivers filter is also modelled as a square-root, raised cosine filter with a roll-off factor,
w
,
where (0
w
1), and a 3 dB bandwidth specified by the wanted signal symbol rate R
w
.
High power amplification of the interfering signal causes spectral side lobe re-growth. The
interference contributed by the side lobes is negligible for low values of f, but becomes
increasingly significant as the frequency offset is increased.
Only the first two side lobes need to be considered. The interference contribution from higher order
side lobes is negligible in all practical transmission scenarios.
The level of each side lobe is adjusted with respect to the main spectral lobe to reflect the
characteristics of the non-linear channel. The relative level of each side lobe comprises two
components L
s
and X:
A value L
s
that is dependent upon the non-linear characteristics of the high power amplifier
(HPA) and upon the amplifiers drive level (backoff). The value of L
s
is different for each
side lobe.
A value X that represents the effect of filtering at the output of the HPA. This attenuation
value is assumed to be the same for all spectral side lobes. This approach is conservative,
since the gain of the post-HPA filter is not flat, but rolls off with increasing frequency
offset from the channel centre frequency.
The parameters L
s
and X are expressed in decibels.
The parameters R
i
and R
w
are expressed in Msymbol/s. The total bandwidths of the wanted and
interfering signals are given by R
w
(1 +
w
) MHz and R
i
(1 +
i
) MHz respectively. The frequency
difference parameter f is expressed in MHz. The interference at the output of the receiver filter is
assumed to be noise-like.
A common algorithm is used to calculate the wanted signal power at the input to the receiver and
the interference power contributions from the main spectral lobe and from each of the spectral side
lobes. The procedure for calculating each power contribution is as follows (see 3 for definitions of
the terms used below):
a) set the input parameters (R
i
, R
w
,
i
,
w
, f, L
s
and X) to the appropriate values for the
power contribution to be calculated (wanted signal, interfering signal main spectral lobe or
interfering signal spectral side lobe);
b) calculate the nine pairs of limits (U
n
, L
n
, n 1, , 9);
c) calculate the five power contribution terms (C
m
, m 1, , 5);
d) calculate the total received power, P:
_
5
1
10
10
m
m
X L
C P
s
The level of interference power I(f ), measured at the output of the receivers filter and expressed
relative to the wanted carrier power for a reference link C/I of 0 dB (i.e. assuming equal wanted and
interfering carrier powers), is calculated as follows.
-350-
Step 1: Calculate the wanted signal power, P
w
, at the output of the receiver filter using the above
algorithm and setting the input parameter values as follows:
R
i
R
w
,
i

w
, f 0, L
s
0, X 0
Step 2: Calculate the interfering signal power contribution from the main spectral lobe, P
0
, at the
output of the receiver filter using the same algorithm and setting the input parameters as follows:
f f, L
s
0, X = 0
Step 3: Calculate the interfering signal power contribution from the first spectral side lobe, P
1
, with
the input parameters set as follows:
f |f | R
i
, L
s
L
1
0, X 0
The value for L
s
depends upon the non-linear characteristics of the HPA and its drive level. The
value of X depends upon the out-of-band attenuation characteristics of the post-HPA filter.
Step 4: Calculate the interfering signal power contribution from the second spectral side lobe, P
2
,
with the input parameters set as follows:
f |f | 2R
i
, L
s
L
2
L
1
0, X 0
The value for L
s
again depends upon the non-linear characteristics of the HPA and its drive level.
The value of X is the same as in Step 3.
Step 5: Calculate the relative interference power for the given signal parameters and frequency
offset:
dB log 10 ) (
2 1 0
|
|
.
|
\
| + +

w
P
P P P
f I
2 Examplecalculationofaprotectionmask
As an (arbitrary) example, it is assumed that the wanted and interfering signal parameters are as
follows:
Wanted digital signal:
Symbol rate, R
w
27.5 Msymbol/s
Roll-off factor,
w
0.35 (35% cosine roll-off).
Interfering digital signal:
Symbol rate, R
i
27.5 Msymbol/s
Roll-off factor,
i
0.35 (35% cosine roll-off).
Side lobe levels:
First side lobe level, L
s1
17.0 dB
Second side lobe level, L
s2
27.5 dB.
Post-HPA filtering:
Side lobe attenuation, X
f
12.0 dB.
-351-
The frequency offset between the wanted and interfering signals, f, is assumed to be 38.36 MHz.
The application of the calculation method described in 1 of this Annex, and detailed in 3 of this
Annex, gives the following:
Step 1: Calculate the wanted signal power, P
w
, at the output of the receiver filter:
R
i
R
w
,
i

w
, L
s
0, X 0, f 0
L
1
U
8
U
9
8.937
U
1
L
2
U
2
L
3
U
3
L
4
U
4
L
5
U
5
L
6
L
7
L
8
L
9
8.937
U
6
U
7
18.563
C
1
0.825, C
2
0, C
3
0, C
4
0.088, C
5
0
P
w
0.913
Step 2: Calculate the interfering signal power, P
0
, due to the main spectral lobe at the output of the
receiver filter:
L
s
0, X 0, f f
L
1
L
3
L
4
29.422, U
1
L
2
L
5
L
7
8.937, L
6
L
9
47.297, L
8
18.563
U
9
8.937, U
2
U
5
29.422, U
3
U
4
U
6
18.563, U
7
U
8
19.797
C
1
0, C
2
0, C
3
0, C
4
0, C
5
0
P
0
0
1
, due to the first spectral side lobe at the output of
the receiver filter:
L
s
L
s1
, X X
f
, f |f | R
i
L
1
1.923, U
1
L
2
L
3
L
4
L
5
L
7
8.937, U
2
U
5
L
8
1.923
U
3
U
4
U
6
18.563, L
6
L
9
19.797, U
7
7.703, U
8
U
9
8.937
C
1
0.605, C
2
0, C
3
0, C
4
0, C
5
0
P
1
7.618 10
4
2
, due to the second spectral side lobe at the output
of the receiver filter:
L
s
L
s2
, X X
f
, f jf j 2R
i
L
1
U
8
U
9
8.937, U
1
U
3
U
4
L
9
7.703, L
2
L
3
L
4
L
5
L
6
8.937
U
2
U
5
U
7
18.563, L
7
L
8
25.578, U
6
1.922
C
1
0.395, C
2
0, C
3
0, C
4
0, C
5
0
P
2
4.431 10
5
-352-
Step 5: Calculate the total interference power relative to the wanted signal power:
I(f ) 30.5
Following this procedure for a range of frequency offsets results in the example protection mask
given in Fig. 1.
1293-01
30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 40 50 60 70
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
FIGURE 1
Frequency offset (MHz)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B
r
)
3 Algorithms: Calculation of the received (wanted or interfering) signal
power
3.1 Limits
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
i
i
i
i
w
w
w
w
R
D
R
C
R
B
R
A + +
L
1
max (A; f C) L
4
max (A; f C) L
7
= max (A; f + C)
U
1
min (A; f + C) U
4
min (B; f + C) U
7
min (B; f + D)
L
2
max (A f ; C) L
5
max (A; f C) L
8
max (B; f + C)
U
2
min (A f ; D) U
5
min (B; f + C) U
8
min (A; f + D)
L
3
max (A + f ; C) L
6
max (A; f + C) L
9
max (B; f + C)
U
3
min (A + f ; D) U
6
min (B; f + D) U
9
min (A; f + D)
NOTE 1:
max (a; b): maximum value of a and b
min (a; b): minimum value of a and b
f frequency of interfering signal frequency of wanted signal.
-353-
3.2 Functions
When 1 n 3:
b a
b a b f a f b a p
n n n

>
for 0
for ) ( ) ( ) , (
|
|
.
|
\
|
i
R
x
x f ) (
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
i i
i i
R
R x
x f
2
2
cos
2
) (
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
w w
w
i
w w
R
R x
R
R
x f
2
2
cos
2
) (
3
When 4 n 5:
b a
b a f b f f a f f b a p
n n n

>
for 0
for ) , ( ) , ( ) , , (
i i w w b
i i w w a
R R y x f
R R y x f y x f

for ) , (
for ) , ( ) , (
4
4 4
i i w w b
i i w w a
R R y x f
R R y x f y x f

for ) , (
for ) , ( ) , (
5
5 5
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
i i
w i
i i
i i
w i
i
a
R
R R y x
R
R
R R y
x
R
y x f
2 4
2
sin
2
2
cos 2
16
1
= ) , (
4
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

i
R
i
i
R x y
w
R
w
w
R x
w
R
w
i
R
i
i
R x y
w
R
w
w
R x
i
R
i
w
R
w i
R
i
w
R
w i
y x, f
b
2 2
2
cos
2
2
sin
2 2
2
sin
2
2
cos
2 2
2 2
4
= ) (
4
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
i i
w i
i i
w i
i i
i
a
R
R R y
x
R
R R y x
R
R
y x f
2
2
cos 2
2 4
2
sin
16
1
= ) , (
5
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

i i
i
w w
w
w w
i i
i
w w
w
i i
w w i i
w w i
b
R
R y x
R
R x
R
R
R y x
R
R x
R
R R
R
y x, f
2 2
2
cos
2
2
sin
2 2
2
sin
2
2
cos
4
= ) (
2 2 2 2
5
3.3 Powercontributions
( ) ( ) ( )
_ _

+ +
9
6
1
5
2
1 1 1 1 1
,
4
1
,
2
1
,
n
n n
n
n n
L U p L U p L U p C
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] f L f U p f L f U p f L f U p f L f U p
L U p L U p C
+ + + + + + +
+ +
, , , ,
2
1
, ,
9 9 2 8 8 2 7 7 2 6 6 2
3 3 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
9 9 3 8 8 3 7 7 3 6 6 3 5 5 3 4 4 3 3
, , , ,
2
1
+ , , U L p U L p L U p L U p L U p L U p C + + + +
( ) ( ) f L U p f L U p C + , , , ,
7 7 4 6 6 4 4
( ) ( ) , , , ,
9 9 5 8 8 5 5
f L U p f L U p C +
-354-
3.4 Totalreceivedsignalpower
_
5
1
10
10 Power
m=
m
X L
C
s
APPENDIX 1
TO ANNEX 3
Notificationofparametersassociatedtodigitalemissions
Application of the method described in Annex 3 for calculation of protection masks for interference
between digital emissions requires the notification of parameters associated with each digital
emission. These parameters are:
the digital modulation type (this method is applicable only to phase shift keyed signals);
the transmitted symbol rate (Msymbol/s);
the roll-off factor of the digital pulse shaping filter (assumed to be a cosine roll-off filter or
an approximation thereof), a value in the range 0 to 1;
the relative levels of the first and second side lobes, L
s1
and L
s2
(dB);
the side lobe attenuation, X (dB) resulting from post-HPA filtering.
The first three of these items are already required by RR Appendix 4. In addition, the last two items
are recommended to be provided to be added to RR Appendix 4 by a future competent conference.
Most downlink digital TV carriers occupy the whole of the transponder bandwidth and the
transponder is operated at saturation for maximum downlink power. Studies have shown that, under
these conditions, suitable side lobe relative levels are 18 dB and 30 dB respectively. Furthermore,
since there is always filtering (an output multiplexer) at the output of the on-board HPA (travelling
wave tube amplifier (TWTA), the parameter X is non-zero. The precise value of X will vary from
system to system. A value of 12 dB seems to be a conservative minimum value that should be
exceeded by all new systems implementing contiguous co-polar channels.
For uplinks there is typically no post-HPA filter but the HPA is operated with a backoff to control
the out-of-band side lobe levels. Side lobe levels of 29 dB and 39.5 dB are unlikely to be
exceeded in feeder links to BSS systems.
-355-
Rec.ITU-RS.1340 1
RECOMMENDATIONITU-RS.1340
*
,
**
Sharingbetweenfeederlinksforthemobile-satelliteservice
andtheaeronauticalradionavigationserviceinthe
Earth-to-spacedirectionintheband15.4-15.7GHz
(1997)
considering
a) that Resolution 117 oI the World Administrative Radio ConIerence (Geneva, 1995)
(WARC-95)callsIorstudiesbythe ITU-RoIthesharingsituationbetweenIeederlinks(Earth-to-
space) Ior the mobile-satellite service (MSS) and the aeronautical radionavigation service in the
band15.45-15.65GHz;
b) that the band 15.4-15.7 GHz is allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service on a
primarybasisandthatNo.S4.10oItheRadioRegulations(RR)applies;
c) that the WRC-95 has added an allocation to the Iixed-satellite service (FSS) in the band
15.45-15.65GHzIorIeederlinksoInon-geostationary(non-GSO)satellitenetworksintheMSSin
theEarth-to-spacedirection;
d) thattherequirementsIorIeederlinks(Earth-to-space)oInon-GSOsatellitesystemsinthe
MSSneedtobeaccommodatedinthisband;
e) that emissions Irom stations in the aeronautical radionavigation service can cause
unacceptableinterIerencetosatellites;
I) thatadministrationsoperatingstationsintheaeronauticalradionavigationserviceareurged
tolimittheaveragee.i.r.p.to42dBWinordertolimitinterIerencetonon-GSOsatellites;thisvalue
issubjecttoreviewandstudybytheITU-R(seeRRNo.S5.511C);
g) that coordination oI emissions Irom aeronautical radionavigation stations with Ieeder-link
spacestationsisnotconsideredpractical;
h) that emissions Irom Ieeder-link earth stations propagated along the Earths surIace can
causeharmIulinterIerencetoaeronauticalradionavigationstations;
j) thatcertainlimitationshavebeenplacedontheIixed-satelliteserviceIor theprotectionoI
theaeronauticalradionavigationserviceinaccordancewithRRNo.S5.511C;
k) thatthereisIairlyextensiveuseoIthisbandbytheaeronauticalradionavigationserviceIor
airborne,landandoceanbasedstations;
l) that aircraIt stations are not permitted to transmit in the band 15.45-16.45 GHz in
accordancewithRRNo.S5.511B;
*
ThisRecommendationshouldbebroughttotheattentionoIRadiocommunicationStudyGroup8.
**
accordancewithResolutionITU-R44(RA-2000).
-357-
2 Rec.ITU-RS.1340
m) thatthetechnicalandoperationalcharacteristicsoItheaeronauticalradionavigationstations
arereasonablywellknown;
n) thatthetechnicalandoperationalcharacteristicsoIIeederlinksarenotwelldeIined;
o) that methods are needed to determine the coordination and separation distances required
between Ieeder-link earth stations and aeronautical radionavigation stations in order to protect the
aeronauticalradionavigationstations;
p) thatstudieshavebeenmadewithrespecttotheprecedingconsiderings,
recommends
1 thatIeederlinksIortheMSSshouldbelimitedtotheband15.43-15.63GHz(seeNote1);
2 that the emissions expressed as eIIective e.i.r.p. (E
eff
) Irom aeronautical radionavigation
stationsshouldnotexceedtheIollowing:
2.1 IoraircraItlandingsystemsandIorIeeder-linkbandwidthsgreaterthan3MHz:
90 40
40 34
34 32
32 14
14 8
8 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
) 40 ( 2 . 0 30
30
) 32 ( 9 48
48
) 8 ( 833 . 0 53
53

<
<
<
<
<
eff
E
2.2 IorgeneralpurposeaircraItradarsandIorIeeder-linkbandwidthsgreaterthan1MHz:
90 68
68 29
29 25
25 20
20 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
8 . 29
) 20 ( log 25 86 . 71
48
) 20 ( 56 . 0 62
62
2

<
<
<
<
eff
E
where:
E
eff
E
p
15log(1+5/PW)dBW
E
eff
: e.i.r.p.whichcausesthesameleveloIinterIerencetoaphasemodulatedsignal
asacontinuousnoiselikeinterIerer
E
p
: peakpulsee.i.r.p.(dBW)oItheaeronauticalradionavigationstation
PW: pulseduration(s)oItheaeronauticalradionavigationstation
: angleoIelevation(degrees)abovethelocalhorizontalplane;
3 that Ieeder links in the Earth-to-space direction should be designed to operate in the
interIerenceenvironmentdeIinedinrecommends2;
4 thatwithrecommends2and3coordinationoIemissionsIromaeronauticalradionavigation
stationswithsatellitereceivingstationsisnotrequired;
-358-
Rec.ITU-RS.1340 3
5 that the e.i.r.p. transmitted toward the local horizontal plane by a Ieeder-link earth station
shouldnotexceed54dB(W/MHz)(seeNote2);
6 that surIace based radars as described in Annex1 should not operate in the
15.43-15.63GHzband;
7 thatthecoordinationdistancesrequiredtoprotecttheaeronauticalradionavigationstations
IromharmIulinterIerenceIromIeeder-linkearthstationemissionsare:
515kmIromtheaircraItlandingsurIaceIoraircraItlandingsystems(ALS);
600kmIromaircraItusinggeneralpurposeradars(MPR);
270kmIromtheaircraItlandingIorradarsensingandmeasurementsystems;
8 thatadditionalinIormationiscontainedinAnnexes1,2and3.
NOTE1TheIrequency band giveninrecommends1isslightlydiIIerenttothatallocatedbythe
WRC-95. This diIIerence is recommended to Iacilitate sharing between the non-GSO MSS Ieeder
linksandtheaeronauticalradionavigationservice.recommends1willbereviewedatalaterdatein
accordancewiththeoutcomeoIaIutureWRC.
NOTE2Additional design and operational constraints may be placed on MSS Earth-to-space
IeederlinksinordertotakeintoaccountthethresholdlevelsIortheradioastronomyservicegiven
inRecommendationITU-RRA.769.
ANNEX1
Aeronauticalradionavigationsystemsinthe15.4-15.7GHzband
1 Surfacebasedradars(SBR)
The land and ship based SBR are used Ior the detection, location and movement oI aircraIt and
othervehiclesonthesurIaceoIairportsandotheraircraItlandingareas.
1.1 Antennapatterns
Nominal3dBbeamwidth: <3.5vertical,inverted
cosecantto31
0.35horizontal
Frequencyrange:15.65-16.7GHz
Polarization:circular
Typicalgain:43dBi
Maximumside-lobelevel:25dBbelowpeakgain
Maximumback-lobelevel:35dBbelowpeakgain
Verticaltiltrange:1.5
Maximumhorizontalscanrange:360.
-359-
4 Rec.ITU-RS.1340
1.1.1 Antennaelevationenvelopepattern
Basedonmeasureddataandside-lobelevelspeciIicationsandwiththepeakgaindirectedat+1.5,
anelevationenvelopegainpatternisdeIinedasIollowswhereistheelevationangle(degrees):

<
<
<
<

90 48
48 16
16 9
9 4
4 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
dBi
dBi
dBi
dBi
dBi
8
log 21 2 . 43
18
) 4 ( 5 43
43
) ( G
1.1.2 Antennaazimuthenvelopepattern
Based on measured data and side-lobe level speciIications, the azimuth gain pattern is deIined as
Iollowswhereistherelativeazimuthangle(degrees):
180 48
48 72 . 0
72 . 0 4.4767
4767 . 0 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
dBi
dBi
dBi
dBi
8
log 5 . 6 07 . 17
18
110 43
) (
2

<
<
<

G
1.2 Othercharacteristics
1.2.1 Transmitting
Peake.i.r.p.:86dBW
PulserepetitionIrequency:8192Hz
Pulseduration:0.04s
Pulse3.5dBbandwidth:25MHz.
1.2.2 Receiving
Typicalantennagain:43dBi
TypicalnoiseIigure:6.2-6.9dB.
2 Aircraftlandingsystems(ALS)
TheseALSaregeneralpurposesystemsandareusedonships,asportableorpermanentlandbased
systems and Ior shuttle landings. The microwave scanning beam landing system (MSBLS) is one
suchsystem.SomeoIthecharacteristicsvarywiththeparticularapplications.
2.1 Surfacebasedstationantennapatterns
The antenna patterns are similar Ior all applications including the MSBLS. The scanning ranges
varywithapplication.Thescanningrangesgivenbelowcoverallapplications.
-360-
Rec.ITU-RS.1340 5
TheantennacomplementoItheALSconsistsoIanelevationantennaandanazimuthantenna.
TheelevationantennaportionoItheALSisusedtotransmitverticalangledatatotheaircraIt.
nominal3dBbeamwidths: 1.3vertical
40horizontal
Irequencyrange:15.4-15.7GHz
polarization:horizontalandvertical
typicalgain:28dBi
maximumside-lobelevel:17dBbelowpeakgaininbothplanes
maximumverticalscanrange:0to30.
TheazimuthantennaportionoItheALSisusedtotransmitazimuthinIormationtotheaircraIt.
nominal3dBbeamwidths: 2.0horizontal
6.5vertical
theverticalpatternisspoiledtoachieveatleasta20dBigainat20abovethehorizon
polarization:horizontalandvertical
typicalgain:33dBi
maximumside-lobelevel:17dBbelowpeakgaininbothplanes
maximumhorizontalscanrange:35.
2.1.1 Combinedantennaelevationenvelopepattern
AcombinedverticalenvelopegainpatternbasedonmeasureddataisdeIinedasIollowswhereis
theelevationangle(degrees):
90 0 4
40 34
34 32
32 14
14 8
8 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
dBi
dBi
dBi
dBi
dBi
dBi
) 40 ( 2 . 0 10
10
) 32 ( 9 28
28
) 8 ( 833 . 0 33
33
) (

<
<
<
<
<

G
2.1.2 Azimuthantennapatterns
TheazimuthenvelopepatternoItheelevationantennaisdeIinedasIollowswhereistherelative
azimuthangle(degrees):
180 70
70 0
Ior
Ior
dBi
dBi
37 . 2
0062 . 0 28
) (
2

<

G
-361-
6 Rec.ITU-RS.1340
TheazimuthenvelopepatternoIthe azimuthantennaisdeIinedas Iollowswhereistherelative
azimuthangle(degrees):
180 48
48 5
5 3
3 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
dBi
dBi
dBi
dBi
53 . 9
log 25 5 . 32
15
2 33
) (
2

<
<
<

G
2.2.1 Transmitting
Peake.i.r.p.:71dBW
Pulseduration:0.333s
2.2.2 Receiving
TypicalnoiseIigure:8dB.
3 Aircraftmultipurposeradars(MPR)
TheaircraItMPRisaradionavigation,radiolocationandweatherradar.
3.1 Antennapatterns
The antenna is a parabola oI approximately 0.3 m diameter which is scanned vertically and
horizontallywithrespecttotheheadingandattitudeoItheaircraIt:
nominal3dBbeamwidth:4.5
polarization:vertical
typicalgain:30dBi
maximumhorizontalscanrange:45
maximumverticalscanrange:20.
The envelope pattern oI the antenna is deIined as Iollows where is the relative azimuth angle
(degrees):

<
<
<
<

180 68
68 29
29 25
25 20
20 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
dBi
dBi
dBi
dBi
dBi
17 . 2
) 20 ( log 25 86 . 39
16
) 20 ( 56 . 0 30
30
) (
2
G
-362-
Rec.ITU-RS.1340 7
3.2.1 Transmitting
Peake.i.r.p.:70dBW
Pulseduration:2s
Pulse3.5dBbandwidth:0.5MHz.
3.2.2 Receiving
TypicalnoiseIigure:8dB.
4 Radarsensingandmeasurementsystem(RSMS)
Measurement techniques using radar technology at 15 GHz are particularly suited to smaller
aircraIt,includinghelicopters,oIIeringthebeneIitsoIcompact,light,equipmentwithgoodantenna
directivity andmorethanadequateperIormance Iormanyoperationalradionavigation applications
which are not practicable at lower Irequencies due to propagation or other reasons. For use in a
heightmeasurementmodethishigherIrequencybandconIerssystemdesignbeneIits,suchaslower
cross coupling and absence oI triangulation eIIects, which are particularly important Ior accurate
measurement at very low (metric) separations. For some operational applications they present the
onlyviabletechnicalsolution.
Systems using these techniques are widely used in certain parts oI the world where they make an
important contribution to the saIety oI aircraIt operation. Measurement oI height and ground
clearanceisoneoIthe mostcriticalparameters intheoperationoI aircraItwhenusedto assistthe
Iinalstagesinalanding.HighaccuracyandinterIerenceIreeoperationarevitaltosuccessandthe
enhancementoIsaIety.
RSMS are essentially used in low level operations up to a nominal height oI around 1500m. An
antenna mounting which transmits and receives vertically downwards would be used in the great
majorityoIapplications.Powerreductionproportionaltoheightaboveterrainisemployedtoreduce
scatterandotherundesirableeIIects.
4.1 RSMScharacteristics
4.1.1 Transmitter
Frequencyrange:15.63-15.65GHz
Peakpower:30dBmW
Antennagain:13dBi,backlobes<5dBi
PRF(pulserepetitionIrequency):58kHz
Pulselength(max.):500ns
Dutycycle(max.):3
-363-
8 Rec.ITU-RS.1340
4.1.2 Receiver
Antennagain:13dBi,backlobes<5dBi
NoiseIigure:6dB.
ANNEX2
Emissioncriteriafortheaeronauticalradionavigationserviceand
sharingfeasibilitywithfeedlinksfortheMSS(Earth-to-space)
inthe15.4-15.7GHzband
1 Introduction
A basic method Ior protecting non-GSO satellites Irom unacceptable interIerence is to establish
maximum limits on the e.i.r.p. Irom aeronautical radionavigation stations and minimum e.i.r.p.
limitsontheemissionsIromtheIeeder-linkearthstations.
Alternatively, only maximum e.i.r.p. limits on the aeronautical radionavigation stations can be
established which deIine the interIerence environment in which the Ieeder links must be able to
operate.ThisalternativeappearsmoreattractiveinthatitissimplerandallowsmaximumIreedom
IorthedesignandoperationoIIeederlinks.ThisapproachisaddressedintheIollowingsections.
EitheroIthesemethodsisaneIIectivewaytoeliminatetheneedIorcoordination.Coordinationis
notpracticalIorthiscase.
2 Characteristicsofaeronauticalradionavigationsystems
Several systems are identiIied that operate in this band. These include surIace based radars (SBR)
used on land and ships Ior the detection, location and movement oI aircraIt and other vehicles on
aircraItlandingareas,ALS,MPRandRSMS.TheantennapatternsoIthesesystemsisanimportant
elementindeterminingthee.i.r.p.asaIunctionoIelevationangle.Antennaenvelopegainpatterns
andotherpertinentcharacteristicsaregiveninAnnex1.
3 Analyses
3.1 Pulsedinterferenceintodigitalcarriers
TaskGroup4/4studiedtheinterIerenceIromradarsintodigitalcarriers.Measurementsweremade
over a wide range oI pulse repetition Irequencies (PRF), (1-100 kHz) and duty cycles, d,
(0.01-100) Ior radar and data rates Irom 2Mbit/s to 45 Mbit/s Ior 3/4 rate Iorward error
correction (FEC) coded QPSK digital carriers operating at a bit error rate (BER) oI 110
6
. An
-364-
Rec.ITU-RS.1340 9
empiricalequationwasdevelopedIromthemeasurementdatawhichcanbeusedtorelatethepeak
pulsedradare.i.r.p.,E
p
,toaneIIectivee.i.r.p.,E
eff
,i.e.,ane.i.r.p.whichwouldcausethesamelevel
oI interIerence (see Recommendation ITU-RS.1068). The actual average e.i.r.p., E
ave
, is equal to
thepeake.i.r.p.timesthedutycycle.Undertheseconditionstheempiricalequationis:
E
eff
E
p
15log(1 +0.5(PRF/d))dBW (1)
where PRFisinkHzanddisinpercent.
Sincethepulsewidth,PW,isequalto(d/PRF),equation(1)canbeexpressedas:
E
eff
E
p
15log(1+5/PW)dBW (2)
where PWisinmicroseconds.
Witha|(sinx) /x|
2
powerspectraldensityIunctionthepeakpowerdensityisapproximately3.5dB
greater than the power density averaged over a 2/PW bandwidth. The 3.5 dB bandwidth (BW)
(MHz) is approximately 1/PW. With this, the eIIective e.i.r.p. density E
eff
/MHz, Ior Ieeder-link
carrierbandwidths(BW)(MHz)thatarelessthan1/PWis:
E
eff
/MHz E
p
10log(2/PW) +3.515log(1+5/PW)dBW (3)
andIor(BW)equaltoorgreaterthan(1/PW)the(E
eff
/MHz)averagedover(BW)is:
E
eff
/MHz E
p
10log(2/PW) +3.515log(1+5/PW)10log|(BW)(PW)|dBW (4)
3.2 Emissionlimitsonaeronauticalradionavigationstations
The SBRs can be accommodated in the band 15.63-15.7 GHz. By shiIting the 15.45-15.65GHz
bandto15.43-15.63GHz,interIerencetoIeederlinksintheEarth-to-spacedirectiondoesnotneed
tobeconsidered.
ThedominantareaoIoperationoItheMPRisovertheoceanwhichinmostcaseswillbebeyond
thecoordinationdistanceoIIeeder-linkearthstations,andthuswouldnotrequirecoordinationwith
Ieeder-linkearthstations.ThereIore,theoperationoItheMPRinthe15.4-15.7GHzbandwouldbe
permitted even though geographical constraints wouldapply (see Annex 3). The RSMS currently
operatesinthe15.4-15.7GHzbandandgeographicalconstraintsmayalsoapply.
The parameter values Ior equations (2), (3) and (4) Ior the ALS, MPR and RSMS aeronautical
radionavigationsystemsaregiveninAnnex1alongwiththeantennaenvelopegainIunctions.With
this inIormation the values oI E
eff
can be computed as a Iunction oI the elevation angle. The peak
e.i.r.p.andPWarelimitedbyequations(2),(3)and(4).Theelevationangle,,isindegrees.
-365-
10 Rec.ITU-RS.1340
3.2.1 ALSE
eff
limits
ForIeeder-linkcarrierbandwidthsgreaterthan3MHz:
90 40
40 34
34 32
32 14
14 8
8 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
) 40 ( 2 . 0 30
30
) 32 ( 9 48
48
) 8 ( 833 . 0 53
53

<
<
<
<
<
eff
E
ThisIunctionisshowninFig.1.
1340-01
60
50
40
30
20
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88
FIGURE1
ALSeffectivee.i.r.p.,E
eff
,limits
ElevationanglewithrespecttothesurIaceoItheEarth(degrees)
E
e
f
f

(
d
B
W
)
3.2.2 MPRE
eff
limits
ForIeeder-linkcarrierbandwidthsgreaterthan1MHz:
90 68
68 29
29 25
25 20
20 0
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
Ior
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
dBW
8 . 29
) 20 ( log 25 86 . 71
48
) 20 ( 56 . 0 62
62
2

<
<
<
<
eff
E
-366-
Rec.ITU-RS.1340 11
ThisIunctionisshowninFig.2.
The E
eff
IortheRSMSIorelevationanglesabove0is13.1dBW.
1340-02
60
50
40
30
20
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88
ElevationanglewithrespecttothesurIaceoItheEarth(degrees)
FIGURE2
MPReffectivee.i.r.p.,E
eff
,limits
E
e
f
f
(
d
B
W
)
3.3 Impactonfeederlinkuppathe.i.r.p.
Protection Irom up-path interIerence due to aeronautical radionavigation stations can be achieved
byprovidingadequateup-pathe.i.r.p.Iromtheearthstation.
ForthecaseoIinterIerencetoarate3/4FECQPSKcarrier,thecarrier-to-interIerence,C/I,ratioIor
a110
6
BERwasabout9dBIorthemeasurementsdescribedinSection3.1.ThisC/IisIorthe
conditionwhereinterIerenceIromothersourcesisnotsigniIicant.SincethepercentageoItimethat
aradionavigationstationisoperatingandthe3dBcontouroIitsantennaisinconjunctionwitha
satellite is very low, it is assumed that aC/I oI 9 dB can be tolerated Ior this small percentage oI
time.ForanuncodedQPSKcarriertheC/Iisabout12dB.
The up-path e.i.r.p. required to overcome these interIerence envelopes as a Iunction oI the Ieeder-
linkcarrierbandwidthcanbecomputedby assumingthatonly oneentryoIonetypewilloccurat
anyonetime.Ingeneral,e.i.r.p.valuesinthe60to70dBWrangemayberequired.
-367-
12 Rec.ITU-RS.1340
4 Summary
The eIIective e.i.r.p. limits given in 3.2 are consistent with the operation oI currently
existingaeronauticalradionavigationsystems.
SpeciIyingthemaximuminterIerenceenvironmentwhichmustbeacceptedbyMSSIeeder
links allows the Ieeder-link designers and operators maximum Ilexibility to meet their
service requirements and eliminates any need to speciIy orbit altitudes, satellite antenna
patternetc.,whichmaybeinvolvedinspeciIyingminimume.i.r.p.s.
The minimum Ieeder-link earth station e.i.r.p.s required to operate in the maximum
interIerence environment given in 3.3 in the Earth-to-space direction are readily
achievable.
ANNEX3
Coordinationdistancesbetweenfeeder-linkearthstationsintheMSSoperating
intheEarth-to-spacedirectionandstationsintheaeronautical
radionavigationserviceintheband15.4-15.7GHz
1 Aeronauticalradionavigationsystemcharacteristics
Several systems are identiIied that operate in this band. These include aircraIt landing systems
(ALS) and airborne multipurpose radars (MPR). The characteristics and analyses necessary to
determinecoordinationdistancesaregivenintheIollowingsection.
2 Coordinationdistances
2.1 Analyses
Thecoordinationdistance,D
c
,necessarytoensureprotectionagainstinterIerenceIromIeeder-link
earth stations in the MSS into stations operating in the aeronautical radionavigation service is
computedasshownintheIollowingparagraphs.
D
c
D
fsl
+ D
oth
+ D
as
km (5)
where:
D
fsl
: totalradioline-oI-sightdistance(km)
D
oth
: over-the-horizon distance corresponding to the necessary over the horizon
loss(km)
D
as
: distanceIromaircraIttolandingsurIace(km)(appliestoALSandRSMS)
D
fsl
(2r h
1
)
0.5
+(2r h
2
)
0.5
km (6)
-368-
Rec.ITU-RS.1340 13
where:
r : radiusoItheEarthtakenas4/3geometrictoaccountIoratmosphericreIraction
(8500km)
h
1
: ARNSstationheight(km)
h
2
: Ieeder-linkearthstationheight(km)
L
oth
E
esd
+168.6 L
fsl
+ G/T I/NdB (7)
where:
L
oth
: over-the-horizonpropagationlossaddedtoL
fsl
(dB)(thisIunctionisshownin
below and in Fig.1 which is derived Irom the 5 Iunctions Ior 15GHz in
RecommendationITU-RP.528;i.e.lossexceeded95oIthetime)
E
esd
: maximum e.i.r.p. density oI the Ieeder-link earth station toward the horizon
(thisistakenas54dB(W/MHz))
L
fsl
: IreespacelosscomputedIorD
fsl
(dB)
G/T: gain/noisetemperatureoItheARNSstation(dB)
I/N: acceptableinterIerence/noiseoItheARNSstation(dB).
ThevaluesoIL
oth
asaIunctionoID
oth
areasindicatedinTable1.
TABLE1
ValuesoID
oth
IorvaluesoIL
oth
betweenthosegivenmaybeextrapolatedby:
D
oth
D
ith
+25|(L
oth
L
ith
) / (L
jth
L
ith
)|km (8)
where:
L
ith
: nextlowervalueoIL
oth
inTable1,IromL
oth
determinedbyequation(7)
L
jth
: nexthighervalueoIL
oth
inTable1,IromL
oth
determinedbyequation(7).
D
oth
(km)
L
oth
(dB)
D
oth
(km)
L
oth
(dB)
D
oth
(km)
L
oth
(dB)
0 0 175 78 350 104
25 24 200 82 375 107
50 45 225 86 400 110
75 57 250 90 425 113
100 64 275 94 450 116
125 69 300 98 475 118
150 74 325 101 500 120
-369-
14 Rec.ITU-RS.1340
2.2 Computedcoordinationdistances
Given the equations and computation methods plus some parameter values in 2.1 and the other
necessaryparametervalues,coordinationvaluesarecomputedasindicatedinTable2:
TABLE2
A coordination distance oI 600 km can be used Ior the MPR. The dominant mode oI operation oI
the MPR is over ocean areas, which in most cases will be beyond 600 km oI Ieeder-link earth
stationsandthiswouldnotrequirecoordination.IIIeeder-linkearthstationswerelocatedinlandthe
areasoIoperationovertheoceanwouldbeenhanced.
2.3 Reductionofearthstationlimits
Reducing the maximum e.i.r.p. density limit toward the horizon oI the Ieeder-link earth station
shouldreducethecoordinationdistance.UsingtheIunctioninFig.3,coordinationdistancesversus
E
esd
areasindicatedinTable3:
TABLE3
Parameter ALS MPR RSMS
h
1
(km) 7.6 15 1.5
h
2
(km) 0.01 0.01 0.01
D
fsl
(km) 372 518 172.7
D
as
(km) 100 0 40
L
fsl
(dB) 167.7 170.6 160.9
G/T(dB) 22.7 2.0 24.4
I/N(dB) 10 10 10
L
oth
(dB) 42.2 60 47.3
D
oth
(km) 46.7 85.7 54.8
D
c
(km) 518.7 603.7 267.5
E
esd
(dB(W/MHz))
ALS
(km)
MPR
(km)
RSMS
(km)
54 519 604 268
44 507 573 254
34 495 561 242
24 485 549 231
-370-
Rec.ITU-RS.1340 15
It is evident that the coordination distance Ior the ALS, MPR and RSMS where the distance is
largelyline-oI-sightisnotverysensitivetothee.i.r.p.densityradiatedtowardthehorizon.
1340-03
0
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 250 400 50 100 150 300 350 200
Distancebeyondline-oI-sight(km)
L
o
s
s
(
d
B
)
FIGURE3
Lossaddedtofreespacelossatline-of-sight
3 Summary
The maximum emissions Irom a Ieeder-link earth station in the local horizontal plane
shouldbelimitedto54dB(W/MHz).
WiththislimitacoordinationthresholddistanceoIabout515kmisneededtoprotectALS
stations operating in the aeronautical radionavigation service Irom unacceptable
interIerenceIromIeeder-linkearthstationemissions.Thedistanceisabout600kmIorthe
MPRand270kmIortheRSMS.
The coordination threshold distance Ior the ALS, MPR and RSMS are not signiIicantly
reducedbyreducingthemaximumallowableemissionsIromIeeder-linkearthstations.
The method above can be used in conjunction with other mitigation techniques to minimize the
separationdistancesduringcoordination.
-371-
16 Rec.ITU-RS.1340
4 Mitigation factors for reducing the separation distance within the coor-
dinationdistance
The Iollowing considerations should be taken into account where it is necessary Ior a Ieeder-link
earthstationoperatingintheEarth-to-spacedirectiontobelocatedwithinthecoordinationdistance:
Typically, Ieeder-link earth stations will have antenna beamwidths oI less than 1 and
operate at elevation angles oI more than 5. This will reduce the e.i.r.p. towards the
aeronauticalradionavigationstationandthusreducetheseparationdistance.
IIthehorizontalscanlimitsoItheALSaircraItlandingsystemdonotincludetheazimuth
toward the Ieeder-link earth station, the air space Ior the aircraIt landing system in not in
linewiththeIeeder-linkearthstationwhichpotentiallycouldreducetheseparationdistance
byupto100km.
Use oI an earth mound speciIically constructed around the Ieeder-link earth station
antenna(s)toprovideadditionalisolationtowardtheaeronauticalradionavigationstation.
The geographical location oI the Ieeder-link earth station can be considered to take
advantageoInaturalterrainblockingwhichwillincreasethepropagationpathloss.
AnyaircraItantennadiscriminationthatwouldexistwhentheaircraItisintheairspaceoI
theaircraItlandingsystemandisusingthelandingsystem.
-372-
Rec. ITU-R S.1341 1
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1341
*
SHARING BETWEEN FEEDER LINKS FOR THE MOBILE-SATELLITE SERVICE AND
THE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION SERVICE IN THE SPACE-TO-EARTH
DIRECTION IN THE BAND 15.4-15.7 GHz AND THE PROTECTION OF
THE RADIO ASTRONOMY SERVICE IN THE BAND 15.35-15.4 GHz
(1997)
Rec. ITU-R S.1341
considering
a) that Resolution 116 (WRC-95) of the World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 1995) calls for studies
by the ITU-R of the sharing situation between feeder links (space-to-Earth) for the mobile-satellite service (MSS) and
the aeronautical radionavigation service in the band 15.4-15.7 GHz;
b) that the band 15.4-15.7 GHz is allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service on a primary basis and that
No. 953 (S4.10) of the Radio Regulations (RR) applies;
c) that the WRC-95 has added an allocation to the fixed-satellite service in this band for feeder links of
non-geostationary (non-GSO) networks in the MSS in the space-to-Earth direction;
d) that the requirements for feeder links (space-to-Earth) of non-GSO satellite systems need to be accommodated
in this band;
e) that emissions from satellites can cause harmful interference to stations in the aeronautical radionavigation
service;
f) that power flux-density (pfd) limitations have been placed on the emissions from non-geostationary space
stations to protect the aeronautical radionavigation service in accordance with No. S5.511A of the RR, which are subject
to review by the ITU-R;
g) that the coordination of satellite emissions with aeronautical radionavigation stations is not considered
practical;
h) that emissions from aeronautical radionavigation stations propagated along the Earths surface can cause
unacceptable interference to feeder-link earth stations;
j) that methods are needed to determine the coordination and separation distances required between feeder-link
earth stations and aeronautical radionavigation stations in order to protect the feeder-link earth stations;
k) that aircraft stations are not permitted to transmit in the band 15.45-15.65 GHz in accordance with
No. S5.511B of the RR;
l) that there is fairly extensive use of this band by the aeronautical radionavigation service for airborne, land and
ocean based stations;
m) that the technical and operational characteristics of the aeronautical radionavigation stations are reasonable
well defined;
n) that the technical and operational characteristics of feeder links are not well defined;
o) that satellite systems in this frequency range usually do not operate with low earth station antenna elevation
angles;
p) that studies have been made with respect to o;
_______________
*
This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of Radiocommunication Study Groups 7 and 8.
-373-
2 Rec. ITU-R S.1341
q) that the adjacent band 15.35-15.4 GHz is allocated to the radio astronomy service and other passive services
and that protection from harmful interference due to emissions from space stations is needed (see No. S5.511A of the
RR);
r) that all emissions are prohibited in the band 15.35-15.4 GHz in accordance with No. S5.340 except those
provided for in No. S5.341;
s) that Recommendation ITU-R RA.769 provides threshold levels of detrimental interference for the radio
astronomy service,
recommends
1 that feeder links for the MSS should be limited to the band 15.43-15.63 GHz (Note 1);
2 that provisionally the pfd at the Earths surface produced by emissions from the feeder links of a space system
of non-GSO satellites for all conditions and for all methods of modulation should not exceed the values given in 2.1
under the condition given in 2.2 (Note 2);
2.1 in the frequency band 15.43-15.63 GHz, where is the angle of arrival (degrees) above the local horizontal
plane:
127 dB(W/m ) in1MHz for
127 0.56 ( 20) dB(W/m ) in1MHz for
136.9 + 25 log ( 20) dB(W/m ) in1MHz for
0
20
25
<
<
<
<
20
29
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
29
31
25
31
90
2.2 that these limits relate to the pfd which would be obtained under assumed free-space propagation conditions;
3 that with the pfd limits given in recommends 2 coordination of satellite emissions with receiving stations in the
aeronautical radionavigation service is not required;
4 that surface based radars as described in Annex 1 should not operate in the band 15.43-15.63 GHz;
5 that the threshold distance for the coordination of emissions from stations in the aeronautical radionavigation
service with respect to feeder-link earth stations for the MSS based on an earth station antenna gain in the local
horizontal plane of 11.5 dBi are:
150 km from the ground segment for aircraft landing system (ALS);
600 km from aircraft using general purpose radars;
60 km from the aircraft landing surface for radar sensing and measurement systems;
6 that feeder-link earth stations should limit their operation to angles above the local horizontal plane of at
least 5;
7 that emissions from the feeder links of a space system of non-GSO satellites for all conditions and all methods
of modulation should take into account the threshold levels for the radio astronomy service given in
Recommendation ITU-R RA.769 for the band 15.35-15.4 GHz (see Note 3);
8 that additional information is contained in Annexes 1, 2, and 3.
NOTE 1 The bandwidth given in recommends 1 is smaller than that allocated by WRC-95 for non-GSO MSS feeder
links. This difference is recommended to facilitate sharing between the non-GSO MSS feeder links and the aeronautical
radionavigation service. Recommends 1 will be reviewed at a later date in accordance with the outcome of a future
WRC.
NOTE 2 The feasibility to design and operate feeder links in the space-to-Earth direction with the provisional pfd
limits given in recommends 2.1 has not yet been studied. Further, the provisional pfd values given in recommends 2.1
should be reviewed to ensure protection to the ARNS.
NOTE 3 Additional design and operational constraints may be placed on MSS space-to-Earth feeder links in order to
take into account the threshold levels for the radio astronomy service given in ITU-R RA.769 per recommends 7.
-374-
Rec. ITU-R S.1341 3
ANNEX 1
Aeronautical radionavigation systems in the 15.4-15.7 GHz band
1 Surface based radars (SBR)
The land and ship based SBR are used for the detection, location, and movement of aircraft and other vehicles on the
surface of airports and other aircraft landing areas.
1.1 Antenna patterns
Nominal 3 dB beamwidth: <3.5 vertical, inverted cosecant to 31
0.35 horizontal;
Frequency range: 15.65-16.7 GHz;
Polarization: circular;
Typical gain: 43 dBi;
Maximum side-lobe level: 25 dB below peak gain;
Maximum back-lobe level: 35 dB below peak gain;
Vertical tilt range: 1.5;
Maximum horizontal scan range: 360
1.1.1 Antenna elevation envelope pattern
Based on measured data and side-lobe level specifications and with the peak gain directed at +1.5, an elevation
envelope gain pattern is defined as follows where is the elevation angle (degrees):
G( )
( )
<
<
<
<

43
43 5 4
8
0
4
9
16
48
4
9
16
48
90
dBi for
dBi for
18 dBi for
43.2 21 log dBi for
dBi for
1.1.2 Antenna azimuth envelope pattern
Based on measured data and side-lobe level specifications, the azimuth gain pattern is defined as follows where is the
relative azimuth angle (degrees):
G( )
.
.
.
<
<
<

43 110 dBi for
dBi for
17.07 6.5log dBi for
dBi for
.
2
18
8
0
0 4767
0 72
48
0 4767
0 72
48
180
1.2 Other characteristics
1.2.1 Transmitting
Peak e.i.r.p.: 86 dBW
Pulse repetition frequency: 8 192 Hz
Pulse duration: 0.04 s
Pulse 3.5 dB bandwidth: 25 MHz.
-375-
4 Rec. ITU-R S.1341
1.2.2 Receiving
Typical antenna gain: 43 dBi
Typical noise figure: 6.2-6.9 dB.
2 Aircraft landing systems (ALS)
These ALS are general purpose systems and are used on ships, as portable or permanent land based systems and for
shuttle landings. The microwave scanning beam landing system (MSBLS) is one such system. Some of the
characteristics vary with the particular applications.
2.1 Surface based station antenna patterns
The antenna patterns are similar for all applications including the MSBLS. The scanning ranges vary with application.
The scanning ranges given below cover all applications.
The antenna complement of the ALS consists of an elevation antenna and an azimuth antenna.
The elevation antenna portion of the ALS is used to transmit vertical angle data to the aircraft.
Nominal 3 dB beamwidths: 1.3 vertical
40 horizontal
frequency range: 15.4-15.7 GHz
polarization: horizontal and vertical
typical gain: 28 dBi
maximum side-lobe level: 17 dB below peak gain in both planes
maximum vertical scan range: 0 to 30.
The azimuth antenna portion of the ALS is used to transmit azimuth information to the aircraft:
Nominal 3 dB beamwidths: 2.0 horizontal
6.5 vertical
the vertical pattern is spoiled to achieve at least a 20 dBi gain at 20 degrees above the horizon
polarization: horizontal and vertical
maximum side-lobe level: 17 dB below peak gain in both planes
maximum horizontal scan range: 35.
2.1.1 Combined antenna elevation envelope pattern
A combined vertical envelope gain pattern based on measured data is defined as follows where is the elevation angle
(degrees):
G( )
. ( )
( )
. ( )
<
<
<
<
<

33
33 0833 8
32
10
10 0 2 40
0
8
14
32
34
40
8
14
32
34
40
90
dBi for
dBi for
28 dBi for
28 9 dBi for
dBi for
dBi for
-376-
Rec. ITU-R S.1341 5
2.1.2 Azimuth antenna patterns
The azimuth envelope pattern of the elevation antenna is defined as follows where is the relative azimuth angle
(degrees):
G( )
<

28 0
70
70
180
0.0062 dBi for
2.37 dBi for
2
The azimuth envelope pattern of the azimuth antenna is defined as follows where is the relative azimuth angle
(degrees):
G( )
<
<
<

33 2 dBi for
dBi for
32.5 25 log dBi for
9.53 dBi for
2
15
0
3
5
48
3
5
48
180
2.2.1 Transmitting
Pulse repetition frequency: 3 334 Hz
Pulse duration: 0.333 s
2.2.2 Receiving
Typical noise figure: 8 dB.
3 Aircraft multipurpose radars (MPR)
The aircraft MPR is a radionavigation, radiolocation and weather radar.
3.1 Antenna patterns
The antenna is a parabola of approximately 0.3 m diameter which is scanned vertically and horizontally with respect to
the heading and attitude of the aircraft:
nominal 3 dB beamwidth: 4.5
polarization: vertical
maximum horizontal scan range 45
maximum vertical scan range 20.
The envelope pattern of the antenna is defined as follows where is the relative azimuth angle (degrees):
G( )
. ( )
. log ( )
.
<
<
<
<

30
30 056 20
39 86 20
217
0
20
25
29
68
20
25
29
68
180
2
dBi for
dBi for
16 dBi for
25 dBi for
dBi for
-377-
6 Rec. ITU-R S.1341
3.2.1 Transmitting
Pulse repetition frequency: 800 Hz
Pulse duration: 2 s
Pulse 3.5 dB bandwidth: 0.5 MHz.
3.2.2 Receiving
Typical noise figure: 8 dB.
4 Radar sensing and measurement system (RSMS)
Measurement techniques using radar technology at 15 GHz are particularly suited to smaller aircraft, including
helicopters, offering the benefits of compact, light, equipment with good antenna directivity and more than adequate
performance for many operational radionavigation applications which are not practicable at lower frequencies due to
propagation or other reasons. For use in a height measurement mode this higher frequency band confers system design
benefits, such as lower cross coupling and absence of triangulation effects, which are particularly important for accurate
measurement at very low (metric) separations. For some operational applications they present the only viable technical
solution.
Systems using these techniques are widely used in certain parts of the world where they make an important contribution
to the safety of aircraft operation. Measurement of height, and ground clearance, is one of the most critical parameters in
the operation of aircraft when used to assist the final stages in a landing. High accuracy and interference free operation
are vital to success and the enhancement of safety.
RSMS are essentially used in low level operations up to a nominal height of around 1 500 m. An antenna mounting
which transmits and receives vertically downwards would be used in the great majority of applications. Power reduction
proportional to height above terrain is employed to reduce scatter, and other undesirable effects.
4.1 RSMS characteristics
4.1.1 Transmitter
Frequency range: 15.63-15.65 GHz
Peak power: 30 dBmW
Antenna gain: 13 dBi, back lobes <5 dBi
PRF: 58 kHz
Pulse length (max.): 500 ns
Duty cycle (max.): 3%
4.1.2 Receiver
Antenna gain: 13 dBi, back lobes < 5 dBi
Noise figure: 6 dB.
-378-
Rec. ITU-R S.1341 7
ANNEX 2
Protection criteria for the aeronautical radionavigation service and sharing feasibility with
feeder links for the MSS (space-to-Earth) in the 15.4-15.7 GHz band and protection of
the radio astronomy service in the band 15.35-15.4 GHz (Surface based radars (SBR),
used on land and ships for the detecting, location and movement of aircraft and
other vehicles on aircraft landing areas)
1 Characteristics of aeronautical radionavigation systems
Several systems are identified that operate in this band. These include land and ship based surface detection radars
(SBR), ALS, MPR, and RSMS. The antenna patterns of these systems are an important element in determining the pfd as
a function of elevation angle. Antenna envelope gain patterns and the other pertinent characteristics are given in
Annex 1.
2 Analyses
2.1 Worst case pfd limits
The general expression for the calculation of a pfd limit for this case is:
pfd 217.6 + 10 log B 20 log G/T + I/N dB(W/m
2
) in B (1)
where:
B: bandwidth (Hz)
: wave length (m)
G/T: antenna gain/noise temperature (dB)
I/N: allowable interference/noise (dB)
Since these systems operate in the ARNS and are considered as Safety Service systems, the protection requirements may
be more severe than for other services. Assuming an I/N limit of 10 dB, the solution of equation (1) for the SBR
parameters given in Annex 1 results in a pfd limit of 146 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz. Solution of equation (1) for the systems
parameters given in Annex 1 results in a pfd limit of 111 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz for the ALS and RSMS, and
133 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz for the MPR. These values are based on the maximum antenna gains for these systems.
The pfd limit of 146 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz implies the use of very large earth station antennas (larger than 15 m
diameter) which are not considered practical (see 2.3). However, the SBRs can be accommodated in the 15.63-
15.7 GHz band and this would remove this restriction in a feeder-link band of 15.43-15.63 GHz.
The dominant area of operation of the MPR is over the ocean which in most cases will be beyond the coordination
distance of feeder-link earth stations, and thus would not require coordination with feeder-link earth stations. Therefore,
the operation of the MPR in the 15.4-15.7 GHz band would be permitted even though geographical constraints would
apply (see Annex 3).
The RSMS imposes no significant pfd restriction, but geographical constraints may apply.
A pfd limit of -133 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz at low elevation angles of arrival may unduly constrain the implementation of
MSS feeder-link earth stations. A pfd of 127 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz results in earth station antenna diameters that are
one-half those imposed by a pfd of 133 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz. (See 2.3.) Since the MPR uses a narrow beam scanning
-379-
8 Rec. ITU-R S.1341
antenna, interference will occur for short periods of time when its main beam is directed at a satellite. Additionally,
normal operation of the MPR need not be considered as a Safety Service. Thus an increase in system noise of up to
40 per cent could be tolerated for short periods of time, which results in a pfd limit of 127 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz.
2.2 pfd limits versus angle of arrival
From 2.1 the ALS and MPR would operate in the 15.4-15.7 GHz band including the 15.43-15.63 GHz band shared with
feeder links.
Combining the pfd values in 2.1 with the antenna gain functions given in Sections 2 and 3 of Annex 1 results in the pfd
limits given below and shown in Fig. 1, where is in degrees, i.e.;
pfd

127 0.56 ( 20) dB(W/m ) in1MHz for
136.9 + 25 log ( 20) dB(W/m ) in1MHz for
0
20
25
<
<
<
<
20
29
2
2
2
2
2
2
29
31
25
31
90
1341-01
0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
105
110
115
120
125
130
Angle of arrival at Earth's surface (degrees)
p
f
d

(
d
B
(
W
/
m
2
)

i
n

1

M
H
z
)
FIGURE 1
Maximum satellite pfd limits (ALS, MPR and RSMS)
FIGURE 1/S.1341...[D01] = 3 CM
-380-
Rec. ITU-R S.1341 9
2.3 Impact on feeder-link parameters
Satellite emissions will always occur at low angles of arrival at the surface of the Earth. At low angles the pfd limit is
127 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz. The diameter of an earth station antenna, D, for a given pfd may be computed by:
D [(C/N)
t
(k T B / pfd) (4M / )]
0.5
m (2)
where:
(C/N)
t
: threshold carrier-to-noise ratio
k : Boltsmans constant
T: receiving system noise temperature (K)
B: bandwidth in (Hz) as used in pfd
M: margin
: antenna aperture efficiency.
MSS feeder-link earth stations are typically designed to provide link availability of around 99.99%. For operation at
elevation angles below 20 (depending on the rain climatic zone of operation) the rain fade margin requirement
combined with the requirement to meet the 127 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz pfd limit may constrain the implementation of
MSS feeder-link earth stations in the 15.43-15.63 GHz frequency band.
Assuming a (C/N)
t
of 12 dB, a value of T of 24 dB(K), a of 0.6 and values of pfd of 127 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz,
133 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz, and 146 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz in equation (2) results in the following values of D:
TABLE 1
2.4 Interference from non-GSO satellites into radio astronomy receivers in the 15.35-15.4 GHz
band
Recommendation ITU-R RA.769 provides threshold levels of detrimental interference for the primary radio astronomy
service in the band 15.35-15.4 GHz. These levels are 156 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz and 233 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 Hz at the
surface of the Earth. Assuming that the per Hz value can be extrapolated to one MHz, this would be 173 dB(W/m
2
) in
1 MHz. A value of 127 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz applies for angles of arrival up to about 20, rising to 111 dB(W/m
2
) in
pfd
M
127 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz 133 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz 146 dB(W/m
2
) in 1 MHz
(dB)
D
(m)
D
(m)
D
(m)
7 1.7 3.4 15
10 2.4 4.8 22
13 3.4 6.8 30.4
16 4.8 9.6 43
19 6.8 13.6 61
22 9.6 19.2 86
25 13.6 27.1 121
28 19.2 38.3 171
-381-
10 Rec. ITU-R S.1341
1 MHz above about 30 in the 15.43-15.63 GHz band. This requires about 46 dB discrimination at 15.4 GHz rising to
62 dB above 30. A value of 62 dB is achievable with a 6 pole (0.1 dB ripple) filter in 30 MHz with a 50 MHz passband.
Operation of space-to-Earth links very near 15.4 GHz does not seem possible. However, if the 15.4-15.43 GHz band is
not used by feeder links there would be a 30 MHz guard band in which band pass filters and other means could be
employed to protect the radio astronomy service in the 15.35-15.4 GHz band.
The out-of-band emission levels of the feeder links should take into account the needs of the radio astronomy service in
the band 15.35-15.4 GHz.
3 Summary
The pfd limits given in Section 2.2 are necessary for the protection of the aeronautical radionavigation service from
interference from feeder links operating in the space-to-Earth direction in the 15.4-15.7 GHz band.
ANNEX 3
Coordination distances between feeder-link earth stations in the MSS operating in the
space-to-Earth direction and stations in the aeronautical radionavigation service
in the band 15.4-15.7 GHz
1 Aeronautical radionavigation system characteristics
Several systems are identified that operate in this band. These include ALS and MPR. The characteristics and analyses
necessary to determine coordination threshold distances are given in the following sections.
2 Coordination distances
2.1 Analyses
The coordination distance, D
c
, necessary to ensure that potentially unacceptable interference from aeronautical
radionavigation stations into feeder-link earth stations in the MSS does not occur, may be computed as shown in the
following paragraphs:
D
c
D
fsl
+ D
oth
+ D
as
km (3)
where:
D
fsl
: total radio line of sight distance (km)
D
oth
: over the horizon distance corresponding to the necessary over the horizon loss (km)
D
as
: distance from aircraft landing surface (applies to ALS and RSMS)
D
fsl
(2r h
1
)
0.5
+ (2r h
2
)
0.5
km (4)
where:
r: radius of the Earth taken as 4/3 geometric to account for atmospheric refraction (8 500 km)
h
1
: ARNS station height (km)
h
2
: feeder-link earth station height (km)
L
oth
E
eff
/MHz + 168.6 L
fsl
+ G () 10 logT I/N dB (5)
-382-
Rec. ITU-R S.1341 11
where:
L
oth
: over the horizon loss added to L
fsl
(dB). (This function is shown below and in Fig. 2 which is derived
from the 5% functions for 15 GHz in Recommendation ITU-R P.528; i.e., loss exceeded 95% of the
time.)
E
ef
/MHz : maximum effective e.i.r.p. density of the ARNS station toward the horizon (see Annex 2 of
Recommendation ITU-R S.1340)
L
fsl
: free space loss computed for D
fsl
(dB)
G() : gain of the feeder-link antenna as a function of angle above the horizon (dBi)
T: noise temperature of earth station (K)
I/N: acceptable interference/noise of the feeder-link earth station (dB).
The value of D
oth
for a value of L
oth
is determined from the following Table 2:
TABLE 2
Values of D
oth
for values of L
oth
between those given in Table 2 are interpolated by:
D
oth
D
ith
+ 25 [(L
oth
L
ith
) / (L
jth
L
ith
)] km (6)
where:
L
ith:
next lower value of L
oth
in table, from L
oth
determined by equation (5)
L
jth:
next higher value of L
oth
in table, from L
oth
determined by equation (5)
2.2 Computed coordination distances
The parameters in the Table 3 are used for determining coordination distances.
If the horizontal plane is in the side lobes of the earth station antenna, then:
L
oth
(dB) 87.2 25 log for the ALS (7)
L
oth
(dB) 75.0 25 log for the MBR
The side-lobe envelope gain is taken as 29 25 log in dBi where is in degrees.
Using equation (7) for L
oth
and determining the corresponding distances from equations (6) and (3) results shown in
Table 4 for the ALS and MPR. The RSMS distances are within line-of-sight.
D
oth
L
oth
D
oth
L
oth
D
oth
L
oth
(km) (dB) (km) (dB) (km) (dB)
0 0 175 78 350 104
25 24 200 82 375 107
50 45 225 86 400 110
75 57 250 90 425 113
100 64 275 94 450 116
125 69 300 98 475 118
150 74 325 101 500 120
-383-
12 Rec. ITU-R S.1341
TABLE 3
TABLE 4
The dominant mode of operation of the MPR is over ocean areas which in most cases will be beyond 600 km of
feeder-link earth stations and this would not require coordination. If feeder-link earth stations were located inland the
areas of operation over the oceans would be enhanced.
3 Mitigation factors for reducing the separation distance within the coordination
threshold distance
The following considerations should be taken into account where it is necessary for a feeder-link earth station operating
in the space-to-Earth direction to be located within the coordination threshold distance.
Typically, feeder-link earth stations will have antenna beamwidths of less that 1 and operate at elevation angles of
more than 5. Thus considerable earth station antenna discrimination can be achieved with respect to surface based
interfering emissions.
The surface based aeronautical radionavigation stations may also provide additional antenna discrimination
depending on their operations. This is particularly true for the ALS, where the horizontal scan limits do not include
the azimuth toward the earth station (see Annex 1).
Parameter ALS MBR RSMS
h
1
(km) 0.01 15 1.5
h
2
(km) 0.01 0.01 0.01
D
fsl
(km) 26 518 25
(1)
D
as
(km) 0 0 40
L
fsl
(dB) 145 171 NA
10 log T (dB(K)) 24 24 24
I/N (dB) 10 10 10
E
eff
/MHz (dBW) 48.2 62 13.1
L
oth
(dB) 69.7 57.4 0
D
oth
(km) 129 77 0
D
c
(km) 155 595 65
(1)
This is based on free space propagation for an angle of arrival at the earth station of 3.2.
Elevation angle
Coordination distances
(km)
(degrees)
ALS MPR RSMS
5 155 595 65
10 120 578 54
15 104 569 47
20 96 565
25 91 562
30 87 560
-384-
Rec. ITU-R S.1341 13
Use of an earth mound specifically constructed around the feeder-link earth station antenna(s) to provide additional
receiving discrimination for the feeder-link earth station.
The geographical location of the feeder-link earth station can be considered to take advantage of natural terrain
blocking which will increase the propagation path loss.
1341-02
0
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 250 400 50 100 150 300 350 200
Distance beyond line-of-sight (km)
L
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
FIGURE 2
Loss added to free space loss at line-of-sight
FIGURE 2/S.1341...[D02] = 3 CM
4 Summary
A method for determining the coordination distances needed for the protection of feeder-link earth stations from
interference from aeronautical radionavigation stations in the 15.4-15.7 GHz band is presented in this annex.
This method can also be used in conjunction with interference mitigation techniques to minimize the separation
distances during coordination.
With an elevation angle constraint of 5 so that only the feeder link earth station antenna side lobes are directed
toward the horizon, a coordination distance in the order of 150 km is reasonable for the ALS and 60 km for the
RSMS as measured from the landing surface.
MPRs can operate without coordination at distances greater than 600 km from a feeder-link earth station, (e.g., over
ocean areas).
-385-
Rec.ITU-RS.1428-1 1
ReferenceFSSearth-stationradiationpatternsforusein
interferenceassessmentinvolvingnon-GSOsatellitesin
frequencybandsbetween10.7GHzand30GHz
(2000-2001)
considering
a) that for earth station antennas in the fixed-satellite service (FSS), Recommendation
ITU-R S.465 prescribes a reference antenna radiation pattern which represents an envelope of the
side-lobe peaks;
b) that peak envelope antenna reference patterns are necessary for interference calculations
involving a non-mobile receiver and a single non-mobile interference source to ensure that the
worst case is covered, and that in the FSS such circumstances predominated in the past;
c) that in circumstances where there are multiple interfering sources or receivers whose
positions vary substantially with time, the level of interference received inevitably depends on the
troughs as well as the peaks in the antenna side lobe gain pattern of the victim or source of
interference, respectively, and that the occurrence of such circumstances is rapidly increasing in the
FSS;
d) that for FSS earth stations a suitable reference antenna radiation pattern is needed for use in
calculations of interference from moving sources or receivers;
e) that to facilitate its use in computer simulations of interference, the reference antenna
pattern should cover all off-axis angles from 0 to 180 in all planes which include the principal
axis;
f) that the reference antenna pattern should be consistent both with antenna theory and with
the results of measurements on as wide a range of FSS earth station antennas as practicable;
g) that it might be appropriate to establish different reference antenna patterns for different
ranges of D/ and for different FSS frequency bands;
h) that for the purpose of specifying antenna performance, the peak envelope reference
patterns in Recommendation ITU-R S.580 are appropriate;
j) that the use of the reference antenna pattern should lead to interference levels that would be
representative of those received by antennas meeting relevant ITU-R antenna pattern
Recommendations,
-387-
2 Rec.ITU-RS.1428-1
recommends
1 that for interference calculations involving moving interfering sources and/or victim
receivers of FSS interference, the following reference earth station radiation antenna pattern should
be employed:
for 20
D
25:
G() G
max
2.5 10
3
2
D
dBi for 0 < <
m
G() G
1
for
m
<

D
95
G() 29 25 log dBi for 95
D
< 33.1
G() = 9 dBi for 33.1 < 80
G() = 5 dBi for 80 < 180
for 25 <
D
100:
G() G
max
2.5 10
3
2
D
dBi for 0 < <
m
G() G
1
for
m
<

D
95
G() 29 25 log dBi for
D
95 33.1
G() 9 dBi for 33.1 < 80
G() 4 dBi for 80 < 120

G() 9 dBi for 120 < 180
where:
D: antenna
: wavelength expressed in the same unit
*
: off-axis angle of the antenna (degrees)
G
max 20 log
D
+ 7.7 dBi
G
1
29 25 log

D
95

m

1
20
G G
D
max
degrees
____________________
*
D is the equivalent diameter for non-symmetric antennas.
-388-
Rec.ITU-RS.1428-1 3
for
D
> 100:
G() G
max
2.5 10
3
2
D
dBi for 0 < <
m
G() G
1
for
m
<
r
r
< 10
G() 34 30 log dBi for 10 < 34.1
G() 12 dBi for 34.1 < 80
G() 7 dBi for 80 < 120
G() 12 dBi for 120 180
where:
G
max = 20 log
D
+ 8.4 dBi
G
1
1 + 15 log
D
dBi

m
1
20
G G
D
max
degrees

r
15.85
6 . 0
D
degrees
NOTE 1 For the purposes of calculation or computer simulation of the total power at the antenna
output due to multiple interfering sources at varied polarizations, it should be assumed that the
contribution of the cross-polar components at off-axis angles up to 30 and in the spill-over regions
up to 120 is negligible. Outside these angular regions, even though a paraboloid antenna exhibits
very little polarization discrimination, for the purpose of non-GSO/GSO interference calculations
the contribution of cross-polar components can be ignored.
NOTE 2 This Recommendation is based on studies of a range of paraboloid antennas. Further
study is required of the applicability of the recommended reference patterns to planar array
antennas.
NOTE 3 This Recommendation may require revisions in the future when data on measured
performance of antennas in the 20/30 GHz range becomes available.
NOTE 4 - Within this Recommendation, the use of the term moving when applied to an FSS earth
station denotes a tracking earth station in the FSS and not a mobile earth station.
-389-
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BO.1443-2
ReferenceBSSearthstationantennapatternsforusein
interferenceassessmentinvolvingnon-GSOsatellites
infrequencybandscoveredbyRRAppendix30
`
(2000-2002-2006)
Scope
This Recommendation intends to provide tri-dimensional reference earth station antenna patterns for the
broadcasting-satellite service (BSS) that can be used for the calculation of interference generated by
non-GSO FSS satellites into BSS earth station antennas.
considering
a) that for earth station antennas in the BSS the reference antenna radiation patterns for GSO
BSS receive antennas in Annex 5 to RR Appendix 30 were used to develop the BSS Plans and
prescribe a reference radiation pattern which represents an envelope of the side lobes;
b) that such reference radiation patterns are necessary for interference calculations involving
fixed or transportable BSS receivers and GSO satellites to ensure adequate protection of the BSS
Plans;
c) that in circumstances where there are multiple interfering sources whose positions vary
substantially with time, the level of interference received inevitably depends on the troughs as well
as the peaks in the gain pattern of the victim BSS earth station antenna;
d) that for BSS earth stations, suitable reference radiation patterns are needed for use in
assessing interference from non-GSO FSS systems;
e) that to facilitate computer simulations of interference, the reference patterns should cover
all off-axis angles from 0 to 180 in all planes;
f) that the reference patterns should be consistent with the results of measurements on a wide
range of consumer BSS earth station antennas;
g) that it is appropriate to establish different reference patterns for different ranges of antenna
sizes;
h) that the patterns may exhibit characteristics that may be important when modelling
non-GSO interference, for example in the case of small offset-fed antennas,
*
The basis for the patterns contained in this Recommendation, including the methodology for analysing
and plotting the data which measures the goodness of fit of the data sets to the recommended pattern are
contained in Report ITU-R BO.2029 Broadcasting-satellite service earth station antenna pattern
measurements and related analyses. This Report along with the raw data sets and the spread sheets used to
perform the graphical analysis are contained on a CD-ROM available from ITU.
-391-
recommends
1 that for calculations of interference generated by non-GSO FSS satellites into BSS earth
station antennas, the reference earth station antenna radiation patterns described in Annex 1 should
be employed;
2 that the methodology described in Annex 2 be used to convert the relative azimuth and
elevation angle of the non-GSO satellite under investigation into the same coordinate system as
employed for the three-dimensional antenna pattern;
3 that the following Notes be considered part of this Recommendation:
NOTE 1 The cross-polarization radiation pattern may be of importance in non-GSO interference
calculations. This issue requires further study.
NOTE 2 This Recommendation is based on measurements and analysis of paraboloid antennas. If
new earth station antennas are developed or are considered for use in the BSS, the reference antenna
patterns in this Recommendation should be updated accordingly.
Annex1
ReferenceBSSantennaradiationpatterns
For 11 D/ 25.5
( )
2
3
10 5 . 2
|
.
|
\
|
D
G G
max
for 0 <
m
( )
1
G G for
m
< 95/D
( ) ( ) log 25 29 G for 95/D < 36.3
( ) 10 G for 36.3 < 50
for 56.25 < 123.75
( ) ( )
1 1
log b M G for 50 < 90
( ) ( )
2 2
where:
( )
|
.
|
\
|
+
50
90
log
sin 8 2
1
M and ( ) 10 50 log
1 1
+ M b
where:
( )
|
.
|
\
|

90
180
log
sin 8 9
2
M and ( ) 17 180 log
2 2
+ M b
-392-
for 0 < 56.25 and 123.75 < 180
( ) ( )
3 3
( ) ( )
4 4
log b M G for 120 < 180
where:
( )
|
.
|
\
|
+
50
120
log
sin 8 2
3
M and ( ) 10 50 log
3 3
+ M b
where:
( )
|
.
|
\
|

120
180
log
sin 8 9
4
M and ( ) 17 180 log
4 4
+ M b
for 180 < 360
( ) ( )
5 5
( ) ( )
6 6
log b M G for 120 < 180
where:
|
.
|
\
|
50
120
log
2
5
M and ( ) 10 50 log
5 5
+ M b
where:
|
.
|
\
|
120
180
log
9
6
M and ( ) 17 180 log
6 6
+ M b
where:
D: antenna diameter
: wavelength expressed in the same unit as the diameter
G: gain
: off-axis angle of the antenna relative to boresight (degrees)
: planar angle of the antenna (degrees) (0 azimuth is the horizontal plane).
degrees
0025 . 0
dBi 95 log 25 29
dBi 1 . 8 log 20
1
1
G G
D
D
G
D
G
max
m
max

|
.
|
\
|

+ |
.
|
\
|
For 25.5 < D/ 100

G() G
max
2.5 10
3
(D/)
2
dBi for 0 < <
m
G() G
1
for
m
< (95/D)
G() 29 25 log dBi for (95/D) < 33.1
-393-
G() 9 dBi for 33.1 < 80
G() 4 dBi for 80 < 120
G() 9 dBi for 120 < 180
where:
G
max
20 log (D/) + 8.1 dBi
G
1
29 25 log (95/D) dBi
m
(/D)
0025 . 0
1
G G
max
For D/ > 100

G() G
max
2.5 10
3
(D/)
2
dBi for 0 < <
m
G() G
1
for
m
<
r
r
< 10
G() 34 30 log dBi for 10 < 34.1
G() 12 dBi for 34.1 < 80
G() 7 dBi for 80 < 120
G() 12 dBi for 120 < 180
where:
degrees ) / ( 85 . 15
0025 . 0
) / (
dBi ) / ( log 15 1
dBi 1 . 8 ) / ( log 20
6 . 0
1
1

+
+
D
G G
D
D G
D G
r
max
m
max
Annex2
Geometricconversionsforusewiththe3-Dantennamodel
Definition of
is defined as the planar angle of the non-GSO satellite relative to the zero degree plane of the
antenna model (corresponding to the standard bottom-mounted offset feed assembly). As seen by
the earth station, the = 0 line is to the right, and increases in an anticlockwise direction.
Calculation approach
Figure 1 shows a geometric approach to calculate the planar angle . All calculations are shown
using degrees, though typically these must be converted into radians when computing trigonometric
values.
-394-
Inputs
GSO satellite (az, el)
Non-GSO satellite (az, el)
NOTE 1 What is required is the difference in azimuth, so if that is available the actual azimuths would not
be needed.
The following section shows how to calculate these parameters from the vectors of each station.
FIGURE 1
From Fig. 1:
GSO non
el a
90
GSO
el b 90
GSO GSO non
Az Az Az
Az should be set to be in the range {180 to +180}

Then the off-axis angle (topocentric separation angle between the satellites) can be calculated by
using the spherical geometry formula:
) cos( ) sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) cos( C b a b a c +
with C = Az and c = .
The same formula can be used to define an angle B:
) sin( ) sin(
) cos( ) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
a c
a c b
B
-395-
from which the planar angle can be derived:
if (Az > 0 and B < 90) = 90 B
if (Az > 0 and B > 90) = 450 B
if (Az < 0) = 90 + B
In the case that both satellites have the same azimuth and so Az = 0, then

GSO non GSO
el el
if
GSO non GSO
el el
> = 270
else = 90
Example data
For the following positions:
Station Latitude
(degrees)
Longitude
(degrees)
Height
(km)
Earth station 10 20 0
GSO sat 0 30 35 786.055
Non-GSO sat 0 5 1 469.200
Then for the earth station the following az/els can be calculated (with respect to the earth station
horizon and north direction):
Station Azimuth
(degrees)
Elevation
(degrees)
GSO sat 134.5615 73.4200
Non-GSO sat 110.4248 10.0300
Hence the off-axis angles and planar angles are:
Station (off-axis)
(degrees)
(planar)
(degrees)
Non-GSO sat 87.2425 26.69746
Calculation of azimuth and elevation
The following can be used to calculate azimuth and elevation from the vectors involved.
Given:
Position vector of earth station:
G
r
Position vector of GSO satellite:
S
r
Position vector of non-GSO satellite:
N
r
-396-
Then create:
Vector from earth station to GSO
G S GS
r r r
Vector from earth station to non-GSO
G N GN
r r r
Unit vector of earth station position vector
G
r
Then the elevation angles are:
) , ( 90
G GS S
r r el
) , ( 90
G GN N
r r el
To calculate the difference in azimuth, convert vectors from earth station to GSO/non-GSO to be in
the horizontal plane that is perpendicular to the zenith vector, i.e.
( )
G GS G GS GS
r r r r r
( )
G GN G GN GN
r r r r r
Then:
) , (
GN GS
r r Az
The sign of Az will be the same as the sign of the difference in longitude of the two satellites.
-397-
Rec.ITU-RM.1583 1
RECOMMENDATIONITU-RM.1583
*
Interferencecalculationsbetweennon-geostationarymobile-satellite
serviceorradionavigation-satelliteservicesystems
andradioastronomytelescopesites
(2002)
considering
a) that, in some cases, the radio astronomy service and space services (space-to-Earth) have
beenallocatedtoadjacentornearbyIrequencybands;
b) that the radio astronomy service is based on the reception oI emissions at much lower
powerlevelsthanaregenerallyusedinotherradioservices;
c) that,duetotheselowreceivedpowerlevels,theradioastronomyserviceisgenerallymore
susceptibletointerIerenceIromunwantedemissionsthanotherservices;
d) that several Iootnotes to the Radio Regulations (RR) (such as Nos. 5.149, 5.340, 5.372
and5.443B) draw attention to the protection oI the radio astronomy service, particularly Irom
spacebornetransmitters;
e) that due to the characteristics oI non-geostationary (non-GSO) satellite systems, and in
particular to the time-varying nature oI interIerence, the level oI interIerence Irom such satellites
intoradiotelescopescannotbeevaluatedinthesamewayasIorGSOsatellites,
recommends
1 thatthecalculationoIunwantedemissionlevelsproducedbyanon-GSOradionavigation-
satellite service (RNSS) or a mobile-satellite service (MSS) systems on radio astronomy sites
shouldbeconductedbyadministrationsusingthemethoddescribedinAnnex1;
2 that when perIorming these calculations, the antenna pattern described in Annex 2 should
beusedtomodelradioastronomyantennas;
3 that the percentage oI time during which an equivalent power Ilux-density (epId) level
(deIined assuming a 0dBi receiving antenna gain in the direction oI interIerence and given an
integrationtime)isexceededshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothemethoddescribedinAnnex3.
*
ThisRecommendationshouldbebroughttotheattentionoIRadiocommunicationStudyGroup7.
-399-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.1583
ANNEX1
Calculationofunwantedemissionlevelsproducedbyanon-GSORNSS
oranMSSsystemsatradioastronomysites
The methodology described here, based on the equivalent power Ilux-density (epId) concept
deIined in RR No.22.5C, is intended Ior use in calculating the power Ilux-density (pId) levels
produced by unwanted emissions oI a non-GSO satellite system into radio telescopes, taking into
accountthecharacteristicsoIboththesatellitesystemandtheradiotelescopeantenna.ThevalueoI
theepIdistheaggregateoIthecontributionsIromallsatelliteemissionsexpressedasthepIdoIa
singleequivalentsourceontheboresight(peakoImainbeam)oItheradiotelescope.
1 Requiredparameters
Due to the particular characteristics oI non-GSO satellite systems, it is clear that the level oI the
interIerence Irom such satellites into a radio telescope cannot be evaluated in the same way as
IorGSOsatellites.AstatisticalapproachisneededwhichtakesintoaccountthedynamicaspectoI
non-GSOsatellites.
The evaluation oI interIerence resulting Irom the satellites at the radio telescope during the
integration time (2000 s) should be based on statistical calculations and should take into account
theparametersoIboththesatellitesandtheradiotelescope.
Non-GSOsatellitesystemparameters:
thenumberoIsatellitesvisibleintheskyattheradioastronomystation;
thepIdattheradiotelescopewithintheradioastronomybandconsidered,estimatedusinga
dBsdordBcmask;
thedistancesbetweenthesatellitesandtheradioastronomystation;
thedetailedorbitalcharacteristicsoIthesatellites.
Radiotelescopeparameters:
theantennalocation;
theantennapatternandantennagain;
thepracticalrangeoIpointingdirections;
theboresightpointingdirection;
theoII-axisanglesbetweentheboresightoItheantennaoItheradioastronomystationand
thedirectionsoIthetransmittingsatellites;
theintegrationtime(2000s).
2 Calculationofepfdlevelsatradioastronomysites
ThereceivinggainoIaradiotelescopeinthedirectionoIanon-GSOsatellite(asopposedtoGSO)
varies with time chieIly because oI the movement oI the satellite and the Iine angular structure oI
theradiotelescopesside-lobepattern.Therewillbetimeswhenthetelescopegaininthedirection
-400-
Rec.ITU-RM.1583 3
oIasatelliteismuchhigherthan0dBi,andothertimeswhenitisless.Inaddition,inthecaseoI
multiplesatellitesoIanon-GSOsystem,alltheircontributionsmustbeincludedandproperlytaken
intoaccount.
ThismaybedoneusingtheconceptoIepIdoriginallydeIinedtoassesspossiblesharingconditions
betweenGSOandnon-GSOsystems.InthesectionbelowtheconceptisdevelopedIorthecaseoIa
radio astronomy station subject to interIerence Irom non-GSO satellites. The deIinition is based
upon RR No.22.5C as adopted at the World Radiocommunication ConIerence (Istanbul, 2000)
(WRC-2000).
2.1 Definitionofepfd
Whenanantennareceivespower,withinitsreIerencebandwidth,simultaneouslyIromtransmitters
atvariousdistances,invariousdirectionsandatvariouslevelsoIincidentpId,theepIdisthatpId
which, iI received Irom a single transmitter in the Iar Iield oI the antenna in the direction oI
maximum gain, would produce the same power at the input oI the receiver as is actually received
IromtheaggregateoIthevarioustransmitters.
TheinstantaneousepIdiscalculatedusingtheIollowingIormula:
(
(
max r
i r
i
i t
N
i
P
G
G
d
G
epfd
a
i
,
2
l
10
10
) (
4
) (
10 log 10 (1)
where:
N
a
: numberoInon-GSOspacestationsthatarevisibleIromtheradiotelescope
i : indexoIthenon-GSOspacestationconsidered
P
i
: RFpoweroItheunwantedemissionattheinputoItheantenna(orRFradiatedpower
in the case oI an active antenna) oI the transmitting space station considered in the
non-GSOsystem(dBW)inthereIerencebandwidth
i
: oII-axis angle (degrees) between the boresight oI the transmitting space station
consideredinthenon-GSOsystemandthedirectionoItheradiotelescope
G
t
(
i
) : transmit antenna gain (as a ratio) oI the space station considered in the non-GSO
systeminthedirectionoItheradiotelescope
d
i
: distance (m) between the transmitting station considered in the non-GSO system and
theradiotelescope
i
: oII-axis angle (degrees) between the pointing direction oI the radio telescope and the
directionoIthetransmittingspacestationconsideredinthenon-GSOsystem
G
r
(
i
) : receive antenna gain (as a ratio) oI the radio telescope, in the direction oI the
transmittingspacestationconsideredinthenon-GSOsystem(seeAnnex2)
G
r,max
: maximumgain(asaratio)oItheradiotelescope
epfd: instantaneousequivalentpowerIlux-density(dB(W/m
2
))inthereIerencebandwidthat
theradiotelescope.
-401-
4 Rec.ITU-RM.1583
TheepIdcalculationinequation(1)assumesthatthepIdduetoallinterIeringsourcesisdirectedat
the boresight oI the receiving antenna, where the antenna gain is maximum. However, radio
astronomy protection criteria are based on a 0dBi contour oI the radio astronomy antenna. Using
theapproachinequation(1),thepIdduetoallinterIeringsourcesdirectedatthe0dBigainoIthe
receivingantenna,canbedeterminedasIollows:
(
(
) (
4
) (
10 log 10
2
l
10
10 dBi 0 i r
i
i t
N
i
P
G
G
d
G
epfd
a
i
r
(2)
The
dBi 0
r
G
epfd values resulting Irom equation (2), averaged over a 2000 s integration time,can
be compared with pId levels (deIined assuming a 0dBi receiving antenna gain in the direction oI
interIerenceandgiventhisintegrationtime).
NOTE1It is assumed that each transmitter is located in the Iar Iield oI the radio telescope (that is, at a
distance greater than 2D
2
/ where D is the eIIective diameter oI the radio telescope and is the observing
wavelength).ThoughthismaynotalwaysbesatisIied,itisconsideredtobeanadequateapproximation.
NOTE2For some telescopes, the direction oI maximum gain (boresight direction) may not always
coincidewiththegeometricalaxisoItheradiotelescope.
NOTE3InthecaseoIactiveantennas,P
i
shouldbetakenastheradiatedRFpowerratherthanthepower
attheinputtotheantenna.
NOTE4The antenna gain oI the transmitting station, G
t
(
i
) is taken at the Irequency oI the radio
astronomybandconsidered.ThismaydiIIerIromthegainattheIrequenciesoItheintendedtransmissions.
ANNEX2
Modelofradiotelescopeantennapattern
Antennapatterns,suchastheonedescribedinRecommendationITU-RSA.509,arenotappropriate
Ioruseinadynamicenvironment.Inadynamicenvironment,themodeldescribedinRecommen-
dation ITU-R S.1428 is used Ior Iixed-satellite service antennas. Further work is needed on the
deIinition oI radio astronomy antenna patterns. In the interim, and in the absence oI measured
patterns,theRecommendationITU-RS.1428patternsmaybeconsideredasrepresentativeoIradio
astronomy antennas, Ior both the main beam and side-lobe regions. The Iollowing example is
-402-
Rec.ITU-RM.1583 5
extracted Irom Recommendation ITU-R S.1428 Ior the pattern Ior reIlectors larger than 100 in
diameter:
G() G
max
2.5 10
3
(D /)
2
dBi Ior 0 <
m
G() G
1
dBi Ior
m
<
r
G() 2925logdBi Ior
r
< 10
G() 3430logdBi Ior 10 < 34.1
G() 12dBi Ior 34.1 < 80
G() 7dBi Ior 80 < 120
G() 12dBi Ior 120 180
where:
G
max
20log(D/) +8.4dBi
G
1
115log(D/)dBi
m
20(/D) ) (
1
G G
max
degrees
r
15.85(D/)
0.6
degrees.
Alternately, a possibly more accurate representation Ior the innermost one degree oI the pattern is
givenbelow,andmaybeusedIorthispartoItheantennapattern.
1 Modelofmainbeam
A realistic approach is to use the Iollowing model Ior the main beam oI a circular antenna (see
Note1):
2
1
,
) 2 ( J
) (
(

x
x
G G
max r r
(3)
where:
G
r,max
2
4
eff
A
isthemaximumgain(expressedasaratio)
where:
A
eff
(D/2)
2
istheareaoItheapertureoIthetelescope(m
2
)
D: eIIectivediameteroIthetelescope(m)
: wavelength(m)
x

360
D
with theoII-boresightangle(degrees)
-403-
6 Rec.ITU-RM.1583
and
J
1
(x) : 1storderBesselIunction.
TheIirstnullinthisantennapatternisat:
0
69.88/(D/)degreesoII-boresight
Forexample,iID 100mand 3cmthenG
r,max
1.0910
8
(equivalentto+80.4dBi),and:
0
0.0209degrees
ThismainbeammodelcorrespondstotheidealcaseoI100apertureeIIiciency.
NOTE1Equations(3)and(4)areexpressedasaratio.
2 Modelofnearsidelobesupto1fromtheboresight
TheIollowingmodelisproposedIorthenear-insidelobesintheregion
0
1(seeNote1):
2
) 0953 . 0 4 / 3 2 cos(
) (
(
+

x
x
B G
r
(4)
where:
x

360
D
with theoII-boresightangleindegrees
D: eIIectivediameteroItheradiotelescope
: wavelengthoIoperation
B 10
3.2
2
((D/2)/(180))
2
.
NOTE1Equations(3)and(4)areexpressedasaratio.
ANNEX3
Distributionofepfdlevels
ThisAnnexdescribesawaytoderiveepIdstatisticsoverthewholesky.
1 Divisionoftheskyintocellsofapproximatelyequalsolidangle
TheIirststepoIthisapproachistodividetheskyintoMringsparalleltothehorizonandequally
spacedintermsoIelevationangle,Irom0to90.ThewidthoIeachringis90/M.Thenextstepis
-404-
Rec.ITU-RM.1583 7
todividetheseringsintocellswhoseazimuthwidthischosentoprovideanintegernumberoIcells
perringandisapproximatelyequalto:
) cos(
/ 90
elevation
M
degrees
Figure1providesanexampleoIdivisionbasedonastepoI3widthinelevation,thisdividesthe
skyinto30ringsoI3oIelevationangle.Then,theazimuthwidthisapproximatelyequalto:
) cos(
30 / 90
elevation
degrees
Elevationisameanelevationinagivenring.
1583-01
3
FIGURE1
Exampleofdivisionoftheskyincellsofapproximately
9squaredegreesofsolidangle
87(3cells)
84(9cells)
45(90cells)
48(72cells)
3(120cells)
405
8 Rec.ITU-RM.1583
ThisleadstoadivisionoItheskyinto2334cellsoIapproximately9squaredegreesoIsolidangle
each.Table1providesthenumberoIcellsIoreachringcorrespondingtothisexample.
TABLE1
Exampleofdivisionoftheskyintosquarecells
ofabout9squaredegreessolidangle
Lower
elevationof
thering
(degrees)
Ring
solid
angle
(square
degrees)
Cumulative
solidangle
(square
degrees)
Azimuth
step
(degrees)
Numberof
cellsinthe
ring
Cellsolid
angle
(square
degrees)
Cumulative
numberof
cells
Percentage
ofsolid
angle
()
Cumulative
solid
angle
()
0 1079.51 1079.51 3 120 9.00 120 5.23 5.23
3 1076.55 2156.05 3 120 8.97 240 5.22 10.45
6 1070.64 3226.69 3 120 8.92 360 5.19 15.64
9 1061.79 4288.49 3 120 8.85 480 5.15 20.79
12 1050.04 5338.53 3 120 8.75 600 5.09 25.88
15 1035.41 6373.93 3 120 8.63 720 5.02 30.90
18 1017.94 7391.87 3 120 8.48 840 4.94 35.84
21 997.68 8389.55 3 120 8.31 960 4.84 40.67
24 974.68 9364.23 3 120 8.12 1080 4.73 45.40
27 949.01 10313.24 3 120 7.91 1200 4.60 50.00
30 920.75 11233.99 4 90 10.23 1290 4.46 54.46
33 889.95 12123.94 4 90 9.89 1380 4.31 58.78
36 856.72 12980.66 4 90 9.52 1470 4.15 62.93
39 821.14 13801.81 4 90 9.12 1560 3.98 66.91
42 783.31 14585.12 4 90 8.70 1650 3.80 70.71
45 743.34 15328.46 4 90 8.26 1740 3.60 74.31
48 701.32 16029.79 5 72 9.74 1812 3.40 77.71
51 657.39 16687.17 5 72 9.13 1884 3.19 80.90
54 611.65 17298.82 5 72 8.50 1956 2.97 83.87
57 564.23 17863.06 6 60 9.40 2016 2.74 86.60
60 515.27 18378.33 6 60 8.59 2076 2.50 89.10
63 464.90 18843.23 6 60 7.75 2136 2.25 91.35
66 413.25 19256.48 8 45 9.18 2181 2.00 93.36
69 360.47 19616.95 9 40 9.01 2221 1.75 95.11
72 306.70 19923.65 10 36 8.52 2257 1.49 96.59
75 252.09 20175.74 12 30 8.40 2287 1.22 97.81
78 196.79 20372.53 18 20 9.84 2307 0.95 98.77
81 140.95 20513.49 24 15 9.40 2322 0.68 99.45
84 84.73 20598.21 40 9 9.41 2331 0.41 99.86
87 28.27 20626.48 120 3 9.42 2334 0.14 100.00
-406-
Rec.ITU-RM.1583 9
2 epfddistributionforacell
First, a random choice is made Ior a pointing direction oI the radio astronomy service antenna
which will lie within a speciIic cell on the sky as deIined in 1. Then, the starting time oI the
constellation is randomly chosen. The epId is then evaluated Ior each time sample over a 2000s
integration time. The average epId corresponding to this trial is then calculated Ior the chosen
pointingdirectionandstartingtimeoItheconstellation.
ThisoperationisrepeatedtoobtainastatisticaldistributionoItheepIdintheconsideredcell.The
methodology involves a number oI trials, each oI which calculates the averaged epId level over
a2000s integration interval. The greater the number oI trials, the more accurate this distribution
will be. A suIIicient number oI trials is needed to achieve the required conIidence level in the
results. In particular, the number oI trials multiplied by the 2000s integration time should be
signiIicantly higher than the period oI the constellation. It is also necessary to ensure adequate
statistical sampling over the Iull period oI the constellation. Once it is Iound that no Iurther
signiIicant change occurs in the distribution, it can be concluded that a suIIicient number oI trials
has been perIormed. This check can be done either automatically as an integral part oI the
simulation,ormanually,bystoppingthesimulationatregularintervals.
3 epfd distribution in worst-case pointing directions (to be applied only if
thepfdlevelsfromsatellitesareconstantforagivenelevationangleofa
radioastronomyserviceantenna)
TheevaluationoItheepIddistributionsincellsontheskymaybesimpliIiedbyIirstevaluatingthe
epId distribution in pointing directions corresponding to worst-case pointing directions. These
worst-case pointing directions may be taken as those pointing directions where the probability oI
visibility oI satellites is the highest. These pointing directions may be determined according to
RecommendationITU-RS.1257Analyticalmethodtocalculateshort-termvisibilitystatisticsand
interIerence statistics Ior non-geostationary satellite orbit satellites as seen Irom a point on the
EarthssurIace,(equations(28)and(29)).ForagivenelevationangleandagivenconstellationoI
non-GSOsatellites,thisRecommendationallowsthecalculationoItheworst-caseazimuths(there
areusuallytwoworst-caseazimuthsatagivenelevation).
For the cells within which these worst-case pointing directions lie, the epId distribution may be
evaluated Ior a suIIicient number oI 2000s integration times. Then, this epId distribution may be
compared with a pId threshold level (deIined assuming a 0 dBi receiving antenna gain in the
directionoIinterIerenceandgivena2000sintegrationtime).
Foracell,thepercentageoItimeduringwhichapIdthresholdlevelisexceededcanbecalculated
as the percentage oI 2000 s integration periods in which the average pId at the radio telescope
exceedsthispIdthresholdlevel.
-407-
10 Rec.ITU-RM.1583
Comparison oI the epId distribution with the pId threshold level Ior cells corresponding to these
worst-casepointingdirections,canprovidetheIollowingconclusions:
II,inalltheMrings,thepIdthresholdismetintheworst-casepointingdirections,duringa
percentageoItimehigherthanthepercentageoItimecriterion,thismeansthatthecriteria
willbemetoverthewholesky.
II,inaringdeIinedIoragivenelevationangle,thepIdthresholdismetintheworst-case
pointingdirections,duringapercentageoItimehigherthanthepercentageoItimecriterion,
thismeansthatthecriteriawillalwaysbemetIorthecorrespondingentirering.
IItheinterIerencecriteriaarenotmet,thenIurtherinvestigationisneeded.
The consideration oI these worst-case pointing directions provides inIormation on the location oI
worst-casecells.
4 Outputintermsofepfddistribution
TheepIdcalculationdescribedin2providesadistributionoIepIdlevelsIoreachcelloIthesky
asshowninFig.2.
1578-02
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
30
50
70
90
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
)
epId
FIGURE2
Exampleofacumulativeepfddistributionforacell
-408-
Rec.ITU-RS.1586-1 1
Calculationofunwantedemissionlevelsproducedbyanon-geostationary
fixed-satelliteservicesystematradioastronomysites
(2002-2007)
Scope
This Recommendation describes a method that could be used to calculate the unwanted emission levels
produced by a non-GSO fixed-satellite service system on radio astronomy sites. It also contains a procedure
for the calculation of the percentage of time during which a given equivalent power flux-density (epfd) is
exceeded when the receiving antenna gain is assumed to be 0 dBi in the direction of the incoming
interference, and a given integration time is considered.
considering
a) that, in some cases, the radio astronomy service and space services (space-to-Earth) have
been allocated to adjacent or nearby frequency bands;
b) that the radio astronomy service is based on the reception of emissions at much lower
power levels than are generally used in other radio services;
c) that, due to these low received power levels, the radio astronomy service is generally more
susceptible to interference from unwanted emissions than other services;
d) that several footnotes to the Radio Regulations (RR) (such as RR Nos. 5.149, 5.443B and
5.511A) draw attention to the protection of the radio astronomy service, particularly from
space-borne transmitters;
e) that due to the characteristics of non-geostationary (non-GSO) satellite systems, and in
particular to the time-varying nature of interference, the level of interference from such satellites
into radio telescopes cannot be evaluated in the same way as for GSO satellites,
recommends
1 that the calculation of unwanted emission levels produced by a non-GSO fixed-satellite
service (FSS) system on radio astronomy sites could be conducted by administrations using the
method described in Annex 1;
2 that when performing these calculations, the antenna pattern described in Recommendation
ITU-R RA.1631 could be used to model radio astronomy antennas;
3 that the percentage of time during which an equivalent power flux-density (epfd) level
(defined assuming a 0 dBi receiving antenna gain in the direction of interference and given an
integration time) is exceeded could be calculated according to the method described in Annex 2.
-409-
2 Rec.ITU-RS.1586-1
Annex1
Calculationofunwantedemissionlevelsproducedbyanon-GSO
FSSsystematradioastronomysites
The methodology described here, based on the epfd concept defined in RR Article 22, No. 22.5C, is
intended for use in calculating the power flux-density (pfd) levels produced by unwanted emissions
of a non-GSO FSS satellite system into radio telescopes, taking into account the characteristics of
both the satellite system and the radio telescope antenna. The value of the epfd is the aggregate of
the contributions from all satellite emissions expressed as the pfd of a single equivalent source on
the boresight (peak of main beam) of the radio telescope.
1 Requiredparameters
Due to the particular characteristics of non-GSO satellite systems, it is clear that the level of the
interference from such satellites into a radio telescope cannot be evaluated in the same way as for
GSO satellites. A statistical approach is needed which takes into account the dynamic aspect of
non-GSO satellites.
The evaluation of interference resulting from the satellites at the radio telescope during the
integration time (2000 s) should be based on statistical calculations and should take into account the
parameters of both the satellites and the radio telescope.
Non-GSO satellite system parameters:
the number of satellites visible in the sky at the radio astronomy station;
the pfd at the radio telescope within the radio astronomy band considered, estimated using a
dBsd or dBc mask;
the distances between the satellites and the radio astronomy station;
the detailed orbital characteristics of the satellites.
Radio telescope parameters:
the antenna location;
the antenna pattern and antenna gain;
the practical range of pointing directions;
the boresight pointing direction;
the off-axis angles between the boresight of the antenna of the radio astronomy station and
the directions of the transmitting satellites;
the integration time (2000 s).
2 Calculationofepfdlevelsatradioastronomysites
The receiving gain of a radio telescope in the direction of a non-GSO satellite (as opposed to a GSO
satellite) varies with time chiefly because of the movement of the satellite and the fine angular
structure of the radio telescopes side-lobe pattern. There will be times when the telescope gain in
the direction of a satellite is much higher than 0 dBi, and other times when it is less. In addition, in
the case of multiple satellites of a non-GSO system, all their contributions must be included and
properly taken into account.
-410-
Rec.ITU-RS.1586-1 3
This may be done using the concept of epfd originally defined to assess possible sharing conditions
between GSO and non-GSO systems. In the section below the concept is developed for the case of a
radio astronomy station subject to interference from non-GSO satellites. The definition is based
upon RR No. 22.5C as adopted at the World Radiocommunication Conference (Istanbul, 2000)
(WRC-2000).
When an antenna receives power, within its reference bandwidth, simultaneously from transmitters
at various distances, in various directions and at various levels of incident pfd, the epfd is that pfd
which, if received from a single transmitter in the far field of the antenna in the direction of
maximum gain, would produce the same power at the input of the receiver as is actually received
from the aggregate of the various transmitters.
The instantaneous epfd, expressed in dB(W/m
2
), is calculated using the following formula:
|
|
.
|
\
|
a
i N
i
max r
i r
i
i t
P
G
G
d
G
epfd
1
,
2
10
10
) (
4
) (
10 log 10 (1)
where:
N
a
: number of non-GSO space stations that are visible from the radio telescope
i: index of the non-GSO space station considered
P
i
: RF power of the unwanted emission at the input of the antenna (or RF radiated
power in the case of an active antenna) of the transmitting space station
considered in the non-GSO system in the reference bandwidth (dBW)

i
: off-axis angle between the boresight of the transmitting space station
considered in the non-GSO system and the direction of the radio telescope
G
t
(
i
): transmit antenna gain (as a ratio) of the space station considered in the
non-GSO system in the direction of the radio telescope
d
i
: distance (m) between the transmitting station considered in the non-GSO
system and the radio telescope

i
: off-axis angle between the pointing direction of the radio telescope and the
direction of the transmitting space station considered in the non-GSO system
G
r
(
i
): receive antenna gain (as a ratio) of the radio telescope, in the direction of the
transmitting space station considered in the non-GSO system (see
Recommendation ITU-R RA.1631)
G
r,max
: maximum gain (as a ratio) of the radio telescope
epfd: instantaneous epfd in the reference bandwidth at the radio telescope
(dB(W/m
2
)).
-411-
4 Rec.ITU-RS.1586-1
The epfd calculation in equation (1) assumes that the pfd due to all interfering sources is directed at
the boresight of the receiving antenna, where the antenna gain is maximum. However, radio
astronomy protection criteria are based on a 0 dBi contour of the radio astronomy antenna. The pfd
due to all interfering sources directed at the 0 dBi gain of the receiving antenna, can be determined
as follows:
From equation (1), the instantaneous epfd directed at the 0 dBi gain of the receiving
antenna, expressed in (W/m
2
), is given by
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
a
i
r
N
i
i r
i
i t
P
G
G
d
G
epfd
1
2
10
dBi 0
) (
4
) (
10 (2)
The instantaneous epfd
G
r
0 dBi
values resulting from equation (2), averaged over a 2000 s
integration time, can be compared with pfd levels, also expressed in (W/m
2
) (defined
assuming a 0 dBi receiving antenna gain in the direction of interference and given this
integration time).
NOTE 1 It is assumed that each transmitter is located in the far field of the radio telescope (that is, at a
distance greater than 2D
2
/, where D is the effective diameter of the radio telescope and is the observing
wavelength). Though this may not always be satisfied, it is considered to be an adequate approximation.
NOTE 2 For some telescopes, the direction of maximum gain (boresight direction) may not always
coincide with the geometrical axis of the radio telescope.
NOTE 3 In the case of active antennas, P
i
should be taken as the radiated RF power rather than the power
at the input to the antenna.
NOTE 4 The antenna gain of the transmitting station, G
t
(
i
), is taken at the frequency of the radio
astronomy band considered. This may differ from the gain at the frequencies of the intended transmissions.
Annex2
Distributionofepfdlevels
This Annex describes a way to derive epfd statistics over the whole sky.
1 Divisionoftheskyintocellsofapproximatelyequalsolidangle
The first step of this approach is to divide the sky into M rings parallel to the horizon and equally
spaced in terms of elevation angle, from 0 to 90. The width of each ring is 90/M. The next step is
to divide these rings into cells whose azimuth width is chosen to provide an integer number of cells
per ring and is approximately equal to:
) elevation ( cos
/ 90 M
degrees
-412-
Rec.ITU-RS.1586-1 5
Figure 1 provides an example of division based on a step of 3 width in elevation, this divides the
sky into 30 rings of 3 of elevation angle. Then, the azimuth width is approximately equal to:
) elevation ( cos
30 / 90
degrees
Elevation is a mean elevation in a given ring.
This leads to a division of the sky into 2 334 cells of approximately 9 square degrees of solid angle
each. Table 1 provides the number of cells for each ring corresponding to this example.
2 epfddistributionforacell
First, a random choice is made for a pointing direction of the radio astronomy service antenna
which will lie within a specific cell on the sky as defined in the paragraph above. Then, the starting
time of the constellation is randomly chosen. The epfd is then evaluated for each time sample over a
2000 s integration time. The average epfd corresponding to this trial is then calculated for the
chosen pointing direction and starting time of the constellation.
-413-
6 Rec.ITU-RS.1586-1
TABLE 1
Exampleofdivisionoftheskyintosquarecellsofabout9squaredegreessolidangle
Lower
elevation
ofthering
(degrees)
Ringsolid
angle
(square
degrees)
Cumulative
solidangle
(square
degrees)
Azimuth
step
(degrees)
Number
ofcellsin
thering
Cellsolid
angle
(square
degrees)
Cumulative
numberof
cells
Percentage
ofsolid
angle
()
Cumulati
ve
solid
angle
()
0 1 079.51 1 079.51 3 120 9 120 5.23 5.23
3 1 076.55 2 156.05 3 120 8.97 240 5.22 10.45
6 1 070.64 3 226.69 3 120 8.92 360 5.19 15.64
9 1 061.79 4 288.49 3 120 8.85 480 5.15 20.79
12 1 050.04 5 338.53 3 120 8.75 600 5.09 25.88
15 1 035.41 6 373.93 3 120 8.63 720 5.02 30.90
18 1 017.94 7 391.87 3 120 8.48 840 4.94 35.84
21 997.68 8 389.55 3 120 8.31 960 4.84 40.67
24 974.68 9 364.23 3 120 8.12 1 080 4.73 45.40
27 949.01 10313.24 3 120 7.91 1 200 4.60 50
30 920.75 11233.99 4 90 10.23 1 290 4.46 54.46
33 889.95 12123.94 4 90 9.89 1 380 4.31 58.78
36 856.72 12980.66 4 90 9.52 1 470 4.15 62.93
39 821.14 13801.81 4 90 9.12 1 560 3.98 66.91
42 783.31 14585.12 4 90 8.70 1 650 3.80 70.71
45 743.34 15328.46 4 90 8.26 1 740 3.60 74.31
48 701.32 16029.79 5 72 9.74 1 812 3.40 77.71
51 657.39 16687.17 5 72 9.13 1 884 3.19 80.90
54 611.65 17298.82 5 72 8.50 1 956 2.97 83.87
57 564.23 17863.06 6 60 9.40 2 016 2.74 86.60
60 515.27 18378.33 6 60 8.59 2 076 2.50 89.10
63 464.90 18843.23 6 60 7.75 2 136 2.25 91.35
66 413.25 19256.48 8 45 9.18 2 181 2.00 93.36
69 360.47 19616.95 9 40 9.01 2 221 1.75 95.11
72 306.70 19923.65 10 36 8.52 2 257 1.49 96.59
75 252.09 20175.74 12 30 8.40 2 287 1.22 97.81
78 196.79 20372.53 18 20 9.84 2 307 0.95 98.77
81 140.95 20513.49 24 15 9.40 2 322 0.68 99.45
84 84.73 20598.21 40 9 9.41 2 331 0.41 99.86
87 28.27 20626.48 120 3 9.42 2 334 0.14 100
-414-
Rec.ITU-RS.1586-1 7
This operation is repeated to obtain a statistical distribution of the epfd in the considered cell. The
methodology involves a number of trials, each of which calculates the averaged epfd level over a
2000 s integration interval. The greater the number of trials, the more accurate this distribution will
be. A sufficient number of trials is needed to achieve the required confidence level in the results. In
particular, the number of trials multiplied by the 2000 s integration time should be significantly
higher than the period of the constellation. It is also necessary to ensure adequate statistical
sampling over the full period of the constellation. Once it is found that no further significant change
occurs in the distribution, it can be concluded that a sufficient number of trials has been performed.
This check can be done either automatically as an integral part of the simulation, or manually, by
stopping the simulation at regular intervals.
3 epfddistributioninworst-casepointingdirections(tobeappliedonlyifthepfdlevels
from satellites are constant for a given elevation angle of radio astronomy service
antenna)
The evaluation of the epfd distributions in cells on the sky may be simplified by first evaluating the
epfd distribution in pointing directions corresponding to worst-case pointing directions. These
worst-case pointing directions may be taken as those pointing directions where the probability of
visibility of satellites is the highest. These pointing directions may be determined according to
Recommendation ITU-R S.1257 Analytical method to calculate short-term visibility and
interference statistics for non-geostationary satellite orbit satellites as seen from a point on the
Earths surface (equations (28) and (29)). For a given elevation angle and a given constellation of
non-GSO satellites, this Recommendation allows the calculation of the worst-case azimuths (there
are usually two worst-case azimuths at a given elevation).
For the cells within which these worst-case pointing directions lie, the epfd distribution may be
evaluated for a sufficient number of 2000 s integration times. Then, this epfd distribution may be
compared with a pfd threshold level (defined assuming a 0 dBi receiving antenna gain in the
direction of interference and given a 2000 s integration time).
For a cell, the percentage of time during which a pfd threshold level is exceeded can be calculated
as the percentage of 2000 s integration periods in which the average pfd at the radio telescope
exceeds this pfd threshold level.
Considering the 2% criterion in recommends 2 of Recommendation ITU-R RA.1513, the
comparison of the epfd distribution with the pfd threshold level for cells corresponding to these
worst-case pointing directions, can provide the following conclusions:
If, in all M rings, the time-averaged epfd for the worst-case pointing directions is equal to
or less than the threshold of detrimental interference for 98% or more of time (see Fig. 2),
then the criteria for avoidance of detrimental interference are met over the whole sky.
If, in a ring defined for a given elevation angle, the time-averaged epfd for the worst-case
pointing directions is equal to or less than the detrimental threshold for 98% or more of
time (see Fig. 2), then the criteria for avoidance of detrimental interference are met for the
corresponding entire ring.
If the interference criteria are not met, then further investigation is needed.
The consideration of these worst-case pointing directions provides information on the location of
worst-case cells.
-415-
8 Rec.ITU-RS.1586-1
4 Outputintermsofepfddistribution
The epfd calculation described in 2 provides a distribution of epfd levels for each cell of the sky
as shown in Fig. 2.
FIGURE 2
Exampleofacumulativeepfddistributionforacell
-416-
Rec.ITU-RF.1613 1
RECOMMENDATIONITU-RF.1613
*
,
**
Operationalanddeploymentrequirementsforfixedwirelessaccess
systemsinthefixedserviceinRegion3toensuretheprotection
ofsystemsintheEarthexploration-satelliteservice
(active)andthespaceresearchservice(active)
intheband5250-5350MHz
(QuestionsITU-R113/9and218/7)
(2003)
considering
a) that the Irequency band 5 250-5 350 MHz is allocated to the Earth exploration-satellite
service(EESS)(active)andspaceresearchservice(SRS)(active)Iorspaceborneactivesensorsand
totheradiolocationserviceonaprimarybasis;
b) thattheallocationsintheIrequencyband5250-5350MHzwillbereviewedbyWRC-03
under agenda item 1.5 with a view to allocating this band to the Iixed service in Region 3 on a
primarybasis;
c) thatsomeadministrationsinRegion3haveproposedusingtheband5250-5350MHzIor
licence-basedIixedwirelessaccess(FWA)systemsintheIixedservice;
d) that these FWA systems operating outdoors may cause unacceptable interIerence to the
EESS/SRS(active)intheaboveband;
e) thatthere is a needtospeciIyoperational and deployment requirements Ior FWA systems
inRegion3inordertoprotectspaceborneactivesensorsystems,
*
This Recommendation was developed jointly by Radiocommunication Study Groups 7 and 9, and any
Iuturerevisionwillalsobeundertakenjointly.
**
ThisRecommendationshouldbebroughttotheattentionoIRadiocommunicationStudyGroups7and8.
-417-
2 Rec.ITU-RF.1613
noting
a) that the interIerence Irom EESS/SRS (active) systems into FWA systems with the
characteristicsdescribedinAnnex1isconsideredtobeacceptable,
recognizing
a) thatitisdiIIicultIorFWAandothertypesoIwirelessaccesssystems(includingradiolocal
areanetworks(RLANs))tooperatesimultaneouslyonaco-coverage,co-Irequencybasis,
recommends
1 that the aggregate interIerence Irom FWA systems (sum oI the directional e.i.r.p. towards
thesatellite)shouldbesmallerthan7.6dB(W/20MHz)attheEarthssurIacewithintheIootprint
oItheactivesensoroItheEESS/SRSsatellite(seeNotes1,2and3);
2 that the methodology described in Annex 1 should be used to assess the aggregate
interIerencelevelIromFWAsystems;
3 that, based on the FWA system characteristics presented in Table 4 Ior Region3, a
maximumdensityoI23FWAbasestationsper220km
2
shouldbeallowedwithinasatelliteactive
sensorIootprint.VariationoIthemaximume.i.r.p.,antennapatternandIrequencyplanningwould
implyavariationinthemaximumalloweddensityoIFWAbasestations;
4 that the maximum e.i.r.p. oI each FWA station should be no more than 3 dB(W/20 MHz)
(seeNotes4and5);
5 that administrations should control these systems to ensure that the deployment
requirementsIorFWAsystemsspeciIiedintheaboverecommendsaresatisIied.
NOTE1This aggregate interIerence level is derived Irom the interIerence threshold oI
132.35dB(W/20MHz)atthesatellitereceiverspeciIiedIortheSAR4inTable5.
NOTE2The Iootprint oI the active sensor oI the EESS/SRS the satellite reIerred to here has an
areaoIabout220km
2
.
NOTE3The aggregate interIerence Irom FWA systems toward the spaceborne active sensor
satellitedependsonsuchparametersastransmitpoweroItheFWAsystems,theantennadirectivity
and the number oI the FWA base stations using the same RF channel within the satellite active
sensorIootprint.
NOTE4II the main beam direction is above 10 in elevation, a 6 dB lower e.i.r.p. limit should
apply,i.e.amaximume.i.r.p.oI3dB(W/20MHz).
NOTE5ThedirectionoIFWAstationantennasshouldbecontrolledinordertoavoidaccidental
directilluminationtothesatelliteduetomisalignmentoIantennadirection,Iorexample,aremote
stationnotpointingtowardsthebasestation.
NOTE6Additional guidance should be developed in order to Iacilitate the application oI this
Recommendation.ThismatterrequiresIurtherstudy.
-418-
Rec.ITU-RF.1613 3
Annex1
FrequencysharingbetweenFWAsystemsandspaceborneactive
sensorsystemsintheEESS(active)andtheSRS(active)
1 Introduction
The Irequency band 5 250-5 350 MHz is considered to be suitable Ior FWA systems in the Iixed
servicetoprovidehigh-speedInternetorothermultimediaserviceapplications.SincetheIrequency
band is allocated in the ITU Radio Regulations to the EESS (active) and the SRS (active) on a
worldwidebasis,sharingIeasibilitiesbetweenFWAsystemsandsystemsintheEESS/SRS(active)
needstobedetermined.
In this Irequency band various types oI spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), spaceborne
radaraltimeterandspacebornescatterometersystemsintheEESS/SRS(active)areoperating.
This Annex deals with sharing consideration between FWA systems and these spaceborne active
sensors, using typical system parameters that are currently available or being considered in the
developmentalstage.
2 Technicalcharacteristicsofspaceborneactivesensors
TechnicalcharacteristicsoIspaceborneactivesensorsinthe5250-5350MHzaregiveninTables1
to3.
TABLE1
5.3GHztypicalspaceborneSARcharacteristics
Value
Parameter
SAR2 SAR3 SAR4
Orbitalaltitude(km) 600(circular) 400(circular)
Orbitalinclination(degrees) 57
RFcentreIrequency(MHz) 5405 5305 5300
Peakradiatedpower(W) 4800 1700
Polarization Horizontalandvertical(HH,HV,VH,VV)
Pulsemodulation LinearFMchirp
Pulsebandwidth(MHz) 310 40
Pulseduration(s) 31 33
-419-
4 Rec.ITU-RF.1613
TABLE1(end)
Value
Parameter
SAR2 SAR3 SAR4
Pulserepetitionrate(pps) 4492 1395
Dutycycle() 13.9 5.9
Rangecompressionratio 9610 10230 1320
Antennatype(m) Planarphasedarray
1.8 3.8
Planarphasedarray0.712.0
Antennapeakgain(dBi) 42.9 42.7/38(IullIocus/beamspoiling)
Antennamedianside-lobe
gain(dBi)
5
Antennaorientation
(degrees)
20-38Iromnadir 20-55Iromnadir
Antennabeamwidth 1.7(El),
0.78(Az)
4.9/18(El),
0.25(Az)
Antennapolarization Linearhorizontal/vertical
ReceivernoiseIigure(dB) 4.62
ReceiverIrontend1dB
compressionpointreIerredto
receiverinput
62dBWinput
Receiverinputmaximum
powerhandling(dBW)
+7
Operatingtime 30oItheorbit
MinimumtimeIor
imaging(s)
15
Servicearea Landmassesandcoastalareas
Imageswathwidth(km) 20 16/320
Footprint(km
2
) 159.03 76.5 76.5-220
Receiverbandwidth(MHz) 356.5 46.00
InterIerencethreshold(dB) I/N 6
-420-
Rec.ITU-RF.1613 5
TABLE2
5.3GHztypicalspacebornealtimetercharacteristics
TABLE3
5.3GHztypicalspacebornescatterometercharacteristics
1asonmissioncharacteristics
LiIetime 5years
Altitude(km) 134715
Inclination(degrees) 66
Poseidon2altimetercharacteristics
Signaltype PulsedchirplinearIrequencymodulation
CbandPRF(Hz) 300
Pulseduration(s) 105.6
CarrierIrequency(GHz) 5.3
Bandwidth(MHz) 320
EmissionRFpeakpower(W) 17
EmissionRFmeanpower(W) 0.54
Antennagain(dBi) 32.2
3dBaperture(degrees) 3.4
Side-lobelevel/Maximum(dB) 20
Back-side-lobelevel/Maximum(dB) 40
BeamIootprintat3dB(km) 77
InterIerencethreshold(dBW) 118
Parameter Value
Systemname Scatterometer1 Scatterometer2
Orbitalaltitude(km) 780 800
Inclination(degrees) 81.5
CentreIrequency(GHz) 5.3 5.255
Pulsewidth 70 s(mid)
130 s(Iore/aIt)
8ms(mid)
10.1ms(Iore/aIt)
Modulation InterruptedCW LinearFM(chirp)
Transmitterbandwidth(kHz) 15 500
PRF(Hz) 115(mid)
98(Iore/aIt)
29.4
Antennatype Slottedwaveguide
-421-
6 Rec.ITU-RF.1613
TABLE3(end)
3 TechnicalfeaturesofFWAsystems
Technical parameters oI FWA systems should be decided to meet both the high-speed Internet
servicerequirementsandthesharingcriteriawithotherservices.
WhenFWAsystemsaretooperateintheband5250-5350MHz,theIollowingpointshavetobe
considered:
FWAsystemsarecomposedoIabasestationandmanyremotestationswithintheservice
coverage, in other words a cell. It is assumed that all the remote stations communicate to
thebasestationonlyduringtheassignedtimeslot(incaseoItimedivisionmultipleaccess
(TDMA)) or accessible timings (in case oI carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)). This
means that within a cell only one station is transmitting at any instant in time. ThereIore,
the deployment density (per km
2
) oI FWA base stations will aIIect the interIerence to a
spaceborneactivesensorsatellitestation.
The antenna directivity Ior high elevation angle is important. II the antenna at the FWA
stations has enough upward discrimination, the interIerence power will be suIIiciently
suppressed.
ActiveratiooIagroupoIFWAtransmittersinacellmaybecome100intheworstcase.
Licence-based measures will be required to control the deployment density oI FWA
systems.
Parameter Value
Antennagain(dBi)
31(mid)
32.5(Iore/aIt)
28.5(mid)
29.5(Iore/aIt)
Antennamainbeam
orientation(degrees)
Incidenceangles:
18-47(mid)
24-57(Iore/aIt)
Incidenceangles:
25.0-54.5(mid)
33.7-65.3(Iore/aIt)
Antennabeamwidth(3dB)
elevation(degrees)
Azimuthbeamwidth
(degrees)
24
(mid)
1.3
26
(Iore/aIt)
0.8
23.6
(mid)
1.1
23.9
(Iore/aIt)
0.8
Instrumentelevationangle
(degrees)
29.3 37.6
Antennapolarization Vertical
Transmitterpeakpower 4.8kW 120W
ReceivernoiseIigure(dB) 3
Servicearea Oceanicandcoastalareas,landmasses
InterIerence
threshold(dB(W/Hz))
207
-422-
Rec.ITU-RF.1613 7
Considering the aIorementioned Ieatures, examples oI technical parameters Ior FWA systems are
assumedasshowninTable4IorthepurposeoIpreliminarystudiesinthisAnnex.
The characteristics chosen in this analysis are those which would result in the worst-case
interIerencetoanarrow-bandSARreceiver.ForthistypeoIFWAsystem,iItheantennaboresight
ispointedapproximatelyalongthehorizonIorapoint-to-multipointconnection,theangleIromthe
boresightbecomestheelevationangle.AtnadiranglesoI20to55,FWAstationelevationangles
directedtowardsaspaceborneSARrangeIrom69to30.
TABLE4
TechnicalcharacteristicsofFWAsystemat5.3GHz
1613-01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
FIGURE1
Basestationantennapattern
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
i
)
Elevationangle(degrees)
Basestation Remotestation
Frequencyband(MHz) 5250-5350
Operationalmode Point-to-multipoint
Cellradius(km) 1-2
Maximumtransmit
e.i.r.p./power(W)
2/0.2 2/0.063
Antennagain/
characteristics
10dBi/
Rec.ITU-RF.1336
Omnidirectionalpattern(k0)
(Fig.1)
15dBi/
Rec.ITU-RF.1336
Low-cost,low-gainantenna
(Fig.2)
Bandwidth(MHz) 20
Receivernoise
Iigure(dB)
8
InterIerencethreshold I/N 6dBor128.8dB(W/20MHz)
Polarization Verticalorhorizontal
Activeratio() 90 10
-423-
8 Rec.ITU-RF.1613
1613-02
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
FIGURE2
Remotestationantennapattern
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
i
)
OII-axisangle(degrees)
4 FrequencysharingbetweenspaceborneactivesensorsandFWAsystems
4.1 SharingbetweenSARandFWA
4.1.1 InterferencefromFWAintoSAR
Table 5 presents a calculation result oI interIerence Irom an FWA system with parameters in
Table4toSAR4inTable1.AlthoughSAR2,SAR3andSAR4providetheequivalentinterIerence
threshold per MHz, the analysis hereaIter reIers to SAR4 with the most stringent requirement in
absolute value. In calculating the interIerence, the side-lobe eIIect oI the FWA antenna and the
scattering eIIect at the surIace/building are considered. With regard to the side-lobe interIerence
Iromremotestations,theaveragee.i.r.p.towardsthesatelliteIromallremotestationssurrounding
thebasestationiscalculated(seeAppendix1toAnnex1).NotethattheIrequencyreuseIactoroI4
isassumedinTable5.
The surIace scattered contribution or eventual scattering Irom nearby buildings will be possible
sources oI interIerence. This is dependent on the area where these systems are deployed and on
which altitude they will be placed (top or side oI buildings), etc. It can be envisaged that FWA
systemsarepresentinhigh-densityurbanareaswherebydeIinitionscatteringIromawiderangeoI
objectswilloccur,sobesidessurIacescatteringtheseothercaseswillhavetobetakenintoaccount.
One could especially envisage modern oIIice buildings, which are constructed out oI metal where
the possibility oI a high reIlectivity into the direction oI the sensor cannot be excluded. As the
worst-case approach, a scattering coeIIicient is taken as 18 dB. This assumption may need to be
reviewed.
The above analysis is based on the hypothesis oI having only FWA transmitters not using sector
antennas. The presence oI sector antennas would deteriorate the sharing scenario related to
scattering.
The result indicates that 23 FWA cells can be operated in the SAR4 Iootprint within an area oI
220km
2
whiletheinterIerencetotheSARsatellitereceiverissmallerthantheacceptablelevel.II
theparametersoIFWAsystemsarediIIerentIromthoselistedinTable4,includingthecasewhere
sector antennas are employed at the base stations, the number oI cells allowed within the satellite
IootprintwouldbediIIerent.Table5shouldberecalculatedwiththeactualparameters.
-424-
Rec.ITU-RF.1613 9
TABLE5
InterferencefromanFWAsystemtoSAR4
20 fromnadir 55 fromnadir
Parameter
Value dB Value dB
Transmittedpeakpower(W) 0.2 7.00 0.2 7.00
Transmitantennagain(dBi) 14.20 8.80
Activeratio 90 0.46 90 0.46
From
base
station
e.i.r.p.(dBW) 21.66 16.26
Averagetransmitantenna
gain(dBi)
4.96 2.34
Activeratio 10 10.00 10 10.00
From
remote
station
e.i.r.p.(dBW) 26.96 24.34
InterIering
e.i.r.p.due
toFWA
antenna
sidelobe
Totale.i.r.p.duetosidelobe(dBW) 20.54 15.63
From
base
station
Transmittedpower(dBW) 7.46 7.46
Activeratio 10 10.00 10 10.00
From
remote
stations
Totaltransmittedpower(dBW) 7.31 7.31
ScatteringcoeIIicient(dB) 18.00 18.00
InterIering
powerdue
to
scatteringat
thesurIace
Totalscatterede.i.r.p.(dBW) 25.31 25.31
TotalinterIeringe.i.r.p.Iromacell(dBW) 19.29 15.19
Receiveantennagain(dBi) 42.70 42.70
Polarizationloss(dB) 3.00 3.00
Freespaceloss(dB) (427km) 159.55 (749km) 164.43
InterIerence
power
receivedat
SAR
Powerreceived(dBW) 139.14 139.92
NoiseIigure(dB) 4.62 4.62
kT 4.0 10
21
203.98 4.010
21
203.98
Receiverbandwidth(MHz) 20.0 73.01 20.0 73.01
Noisepower(dBW) 126.35 126.35
SAR
receiver
sensitivity
SARinterIerencethreshold
(I/N 6dB)(dBW)
132.35 132.35
Margin(dB) 6.79 7.57
MaximumnumberoIFWAcellsusing
thesameRFchannelwithintheSAR
Iootprint 4.78 5.71
Allowable
numberoI
FWAcells
MaximumnumberoIFWAcells
assumingIrequencyreuseIactoroI4 19.1 22.8
-425-
10 Rec.ITU-RF.1613
4.1.2 InterferencefromSARintoFWA
TheIirststepinanalysingtheinterIerencepotentialIromspaceborneSARsintoFWAsystemsisto
determine the signal power Irom spaceborne SARs side lobes onto the Earths surIace. For this
analysis the median side-lobe gain has been used since these side lobes give a substantially larger
Iootprint than the peak gain and will result in a longer duration interIerence. Table 6 shows the
interIerence levels caused Irom SAR4 satellite side lobes into FWA. SAR4 was selected to
representtheworstcase.ThisTableshowsapositivemarginintheorderoI20dBandwouldresult
inapositivesharingscenarioasIarassidelobesareconcerned.
TABLE6
InterferencefromSAR4sidelobesintoFWA
However, the peak antenna gain is 43-47.7 dB higher than the average side-lobe gain oI 5 dBi.
ThereIore,IorthedurationoItheIlyovertheinterIerencelevelsatthesurIacewouldbeabovethe
FWAinterIerencethreshold.Althoughthethresholdisexceeded,theIrequencyanddurationoIthis
excessinterIerenceareestimatedonceper8-10daysand0.5-1sperevent,respectively.
4.1.3 Summary
ItisdemonstratedthatIrequencysharingbetweentheSARsystemandanFWAsystemisIeasible
intheband5250-5350MHzundercertainoperationalanddeploymentrequirementsIortheFWA
system.FWAsystemsmayexperienceshortperiodsoIhighinterIerenceIromSARsystemsduring
theirIlyoverperiods.ThisinterIerenceisconsideredtobeacceptable,giventheassumedsmalljoint
probabilityoISARinterIerenceandIadingbytheFWAsystems.However,Iurtherstudiesmaybe
requiredonthedetailedinterIerenceeIIectsonFWAsystems.
20fromnadir 55fromnadir
Parameter
Interference
intobase
station
Interference
intoremote
station
Interference
intobase
station
Interference
intoremote
station
Freespaceloss(dB) 159.5
(427km)
164.4
(749km)
Receiveantennagain(dBi) 14.2 2.2 8.8 2.3
FWAIeederloss(dB) 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0
Powerreceived(dBW) 151.4 144.4 150.9 144.8
Bandwidthreduction(dB) 3.0 3.0
Powerreceived(dB(W/20MHz)) 154.4 147.4 153.9 147.8
FWAinterIerencethreshold
(dB(W/20MHz))
128.8 128.8
Margin(dB) 25.6 18.6 25.1 19.0
-426-
Rec.ITU-RF.1613 11
4.2 SharingbetweenspacebornealtimeterandFWA
4.2.1 InterferencefromFWAintospacebornealtimeter
Table 7 shows the interIerence calculation Irom FWA into the spaceborne altimeter. The result
shows an ample margin oI 42.6dB with respect to a 118dBW threshold, and thus it can be
concluded that FWA systems will not cause unacceptable interIerence to the spaceborne altimeter
operation.
TABLE7
InterferencefromFWAintospacebornealtimeter
Fromnadir
Parameter
Value dB
Transmittedpeakpower(W) 0.2 7.00
Transmitantennagain(dBi) 15.84
Activeratio 90 0.46
From
base
station
e.i.r.p.(dBW) 23.30
Averagetransmitantennagain(dBi) 5.71
Activeratio 10 10.00
From
remote
station
e.i.r.p.(dBW) 27.71
InterIering
e.i.r.p.dueto
FWAantenna
sidelobe
Totale.i.r.p.duetosidelobe(dBW) 21.96
Activeratio 90 0.46
From
base
station
Transmittedpower(dBW) 7.46
Activeratio 10 10.00
From
remote
stations
Totaltransmittedpower(dBW) 7.31
ScatteringcoeIIicient(dB) 18.00
InterIering
powerdueto
scatteringatthe
surIace
Totalscatterede.i.r.p.(dBW) 25.31
TotalinterIeringe.i.r.p.Iromacell(dBW) 20.31
Receiveantennagain(dBi) 32.20
Polarizationloss(dB) 3.00
Freespaceloss(dB) (1347km) 169.53
InterIerence
powerreceived
ataltimeter
receiver
Powerreceived(dBW) 160.64
AltimeterinterIerencethreshold(dBW) 118.00
Margin(dB) 42.64
-427-
12 Rec.ITU-RF.1613
4.2.2 InterferencefromspacebornealtimeterintoFWA
Table8showsinterIerencelevelsIromthespacebornealtimetermainbeamintoabasestationanda
remotestation.TherearesuIIicientmarginsinbothcases.
TABLE8
InterferencefromspacebornealtimeterintoFWA
4.2.3 Summary
It has been demonstrated that Irequency sharing between spaceborne altimeter system and FWA
systemsisIeasibleintheband5250-5350MHz.
4.3 SharingbetweenscatterometerandFWA
4.3.1 InterferencefromFWAintoscatterometer
Table9showsaninterIerenceanalysisIromFWAintoScatterometer1.Scatterometer1isselected
to represent the worst case. Table 9 shows that the interIerence Irom FWA does not cause
unacceptableinterIerence.
4.3.2 InterferencefromscatterometerintoFWA
Table10showsananalysisoIinterIerenceIromthescatterometerintoFWA.Thenegativemargins
meanthatFWAsystemsmayexperienceshortperiodsoIhighinterIerenceduringtheIlyoveroIthe
scatterometersystem.
Tonadir
Parameter
Interferenceinto
basestation
Interferenceinto
remotestation
Transmitantennagain(dBi) 32.2
Freespaceloss(dB) 169.5
(1347km)
FWAIeederloss(dB) 5.0 10.0
Bandwidthreduction(20MHz/320MHz)(dB) 12.0
Powerreceived(dB(W/20MHz)) 157.8 152.7
FWAinterIerencethreshold(dB(W/20MHz)) 128.8
Margin(dB) 29.0 23.9
-428-
Rec.ITU-RF.1613 13
TABLE9
InterferencefromFWAintoScatterometer1
18 fromnadir
(El:69.7 )
57 fromnadir
(El:19.7 )
Parameter
Value dB Value dB
From
base
station
e.i.r.p.(dBW) 21.66 13.40
Averagetransmitantennagain
(dBi)
4.93 0.64
Activeratio 10 10.00 10 10.00
From
remote
station
e.i.r.p.(dBW) 26.96 21.36
InterIering
e.i.r.p.due
toFWA
antenna
sidelobe
Totale.i.r.p.duetosidelobe(dBW) 20.54 12.76
From
base
station
Activeratio 10 10.00 10 10.00
From
remote
stations
Totaltransmittedpower(dBW) 7.31 7.31
ScatteringcoeIIicient(dB) 18.00 18.00
InterIering
powerdue
to
scattering
atthe
surIace
Totalscatterede.i.r.p.(dBW) 25.31 25.31
TotalinterIeringe.i.r.p.Iromacell(dBW) 19.29 12.53
Polarizationloss(dB) 3.00 3.00
Freespaceloss(dB) (825km) 165.27 (1745km) 171.78
InterIerenc
epower
receivedat
SAR
Powerreceived(dB(W/Hz)) 229.57 227.82
ScatterometerinterIerencethreshold(dB(W/Hz)) 207.00 207.00
Margin(dB) 22.57 20.82
-429-
14 Rec.ITU-RF.1613
TABLE10
InterferencefromScatterometer1intoFWA
4.3.3 Summary
IthasbeendemonstratedthatIrequencysharingbetweenscatterometersystemsandFWAsystems
is Ieasible. FWA systems may experience short periods oI high interIerence Irom Scatterometer
systems during their Ilyover periods. This interIerence is considered to be acceptable, given the
assumed small joint probability oI scatterometer interIerence and Iading by FWA systems.
However,IurtherstudiesmayberequiredonthedetailedinterIerenceeIIectsonFWAsystems.
5 Conclusion
Frequency sharing between EESS/SRS (active) and FWA is possible under the condition that
deployment oI FWA systems is controlled so that the total interIerence e.i.r.p. Irom FWA to the
EESS/SRSsatellitedoesnotexceed7.6dB(W/20MHz)withintheIootprintoItheactivesensoroI
thesatellite.FWAsystemsmayexperienceshortperiodsoIinterIerenceIromactivesensorsystems
oIEESS/SRSsatellitesduringtheirIlyoverperiods.ThisinterIerenceisconsideredtobeacceptable
Iorthisband,giventheassumedsmalljointprobabilityoItheactivesensorinterIerenceandIading
byFWAsystems.
ItisnotedthattheseconclusionsapplyonlytosharingbetweenFWAandEESS/SRS(active),and
donotaddressthepossibleincreasedaggregateinterIerencetoEESS/SRS(active)IromtheeIIects
oI mobile devices which may also operate in the EESS/SRS (active) Iootprint. However, studies
have indicated that it is diIIicult Ior FWA and other types oI wireless access systems (including
RLANs) to operate simultaneously on a co-coverage, co-Irequency basis. This matter is under
IurtherstudyanditisassumednottoimpactontheconclusionsoIthisRecommendation.
18 fromnadir
(El:69.7 )
57 fromnadir
(El:19.7 )
Parameters Interference
intoabase
station
Interference
intoa
remote
station
Interference
intoabase
station
Interference
intoa
remote
stations
Freespaceloss(dB)
165.3
(825km)
171.8
(1745km)
Receiveantennagain(dBi) 14.2 4.9 5.9 0.6
FWAIeederloss(dB) 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0
Powerreceived(dBW) 116.7 112.4 113.4 111.9
FWAinterIerencethreshold(dBW) 128.8 128.8
Margin(dB) 12.1 16.4 15.4 16.9
-430-
Rec.ITU-RF.1613 15
Appendix1
toAnnex1
Interferenceintothespaceborneactivesensorcausedby
sidelobesofFWAremotestations
In an FWA cell, remote stations are scattered around the base station. It is assumed that remote
stations surround the base station uniIormly in terms oI azimuth angles observed Irom the remote
station.SincethemainbeamoIremotestationsaredirectedtothebasestation,theangleIromthe
mainbeamoIremotestationislargerthantheelevationangletowardstheEESS/SRSsatellitedue
totheazimuthseparationasshowninFig.3.
1613-03
Remote
station
Directiontothebasestation
(mainbeamdirection)
Directionto
thesatellite
FIGURE3
Off-beamangle: towardstheEESS/SRSsatelliteattheremotestation
The oII-beam angle: towards the satellite at the remote station is calculated by the Iollowing
relation,assumingthattheelevationoIremotestationantennais0:
cos coscos
where:
: elevationangletowardsthesatellite
: azimuthseparationanglebetweenthesatelliteandthebasestationdirections.
Assuming to be uniIormly distributed over 0 to 360, the average gain towards the satellite is
calculatedasshowninTable11.
-431-
16 Rec.ITU-RF.1613
TABLE11
Averageantennagainofremotestationstowardsthesatellite
Appendix2
toAnnex1
Listofabbreviations
Az Azimuth
BW Bandwidth
CSMA Carriersensemultipleaccess
CW Continuouswave
EESS Earthexploration-satelliteservice
El Elevation
FM Frequencymodulation
FWA Fixedwirelessaccess
PRF PulserepetitionIrequency
RF RadioIrequency
RLAN Radiolocalareanetwork
SAR Syntheticapertureradar
SRS Spaceresearchservice
TDMA Timedivisionmultipleaccess
Satelliteelevation(degrees) 70 30
Averagegain(dBi) 4.96 2.34
-432-
Rec.ITU-RRA.1631 1
RECOMMENDATIONITU-RRA.1631
Referenceradioastronomyantennapatterntobeusedforcompatibility
analysesbetweennon-GSOsystemsandradioastronomy
servicestationsbasedontheepfdconcept
(2003)
considering
a) that there is a need to determine the levels oI interIerence which may occur at typical
observatorysites,duetovarioussourcesoIinterIerence;
b) that, to determine these levels oI interIerence, a reIerence antenna pattern needs to be
deIined;
c) that Recommendation ITU-R SA.509 gives a reIerence antenna pattern which represents
theside-lobegainlevelsthatarenotexpectedtobeexceededatmostoII-axisanglesinthemajority
oIantennasusedintheservice;
d) that the antenna pattern given in Recommendation ITU-R SA.509 is appropriate in some
compatibilityorsharinganalyses;
e) that, iI the peak envelope radiation pattern such as given in Recommen-
dationITU-RSA.509 is used in the assessment oI the aggregate interIerence consisting oI many
interIerenceentries,thepredictedinterIerencewillresultinvaluesthataregreaterthanvaluesthat
wouldbeexperiencedinpractice;
I) that Recommendation ITU-R S.1586 and Recommendation ITU-R M.1583 provide a
methodology based on the epId concept as deIined in No. 22.5C oI the Radio Regulations to
calculatetheleveloIunwantedemissionlevelsproducedbyanon-geostationary-satellitesystemat
radioastronomystations;
g) thatitisnecessarytouseanantennaradiationpatternrepresentingaverageside-lobelevels
to predict interIerence to a radio astronomy station Irom one or more Iast moving stations seen
undercontinuouslyvariableanglesuchasnon-GSOsystems;
h) that, a simple mathematical Iormula is preIerable to the radiation pattern representing
averageside-lobelevels;
j) that, to derive the epId resulting Irom unwanted emission levels produced by a
non-geostationary-satellite system at radio astronomy stations, it is necessary to use the typical
maximumantennagainoIradioastronomyservice(RAS)stations,
-433-
2 Rec.ITU-RRA.1631
recommends
1 that, in the absence oI particular inIormation concerning the radiation pattern oI the radio
astronomy antenna involved, the mathematical model oI the average radiation pattern as stated
below should be used Ior compatibility analyses between non-GSO systems and RAS stations Ior
Irequenciesabove150MHz:
G() = G
max
2.510
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
D
dBi Ior 0 < <
m
G() = G
1
Ior
m
<
r
G() = 2925logdBi Ior
r
< 10
G() = 3430logdBi Ior 10 < 34.1
G() = 12dBi Ior 34.1 < 80
G() = 7dBi Ior 80 < 120
G() = 12dBi Ior 120 180
where:
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
log 20 log 20
D
max
G dBi
15 + 1 =
D
G log
1
dBi

1
20
G G
max
D
m
=
degrees

6 . 0
85 . 15
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
r
degrees
D: diameteroIthetelescope(m)
: wavelength(m);
2 thattheIollowingmathematicalmodeloItheradiationpatternmaybeadoptedIoramore
accuraterepresentationoIthemainbeamradiationpatternIorIrequenciesabove150MHz:
2
1 ) 2 ( J
) (
(
=
x
x
G G
max
(expressedasarationotindB)
where:
J
1
(x) : IirstorderBesselIunction
G
max
=
(
2
4
eff
A
: maximumgain(expressedasarationotindB)
A
eff
= (D/2)
2
: areaoItheapertureoIthetelescope(m
2
)
: wavelength(m)
-434-
Rec.ITU-RRA.1631 3
andwhere:
x =

360
D
with,oII-boresightangle(degrees)(0 <
0
)
0
: Iirstnullinthisantennapatternat69.88/(D/)(degrees)oII-boresight
and that the Iollowing mathematical model oI the radiation pattern may be adopted Ior a more
accurate representation oI the radiation pattern oI near side lobes up to 1 Irom the boresight Ior
Irequenciesabove150MHz:
2
) 0953 . 0 4 / 3 2 cos(
) (
(
+
=
x
x
B G (expressedasarationotindB)
where:

=
360
D
x with,oII-boresightangle(degrees)(
0
1)
D: diameteroIthetelescope
: wavelength
and:
B10
3.2
2
((D/2)/(180))
2
ThismainbeammodelcorrespondstotheidealcaseoI100%apertureeIIiciency;
3 that the Iollowing typical maximum RAS antenna gain be used in compatibility analysis
betweennon-GSOsystemsandRASantennastations.
RASallocatedband
(MHz)
Typicalmaximumantennagain
150.05-153 44
322-328.6 51
406.1-410 53
608-614 56
1400-1427 63
1610.6-1613.8 64
1660-1670 65
2690-2700 69
4990-5000 74
-435-
4 Rec.ITU-RRA.1631
The corresponding antenna diameter may be derived using the Iollowing equations (see
recommends2):
G
max
=
(
2
4
eff
A
maximumgain(expressedasaratio)
where:
A
eff
(D/2)
2
: areaoItheapertureoIthetelescope(m
2
)
: wavelength(m).
RASallocatedband
(GHz)
Typicalmaximumantennagain
10.6-10.7 81
14.47-14.5 84
15.35-15.4 84
22.21-22.5 87
23.6-24 88
31.3-31.7 90
42.5-43.5 93
-436-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 1
RECOMMENDATIONITU-RRS.1632
*
Sharingintheband5250-5350MHzbetweentheEarthexploration-satellite
service(active)andwirelessaccesssystems(includingradio
localareanetworks)inthemobileservice
(2003)
considering
a) that the Irequency band 5250-5350 MHz is allocated to the Earth exploration-satellite
service(EESS)(active)andtotheradiolocationserviceonaprimarybasis;
b) that some administrations have proposed to use the band 5250-5350 MHz Ior low power
highspeedwirelesslocalareanetworks(WLANs),orradiolocalareanetworks(RLANs);
c) that these high speed WLANs are proposed to be deployed in the band as unlicensed
devices,makingregulatorycontroloItheirdeploymentdensitynon-Ieasible,
recognizing
a) that studies are continuing in ITU-R with a view to Iacilitating sharing oI wireless access
systems(includingRLANs)withEESS(active),
noting
a) that some administrations have adopted technical limits which permit wireless access
systems (including RLANs) to operate with an e.i.r.p. power limit oI lW, while other
administrationshaveadoptedmorestringente.i.r.p.limits,
recommends
1 that sharing between spaceborne active sensors oI the EESS with the characteristics as
given in Annex 1 and high speed WLANs in the 5250-5350MHz band is Ieasible with wireless
accesssystems(includingRLANs)havingconstraintssuchasthosegiveninAnnex2;
2 that the level oI protection required Ior EESS systems as given in Annex 1 may also be
achieved using alternative sets oI operational and technical limits being studies under
recognizinga).
*
RadiocommunicationStudyGroup7madeeditorialamendmentstothisRecommendation.
-437-
2 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
Annex1
Technicalcharacteristicsofspaceborneactivesensorsin
the5250-5570MHzband
TechnicalcharacteristicsoIspaceborneactivesensorsinthe5.3GHzIrequencyrangearegivenin
Tables1and2.
TABLE1
5.3GHztypicalspaceborneimagingradarcharacteristics
Value
Parameter
SAR1 SAR2 SAR3 SAR4
Orbitalaltitude(km) 426(circular) 600(circular) 400(circular) 400(circular)
Orbitalinclination
(degrees)
57 57 57 57
RFcentreIrequency
(MHz)
5305 5405 5405 5300
Peakradiatedpower
(W)
4.8 4800 1700 1700
Polarization Horizontal
(HH)
Horizontaland
vertical
(HH,HV,VH,VV)
Horizontaland
vertical
(HH,HV,VH,VV)
Horizontaland
vertical
(HH,HV,VH,VV)
Pulsemodulation LinearFMchirp LinearFMchirp LinearFMchirp LinearFMchirp
Pulsebandwidth
(MHz)
8.5 310 310 40
Pulseduration(s) 100 31 33 33
Pulserepetitionrate
(pps)
650 4492 1395 1395
Dutycycle() 6.5 13.9 5.9 5.9
Rangecompression
ratio
850 9610 10230 1320
Antennatype(m) Planarphased
array
0.5 16.0
Planarphasedarray
1.8 3.8
Planarphasedarray
0.7 12.0
Planarphasedarray
0.7 12.0
-438-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 3
TABLE1(end)
Value
Parameter
SAR1 SAR2 SAR3 SAR4
Antennapeakgain
(dBi)
42.2 42.9 42.7/38(Iull
Iocus/beamspoiling)
42.7/38(Iull
Iocus/beamspoiling)
Antennamedianside
lobegain(dBi)
5 5 5 5
Antennaorientation
(degreesIromnadir)
30 20-38 20-55 20-55
Antennabeamwidth
(degrees)
8.5(El),
0.25(Az)
1.7(El),
0.78(Az)
4.9/18.0(El),
0.25(Az)
4.9/18.0(El),
0.25(Az)
Antennapolarization Linear
horizontal/vertical
Linear
horizontal/vertical
Linear
horizontal/vertical
Linear
horizontal/vertical
ReceiverIrontend
1dBcompression
pointreItoreceiver
input(dBW)
62input 62input 62input 62input
AllowabledensityoI
conIiguration
saturationreIto
receiverinput
114/54dBW
inputat71/11dB
receivergain
114/54dBW
inputat71/11dB
receivergain
114/54dBW
inputat71/11dB
receivergain
114/54dBW
inputat71/11dB
receivergain
Receiverinputmax.
powerhandling
(dBW)
7 7 7 7
Operatingtime() 30theorbit 30theorbit 30theorbit 30theorbit
MinimumtimeIor
imaging(s)
9 15 15 15
Servicearea Landmassesand
coastalareas
Landmassesand
coastalareas
Landmassesand
coastalareas
Landmassesand
coastalareas
Imageswathwidth
(km)
50 20 16/320 16/320
-439-
4 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
TABLE2
5.3GHztypicalspaceborneradaraltimetercharacteristics
TABLE3
5.3GHztypicalspacebornescatterometercharacteristics
1asonmissioncharacteristics
LiIetime 5years
Altitude 1347km15km
Inclination 66
Poseidon2altimetercharacteristics
Signaltype Pulsedchirp.linearFM
CbandpulserepetitionIrequency(PRF) 300Hz
Pulseduration 105.6s
CarrierIrequency 5.3GHz
Bandwidth(BW) 320MHz
EmissionRFpeakpower 17W
EmissionRFmeanpower 0.54W
Antennagain 32.2dBi
3dBaperture 3.4
Sidelobelevel/maximum 20dB
Backsidelobelevel/maximum 40dB
BeamIootprintat3dB 77km
InterIerencethreshold 118dBW
Parameter Value
Systemname Scatterometer1 Scatterometer2
Orbitalaltitude(km) 780 800
Inclination(degrees) 98.5 98.5
CentreIrequency(GHz) 5.3 5.255
Pulsewidth 70 s(mid) 8ms(mid)
130 s(Iore/aIt) 10.1ms(Iore/aIt)
Modulation InterruptedCW LinearFM(chirp)
TransmitterBW(kHz) 15 500
PRF(Hz) 115(mid) 29.4
98(Iore/aIt)
Antennatype Slottedwaveguide Slottedwaveguide
-440-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 5
TABLE3(end)
Annex2
Sharingconstraintsbetweenspaceborneactivesensorsandhighspeed
WLANsinthe5250-5350MHzband
1 Introduction
This Annex presents the results oI three sharing analyses Ior the band 5 250-5 350MHz between
thespaceborneactivesensorsandthehighspeedWLANs,orRLANs.TheIirststudy,givenin2
oIthisAnnex,useshighperIormanceRLAN(HIPERLAN)type1classesBandCandHIPERLAN
type2characteristicsIortheRLANsandusesSAR4characteristicsIortheSAR.Inthisstudy,itis
IeasibleIortheindooronlyHIPERLANtype1classBandHIPERLANtype2tosharethe5250-
5350MHz band with SAR4, but is not Ieasible Ior the HIPERLAN type1 class C to share the
band, nor Ior any HIPERLAN type designed to be operated outdoors with the technical
characteristicsassumedinthestudy.
The second study, as given in 3 oI this Annex, uses three RLAN types, RLAN1, RLAN2, and
RLAN3,andusesSAR2,SAR3,andSAR4characteristicsIortheSARs.Inthisstudy,Iorthesingle
transmitter deployed outdoors, the RLAN1 high speed WLAN transmitter interIerence was above
the acceptable level Ior SAR4, the RLAN2 high speed WLAN transmitter interIerence was above
the acceptable levels Ior both SAR3 and SAR4, and the RLAN3 high speed WLAN transmitter
interIerencewasabovetheacceptablelevelIorSAR4.Forindoors/outdoorsRLANdeployment,it
isIeasibleIortheRLAN1,basedonanassumptionoIonly12activetransmittersperkm
2
withinthe
Parameter Value
Antennagain(dBi) 31(mid) 28.5(mid)
32.5(Iore/aIt) 29.5(Iore/aIt)
Antennamainbeamorientation
(degrees)
Incidenceangles:
18-47(mid)
24-57(Iore/aIt)
Incidenceangles:
25.0-54.5(mid)
33.7-65.3(Iore/aIt)
Antennabeamwidth(3dB),
elevation
Azimuthbeamwidth
24
(mid)
1.3
26
(Iore/aIt)
0.8
23.6
(mid)
1.1
23.9
(Iore/aIt)
0.8
Instrumentelevationangle(degrees) 29.3 37.6
Antennapolarization Vertical Vertical
Transmitterpeakpower 4.8kW 120W
Receivernoisetemperature(dB) NoiseIactor:3 NoiseIactor:3
Servicearea Oceanicandcoastal
areas,landmasses
Oceanicandcoastal
areas,landmasses
-441-
6 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
SAR (Iootprint) and a single Irequency channel Ior the RLAN1, to share with SAR2, SAR3, and
SAR4,butitisnotIeasibleIortheRLAN2,basedonanassumptionoI1200activetransmittersper
oIIicespaceand14channelsacrossa330MHzband,tosharewithSAR2,SAR3,andSAR4.For
an indoor deployment and considering the interIerence Irom the RLAN3 conIiguration oI high
speed WLANs to the SARs, the analysis shows that any surIace density less than
37-305transmitters/km
2
/channel will yield acceptable interIerence levels into the SAR, depending
on the imaging SAR pixel S/N Ior an imaging SAR. The anticipated mean density is estimated to
1200transmitter/largeoIIiceareaand250transmitters/industrialarea.Theanticipatedhighdensity
assumes 14 channels, each 23.6 MHz wide, over a 330 MHz band. For interIerence Irom the
RLAN3 conIiguration oI high speed WLANs to the SARs, the analysis shows that only Ior a
surIace density less than 518 to 4 270 transmitters/km
2
over 14 channels, will local area networks
(LANs)yieldacceptableinterIerencelevelsintotheSAR.ForRLAN3interIerenceintoSAR2and
SAR4, this would correspond to about 3 to 12 large oIIice buildings or 15 to 60 industrial areas
withintheSARIootprint,dependingontheSARpixelS/N.
The third study, as given in 4 oI this Annex, uses the more critical HIPERLAN type1
characteristics Ior the RLANs and uses the altimeter characteristics as given in Table2 Ior the
altimeter.Theradaraltimeteroperationwitha320MHzbandwidtharound5.3GHziscompatible
withHIPERLANs.
TheIourthstudy,asgivenin5oIthisAnnex,usestheHIPERLANtype2characteristicsIorthe
RLANs and uses the scatterometer characteristics as given in Table3 Ior the scatterometer. The
scatterometeroperationaround5.3GHziscompatiblewithHIPERLANsoperatedindoors.
2 StudyofHIPERLANstypes1and2andSARs
2.1 Technicalcharacteristicsofthetwosystems
The technical characteristics oI the WLANs used Ior the sharing analysis are those oI the
HIPERLAN type 1 and type 2, Ior which the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI)inEuropehaspublishedtherelevantspeciIications:EN300652Iortype1andTS101683
Ior type 2. For other study parameters (building attenuation, operational activity duty cycle,
HIPERLAN density, etc.) the values used are those agreed by ETSI ERM Ior these studies in
Europe.
HIPERLAN type 1:
It provides high speed RLAN communications that are compatible with wired LANs based on
EthernetandToken-ringStandardsISO8802.3andISO8802.5.
HIPERLAN/1parameters:
e.i.r.p.(highbitrate(HBR),in23.5MHz,lowbitrate(LBR),in1.4MHz):
classA:10dBmmaximume.i.r.p.
classB:20dBmmaximume.i.r.p.
classC:30dBmmaximume.i.r.p.
Channelspacing: 30MHz
Antennadirectivity: omnidirectional
-442-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 7
MinimumuseIulreceiversensitivity:70dBm
Receivernoisepower(23.5MHz): 90dBm
C/IIorBER10
3
atHBR: 20dB
EIIectiverange(classC): 50m.
Only classes B (100 mW maximum e.i.r.p.) and C (1 W maximum e.i.r.p.) are considered Ior this
study.
HIPERLAN type 2:
ItprovideshighspeedRLANcommunicationsthatarecompatiblewithwiredLANsbasedonATM
andIPstandards.
HIPERLAN/2parameters:
e.i.r.p.: 0.2W(inthe5250-5350MHzband)
Channelbandwidth: 16MHz
Channelspacing: 20MHz
Antennadirectivity: omnidirectional
MinimumuseIulreceiversensitivity:68dBm(at54Mbit/s)to85dBm
(at6Mbit/s)
Receivernoisepower(16MHz): 93dBm
C/I: 8-15dB
EIIectiverange: 30-80m.
InEuropeancountries,intheband5250-5350MHz,thee.i.r.p.islimitedto200mWandtheuse
oIHIPERLANsisonlyallowedwhentheIollowingmandatoryIeaturesarerealized:
transmitterpowercontrol(TPC)toensureamitigationIactoroIatleast3dB;
dynamic Irequency selection (DFS) associated with the channel selection mechanism
requiredtoprovideauniIormspreadoItheloadingoItheHIPERLANsacrossaminimum
oI330MHz.
CurrentlyHIPERLAN/1doesnotsupportthesetwoIeatures.
TheDFSdoesnotonlyprovideauniIormloadspread,butitallowsalsoeachHIPERLANsystem
to detect interIerence Irom other systems and thereIore is able to avoid co-channel operation with
other systems, notably radar systems. The system senses which channel is Iree Ior use and
automatically switches to it. This allows large numbers oI HIPERLAN systems to operate in the
sameoIIiceenvironment.
ItistobenotedthatthenumbersgiveninthedeploymentscenariosarebasedontheassumptionoI
the availability oI a total oI 330 MHz band Ior WLANs. Assuming that this bandwidth will be
available in two sub-bands (5150-5350 MHz and 130 MHz above 5470 MHz) and given the
channel spacing and the need to create a guardband at the boundaries oI the two sub-bands, the
assumednumberoIchannelsusedinthestudyis8Iortype1and14Iortype2.
-443-
8 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
OtherHIPERLANparametersusedIorthisstudyarethoseagreedbyETSI:
averagebuildingattenuationtowardsEESSinstruments:17dB;
active/passiveratio:5;
percentageoIoutdoorusage:15;
deployment scenarios: 1200 systems Ior large oIIice buildings, 250 systems Ior industrial
sites.
For the spaceborne active sensors are taken Irom the SAR characteristics in Annex 1 oI this
Recommendation. The SAR4 type is taken as example Ior the analysis oI the interIerence Irom
HIPERLANintoSAR,butsimilarresultscanbeobtainedIortheothertypes.SARtypes2-4have
beenusedIortheanalysisoItheinterIerenceIromSARintoHIPERLAN.
2.2 Sharinganalysis(fromWLANintoSAR)
ThesharinganalysisisgiveninTable4Iorthethreecasesconsidered:HIPERLANtype1(classB
andclassC)andtype2.
Given the expected HIPERLAN density (1200 systems per large oIIice building and 250 Ior
industrialsites)theoutdooronlyormixedindoor-outdoorcasesdonotrepresentaIeasiblesharing
scenarioIoranyoIthethreecasesconsidered.
Fortheindooruseonly,sharingisnotIeasibleIorthehighpowertype1classC,whilethetype1
classBandtype2casesrequireIurtherconsiderations.
InIactthe440systemslimitindicatedinTable4Iortype2indooronlyisperchannel.Considering
the DFS mechanism described above, one can make the hypothesis that the HIPERLAN type2
systems can be spread across the 14 channels available, giving a theoretical upper limit oI
6160systems within the 76.5 km
2
oI the SAR Iootprint. Type 1 class B gives an upper limit oI
5208systems.
TABLE4
PermissibleactiveHIPERLANcapacityinchannelssharedwithSAR4
HIPERLANtype Type1/ClassB Type1/ClassC Type2
Parameter Value dB Value dB Value dB
Maxtransmittedpower(W)
TPCeIIectonaverage
0.1
Notavailable
10 1
Notavailable
0 0.2 7
3
Distance(km)andIreespaceloss 425.7 159.5 425.7 159.5 425.7 159.5
Additionaltransmitpathloss(dB):
Outdooronly
Indooronly
Mixed(15outdoor)
0
17
7.8
0
17
7.8
0
17
7.8
Antennagain,transmitter(dB) 0 0 0
-444-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 9
TABLE4(end)
ThesevaluescorrespondtoroughlyIivelargeoIIicebuildingsinthe76.5km
2
oItheSARIootprint
and,althoughIarIrombeingaworstcase,canbeconsideredareasonableassumptionIorurbanand
suburbanareas.
ItcanthereIorebeconcludedthat,althoughmarginally,thetwoservicescansharethebandwhen
systemswiththeHIPERLANtype2ortype1classBsystemsaredeployedindoor.
TheDFSmechanismwillprovideauniIormspreadoItheloadacrosstheavailablechannels.IIthe
channelselectionisnotbasedonarandomchoice,thishypothesisislikelytobeincorrectandthe
conclusionneedstoberevised.
HIPERLANtype Type1/ClassB Type1/ClassC Type2
Parameter Value dB Value dB Value dB
Antennagain,receiver(dB) 42.7 42.7 42.7
Polarizationloss(dB) 3 3 3
(I/N6dB),(dB(W/Hz))
205.4 205.4 205.4
Powerreceived(dB(W/channel))
(channel:23.5MHztype
1/16MHztype2):
Outdooronly
Indooronly
Mixed(15outdoor)
129.8
146.8
137.6
119.8
136.8
127.6
129.8
146.8
137.6
Powerreceived(dB(W/Hz)):
Outdooronly
Indooronly
Mixed(15outdoor)
203.5
220.5
211.3
193.5
210.5
201.3
201.8
218.8
209.6
MargindB/(Hz
1
):
Outdooronly
Indooronly
Mixed(15outdoor)
1.9
15.1
5.9
11.9
5.1
4.1
3.6
13.4
4.2
SARantennaIootprint(km
2
) 76.5 18.8 76.5 18.8 76.5 18.8
PermissibleactiveHIPERLAN
density(/km
2
/ch):
Outdooronly
Indooronly
Mixed(15outdoor)
0.0085
0.43
0.051
20.7
3.7
12.9
0.00085
0.043
0.0051
30.7
13.7
22.9
0.0058
0.29
0.034
22.4
5.4
14.6
Active/passiveratio 5 13 5 13 5 13
Permissibletotal(activepassive)
HIPERLANdensity(/km
2
/ch):
Outdooronly
Indooronly
Mixed(15outdoor)
0.17
8.51
1.02
7.7
9.3
0.1
0.017
0.851
0.102
17.7
0.7
9.9
0.11
5.75
0.69
9.4
7.6
1.6
MaximumnumberoIactive
passiveHIPERLANperchannel
withintheSARIootprint
(76.5km
2
):
Outdooronly
Indooronly
Mixed(15outdoor)
13
651
78
1
65
8
8
440
53
-445-
10 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
2.3 Sharinganalysis(fromSARsintohighspeedWLANs)
TheIirststepinanalysingtheinterIerencepotentialIromspaceborneSARsintohighspeedWLANs
istodeterminethesignalpowerIromaspaceborneSARssidelobesontotheEarthssurIace.For
this analysis the median side lobe gain has been used since these side lobes give a substantially
largerIootprintthanthepeakgainandwillresultinalongerduringinterIerence.Next,thethreshold
oIthehighspeedWLANreceiverisdetermined.Then,theinterIerencemargincanbecalculatedby
comparing the SAR interIerence level with the LAN interIerence threshold. Table5 shows the
interIerencemarginIorthesidelobesoISAR2-4intowirelesshighspeedlocalareanetworkswith
an outdoor deployment in the 5250-5350 MHz band. This Table shows a positive margin and
wouldresultinapositivesharingscenario.
TABLE5
SARsidelobestohighspeedWLANs
However, Ior SAR2-4, the peak antenna gains are 43-47.7 dB higher than the average side lobe
levels oI 5 dBi. ThereIore Ior the duration oI the Ilyover, which in the main beam oI the SAR
would be about 0.5-1.0s, the SAR interIerence levels at the surIace would be above the WLAN
interIerencethresholdworstcase(HIPERLANtype2:115dBW).ThiscanbeobservedinTable5
whenlookingatthemarginwhichwouldbecomenegative.
AmoreproperwaytodeterminethemaximumallowableinterIerencelevelwouldbetotakethe
C/I into account, which has to be greater than 15 dB. In case the RLAN transmitters are within
50moIeachother(worst-casescenario),thiscanraisetheallowableinterIerencelevelby10dB
SAR2 SAR3 SAR4
Parameter
Value dB Value dB Value dB
Transmittedpower(W) 4800.00 36.81 1700.00 32.30 1700.00 32.30
Antennagain,transmitter(dB) 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Antennagain,receiver(dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Wavelength(m) 5.65 10
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96
(4)
2
6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98
Distance(km) 638.51 116.10 425.67 112.58 425.67 112.58
Bandwidthreduction(dB) 12.87 12.87 12.87 12.87 3.98 3.98
Powerreceived(dBW) 144.11 145.09 136.20
HIPERLANsinterIerence
threshold
115.00 115.00 115.00
Margin(dB) 29.11 30.09 21.20
-446-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 11
(105dBWinsteadoI115dBW).ForSAR4thisanalysisgivesaworstcasemarginoI16.5dB
Ior outdoor equipment. Using indoor deployment oI RLANs in this analysis (17 dB attenuation)
wouldresultinamarginallypositivesharingscenario.TherepeatperiodIortheSARis8-10days,
although the SAR is not necessarily active Ior every repeat pass. ThereIore, a given area on the
Earth would be illuminated by a single SAR main beam no more oIten than 0.5-1.0s every
8-10days.
2.4 Conclusions
For the interIerence Irom WLANs to SAR, theanalysis brings three main conclusions in the band
5250-5350MHz:
WLANs used only indoor are compatible with the operation oI SARs, while outdoor
operationoIWLANsdoesnotgivecompatibilitywiththeoperationoISARs.
IndoorWLANslimitedtoamean e.i.r.p.
1
oI200mW(or100mWiITPCisnotused)and
meane.i.r.p.densitylimitoI10mWinany1MHzbandarecompatiblewiththeoperation
oISARs.
In addition to the above, two Ieatures are needed in the WLAN systems to achieve
compatibilitywiththeoperationoISARs:
transmitterpowercontroltoensureamitigationIactoroIatleast3dB;withouttheTPC
Ieature,themeane.i.r.p.shouldnotexceed100mWinany20MHzchannel;
DFS associated with the channel selection mechanism required to provide a uniIorm
spreadoItheloadingoItheWLANchannelsacrossaminimumoI330MHz.
TheanalysisoItheinterIerenceIromSARsintoWLANsbringspositiveresultsconsideringindoor
deployment.
3 StudyofRLANsandSARs
3.1 TechnicalcharacteristicsoftypicalhighspeedWLANs
The technical characteristics Ior typical high speed WLANs at 5.3 GHz are given herein Ior three
conIigurations.ThesehighspeedWLANsaresometimesreIerredtoasradioLANsorRLANs.The
characteristics chosen in this analysis Ior the conIigurations are those which would result in the
worst-case interIerence to a SAR receiver. The inIormation on the Iirst conIiguration, RLAN1, oI
highspeedWLANswastakenIromtheFCCReportandOrderFCC97-7,9January1997,andon
theHIPERLANsIromDocument7C/54,18September1996.Thesecharacteristicsaresummarized
inTable6.TheinIormationonthesecondconIigurationRLAN2oIhighspeedWLANswastaken
Irom the Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG)-18/45, 8-17September1998. The second
1
The mean e.i.r.p. reIers to the e.i.r.p. averaged over the transmission burst at the highest power control
setting.
-447-
12 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
conIiguration,RLAN2,hasanoticeableincreaseinhighspeedWLANstransmitterpower,increase
in the indoor/outdoor use ratio and resulting lower mean building attenuation, increase in the
active/passive ratio, and increase in the anticipated deployment density. The inIormation on the
third conIiguration, RLAN3, oI high speed WLANs was taken Irom the Space Frequency
Coordination Group (SFCG)-19/39, 8-15September 1999 and Document7C/110 Sharing
constraintsbetweenspaceborneactivesensors(SARs)andwirelesshighspeedlocalareanetworks
inthe5250-5350MHzband,17February1999.ThethirdconIiguration,RLAN3,isrestrictedto
indooruseonly,withamediumanticipateddeploymentdensity.
TABLE6
TechnicalcharacteristicsofhighspeedWLANsat5.3GHz
3.2 InterferencefromhighspeedWLANsintoSARs
TheIirststepinanalysingtheinterIerencepotentialIromhighspeedWLANsintospaceborneSARs
receivers is to determine the signal power Irom a single high speed WLAN transmitter at the
spaceborneSAR.Then,thesingleinterIerermargincanbecalculatedbycomparingtheinterIerence
level with the SAR interIerence threshold. Knowing the SAR Iootprint, the allowable density oI
activehighspeedWLANstransmitterscanthenbecalculated,usingaconservativeactivityratioIor
theIractionoItransmittersoperatingatanyonetime.
Value
Parameter
RLAN1 RLAN2 RLAN3
Peakradiatedpower(W) 0.25 1.00 0.20
Deployment() 99indoors/
1outdoors
85indoors/
15outdoors
100indoors/
0outdoors
Meanattenuation(dB) 17.0 7.8 17.0
Polarization Random Random Random
Bandwidth(MHz) 23.6 23.6/channel
(14channels)
23.6/channel
(14channels)
InterIerencedutycycle
intoSAR()
100 100 100
Operationalactivity
(active/passiveratio())
1 5 5
Meandensity
(transmitters/km
2
)
12 1200/oIIicearea
(89000/km
2
/channel)
1200/oIIicearea,
250/industrialarea
InterIerencethreshold
(dBW)
120 120
(tobedeveloped)
100
-448-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 13
3.2.1 InterferencefromasingleRLANtransmitterlocatedoutdoors
Table7 shows the interIerence Irom a single RLAN high speed WLAN transmitter in the 5250-
5350 MHz band Ior SAR2-4. SAR1 was not used because this SAR1 system was designed to
operate in the 5150-5250 MHz band. An omni antenna is assumed Ior RLAN1, RLAN2, and
RLAN3. For SAR4, Table7 shows negative margin Ior the RLAN1, RLAN2, and RLAN3 high
speedWLANtransmitters.ForSAR3,Table7showsapositivemarginIortheRLAN1andRLAN3
transmitters,andnegativemarginIorRLAN2.ForSAR2,andinterIerenceIromRLAN1,RLAN2,
andRLAN3,therearepositivemarginsIorallthreeRLANtransmittersinterIerence.
TABLE7
InterferencefromasingleoutdoorRLANtransmittertoSARs
SAR2 SAR3 SAR4
Parameter
Transmittedpower(W)
RLAN1 0.25 6.02 0.25 6.02 0.25 6.02
RLAN2 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00
RLAN3 0.20 6.99 0.20 6.99 0.20 6.99
Buildingattenuation(dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Antennagain,transmit(dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Polarizationloss(dB) 3.00 3.00 3.00
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96
(4)
2
6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98
Distance(km) 638.51 116.10 425.67 112.58 425.67 112.58
Powerreceived(dBW)
RLAN1 128.74 124.03 124.03
RLAN2 122.72 118.00 118.00
RLAN3 129.71 124.99 124.99
NoiseIigure(dB) 4.62 4.62 4.62
k T 4.00 10
21
203.98 4.0010
21
203.98 4.0010
21
203.98
Receiverbandwidth(MHz) 356.50 85.52 356.50 85.52 46.00 76.63
Noisepower(dBW) 113.84 113.84 122.73
(I/N6dB)
119.84 119.84 128.73
Margin(dB)
RLAN1 8.90 4.19 4.71
RLAN2 2.88 1.83 10.73
RLAN3 9.87 5.16 3.74
-449-
14 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
3.2.2 InterferencefromanindoordeploymentofRLANtransmitters
Table8 shows the allowable conIiguration RLAN1 high speed WLANs density in the 5250-
5350MHz band Ior SAR2-4. For SAR4, Table8 shows the allowable density oI RLAN1 high
speedWLANstobeabout118transmitters/km
2
,belowwhichtheinterIerenceleveltothe40MHz
SAR4 is acceptable. Using inIormation on the anticipated HIPERLANs deployment density Irom
Document7C/54,18September1996,theHIPERLANsmeandensityoverEuropewasestimatedat
that time to be 12 transmitters/km
2
. It was expected that the density in metropolitan and densely
inhabited areas would be higher than the mean. Table9 shows the allowable density oI
conIiguration RLAN2 high speed WLANs in the 5250-5350 MHz band Ior SAR2-4. For SAR4,
Table9showstheallowableRLAN2highspeedWLANsdensitytobeabout0.2transmitters/km
2
,
or equivalently 1 transmitter/5 km
2
, below which the interIerence level to the 40 MHz SAR4 is
acceptable. This low allowable density is to be compared with the anticipated deployment density
IromDocumentSFCG-18/45,8-17September1998,oI1200transmitters/oIIicearea;thereisalso
the indoor RLAN2 capacity oI 89 10
3
/km
2
/channel, Ior separation distances oI 0.5 m. The
anticipated high density uses 14 channels, each 23.6 MHz wide, over 330 MHz band. Table10
showstheallowabledensityoIconIigurationRLAN3highspeedWLANsinthe5250-5350MHz
bandIorSAR2-4.ForSAR4,Table10showstheallowableRLAN3highspeedWLANsdensityto
be about37transmitters/km
2
/channel, below which the interIerence level to the 40 MHz SAR4 is
acceptable. The anticipated high density uses 14 channels, each 23.6 MHz wide, over 330 MHz
band. For 14 channels, the allowable density is then 518 transmitters/km
2
. This low allowable
density is to be compared with the anticipated deployment density Irom Document 7C/110, oI
1200transmitters/large oIIice area and250transmitters/industrial sites. Thus, Ior SAR4, the
allowable density would be that Ior less than one large oIIice area and about two industrial areas,
whichseemstobeunrealistic.ForSAR2andSAR4,theallowabledensityover14channelswould
be 4270 and 3990 transmitters, respectively. This would correspond to about three large oIIice
buildingsor15industrialareaswhichmaybeaslightlymorereasonableassumptionIorurbanand
suburbanareas.
For imaging SARs with S/N 8dB or higher, the I/N can be 0 dB and still not degrade the pixel
power standard deviation more than 10. This increases the allowable transmitter density by a
IactoroI4.ForRLAN3interIerenceintoSAR2andSAR4,thiswouldcorrespondtoabout12large
oIIicebuildingsor60industrialareaswithintheSARIootprint.However,IorinterIerometricSARs,
the I/Nmustbelessthan6dB,independentoItheS/N.
-450-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 15
TABLE8
InterferencefromRLAN1highspeedWLANStoSARs
SAR2 SAR3 SAR4
Parameter
Buildingattenuation(dB) 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00
Antennagain,transmitter(dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Antennagain,receiver(dB) 43.33 44.52 44.52 44.52 44.52
Polarizationloss(dB) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96
(4)
2
6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98
Distance(km) 638.51 116.10 425.67 112.58 425.67 112.58
NoiseIigure(dB) 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62
k T 4.00 10
21
203.98 4.0010
21
203.98 4.0010
21
203.98
Noisepower(dBW) 113.84 113.84 122.73
(I/N6dB)
119.84 119.84 128.73
Margin(dB) 25.90 21.19 12.29
SARIootprint(km
2
) 159.03 22.01 57.55 17.60 57.55 17.60
MeansurIacepoweroI
HIPERLANs(dB(W/km
2
))
3.88 3.59 5.31
Activetransmitter/km
2
9.78 9.14 1.18
2
at1
activityratio
978.40 913.56 117.88
-451-
16 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
TABLE9
InterferencefromRLAN2highspeedWLANStoSARs
As Iar as a selI-limiting density such that the surrounding high speed WLANs interIere
unacceptably among themselves, Ior RLAN3, the high speed WLANs are assumed to occupy
14channels, each 23.6 MHz wide, over a 330 MHz band, and the transmitters can be as close as
0.5m,givingapossibledensityoI8910
3
/km
2
/channeloversmallareascorrespondingtothelarge
oIIicearea.TheLANreceivernolongerrequirestheinterIerencetobelowerthan100dBW,but
thattheC/Ibegreaterthan20dB.Thisallowsthetransmitterstooperatewithin0.5moIeachother
withoutmutualselI-interIerence.
SAR2 SAR3 SAR4
Parameter
Buildingattenuation(dB) 7.80 7.80 7.80 7.80 7.80
Antennagain,transmitter(dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Antennagain,receiver(dB) 43.33 44.52 44.52 44.52 44.52
Polarizationloss(dB) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96
(4)
2
6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98
Distance(km) 638.51 116.10 425.67 112.58 425.67 112.58
NoiseIigure(dB) 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62
k T 4.00 10
21
203.98 4.0010
21
203.98 4.0010
21
203.98
Noisepower(dBW) 113.84 113.84 122.73
(I/N6dB)
119.84 119.84 128.73
Margin(dB) 10.68 5.97 2.93
SARIootprint(km
2
) 159.03 22.01 57.55 17.60 57.55 17.60
MeansurIacepoweroI
HIPERLANs(dB(W/km
2
))
11.34 11.63 20.53
2
0.07 0.07 0.01
2
at5
activityratio
1.47 1.37 0.18
-452-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 17
TABLE10
InterferencefromRLAN3highspeedWLANstoSARs
3.3 InterferencefromSARsintohighspeedWLANs
TheIirststepinanalysingtheinterIerencepotentialIromspaceborneSARsintohighspeedWLANs
is to determine the signal power Irom a spaceborne SAR onto the Earths surIace. Next, the
threshold oI the high speed WLAN receiver is determined. Then, the interIerence margin can be
calculated by comparing the SAR interIerence level with the LAN interIerence threshold. For
SAR1-4, the peak antenna gains are 40-50 dB higher than the average side lobe levels oI 5dBi.
ThereIore Ior the duration oI the Ilyover, which in the main beam oI the SAR would be about
SAR2 SAR3 SAR4
Parameter
Buildingattenuation(dB) 17.00 17.00 17.00
Antennagain,transmitter(dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Polarizationloss(dB) 3.00 3.00 3.00
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96 5.6510
2
24.96
(4)
2
6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98 6.3310
3
21.98
Distance(km) 638.51 116.10 425.67 112.58 425.67 112.58
NoiseIigure(dB) 4.62 4.62 4.62
k T 4.00 10
21
203.98 4.0010
21
203.98 4.0010
21
203.98
Noisepower(dBW) 113.84 113.84 122.73
(I/N6dB)
119.84 119.84 128.73
Margin(dB) 26.87 22.16 13.26
SARIootprint(km
2
) 159.03 22.01 57.55 17.60 57.55 17.60
MeansurIacepoweroIHIPERLANs
(dB(W/km
2
))
4.85 4.56 4.34
2
/channel 15.29 14.27 1.84
2
/channelat5
activityratio
305.75 285.49 36.84
-453-
18 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
0.5-1.0s,the SAR interIerencelevels at the surIace would be well above the RLAN1 interIerence
thresholds. However, Ior RLAN2, the level oI 120 dBW is no longer the maximum allowable
interIerencelevel,butratherthatC/Ibegreaterthan20dB,whichinthecaseoItransmitterswithin
0.5moIeachother,canraisetheallowableinterIerencelevelby50-80dB.
ThesituationIorRLAN3issimilartothatIorRLAN2.ForthesetypicalSAR2-4,thepeakantenna
gainsare14-38dBhigherthantheaveragesidelobelevelsoI5dBi.ThereIoreIorthedurationoI
the Ilyover, which in the main beam oI the SAR would be about 0.5-1.0s, the SAR interIerence
levels at the surIace would be well above the RLAN3 interIerence thresholds. However, Ior
RLAN3,theleveloI120dBWisnolongerthemaximumallowableinterIerencelevel,butrather
that C/I be greater than 20 dB, which inthe case oI transmitters within 0.5 m oI each other, can
raise the allowable interIerence level by50-80 dB. The repeat period Ior the SAR is 8-10 days,
although the SAR is not necessarily active Ior every repeat pass. ThereIore, a given area on the
EarthwouldbeilluminatedbytheSARbeamnomoreoItenthan0.5-1.0severy8-10days.
3.4 Conclusion
The potential interIerence between one conIiguration RLAN3 oI high speed WLANs and
spaceborne synthetic aperture radars in the band 5250-5350 MHz was analysed in this
Recommendation Ior 1) a single RLAN1-3 transmitter deployed outdoors and 2) a density oI
RLAN3indoorsdeployment.Forthesingletransmitterdeployedoutdoors,theRLAN1highspeed
WLAN transmitter interIerence was above the acceptable level Ior SAR4, the RLAN2 high speed
WLANtransmitterinterIerencewasabovetheacceptablelevelsIorbothSAR3andSAR4,andthe
RLAN3highspeedWLANtransmitterinterIerencewasabovetheacceptablelevelIorSAR4.
For interIerence Irom the RLAN1 conIiguration oI high speed WLANs to the SARs, the analysis
showsthatanysurIacedensitylessthan32-128transmitters/km
2
willyieldacceptableinterIerence
levelsintotheSAR,dependingontheimagingSARpixelS/N.Theanticipatedmeandensityover
Europe was in the past estimated to be only 12 transmitters/km
2
. At a density oI 0.32 active
transmitters/km
2
(densityoI32activetransmitters/km
2
witha1activityratio)atypicalhighspeed
WLAN (0.25W transmitter power) deployed outdoors will experience selI-interIerence levels oI
120dBW,alevelwhichtheRLAN1highspeedWLANsholdastheirinterIerencethreshold.For
interIerenceIromtheRLAN2conIigurationoIhighspeedWLANstotheSARs,theanalysisshows
that only Ior a surIace density less than 0.2-1.5 transmitters/km
2
will LANs yield acceptable
interIerencelevelsintotheSAR,dependingontheimagingSARpixelS/N.Thecurrentanticipated
mean density is 1200 transmitters/oIIice area, up to about 89 10
3
/km
2
/channel. The anticipated
high density assumes 14 channels, each 23.6 MHz wide, over a 330 MHz band. For an indoor
deploymentandconsideringtheinterIerenceIromtheRLAN3conIigurationoIhighspeedWLANs
totheSARs,theanalysisshowsthatanysurIacedensitylessthan37-305transmitters/km
2
/channel
willyieldacceptableinterIerencelevelsintotheSAR,dependingontheimagingSARpixelS/NIor
an imaging SAR. The anticipated mean density is estimated to 1200 transmitter/large oIIice area
and 250 transmitters/industrial area. The anticipated high density assumes 14 channels, each
23.6MHz wide, over a 330 MHz band. For interIerence Irom the RLAN3 conIiguration oI high
-454-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 19
speed WLANs to the SARs, the analysis shows that only Ior a surIace density less than 518 to
4270transmitters/km
2
over 14 channels, will LANs yield acceptable interIerence levels into the
SAR.ForRLAN3interIerenceintoSAR2andSAR4,thiswouldcorrespondtoabout3to12large
oIIicebuildingsor15to60industrialareaswithintheSARIootprint,dependingontheSARpixel
S/N.
For interIerence Irom the spaceborne SARs into RLAN1 high speed WLANs in the 5250-
5350MHzband,theSARinterIerencelevelsatthesurIaceIorsidelobesare14-38dBlowerthan
the LAN interIerence threshold. For SARs peak antenna interIerence over the duration oI the
Ilyover,whichinthemainbeamoItheSARwouldbeabout0.5-1.0s,theSARinterIerencelevels
atthesurIacewouldbewellabovetheRLAN1interIerencethresholdsby10-30dB.However,Ior
RLAN2 and RLAN3, the levels oI 120 dBW and 100 dBW, respectively, are no longer the
maximumallowableinterIerencelevels,butratherthatC/Ibegreaterthan20dB,whichinthecase
oItransmitterswithin0.5moIeachother,canraisetheallowableinterIerencelevelby50-80dB,so
thattheSAReveninthemainbeammaybebelowtheLANsinterIerencethreshold.Sincetherepeat
periodIortheSARis8-10days,andtheSARisnotnecessarilyactiveIoreveryrepeatpass,agiven
area on the Earth would be illuminated by the SAR beam no more oIten than 0.5-1.0s every
8-10days.
4 StudyofRLANsandaltimeters
4.1 InterferencefromRLANsintoaltimeters
Forthisanalysis,weconsideroneRLANoItheHIPERLANtypeinthealtimetermainlobe.
The altimeter has an extended bandwidth oI 320 MHz, while the HIPERLANs have a channel
bandwidth ranging Irom 16 MHz (type 2) to 23.5 MHz (type 1) included within the altimeter
bandwidth. The maximum HIPERLAN transmitted e.i.r.p. (P
h
G
h
) is 30 dBm (type 1) or 23 dBm
(type 2). The altimeter antenna gain, G
0
, is 32.2 dB, G
a
is the oII-axis antenna gain towards the
HIPERLAN, with additional 1 dB input loss L. The altimeter is nadir pointing, antenna size is
1.2m.RistherangeoIthealtimeterIromtheHIPERLAN.
The power received by the altimeter Irom one HIPERLAN in the boresight oI the SAR
(i.e. G
a
G
0
)is:
L R
G G P
P
a h h
r
2 2
2
) 4 (
(1)
TakingthemorecriticalHIPERLANtype1parameters(givenin2.2),weobtainavalueIorP
r
oI
108.3dBm.
The altimeter interIerence threshold is 88 dBm; we can thus deduce that the altimeter can
withstand the operation oI a number oI HIPERLANs simultaneously, since we have a 20.3dB
margin.Furthermore,thealtimeterisbuilttoprovidemeasurementsmainlyoveroceansandisnot
able to provide accurate data when a signiIicant amount oI land is in view oI its antenna beam.
Fromthisanalysis,itisclearthatthealtimeterwillnotsuIIerIromtheoperationoIHIPERLANs.
-455-
20 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
For completeness, the number oI HIPERLANs in the 3 dB Iootprint that can be tolerated by the
altimeter operating over land can be calculated. The methodology is described in 4.1.1 oI this
Recommendation.
WeobtainarangeIrom586(outdooruse)to4664(indooruse)HIPERLANsinstalledasalimitnot
tointerIereintothealtimeter.ExtramarginsremainintheIactthat:
No polarization loss or additional propagation losses have been taken into account
(about3dB).
Mitigation techniques such as transmitter power control are not considered (which is
expectedtoprovideatleast3dBmargin).
ThegainoIthealtimeterinthedirectionoIHIPERLANdeviceswasoverestimatedinthe
simulation.
In addition it is expected that typically only HIPERLAN type 2 systems will be deployed in the
Irequency range used by the altimeters, improving thereIore the situation thanks to the lower
maximume.i.r.p.(200mW).
WecanthusconcludethatthealtimeterwillnotsuIIerIrominterIerenceIromHIPERLANswhen
usedoveroceans.However,iIitweretobeoperatedoverlandthesituationismarginaldependant
ontheIinalchoiceoIparametersIortheHIPERLAN.Theexpectedmarginmayallowsharingeven
whenaltimetersareoperatingclosetotheland.Indoor-onlyandtype2-onlyHIPERLANoperation
wouldstronglyimprovethesharingenvironment.
4.1.1 EstimationofthenumberofRLANsinthe3dBfootprintofanaltimeter
Forthisanalysis,weconsideroneHIPERLANtype1inthealtimetermainlobe.
The altimeter has an extended bandwidth oI 320 MHz, while the HIPERLANs have a 23.5 MHz
bandwidthincludedwithinthealtimeterbandwidth.ThemaximumHIPERLANtransmittede.i.r.p.
(P
h
G
h
)is30dBm.Thealtimeterantennagain,G
0
is32.2dB,G
a
istheoII-axisantennagaintowards
theHIPERLAN,withadditional1dBinputlossL.Thealtimeterisnadirpointing,antennasizeis
1.2m.RistherangeoIthealtimeterIromtheHIPERLAN.
The power received by the altimeter Irom one HIPERLAN in the boresight oI the SAR
(i.e. G
a
G
0
)is:
L R
G G P
P
a h h
r
2 2
2
) 4 (
(2)
FromthisweobtainavalueIorP
r
oI108.3dBm.
-456-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 21
The altimeter interIerence threshold is 88 dBm; we can thus deduce that the altimeter can
withstand the operation oI a number oI HIPERLANs simultaneously, since we have a 20.3dB
margin.Furthermore,thealtimeterisbuilttoprovidemeasurementsmainlyoveroceansandisnot
able to provide accurate data when a signiIicant amount oI land is in view oI its antenna beam.
Fromthisanalysis,itisclearthatthealtimeterwillnotsuIIerIromtheoperationoIHIPERLANs.
For completeness, the number oI HIPERLANs in the 3 dB Iootprint that can be tolerated by the
altimeteroperatingoverlandcanbecalculated;thecomputationisnotstraightIorwardsincewitha
small change in the angle Irom altimeter boresight, the distance to ground, the gain and the
surIaceelementinterceptedatgroundlevelwillvary.
Assuming a certain density oI HIPERLAN devices, i.e. D, then the total number oI HIPERLAN
devicesseenbyasatellite(assumingthedevicesareevenlydistributedovertheEarthssurIace)is
given byN D A, where A is the 3 dB Iootprint oI the altimeter. Since the devices are not
equidistanttothesatellite,thevisibleEarthssurIaceisdividedintoconcentricsurIacestrips(asin
Fig.1),sothatonecanassumethatalloItheHIPERLANdeviceswithinthei-thsurIacestripareat
the same distance, d
i
, to the satellite, and are seen with the same nadir angle,
i
, and the same
elevationangle,
i
.ThenumberoIHIPERLANdeviceswithinthei-thstripisgivenby:
D A A N A N
i i i
) / ( (3)
where:
1 1
2
Ior )| cos( ) |cos( 2
i i i i e i
R A > (4)
1632-01
R
e
A
i
d
i
H
i

i
max
FIGURE1
Geometryforaggregatingtheinterference
Earth
Satellite
-457-
22 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
TheaggregateHIPERLANinterIerencepower,I,atthealtimeteristhereIoregivenbysummation
oIthei-thcomponentI
i
asbelow:
) (
) / (4
) 10 / . . . . ( e 1
) W (
2
0
i
i i i
G
c f d
p r i e
N I I
i i

_ _
(5)
where:
e.i.r.p.: eIIectiveisotropicradiatedpower(dBW)
d
i
: distancebetweenthesatelliteandinterIererontheEarth
f
0
: RFcentreIrequency
G(
i
): satellite altimeter antenna receive gain which depends on the nadir angle
i
,
i.e.theanglebetweenthesub-satellitepointandtheconsideredstrip.
Forthis,anumericalcomputationhasbeendone:aconstantHIPERLANpowerdensityatground
levelpersquaremetrehasbeenassumed,andanantennagainoIthealtimetervaryingasG
a
G
0
(sin()/)
2
),beingtheanglebetweentheverticalandthedirectionsatellitetoHIPERLAN,which
isaworstcasesincethealtimeterlobewillbemuchlowerthanthis.
TheintegraloIthereceivedpoweratthealtimeterlevelinthe3dBIootprintwasthencomputed:
themeanpoweracceptablebythealtimeteris60dBm/m
2
,or0dBm/km
2
(De.i.r.p.).
Since the altimeters are nadir pointing an additional pathloss oI 20 dB (due to rooI and ceiling
attenuation) is included when calculating the interIerence Irom indoor HIPERLANs. When
consideringthecaseoIHIPERLANswhicharerestrictedtoindooroperation,itisassumedthatat
any given time 1 oI the HIPERLAN devices will be operating outdoors leading to an overall
additionalattenuationIactoroI17dB.ForHIPERLANswhicharepermittedtooperateoutside,itis
assumedthat15oIdevicesareoutdoorsatagiventimegivinganadditionalattenuationIactor
oI8dB.Forbothcasesitisassumedthat5oIHIPERLANswillbetransmittingatonce.
TABLE11
Calculationofnumberofterminalsin3dBfootprint
Indoor Outdoor
Powerdensity(De.i.r.p.)(dBm/km
2
) 0 0
e.i.r.p.(dBm) 30 30
PercentageoIHIPERLANoperatingoutdoor() 1 15
Additionalmargin(dB) 17 8
Activeterminals/km
2
0.05 0.063
Activeterminals() 5 5
NumberoIterminals/km
2
1.002 0.126
NumberoIterminalsinthe3dBIootprint 4664 586
-458-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 23
WethenobtainarangeIrom586(outdooruse)to4664(indooruse)HIPERLANsinstalledinthe
3dBIootprintasalimitnottointerIereintothealtimeter.
4.2 InterferencefromaltimetersintoRLANs
In this case we consider a bandwidth reduction Iactor B
h
/B
a
, since the altimeter bandwidth B
a
is
muchlargerthantheHIPERLANsbandwidthB
h
. B
a
hasavalueoI320MHzandB
h
is23.5MHz
(type1,worstcase)or16MHz(type2),henceareductionIactoroI11.34dBisobtainedIortype1
andoI13dBIortype2.TheHIPERLANantennagainG
h
towardstheverticaldirectionis0dB.
ThepowerreceivedbyoneHIPERLANIromthealtimeteris:
a
h h a a
r
LB R
B G G P
P
2 2
2
) 4 (
(6)
The power transmitted by the altimeter into the HIPERLAN will then be, at the worst case (e.g.
mainbeamoIthealtimeter,closestdistance1347km,outdoorHIPERLANtype1),103.64dBm.
Thiscase(altimetermainbeamintoHIPERLANsidelobesatthevertical)hastobeconsideredasa
worstcase,sincealtimeterlobesdecreaseveryquicklywithboresightangle(theyareata20dB
level4Iromnadir,and40dB15Iromnadir).
ThecalculationaboveproducesamarginoI10dBIorthemostcriticalcase(type1);itisthereIore
concludedthatthealtimeterwillnotinterIereintoHIPERLANs.ThesituationimprovesIurtherin
case oI indoor HIPERLAN type 2 operation. Furthermore the altimeter is a pulsed radar; the low
dutycycle,polarizationandadditionalpropagationlosses,whichprovideadditionalmargins,have
notbeentakenintoaccount.
4.3 Conclusion
It is concluded that radar altimeter operation with a 320 MHz bandwidth around 5.3 GHz is
compatible with RLANs. Better margins are achieved with RLAN systems with characteristics
similartoHIPERLANtype2.TheseRLANsareexpectedtobethetypetypicallydeployedinthe
altimeter band. It is likely that sharing between RLANs and altimeters will also be Ieasible in the
bandabove5460MHz.
-459-
24 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
5 StudyofRLANsandscatterometers
Nowadays,scatterometersaremoreoItenusedIorlandapplicationsandinthenearIutureandwith
increasing resolution oI these instruments even more applications oI scatterometer systems above
land are Ioreseen. This interIerence analysis thereIore does not only restrict itselI to the coastal
areas,butcanbeseenonaglobalbasis.
5.1 InterferencefromRLANsintoscatterometers
Inscatterometersystems,anestimateoItheechoreturnsignalpowerismadebyIirstmeasuringthe
signalnoisepower(i.e.theechoreturnplusthesystemnoisecontribution),andthensubtracting
the noise-only power (an estimate oI the system noise alone, or noise Iloor). To optimize
system perIormance, the signal noise and the noise-only measurements are made over
diIIerentbandwidthsand/ordiIIerenttimes.ThisstrategyreliesontheIactthatthenominalsystem
noise is inherently white during the measurement sequence (stationary, and with a Ilat spectral
powerdistribution).
From the above situation, two diIIerent interIerence scenarios can be envisaged. One where the
interIerence is a constantly present in the measurement sequence, i.e. white CW noise, and one
where the interIerence is present in only one oI both measurements, due to satellite motion
(displacement oI the Iootprint oI one oI the Ian-beam antennas) or discontinuities in the signal oI
theinterIerer.Thiscanalsobedependentonthemeasurementtechniquesusedinthescatterometer
systemsunderconsideration.
AwindspeedoI3m/shasbeenidentiIiedastheminimumperIormancecriterionIorscatterometers.
Forthiswindspeed,theamountoIback-scatteredsignalisthesmallestandthusismostsensitiveto
noiseorinterIerence.TheestimatederrorthatresultsIromthissecondinterIerencescenariocanbe
described using a parametric value that has a typical value Ior Ian-beam antennas ( 0.7 dB)
andisgivenas(RecommendationITU-RRS.1166).
)|} / ( | / )| / ( log| 10 ) dB (
n n n s n s
B I N B I N + +
+ +
(7)
where:
N: nominal noise Iloor power density (approximately 201 dB(W/Hz) at the
scatterometerreceiverinputIorIan-beamantennas)
:
n s
B
+
signalnoisemeasurementbandwidth
:
n
B noise-onlymeasurementbandwidth
:
n s
I
+
average power Irom interIering source in
n s
B
+
during the signal noise
measurementperiod
:
n
I average power Irom interIering source in
s
B during the noise-only
measurementperiod.
-460-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 25
Figure 2 is a plot oI equation (1) Ior a scatterometer with a receiver noise Iloor oI
N201dB(W/Hz).ItshowsasaIunctionoIthepowerspectraldensityoItheinterIeringsignal
. /
n s n s
B I
+ +
Due to the narrow beamwidth oI the Ian-beam, changes oI several dB in received
interIerence levels should be expected as the scatterometer side lobes move through a transmitter
beam.EngineeringjudgementhasledtoavalueoI6dBastheassumedmaximumexpectedchange
in )| / ( / ) / |( log 10
n n n s n s
B I B I
+ +
during the measurement period. From Fig.2, it is thereIore
concludedthatthemaximuminterIerencepowerspectraldensitythatanyoItheIan-beamantennas
oIthescatterometercansustainwithoutdegradedmeasurementaccuracyis207dB(W/Hz).
1632-02
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
220 215 210 205 200
I
sn
/B
sn
(dB(W/Hz))
(I
sn
/B
sn
)/(I
n
/B
n
)3dB
6dB
10dB
dB
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
FIGURE2

(
d
B
)
ForCWwhite-noiselikeinterIerence,themaximumacceptableinterIerencespectralpowerdensity
wouldbeapproximately195dB(W/Hz)attheinputoIthereceiver.
-461-
26 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
The RLAN used in this sharing analysis is the HIPERLAN type 2 standard (parameters given in
2.2). The most stringent acceptable interIerence level into the receiver oI the scatterometer is
207dB(W/Hz).ForScatterometer1,anantennagainoI31dBiat650kmacrosstrackdistancehas
beenused,whichcorrespondstoaIree-spacelossoI167.3dB.
ThepowerreceivedbythescatterometerIromoneHIPERLANcanbewrittenas:
3 dB ) ( dB ) ( dB ) (
s h r
G LFS P P + (8)
FromthisweobtainavalueIorP
r
oI149.3dBovera16MHzbandwidth,whichcorrespondsto
221.3 dB(W/Hz). This gives a 14.3 dB margin. From this can be concluded that the interIerence
Irom one HIPERLAN/2 into the receiver oI a scatterometer does not cause harmIul interIerence.
Furthermore, as shown in Table 12, scatterometers are compatible with high density RLAN
deployments,inparticularwhenRLANsaredeployedindoor.
TABLE12
PermissibleactiveHIPERLAN/2capacitysharedwithScatterometer1
5.2 InterferencefromscatterometersintoRLANs
InthiscaseweconsiderinterIerenceIromScatterometer1intoHIPERLANtype2.Sincethistype
oI RLAN has dynamic Irequency selection and the Iact that the bandwidth oI the scatterometer is
relativelysmall,thescenariogivenherewillonlyconsideroneoIthesidelobesoIthescatterometer
intooneHIPERLAN.ThepeakpowerIorthisscatterometersystemis4.8kWandagainasidelobe
valueoI26dBihasbeenusedIorthisanalysis.
Sortofdeployment
Outdoor
only
Indoor
only
Mixed
(15
outdoor)
Transmittedpower(dBW) 10 10 10
Freespaceloss(dB) 167.3 167.3 167.3
Antennagain,receiver(dBi) 31 31 31
Polarizationloss(dB) 3 3 3
Additionalpathloss(dB) 0 17 7.8
Powerreceived(dB(W/channel)) 149.3 166.3 157.1
Powerreceived(dB(W/Hz)) 221.3 238.3 229.1
ScatterometerinterIerencethreshold 207 207 207
Margin(dB/Hz) 14.3 31.3 22.1
Active/passiveratio(5) 13 13 13
PermissibletotaloIactivepassive
RLANs/km
2
(dB)
27.3 44.3 35.1
-462-
Rec.ITU-RRS.1632 27
ThepowerreceivedbyoneHIPERLANIromScatterometer1isapproximately106.5dBwhichis
above the interIerence threshold oI the HIPERLAN or the so-called minimum useIul receiver
sensitivityoI115dB.Additionalinputorpolarizationlosseshavenotbeentakenintoaccountin
this analysis, but these values will not change the result dramatically (in the order oI a Iew dB).
WhenthescatterometerIliesover,thetimeaRLANsystemisinviewoIoneoIthescatterometers
antenna side lobes typically is several seconds. Since this type oI scatterometer uses several
Ianbeam antennas, the total interIerence time when the satellite passes over could even be around
20s. As mentioned beIore, these HIPERLAN type 2 systems use dynamic Irequency selection,
whichpermitsthemtoswitchtoanotherchannelbeIoreactuallytransmittingdata.ThisisthereIore
consideredauseIultooltomitigatetheinterIerenceproblem.
AmoreproperwaytodeterminethemaximumallowableinterIerencelevelwouldbetotaketheC/I
intoaccount,whichhastobegreaterthan15dB.Incasethetransmittersarewithin50moIeach
other (worst-case scenario), this can raise the allowable interIerence level by 10 dB (105 dBW
instead oI115 dBW). For Scatterometer 1 this analysis gives a positive margin oI 1.5 dB Ior
outdoorequipment.UsingindoordeploymentoIRLANsinthisanalysiswouldgiveabettermargin
(18.5dB).
TABLE13
Scatterometer1tohighspeedWLANs
5.3 Conclusion
Itisconcludedthatscatterometeroperationaround5.3GHziscompatiblewithRLANsinthesame
band.ItisIoreseenthatintheoperationoIscatterometers,theydonotgetsubstantialinterIerence
IromRLANs.FortheinterIerenceIromscatterometersintoRLANsthestudyindicatesthatsharing
isIeasibleIortheindooruseoIRLANs.ItisnotedthatsomeRLANswiththecharacteristicsoIthe
HIPERLANtype2standardareplannedtobeequippedwithDFS,i.e.dynamicIrequencyselection.
These systems will have a lower chance oI getting interIerence Irom scatterometer systems when
operatedoutdoor.
Parameter Value dB
Transmittedpower(W) 4800.00 36.81
Transmitpathloss(dB) 0.00 0.00
Antennagain,transmitter(dB) 26.00 26.00
Antennagain,receiver(dB) 0.00 0.00
2
24.96
(4)
2
6.3310
3
21.98
Distance(km) 1314.03 122.37
Bandwidthreduction(dB) 0.00 0.00
Powerreceived(dBW) 106.50
HIPERLANsinterIerencethreshold 115.00
Margin(dB)(outdoor) 8.50
Buildingattenuation(dB) 17
Margin(dB)(indoor) 8.50
-463-
28 Rec.ITU-RRS.1632
6 Globalconclusionsaboutcompatibility
FromthesharinganalysiscontainedinthisRecommendationIortypicalspaceborneactivesensors
operating in the band 5250-5350MHz and high speed WLANs proposed to be deployed in the
sameband,itcouldbegloballyconcludedthatthetwoservicesarecompatiblegivencertainRLAN
characteristics:
Indoordeployment(givinganattenuationoI17dBwithrespecttooutdoorsystems).
Mean e.i.r.p.
2
limit oI 200 mW (or 100 mW iI TPC is not used) and mean e.i.r.p. density
limitoI10mWinany1MHzband.
TPCIunctiontoensureamitigationIactoroIatleast3dB.
Randomized channel selection Iunction such as DFS Iunction associated with the channel
selection mechanism required to provide a uniIorm spread oI the loading oI the WLAN
channelsacrossthewholebandwidthavailableinthe5GHzrange(theassumptionsmade
in the study Ior a total oI 330 MHz give a density oI 440transmitters over a 20 MHz
channelintheSARIootprint).
2
The mean e.i.r.p. reIers to the e.i.r.p. averaged over the transmission burst at the highest power control
setting.
-464-
Rec.ITU-RM.1638 1
Characteristicsofandprotectioncriteriaforsharingstudiesfor
radiolocation,aeronauticalradionavigationandmeteorological
radarsoperatinginthefrequencybands
between5250and5850MHz
(2003)
Summary
This Recommendation describes the technical and operational characteristics oI, and protection
criteria Ior, radars operating in the Irequency band 5250-5850 MHz. These characteristics are
intendedIorusewhenassessingthecompatibilityoIthesesystemswithotherservices.
considering
a) that antenna, signal propagation, target detection, and large necessary bandwidth
characteristicsoIradartoachievetheirIunctionsareoptimumincertainIrequencybands;
b) thatthetechnicalcharacteristicsoIradiolocation,radionavigationandmeteorologicalradars
aredeterminedbythemissionoIthesystemandvarywidelyevenwithinaband;
c) that the radionavigation service is a saIety service as speciIied by No. 4.10 oI the Radio
Regulations(RR)andrequiresspecialmeasurestoensureitsIreedomIromharmIulinterIerence;
d) that considerable radiolocation and radionavigation spectrum allocations (amounting to
about1GHz)havebeenremovedordowngradedsinceWARC-79;
e) thatsomeITU-RtechnicalgroupsareconsideringthepotentialIortheintroductionoInew
typesoIsystems(e.g.IixedwirelessaccessandhighdensityIixedandmobilesystems)orservices
inbandsbetween420MHzand34GHzusedbyradionavigation,radiolocationandmeteorological
radars;
I) that representative technical and operational characteristics oI radiolocation, radio-
navigation and meteorological radars are required to determine the Ieasibility oI introducing new
typesoIsystemsintoIrequencybandsinwhichthelatterareoperated;
g) thatproceduresandmethodologiestoanalysecompatibilitybetweenradarsandsystemsin
otherservicesareprovidedinRecommendationITU-RM.1461;
h) thatradiolocation,radionavigationandmeteorologicalradarsoperateinthebandsbetween
5250-5850MHz;
j) thatground-basedradarsusedIormeteorologicalpurposesareauthorizedtooperateinthe
band 5600-5650 MHz on a basis oI equality with stations in the aeronautical radionavigation
service(ARNS)(seeRRNo.5.452),
-465-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.1638
recommends
1 that the technical and operational characteristics oI the radiolocation, radionavigation and
meteorological radars described in Annex 1 be considered representative oI those operating in the
Irequencybandsbetween5250and5850MHz(seeNote1);
2 that Recommendation ITU-R M.1461 be used as a guideline in analysing compatibility
between radiolocation, radionavigation and meteorological radars with systems in other services;
that the criterion oI interIering signal power to radar receiver noise power level I/N, oI 6dB
beusedastherequiredprotectiontriggerlevelIortheradiodeterminationsharingstudieswithother
services. This protection criterion represents the net protection level iI multiple interIerers
arepresent.
NOTE1Recommendation ITU-R M.1313 should be used with regard to the characteristics oI
maritimeradionavigationradarsintheIrequencyband5470-5650MHz.
Annex1
Characteristicsofradiolocation,aeronauticalradionavigation
andmeteorologicalradars
1 Introduction
Thebandsbetween5250and5850MHzareallocatedtotheARNSandradiolocationserviceona
primary basis as shown in Table 1. Ground-based radars used Ior meteorological purposes are
authorized to operate in 5600-5650 MHz on a basis oI equality with stations in the maritime
radionavigationservice(seeRRNo.5.452).
TABLE1
Band
(MHz)
Allocation
5250-5255 Radiolocation
5350-5460 Aeronauticalradionavigation
5470-5650 Maritimeradionavigation
(1)
(1)
In accordance with RR No. 5.452, between 5600 and 5650 MHz, ground-
based radars Ior meteorological purposes are authorized to operate on abasis
oIequalitywithstationsinthemaritimeradionavigationservice.
-466-
Rec.ITU-RM.1638 3
TheradiolocationradarsperIormavarietyoIIunctions,suchas:
tracking space launch vehicles and aeronautical vehicles undergoing developmental and
operationaltesting;
seaandairsurveillance;
environmental measurements (e.g. study oI ocean water cycles and weather phenomena
suchashurricanes);
Earthimaging;and
nationaldeIenceandmultinationalpeacekeeping.
The aeronautical radionavigation radars are used primarily Ior airborne weather avoidance and
windsheardetection,andperIormasaIetyservice(seeRRNo.4.10).
The meteorological radars are used Ior detection oI severe weather elements such as tornadoes,
hurricanes and violent thunderstorms. These weather radars also provide the quantitative area
precipitation measurements so important in hydrologic Iorecasting oI potential Ilooding. This
inIormation is used to provide warnings to the public and it thereIore provides a saIety-oI-liIe
service.
RecommendationITU-RM.1313containsthecharacteristicsoImaritimeradionavigationradarsin
theIrequencyband5470-5650MHz.
2 Technicalcharacteristics
Thebandsbetween5250and5850MHzareusedbymanydiIIerenttypesoIradarsonland-based
Iixed, shipborne, airborne, and transportable platIorms. Tables 2 and 3 contain technical charac-
teristicsoIrepresentativesystemsdeployedinthesebands.ThisinIormationisgenerallysuIIicient
Iorgeneralcalculationstoassessthecompatibilitybetweentheseradarsandothersystems.
However, these Tables do not contain characteristics oI Irequency-hopping radars which are
operating in this Irequency range. Frequency hopping is one oI the most common Electronic-
Counter-Counter-Measures (ECCM). Radar systems that are designed to operate in hostile
electronicattackenvironmentsuseIrequencyhoppingasoneoIitsECCMtechniques.ThistypeoI
radartypicallydividesitsallocatedIrequencybandintochannels.Theradarthenrandomlyselectsa
channel Irom all available channels Ior transmission. This random occupation oI a channel can
occuronaperbeampositionbasiswheremanypulsesonthesamechannelaretransmitted,orona
per pulse basis. This important aspect oI radar systems should be considered and the potential
impactoIIrequencyhoppingradarsshouldbetakenintoaccountinsharingstudies.
-467-
4 Rec. ITU-RM.1638
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-470-
Rec. ITU-RM.1638 7
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-471-
8 Rec.ITU-RM.1638
3 Operationalcharacteristics
3.1 Meteorologicalradars
Both airborne and ground-based meteorological radars operate within the Irequency range 5250-
5850MHz,andthetechnicalcharacteristicsaregiveninTable1.
The ground-based weather radar systems are used Ior detection oI severe weather and Ilight
planningactivitiesandareoItenlocatednearairportsworldwide.ThereIore,theseradarsarealsoin
operationcontinuously24h/day.
Meteorological radars provide quantitative area precipitation measurements and in most cases
belong to networks which coordinate such measurements over national or regional areas. Those
which use Doppler radar technology also observe precipitation velocity, which indicates the
presenceandmotionoIsevereweatherelementssuchastornadoes,hurricanesandviolentthunder-
storms as well as windshear and turbulence. Quantitative measurements Irom both kinds oI radar
are used in real time as a critical and unique data source Ior hydrological, meteorological and
environmental Iorecasting. Through numerical data assimilation, modelling and Iorecasting oI
weather,Iloodingandpollution,particularlyontheoccasionoIdamagingevents,thedataareused
to increase the accuracy and timeliness oI Iorecasts and warnings. The data may be used directly,
Iorexampletoassesslightningrisk.ManyapplicationscanbecriticaltosaIetyandprotectionoIthe
generalpublic(bothliIeandproperty)andthesaIetyandsecurityoImilitaryoperations.
The airborne meteorological radars are used Ior both hurricane research and reconnaissance.
TheaircraIt penetrate the eyewall repeatedly at altitudes up to 20000 It (6096 m) and as low as
1500It(457m).TheaircraItcollectresearch-missiondatacriticalIorcomputermodelsthatpredict
hurricaneintensityandlandIall.OtheraircraItpenetratehurricanesathigher,lessturbulentaltitudes
(30000-45000It,or9144-13716m)todeterminethepositionoIthehurricaneeye.
3.2 Aeronauticalradionavigationradars
Radars operating in the ARNS in the Irequency band 5350-5460MHz are primarily airborne
systems used Ior Ilight saIety. Both weather detection and avoidance radars, which operate
continuously during Ilight, as well as windshear detection radars, which operate automatically
whenever the aircraIt descends below 2400 It (732 m), are in use. Both radars have similar
characteristicsandareprincipallyIorward-lookingradarswhichscanavolumearoundtheaircraIts
Ilightpath.Thesesystemsareautomaticallyscannedoveragivenazimuthandelevationrange,and
aretypicallymanually(mechanically)adjustableinelevationbythepilot(whomaydesirevarious
elevationcutsIornavigationaldecision-making).
3.3 Radiolocationradars
Therearenumerousradartypes,accomplishingvariousmissions,operatingwithintheradiolocation
service throughout the range 5250-5850 MHz. Table 3 gives the technical characteristics Ior
several representative types oI radars that use these Irequencies that can be used to assess the
compatibility between radiolocation radars and systems oI other services. The operational use oI
theseradarsisbrieIlydiscussedintheIollowingtext.
-472-
Rec.ITU-RM.1638 9
Testrangeinstrumentationradarsareusedtoprovidehighlyaccuratepositiondataonspacelaunch
vehiclesandaeronauticalvehiclesundergoingdevelopmentalandoperationaltesting.Theseradars
are typiIied by high transmitter powers and large aperture parabolic reIlector antennas with very
narrowpencilbeams.Theradarshaveautotrackingantennaswhicheitherskintrackorbeacontrack
theobjectoIinterest.(NotethatradarbeaconshavenotbeenpresentedintheTables;theynormally
aretuneableover5400-5900MHz,havetransmitterpowersintherange50-200Wpeak,andserve
to rebroadcast the received radar signal.) Periods oI operation can last Irom minutes up to 4-5h,
depending upon the test program. Operations are conducted at scheduled times 24h/day,
7days/week.
Shipboard sea and air surveillance radars are used Ior ship protection and operate continuously
while the ship is underway as well as entering and leaving port areas. These surveillance radars
usually employ moderately high transmitter powers and antennas which scan electronically in
elevation and mechanically a Iull 360 in azimuth. Operations can be such that multiple ships are
operatingtheseradarssimultaneouslyinagivengeographicalarea.
Other special-purpose radars are also operated in the band 5250-5850 MHz. RadarQ (Table3) is
anairbornesyntheticapertureradarwhichisusedinland-mappingandimaging,environmentaland
land-usestudies,andotherrelatedresearchactivities.Itisoperatedcontinuouslyatvariousaltitudes
andwithvaryinglook-downanglesIorperiodsoItimeuptohoursindurationwhichdependsupon
thespeciIicmeasurementcampaignbeingperIormed.
4 Protectioncriteria
ThedesensitizingeIIectonradarsoperatedinthisbandIromotherservicesoIaCWornoise-like
type modulation is predictably related to its intensity. In any azimuth sectors in which such
interIerencearrives,itspowerspectraldensitycansimplybeaddedtothepowerspectraldensityoI
theradarreceiverthermalnoise,towithinareasonableapproximation.IIpowerspectraldensityoI
radar-receiver noise in the absence oI interIerence is denoted by N
0
and that oI noise-like
interIerence by I
0
, the resultant eIIective noise power spectral density becomes simplyI
0
+ N
0
. An
increaseoIabout1dBIorthemeteorologicalandradiolocationradarswouldconstitutesigniIicant
degradation. Such an increase corresponds to an (I + N)/N ratio oI 1.26, or an I/N ratio oI about
6dB. For the radionavigation service and meteorological radars, considering the saIety-oI-liIe
Iunction, an increase oI about 0.5 dB would constitute signiIicant degradation. Such an increase
corresponds to an (I + N)/N ratio oI about 10 dB. However, Iurther study is required to validate
this value. These protection criteria represent the aggregate eIIects oI multiple interIerers, when
present;thetolerableI/NratioIoranindividualinterIererdependsonthenumberoIinterIerersand
theirgeometry,andneedstobeassessedinthecourseoIanalysisoIagivenscenario.
The aggregation Iactor can be very substantial in the case oI certain communication systems,
inwhichagreatnumberoIstationscanbedeployed.
-473-
10 Rec.ITU-RM.1638
The eIIect oI pulsed interIerence is more diIIicult to quantiIy and is strongly dependent on
receiver/processordesignandmodeoIoperation.Inparticular,thediIIerentialprocessinggainsIor
valid-target return, which is synchronously pulsed, and interIerence pulses, which are usually
asynchronous, oIten have important eIIects on the impact oI given levels oI pulsed interIerence.
Several diIIerent Iorms oI perIormance degradation can be inIlicted by such desensitization.
Assessing it will be an objective Ior analyses oI interactions between speciIic radar types.
Ingeneral, numerous Ieatures oI radiodetermination radars can be expected to help suppress low-
dutycyclepulsed interIerence, especially Irom a Iew isolatedsources. Techniques Ior suppression
oIlow-dutycyclepulsedinterIerencearecontainedinRecommendationITU-RM.1372EIIicient
useoItheradiospectrumbyradarstationsintheradiodeterminationservice.
5 Interferencemitigationtechniques
In general, mutual compatibility between radiolocation, aeronautical radionavigation and
meteorological radars is Iostered by the scanning oI the antenna beams, which limits mainbeam
couplings.AdditionalmitigationisaIIordedbydiIIerencesbetweenthewaveIormsoIthetwotypes
oIradarsandtheassociatedrejectionoIundesiredpulsesviareceiverIilteringandsignalprocessing
techniques such as limiting, sensitivity time control and signal integration. Additionally,
interIerence can be mitigated by separation in carrier Irequency or discrimination in time through
the use oI asynchronous pulse rejection/suppression techniques. In radar-to-radar interactions,
separation in Irequency is not always necessary Ior compatible operation because high degrees oI
isolation in power coupling and in time either occur naturally or can be achieved by good design.
AdditionaldetailsoIinterIerencemitigationtechniquesemployedbyradarsystemsarecontainedin
RecommendationITU-RM.1372.
-474-
Rec.ITU-RM.1642-2 1
Methodologyforassessingthemaximumaggregateequivalentpower
flux-densityatanaeronauticalradionavigationservicestation
fromallradionavigation-satelliteservicesystems
(2003-2005-2007)
Scope
This Recommendation gives a methodology and the reIerence antenna characteristics Ior assessing the
maximum aggregate equivalent power Ilux-density (epId) level produced at the input oI a station oI the
aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS) by all radionavigation-satellite service (RNSS) systems
operatinginanyportionoIthe1164-1215MHzband.
considering
a) thatinaccordancewiththeRadioRegulations(RR),theband960-1215MHzisallocated
onaprimarybasistotheaeronauticalradionavigationservice(ARNS)inalltheITURegions;
b) thatanalysesshowthatRNSSsignalsinthe1164-1215MHzbandcanbedesignednotto
causeinterIerencetotheDME/TACANARNSreceiversoperatinginthisband;
c) that a protection criterion Ior the ARNS has been developed and is expressed in terms oI
equivalentpowerIlux-density(epId),whichissetoutinRecommendationITU-RM.1639,
recognizing
a) that WRC-2000 introduced a co-primary allocation Ior the RNSS in the Irequency band
1164-1215MHz, subject to conditions that require the RNSS to protect the ARNS Irom harmIul
interIerence;
b) that WRC-03 determined that protection oI the ARNS Irom RNSS can be achieved iI the
value oI the epId produced by all the space stations oI all RNSS (space-to-Earth) systems in the
band 1164-1215MHz does not exceed the level oI 121.5dB(W/m
2
) in any 1MHz band, and
adoptedResolution609(WRC-03)inordertoensurethatthislevelisnotexceeded;
c) that the ARNS is a saIety service in accordance with RRNo.1.59 and special measures
need to be taken by Administrations to protect these services in accordance with provision
RRNo.4.10,
recommends
1 thatthemethodologyinAnnex1andthereIerenceARNScharacteristicsinAnnex2should
beusedtocalculatethemaximumaggregateepIdproducedbyemissionsIromallRNSSsystemsat
anyaeronauticalradionavigationstation.
-475-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.1642-2
Annex1
Methodologyforassessingthemaximumaggregateepfd
atanARNSstationfromallRNSSsystems
Summaryofthemethod
With the method described in this Annex it is possible to calculate the maximum aggregate epId
leveloIallRNSSsystemsintheband1164-1215MHz.
This method allows diIIerent systems to be combined easily, so that the eIIect oI changes such as
including or excluding one or various systems or the eIIect oI changing the characteristics oI
speciIicsystemscanbeexaminedduringaconsultationmeeting.
Themethodaccommodatesbothnon-GSOsystems,withconstellationsoIsatellitesinanyorbitsoI
anyinclination,andGSOsystems.
Themethodisbasedonatwo-stepprocess:
Step 1:Calculation oI the epId oI each individual RNSS system. This step may be perIormed by
eachoperatorindependentlypriortotheconsultationmeeting,providedthatresultsaresubmittedin
acompatibleIormat(see1.3,Iornon-GSOsystems,and1.4,IorGSOsystems).
Step 2:CombinationoIthemaximumepIdoItheindividualsystems,bysuperpositionoIthemaps,
iI necessary at diIIerent Irequencies, to obtain the maximum aggregate epId (see 2) in the
band1164-1215MHz.
Descriptionofthemethod
1 MethodforcalculatingthemaximumepfdfromsatellitesofoneRNSSsystem
The deIinition oI equivalent power Ilux-density (epId) is based upon RR No. 22.5C.1 as adopted
atWRC-2000.
Whenanantennareceivespower,withinitsreIerencebandwidth,simultaneouslyIromtransmitters
atvariousdistances,invariousdirectionsandatvariouslevelsoIincidentpId,theepIdisthatpId
which, iI received Irom a single transmitter in the Iar Iield oI the antenna in the direction oI
maximum gain, would produce the same power at the input oI the receiver as is actually received
IromtheaggregateoIthevarioustransmitters.
TheinstantaneousepIdiscalculatedusingtheIollowingIormula:
(
(
a
i
i N
i
max r
i r i t
P
G
G
d
G
epfd
1
,
10
10
) (
a 4
) 0 (
10 log 10
2
where:
N
a
: numberoIspacestationsthatarevisibleIromthereceiver
i : indexoIthespacestationconsidered
-476-
Rec.ITU-RM.1642-2 3
P
i
: RF power (in the reIerence bandwidth) at the input oI the antenna (or RF
radiated power in the case oI an active antenna) oI the transmitting space
station(dB(W/MHz))
i
: oII-axisangle(degrees)betweentheboresightoIthetransmittingspacestation
andthedirectionoIthereceiver
G
t
(
i
) : transmit antenna gain (as a ratio) oI the space station in the direction oI the
receiver
d
i
: distance(m)betweenthetransmittingstationandthereceiver
i
: oII-axisangle(degrees)betweenthepointingdirectionoIthereceiverandthe
directionoIthetransmittingspacestation
G
r
(
i
) : receive antenna gain (as a ratio) oI the receiver, in the direction oI the
transmittingspacestation(seeAnnex2)
G
r, max
: maximumgain(asaratio)oIthereceiver
epfd: instantaneous equivalent power Ilux-density (dB(W/(m
2
MHz))) at the
receiver.
NOTE1ItisassumedthateachtransmitterislocatedintheIarIieldoIthereceiver(thatis,atadistance
greater than 2D
2
/, where D is the eIIective diameter oI the receiver antenna and is the observing
wavelengthinthesameunit).InthecaseunderconsiderationthiswillalwaysbesatisIied.
1.2 Generalconsideration
In the Iirst step oI the method, the maximum epId Ior each constellation oI RNSS satellites is
calculated at each latitude and longitude over the whole surIace oI the Earth Ior each 1MHz oI
spectrumoccupiedbythesystem.
As the victim ARNS receiver may be mounted on an aircraIt Ilying at an altitude up to 40000It
(12192m) (see 2 oI Annex 2), the calculation should include all satellites with elevation angles
Irom90downto3.54.
CalculationoItheepIddistributionoIeachsystemisonlynecessaryatasinglereIerenceIrequency,
preIerably the Irequency at which signal power is maximum. The RNSS signal spectral shape
should be supplied to a consultation meeting, so that results oI the calculation can then be
multipliedbytheappropriatespectralshapingIactorstoobtaintheresultsatanyotherIrequency.
1.3 Methodforcalculatingthemaximumepfdforanon-GSORNSSsystem
The simulation methodology given in Appendix 1 to Annex 1, which is based entirely on
RecommendationITU-RS.1325,maybeusedtoaccomplishthis.
The methodology, given in Appendix 2 to Annex 1, is based entirely on an analytical technique.
ThemethodcouldbeusedIorobtainingpromptestimatesbutitdoesnotyieldanexactupperbound
result.
1.4 MethodforcalculatingthemaximumepfdforaGSORNSSsystem
ThemaximumepIdIoreachGSOsatelliteisrequiredtobecalculatedateachlatitudeandlongitude
overthewholesurIaceoItheEarthIoreach1MHzoIspectrumoccupiedbythesystem.
In this case the epId will not be dependent on time, so a single table oI results can be calculated
directly.
-477-
4 Rec.ITU-RM.1642-2
2 MethodforcalculatingthemaximumaggregateepfdfromallRNSSsystems
2.1 Datarequiredforeachsystem
Each non-GSO RNSS system not having a geosynchronous period will, having Iollowed the
methodologyoI1.3,provideaconsultationmeetingwithalistoImaximumepIdversuslatitude
(applicableatalllongitudes)andasignalspectralshape.
Each non-GSO RNSS system having a geosynchronous period will, having Iollowed the
methodologyoI1.3,provideaconsultationmeetingwithalistoImaximumepIdversuslatitude
andlongitude,andasignalspectralshape.
Each GSO RNSS system will, having Iollowed the methodology oI 1.4, provide a consultation
meetingwithatableoImaximumepIdversuslatitudeandlongitudeandasignalspectralshape.
2.2 Combinationofepfdsofsystemswithsimilarsignalcharacteristics
The determination oI aggregate epId oI RNSS systems with the same Irequency oI signal spectral
maximummaybeachievedusingthreesteps:
Step 1a:point-by-pointsummationoImaximumepIdsinthe1MHzoIthebandwherethesignal
hasmaximumpowerateachlatitudeoIallthenon-GSO(nothavingageosynchronousperiod)lists
toobtainthelistoInon-GSO(nothavingageosynchronousperiod)aggregateepIdversuslatitude;
Step 1b:point-by-point summation oI maximum epIdsin the 1MHz oI the band where the signal
has maximum power at each latitude and longitude oI all the non-GSO (having a geosynchronous
period)liststoobtainthelistoInon-GSO(havingageosynchronousperiod)aggregateepIdversus
latitudeandlongitude;
Step 2:point-by-point summation oI maximum epIds in the 1 MHz oI the band where the signal
hasmaximumpowerateachpointoIlatitudeandlongitudeoIalltheGSOtablestoobtainthetable
oIGSOaggregateepIdversuslatitudeandlongitude;
Step 3:point-by-point summation oI the list oI non-GSO (not having a geosynchronous period)
aggregateepIdversuslatitude,andthelistoInon-GSO(havingageosynchronousperiod)aggregate
epId versus latitude and longitude to each longitude column oI the table oI GSO aggregate epId
versus latitude and longitude to obtain the overall the table oI aggregate epId versus latitude and
longitude.
Examination oI the highest epId in this table will reveal whether the protection criterion in
RecommendationITU-RM.1639inany1MHzoIthebandisrespected.
2.3 Combinationofepfdsofsystemswithdifferentsignalcharacteristics
ItshouldbenotedthatthemaximumaggregateepIdwillbeIrequencydependent.IIthespectraoI
all the RNSS systems under consideration have their maxima at the same Irequency, a single
analysiswillsuIIice.However,iIdiIIerentsystemshavediIIerentmaxima,eitherbecausetheyuse
diIIerent centre Irequencies with overlapping spectra or because they use diIIerent modulation
techniques, then analysis oI the maximum aggregate epId will require Irequency to be taken into
account.
ThedeterminationoImaximumaggregateepIdoIRNSSsystemswithdiIIerentcentreIrequencies
willrequire,asaminimum,theabovethreestepstobeperIormedateachIrequencyIorwhichany
one system has its signal spectral maximum, and may also require analysis at intermediate
Irequencies.
For each Irequency, each list or table will be Iactored by the appropriate spectral shaping Iactor
beIoresummationwithotherlistsandtables.
-478-
Rec.ITU-RM.1642-2 5
ExaminationoIthehighestepIdinalloItheresultanttableswillrevealwhetherprotectioncriterion
inRecommendationITU-RM.1639inany1MHzoIthebandisrespected.
2.4 Checkofresults
Following determination oI the maximum aggregate epId, a single simultaneous simulation oI all
RNSS systems at the ARNS station location where the absolute maximum aggregate epId was
determinedmaybeconsideredtoconIirmresultsobtainedusingAppendix1or2toAnnex1.
Appendix1
toAnnex1
Asimulationmethodologyfordeterminingthemaximumepfd
foranon-GSORNSSsystem
1 Methodandsimulationapproachdescription
TheIrameworkIorthismethodologybasedonRecommendationITU-RS.1325istomodelallthe
satellitesoIoneRNSSsystemataspeciIicreIerenceIrequency(typicallythe1MHzportionoIthe
1164-1215 MHz band with the maximum RNSS signal spectral density). A simulation oI the
constellation is sampled over a period oI time at a relatively Iine rate. At each sample the epId is
computed Ior all latitude and longitude points. The maximum sample should be recorded Ior each
latitude and longitude point. Other samples may be discarded. The result is a table, which can be
shownasamap,asillustratedinFigs.5and6.Followingthis,themaximumepId,Ioreachlatitude
shouldbedetermined,whichwilleliminateapproximationsduetolimitedsimulationtime.
2 Simulationassumptions
2.1 Orbitmodel
The orbit models to simulate the space stations in their orbits are Ior circular and elliptical orbits
onlyaccountingIorprecessionoIthelineoInodesintheequatorialplaneduetoasphericityoIthe
Earth.
The orbit model represents satellite motion in a geocentric inertial coordinate Irame shown in
Fig.1. The origin oI this inertial Irame is at the centre oI the Earth. The x-axis points to the Iirst
point in the constellation Aries (i.e. vernal equinox), the z-axis is the mean rotation axis oI the
Earth,andthey-axisisdeterminedasthecrossproductoItheunitvectorsinthezandxdirection,
i.e. x z y

.
The orbital models are based on Newtons equation oI motion Ior a satellite orbiting a perIectly
spherical Earth in a circle and in an ellipse. For the non-GSO system using circular orbit, the
characteristics oI this motion that make it easy to model is that the satellite orbital radius and
velocityareconstant.
-479-
6 Rec.ITU-RM.1642-2
2.1.1 Earth-relatedconstants
FortheEarth,thegeneralconstantsare:
R
e
: Earthradius(6378.137km)
O: Earthcentre
: Earthattractionconstant(3.98600510
5
km
3
/s
2
)
J
2
: secondharmonicEarthpotentialconstant(1082.63 10
6
)
T
e
: Earthrotationperiod(23h56'4.0989"86164.0989s)
e
: Earthrotationangularvelocity2/T
e
7.292115146710
5
rad/s
t : elapsedtimesincethesimulatedepoch(s).
2.1.2 Non-GSOsatellitesystemspacestationrelatedconstants
Forthenon-GSOsatellitesystemspacestationsusingcircularorbits(seeFig.1),theconstantsare
asIollows:
N: numberoIspacestationsoIthenon-GSOsystem
i : indexIoreachoIthenon-GSOsatellites(0 i < N)
h
sat
: satellitealtitudeabovetheEarth(km)
r : radiusoIthesatelliteorbit(km) h
sat
+ R
e
I : inclinationangleoItheorbitalplaneabovetheEquator(rad)
RAAN: rightascensionoItheascendingnode
i,0
: RAANoIthei-thnon-GSOsatelliteatthetimet(rad)
u
i,0
: argumentoIlatitudeoIthei-thnon-GSOsatelliteatthetimet(rad)
T: satelliteorbitperiod(s)2(r
3
/)
1/2
n: meanmotionoIasatellite(rad/s)2/T
u
i,t
: argumentoIlatitudeoIthei-thsatelliteatthetimet (rad) u
i,0
+ n
t
r
: nodalregressionoItheascendingnode(rad/s)

4
2
2
) cos( J
2
3
r
r
R I
e
i,t
: RAANoIthei-thsatelliteatthetimet(rad)
i,0
+
r
t
:
i
ON coordinate vector (inertial coordinate system) oI a non-GSO satellite in the
Earth-centredIixedcoordinateIrame:
(
(
(
(
(
(
) sin( ) sin(
) cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) cos(
,
, , , ,
, , , ,
I u
u I u
u I u
r
z
y
x
ON
t i
t i t i t i t i
t i t i t i t i
i
i
i
i
-480-
Rec.ITU-RM.1642-2 7
For the non-GSO satellite system space stations using elliptical orbits (see Figs.2 and3), the
constantsareasIollows:
N: numberoIspacestationsoIthenon-GSOsystem
i : indexIoreachoIthenon-GSOsatellites(0 iN)
a
i
: semi-majoraxisoIthei-thsatellite(km)
e
i
: eccentricityoIthei-thsatellite
M
i,0
: meananomalyoIthei-thnon-GSOsatelliteattheinitialtime(rad)
T
i
: satelliteorbitperiodoIthei-thsatellite(s)
2 1 3
) ( 2
/
i
/ a
n
i
: meanmotionoIthei-thsatellite(rad/s)
i
T / 2
i,t
: trueanomalyoIthei-thsatelliteattimet
(
(
2
tan
1
1
tan 2
, 1 t i
i
i
E
e
e
E
i,t
: eccentricanomalyoIthei-thsatelliteattimet
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
tan
1
1
tan 2
, 1 t i
i
i
e
e
M
i,t
: meananomalyoIthei-thsatelliteattimet
t i
E e E t n M
i t i i i
,
sin
, 0 ,
+
*
*
OnceM
i,t
isgiven,E
i,t
isdeterminedbyiteration.Usually,Iorshorttime-steps,thelastvalueoIE
i,t
canbe
usedasaninitialestimate.
-481-
8 Rec.ITU-RM.1642-2
I
i
: inclinationangleoItheorbitalplaneabovetheEquatoroIthei-thsatellite(rad)
RAAN: rightascensionoItheascendingnode

i,0
: RAANoIeachoIthei-thnon-GSOsatellitesattheinitialtime(rad)
i,0
: argument oI perigee oI each oI the i-th non-GSO satellites at the initial time
(rad)
u
i,t
: argumentoIlatitudeoIthei-thsatelliteatthetimet(rad) e
i,0
v
i,t
ri
: nodalregressionoItheascendingnodeoIthei-thsatellite(rad/s)
2 2 4
2
2
) 1 (
) cos( J
2
3
i i
i
e i
e a
a
R I
i,t
: RAANoIthei-thsatelliteatthetimet(rad)
i,0
+
ri
t
:
,
t i
ON coordinate vector (inertial coordinate system) oI the i-th non-GSO satellite in
theEarth-centredIixedcoordinateIrameatthetimet:
t i
ON
,
t i i i t i
r rot I rot rot
, 0 , ,
) ( 3 ) ( 1 ) ( 3

rot1():rotationaboutthex-axis
(
(
(

cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0 1
) ( 1 rot
rot3():rotationaboutthez-axis
(
(
(

1 0 0
0 cos sin
0 sin cos
) ( 3 rot
t i
r
,
:
(
(
(
(
(
(
0
sin
cos
cos 1
) 1 (
0
sin
cos
,
,
,
2
,
,
, , t i
t i
t i i
t i
t i
t i t i
e
e a
r r
-482-
Rec.ITU-RM.1642-2 9
-483-
The non-GSO perturbation can be considered in calculating the non-GSO constellation related
constants,asthepositionoIthesatellitesmayvarywhentakingperturbationintoaccount.
2.1.3 ARNSstationrelatedconstants
Lat : latitudeoIARNSstation(rad)
Lon: longitudeoIARNSstation(rad)
h
ARNS
: altitudeoIARNSstation(km)
:
OM ARNSstationcoordinatesintheEarth-centred,inertialcoordinatesystem
( )
( )
+
+ +
+ +
Lat) ( sin ) (
Lon sin Lat) ( cos ) (
Lon cos Lat) ( cos ) (
ARNS e
e ARNS e
e ARNS e
h R Z
t h R Y
t h R X
OM
2.2 Antennaparameters
2.2.1 ARNSstationantennaparameters
TheantennapatternIortheARNSstationisaninputparametertothesimulation(seeAnnex2).
2.2.2 Non-GSOspacestationantennaparameters
In order to perIorm interIerence analysis, non-GSO satellite antennas should be modelled using
eitheroItheIollowingpatterns,subjecttoavailability:
measuredantennapatterns;
proposedreIerenceantennapatterns;
ananalyticalIunctionwhichmodelstheradiationpatternoIthenon-GSOsatelliteantenna.
2.3 Calculationofthesimulationtime
2.3.1 Simulationtimeincrement
Forobtainingaccurateresultsthesimulationtimeincrement,t
inc
,shouldbeasshortaspossible,but
ontheotherhandthetotalsimulationtimeshouldbereasonable.Toattaintheaccuracyrequiredit
is necessary to ensure a suIIicient number oI epId measurements (N
hits
) when non-GSO RNSS
spacecraIt Ialls into the ARNS antenna pattern oI maximum gain visible to a space station.
N
hits
5isthoughttobesuIIicient.
Themaximumgainvisibletoaspacestationoccursat3.54to+3elevationangle(Annex2)Ior
an aircraIt at 40000 It (12192 m). It is important to have 5 N
hits
within this range, implying that
simulationincrementsoI1oIconstellationmovementissuIIicient.
-484-
2.3.2 Totalsimulationtime
AsatelliteoIanon-GSOconstellationonanyorbittracesoutapathontheEarthssurIace.AItera
time,whichisspeciIictothesystem,thesatelliteoranothersatelliteoItheconstellationreturnsto
thesameorpracticallytothesamepoint.ThetimebetweenthesetwocasesistherepeatperiodoI
the constellation. The repeat periods oI diIIerent constellations are Irom a Iew days to several
months. Typical results oI the epId calculation oI a RNSS system over one constellation repeat
periodisillustratedinFig.5.
TheexactlongitudeprecessionrateoIthesatellitesinanon-GSOconstellationwillbeaIIectedby
driIts due to longitudinal station keeping errors. This eIIect can be modelled and integrated in the
simulations.
Forthenon-GSOsystemnothavingageosynchronousperiod,theaIorementionedeIIectoIthiswill
resultinthemaximumepIdatanylongitudebecoming,inIact,themaximumepIdatalllongitudes.
(In other words, iI the simulation were to be extended to cover all possible states oI the
constellation,thehighspotsoImaximumepIdonthemapinFig.5wouldspreadhorizontallyto
becomeuniIormhorizontalstripes.)ItisthereIoreconsideredmorecorrecttotake,Ioreachlatitude,
the maximum epId at any longitude and use it Ior all longitudes. This converts the table oI
maximumepIdversuslatitudeandlongitudeintoasimplelistoImaximumepIdversuslatitude.
IIthisisdone,thenthesimulationtimecouldbereducedtoasingleorbitalperiodIorthenon-GSO
system not having a geosynchronous period. The map produced by such a limited simulation
wouldshowonlyaIewhighspotsbut,ateachlatitude,thevalueoIthehighspots,representing
themaximumepIdatanylongitude,wouldbethesame.
As a by-product, the amount oI inIormation which must be presented to the consultation meeting
wouldbeconsiderablyreduced.
-485-
On the other hand, non-GSO systems having a geosynchronous period produce ground tracks that
areconIinedtoalimitedlongituderangeontheEarthssurIace.Thiswillresultinthehighspots
oImaximumepIdappearingonlywithinalimitedareaoItheEarthssurIace.(Inotherwords,the
highspotsoImaximumepIdontheEarthssurIacewouldnotspreadhorizontally.)ThereIore,the
aggregate epId, caused by the non-GSO systems having a geosynchronous period, shall be
computedIorthelatitudeandlongitudepointswithinthevisiblerangeIromthenon-GSO.
For this case oI a non-GSO system having a geosynchronous period, the computation could be
accomplishedconsideringasingleorbitalperiod.TypicalresultsoItheepIdcalculationIoranon-
GSOsystemhavingageosynchronousperiodareshowninFig.6.
-486-
FIGURE6
Exampleofmaximumepfdglobaldistributionforanon-GSOsystem
havingageosynchronousperiod
Appendix2
toAnnex1
Analyticalmethodologyforassessingthemaximumepfdofasingle
RNSSsystemoperatingintheband1164-1215MHz
1 Introduction
TheintentoIthismethodologyistoshowhowthemaximumepIdoIasingleRNSSsystemcanbe
evaluated.
ThedeIinitionoIepIdisgivenin1.1oIAnnex1.
2 Descriptionofthemethodology
IIoneassumesthatthenon-GSORNSS-systemconstellationsconsistoIanumberoIorbitalplanes,
thenitismostlikelythat,inanyoneparticularplane,amaximumoIonesatelliteperplanewillbe
within the 3.54 to +3 elevation angle oI the ARNS antenna pattern (see Annex 2). In addition,
Ior non-GSO systems, it is likely that, when a satellite is within the ARNS antenna pattern oI
maximum gain visible to a space station, other satellites in the plane will have a relatively
insigniIicantepIdcontribution.Hence,thenumberoIsatelliteswithasigniIicantcontributiontoan
RNSSsystemsaggregateepIdislikelytobelessthanorequaltothenumberoIthesystemsusing
theseassumptions,onecanIormulatethenon-GSORNSSconstellationmaximumepId(epfd
max
)as:
max i p max
epfd N epfd
,
log 10 + dB(W/(m
2
MHz))
where:
N
p
: the maximum number oI satellites in the main beam oI the ARNS receiving
antenna(typically,thenumberoIorbitalplanesintheconstellation)
-487-
epfd
i, max
: maximumsingle-satelliteepIdcontribution(dB(W/(m
2
MHz))).
3 Non-GSOexamples
For a single-satellite maximum epId contribution oI 136.9dB(W/(m
2
MHz)) within a non-GSO
RNSSconstellationoIsixplanesusingtheequationin2theepfd
max
is:
12 . 129 6 log 10 ) 9 . 136 ( +
max
epfd dB(W/(m
2
MHz))
A similar calculation, with a single-satellite maximum epId contribution oI
130.24dB(W/(m
2
MHz)), within a non-GSO RNSS constellation oI three planes, using the
equationin2givesamaximumepIdoI125.47dB(W/(m
2
MHz)).
These values are in very good agreement with the simulation method in Appendix1 to Annex1,
withonly1.2dBdiIIerence.
Annex2
ARNSreferencestationcharacteristics
tobeusedinepfdcalculation
1 ARNSantennacharacteristics
Table1providestheantennagainIorelevationvaluesbetween90and90.Forelevationvalues
betweentwovaluesoITable1alinearinterpolationshouldbeused.TheG
r, max
valueis3.4dBias
speciIied in Recommendation ITU-R M.1639, including 2dB oI circular-to-linear polarization
mismatch.ItisassumedthattheelevationandgainpatternisthesameIorallazimuthangles.
TABLE1
Elevation
angle
(degrees)
Antennagain
including
circular-to-linear
polarization
mismatch
G
r
/G
r, max
(dB)
Elevation
angle
(degrees)
Antennagain
including
circular-to-linear
polarization
mismatch
G
r
/G
r, max
(dB)
Elevation
angle
(degrees)
Antennagain
including
circular-to-linear
polarization
mismatch
G
r
/G
r, max
(dB)
90 17.22 22 10.72 57 15.28
80 14.04 23 10.81 58 15.49
70 10.51 24 10.90 59 15.67
60 8.84 25 10.98 60 15.82
50 5.40 26 11.06 61 16.29
40 3.13 27 11.14 62 16.74
30 0.57 28 11.22 63 17.19
20 1.08 29 11.29 64 17.63
10 0.00 30 11.36 65 18.06
5 1.21 31 11.45 66 18.48
3 1.71 32 11.53 67 18.89
2 1.95 33 11.60 68 19.29
1 2.19 34 11.66 69 19.69
-488-
TABLE1(end)
Elevation
angle
(degrees)
Antennagain
including
circular-to-linear
polarization
mismatch
G
r
/G
r, max
(dB)
Elevation
angle
(degrees)
Antennagain
including
circular-to-linear
polarization
mismatch
G
r
/G
r, max
(dB)
Elevation
angle
(degrees)
Antennagain
including
circular-to-linear
polarization
mismatch
G
r
/G
r, max
(dB)
0 2.43 35 11.71 70 20.08
1 2.85 36 11.75 71 20.55
2 3.26 37 11.78 72 20.99
3 3.66 38 11.79 73 21.41
4 4.18 39 11.80 74 21.80
5 4.69 40 11.79 75 22.15
6 5.20 41 12.01 76 22.48
7 5.71 42 12.21 77 22.78
8 6.21 43 12.39 78 23.06
9 6.72 44 12.55 79 23.30
10 7.22 45 12.70 80 23.53
11 7.58 46 12.83 81 23.44
12 7.94 47 12.95 82 23.35
13 8.29 48 13.05 83 23.24
14 8.63 49 13.14 84 23.13
15 8.97 50 13.21 85 23.01
16 9.29 51 13.56 86 22.88
17 9.61 52 13.90 87 22.73
18 9.93 53 14.22 88 22.57
19 10.23 54 14.51 89 22.40
20 10.52 55 14.79 90 22.21
21 10.62 56 15.05
2 ARNSstationlocation
The ARNS station altitude should be taken at worst case (12192 m)
1
, which gives maximum
visibilityoIpotentiallyinterIeringsatellitesIromtheARNSreceivingantenna.
1
Equivalentto40000It.
-489-
Rec. ITU-R M.1643 1
*

Technical and operational requirements for aircraft earth stations
of aeronautical mobile-satellite service including those
using fixed-satellite service network transponders in
the band 14-14.5 GHz (Earth-to-space)

(2003)
Summary
This Recommendation provides the technical and operational requirements Ior aircraIt earth stations
(AES) oI aeronautical mobile-satellite service (AMSS), including those using FSS network
transponders operating in the band 14-14.5 GHz (Earth-to-space), that should be used by
administrations as a technical guideline Ior establishing conIormance requirements Ior AES and
Iacilitating their licensing, Ior worldwide use.
FRQVLGHULQJ
a) that various technically and operationally diIIerent aeronautical mobile-satellite service
(AMSS) networks have been designed to commence operation in the near Iuture;
b) that these planned AMSS networks may provide access to a variety oI broadband
communication applications (Internet, email, internal corporate networks) to and Irom aircraIt on a
global basis;
c) that the aircraIt earth station (AES) will operate on national and international airlines
around the world;
d) that circulation oI AES is usually a subject oI a number oI national and international rules
and regulations including satisIactory conIormance to a mutually agreed technical standard and
operational requirements;
e) that there is a need Ior identiIying the technical and operational requirements Ior the
conIormance testing oI AES;

*
NOTE The Arab Group represented at RA-03 reserves its position on this Recommendation and is not
ready to accept any repercussions with respect to WRC-03 Agenda item 1.11.
-491-
2 Rec. ITU-R M.1643
I) that the identiIication oI technical and operational requirements Ior AES would provide a
common technical basis Ior Iacilitating conIormance testing oI AES by various national and
international authorities and the development oI mutual recognition arrangements Ior conIormance
oI AES;
g) that the technical and operational requirements need to achieve an acceptable balance
between radio equipment complexity and the need Ior eIIective use oI the radio-Irequency
spectrum,
FRQVLGHULQJDOVR
a) that in the Irequency band 14-14.5 GHz there are allocations to the FSS (Earth-to-space),
radionavigation, Iixed and mobile (except aeronautical mobile) services on a primary basis; that
secondary services allocated in the band 14-14.5 GHz or in parts oI the band include mobile-
satellite (except aeronautical mobile-satellite) service (Earth-to-space), space research service
(SRS), radio astronomy service (RAS), and radionavigation-satellite service;
b) that there is a requirement to Iully protect all primary services and pre-existing systems oI
secondary services in the band 14-14.5 GHz;
c) that results oI the studies conducted in accordance with Resolution 216 (Rev.WRC-2000)
showed the Ieasibility oI using the band 14-14.5 GHz by AMSS (Earth-to-space) on a secondary
basis under certain conditions and arrangements
1
;
d) that the identiIication by ITU-R oI technical and operational requirements Ior AES
operating in the band 14-14.5 GHz could assist administrations to prevent harmIul and/or
unacceptable interIerence to other services;
e) that technical and operational characteristics should be continuously and accurately
measurable and controllable,
UHFRPPHQGV
1 that the technical and operational requirements
1
Ior aircraIt earth stations oI AMSS
networks operating in the band 14-14.5 GHz given in Annexes 1 and 2 be used by administrations
as a guideline Ior:
establishing conIormance requirements Ior AES;
Iacilitating AES operations.

1
The characteristics oI the typical aircraIt earth stations need to IulIil the requirements described in this
Recommendation and, Iurther, need to be within the envelope oI those initially published in the
International Frequency InIormation Circular (BR IFIC) relating to the corresponding FSS network. In the
case that the characteristics are outside oI the envelope oI those in the initial publication, the required
coordination oI such an aircraIt earth station needs to be eIIected in accordance with the current
provisions oI the Radio Regulations (RR) and a modiIied Rule oI Procedure as contained in 2 oI the
Rules oI Procedure relating to RR No. 11.32, as appropriate.
-492-
Rec. ITU-R M.1643 3
Annex 1

Technical and operational requirements for AES of AMSS
networks in the band 14-14.5 GHz (Earth-to-space)
Part A

Essential requirements related to the protection
of FSS networks
1 AMSS networks should be coordinated and operated in such a manner that the aggregate
oII-axis e.i.r.p. levels produced by all co-Irequency AES within AMSS networks are no greater than
the interIerence levels that have been published and coordinated Ior the speciIic and/or typical earth
station(s) pertaining to FSS networks where FSS transponders are used.
2 The design, coordination and operation oI an AES should, at least, account Ior the
Iollowing Iactors which could vary the aggregate oII-axis e.i.r.p. levels generated by the AES:
2.1 mispointing oI AES antennas. Where applicable, this includes, at least, eIIects caused by
bias and latency oI their pointing systems, tracking error oI closed loop tracking systems,
misalignment between transmit and receive apertures Ior systems that use separate apertures, and
misalignment between transmit and receive Ieeds Ior systems that use combined apertures;
2.2 variations in the antenna pattern oI AES. Where applicable, this includes, at least, eIIects
caused by manuIacturing tolerances, ageing oI the antenna and environmental eIIects. AMSS
networks using certain types oI AES antennas, such as phased arrays, should account Ior variation
in antenna pattern with scan angles (elevation and azimuth). Networks using phased arrays should
also account Ior element phase error, amplitude error and Iailure rate;
2.3 variations in the transmit e.i.r.p. Irom AES. Where applicable, this includes, at least, eIIects
caused by measurement error, control error and latency Ior closed loop power control systems.
Network control and monitoring centres (NCMCs) that calculate the e.i.r.p. oI AES based on the
received signal need to take into account error sources and latency in this calculation. NCMCs that
calculate the e.i.r.p. oI AES based on input power must account Ior measurement error and
reporting latency.
3 AES that use closed loop tracking oI the satellite signal need to employ an algorithm that is
resistant to capturing and tracking adjacent satellite signals. AES must immediately inhibit
transmission when they detect that unintended satellite tracking has happened or is about to happen.
4 AES should be subject to the monitoring and control by an NCMC or equivalent Iacility.
AES must be able to receive at least 'enable transmission and 'disable transmission commands
Irom the NCMC. AES must automatically cease transmissions immediately on receiving any
-493-
4 Rec. ITU-R M.1643
'parameter change command, which may cause harmIul interIerence during the change, until it
receives an 'enable transmission command Irom its NCMC. In addition, it should be possible Ior
the NCMC to monitor the operation oI an AES to determine iI it is malIunctioning.
5 AES need also to be selI-monitoring and, should a Iault which can cause harmIul
interIerence to FSS networks be detected, the AES must automatically mute its transmissions.
Part B

Essential requirements related to the protection of the fixed service
In the 14-14.5 GHz Irequency band as used by Iixed service networks, within line-oI-sight oI the
territory oI an administration where Iixed service networks are operating in this band, the maximum
pId produced at the surIace oI the Earth by emissions Irom a single AES, oI an AMSS network
should not exceed:
132 0.5 dB(W/(m
2
MHz)) Ior 40
112 dB(W/(m
2
MHz)) Ior 40 < 90
where is the angle oI arrival oI the radio-Irequency wave (degrees above the horizontal).
NOTE 1 The aIorementioned limits relate to the pId and angles oI arrival that would be obtained under
Iree-space propagation conditions.
NOTE 2 An e.i.r.p. mask can be derived Irom the aIorementioned pId mask by applying the method given
in Annex 2 oI this Recommendation. SimpliIication oI the resulting e.i.r.p. mask could also be considered.
Part C

Essential requirements related to sharing with the RAS
In order to protect the radio astronomy in the band 14.47-14.5 GHz, AMSS earth stations should
comply with both Iollowing measures:
$066FKDQQHOVLQWKH*+]EDQG
AMSS stations do not transmit in the 14.47-14.5 GHz band within line-oI-sight oI radio
astronomy stations operating within this band;
or,
iI an AMSS operator intends to operate co-Irequency within the visibility oI the radio
astronomy station, a speciIic agreement with the radio astronomy station will be needed to
ensure that AMSS AES will meet the requirements oI Recommendations ITU-R RA.769
and ITU-R RA.1513 within the 14.47-14.5 GHz band during observations. Where
practicable, this may include advance inIormation to AMSS operators regarding
observation schedules.
$066FKDQQHOVLQWKH*+]EDQG
All AES transmitters on channels in the 14-14.47 GHz band within line-oI-sight oI radio
astronomy stations during radio astronomy observations have emissions in the band
14.47-14.5 GHz such that they meet the levels and percentage oI data loss given in
-494-
Rec. ITU-R M.1643 5
Recommendations ITU-R RA.769 and ITU-R RA.1513. Results Irom studies show that the
Iollowing AES pId levels (dB(W/(m
2
150 kHz))) in the band 14.47-14.5 GHz are
suIIicient, with some margin, to meet the radio astronomy pId levels in Recommendation
ITU-R RA.769 and the percentage oI data loss given in Recommendation ITU-R RA.1513,
i.e.:
190 0.5 dB(W/(m
2
150 kHz)) Ior 10
185 dB(W/(m
2
150 kHz)) Ior 10 < 90
where is the angle oI arrival oI the radio-Irequency wave (degrees above the horizontal).
Such AES pId levels in the band 14.47-14.5 GHz may be achieved by the AMSS operators through
a combination oI reduced AES signal power, sharp Iiltering, maintaining adequate Irequency
separation, or better AES antenna perIormance.
Part D

Essential requirements related to sharing with the space research service
Coordination agreements should be developed between AMSS and space research systems based on
controlling the emissions levels oI the AES in the Irequency band used by the SRS systems, and, in
severe cases, may require cessation oI AES emissions on Irequencies used by the SRS system when
operating in the vicinity oI the space research earth station. SpeciIics oI the agreements will vary
based on the characteristics oI the individual SRS sites and the AMSS networks.
Annex 2

Derivation of a lower hemisphere e.i.r.p. mask from a pfd mask
In testing AMSS equipment to determine iI it meets a given pId mask, such as the one in Annex 1,
Part B, it may be useIul to determine an equivalent e.i.r.p. mask that can be used Ior testing
purposes.
The pId mask, pId() where is the angle oI arrival (elevation angle) at the Earth`s surIace, can be
used to mathematically determine an e.i.r.p. mask, e.i.r.p.(, +) where is the angle below the local
horizontal plane and + is the altitude oI the aircraIt. This conversion proceeds in two steps. First,
is converted to an equivalent angle oI arrival, . Then the length oI the propagation path Ior angle oI
arrival is determined and used to calculate the spreading loss Ior the path and the resulting e.i.r.p.
6WHS: Calculation oI an angle oI arrival in degrees, , Irom and +:
) / ) cos( ) arccos((
H H
5 + 5 +
-495-
6 Rec. ITU-R M.1643
where:
: angle oI arrival
5
H
:

earth radius (6 378 km)
+ : altitude oI the aircraIt (km)
: angle below horizontal.
NOTE 1 II the argument oI the arccos Iunction is greater than 1, the propagation path in the direction oI the
angle does not intersect the Earth. In this case, which occurs Ior values oI oI about 3.5 or less, a value
Ior does not exist and so there is no deIined value Ior the pId mask.
6WHS: Calculation oI the e.i.r.p. value Irom the deIined pId():

2 / 1 2 2
)) cos( ) ( 2 ) ( ( + + + + 5 5 + 5 5 G
H H H H

60 ) 4 ( log 10 ) ( pId ) , ( e.i.r.p.
2
10
+ + G +
where:
G : distance between the AES and the considered point on the Earth`s surIace (km)
pId() : (dB(W/(m
2
MHz)))
e.i.r.p. : (dB(W/MHz)).
The graph in Fig. 1 shows this Iunction Ior various aircraIt altitudes based on the pId mask provided
in Annex 1, Part B oI this Recommendation.
1643-01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
10
20
30
40
50
FIGURE 1
e.i.r.p. mask derived from pfd mask
Angle below horizontal (degrees)
e
.
i
.
r
.
p
.

m
a
s
k

(
d
B
(
W
/
M
H
z
)
)
12.2
9.1
7.6
3.0
Altitude (km)

-496-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 1
*
,
**
Dynamicfrequencyselection(DFS)
1
inwirelessaccesssystemsincludingradio
localareanetworksforthepurposeofprotectingthe
radiodeterminationserviceinthe5GHzband
(Questions ITU-R 212/8 and ITU-R 142/9)
(2003)
considering
a) that harmonized frequencies in the bands 5150-5350 MHz and 5470-5725 MHz for the
mobile service would facilitate the introduction of wireless access systems (WAS) including radio
local area networks (RLANs);
b) that there is a need to protect the radars in the radiodetermination service operating in the
bands 5250-5350 and 5470-5725 MHz;
c) that in many administrations, the ground-based meteorological radars are extensively
deployed and support critical weather services;
d) that procedures and methodologies to analyse compatibility between radars and systems in
other services are provided in Recommendation ITU-R M.1461;
e) that representative technical and operational characteristics of radiolocation, radio-
navigation and meteorological radars are provided in Recommendation ITU-R M.1638;
f) that Recommendation ITU-R M.1313 provides typical technical characteristics of maritime
radionavigation radars in, inter alia, the band 5470-5650 MHz;
g) that WAS including RLANs as described in Recommendation ITU-R M.1450 are capable
of operating both indoor and outdoor;
h) Report ITU-R M.2034 which addresses the impact of certain detection requirements of the
DFS on the performance of WAS,
recognizing
a) that the band 5250-5350 MHz is allocated to the radiolocation service on a primary basis;
that the band 5250-5350 MHz is also allocated to the Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS)
(active) on a primary basis;
b) that the band 5470-5650 MHz is allocated to the maritime radionavigation service on a
primary basis;
*
This Recommendation was jointly developed by Radiocommunication Study Groups 8 and 9, and future
revisions should be undertaken jointly.
**
Note by the Secretariat: Only Annex 1 to this Recommendation is considered incorporated by reference.
1
DFS is a general term used in this Recommendation to describe mitigation techniques that allow, amongst
others, detection and avoidance of co-channel interference with respect to radar systems.
-497-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.1652
c) that the band 5350-5650 MHz is allocated to the radiolocation service on a secondary
basis;
d) that ground-based radars used for meteorological purposes are authorized to operate in the
band 5600-5650 MHz on a basis of equality with stations in the maritime radionavigation service
(see No. 5.452 of the Radio Regulations (RR));
e) that the band 5650-5725 MHz is allocated to the radiolocation service on a primary basis;
f) that administrations may take account of detailed information on actual radar deployment
when developing guidance for the use of DFS in WAS in consultation with potentially affected
administrations,
noting
a) that the high RF power level and the receiver sensitivity of radars in the radiodetermination
service in conjunction with the expected high density of WAS including RLANs would, in general,
not enable compatible operation of WAS including RLANs and radars on a co-channel basis in the
absence of mitigation techniques;
b) that WAS including RLANs could be deployed in these bands as licence-exempt devices,
consequently making control of their deployment density more difficult;
c) that there are various standards for RLAN specifications;
d) that administrations may consider procedures to confirm the ability of interference
avoidance mechanisms to function correctly in the presence of the radar systems deployed in this
band,
recommends
1 that, in order to facilitate sharing with radars, mitigation techniques as described in Annex 1
be implemented by WAS, including RLANs in the bands used by radars at 5 GHz;
2 that the mitigation techniques comply with the detection, operational and response
requirements as given in 2 of Annex 1;
3 that the methodologies given in Annexes 4, 5, 6 and 7 can be used by administrations when
conducting sharing studies between radars and WAS including RLANs.
NOTE 1 The requirements stated in recommends 2 should be subject to further study on an urgent
basis, based on practical experience.
-498-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 3
Annex1
TheuseofDFSinWASincludingRLANsforthepurposeofprotecting
theradiodeterminationserviceinthe5GHzband
1 Introduction
1.1 DFS
Resolution 736 (WRC-2000) calls, inter alia, for studies on the feasibility of sharing between the
mobile service for WAS
2
and the radiodetermination service in the frequency bands 5250-5350 and
5470-5725 MHz. Link budget calculations have shown that interference mitigation techniques are
required to enable sharing of WAS with other services such as radar systems. This
Recommendation describes the interference mitigation technique(s) DFS
3
as specified in the 5 GHz
RLAN standards, with performance calculations based on typical implementations.
WAS and radars operating in the 5 GHz band will interfere when operating at the same frequencies
and within range of each other.
DFS has then been envisaged to:
ensure a spread of the loading across the available spectrum of the WAS under the field of
view of a satellite to reduce the aggregate emission levels at the satellites of the FSS (feeder
links) and EESS (active) from WAS; and
avoid co-channel operation with other systems, notably radar systems.
Extension of the use of DFS as described herein allows WAS to avoid interfering with the
radiodetermination service. The general principle applied is that WAS should detect interference
and identify radar interferers and shall not use those frequencies used by the radar.
1.2 ObjectiveoftheuseofDFSwithrespecttoradars
The objective of using DFS in WAS is to provide adequate protection to radars in the 5 GHz band.
This is achieved by avoiding the use of, or vacating, a channel identified as being occupied by radar
equipment based on detection of radar signals.
For the purpose of this Annex, a discussion of radiodetermination systems in the 5 GHz range
utilized in determining DFS characteristics can be found in Annex 3.
2
Throughout this Recommendation the term WAS denotes wireless access systems including RLANs.
3
The DFS feature was specified in the 5 GHz RLAN standards initially in order to mitigate interference
among uncoordinated RLAN clusters, and to provide optimized spectral efficiency for high-capacity, high
bit-rate data transmission.
-499-
4 Rec.ITU-RM.1652
The implementation of radar detection mechanisms and procedures used by WAS are outside the
scope of this Annex. The main reasons for this are that:
WAS design affects implementation;
practical experience may lead to innovative and more efficient means than can be
formulated today;
different manufacturers may make different implementation choices to achieve the lowest
cost for a given level of performance; therefore only performance criteria rather than
specifications for a particular mechanism should be given in regulatory documents.
2 DFSperformancerequirements
The DFS performance requirement is stated in terms of response to detection of an interference
signal.
5 GHz WAS should meet the following detection and response requirements.
Procedures for compliance verification should be incorporated in relevant industry standards for
RLANs.
2.1 Detectionrequirements
The DFS mechanism should be able to detect interference signals above a minimum DFS detection
threshold of 62 dBm for devices with a maximum e.i.r.p. of < 200 mW and 64 dBm for devices
with a maximum e.i.r.p. of 200 mW to 1 W
4
averaged over 1 s.
This is defined as the received signal strength (RSS) (dBm), normalized to the output of a 0 dBi
receive antenna, that is required to be detected within the WAS channel bandwidth.
2.2 Operationalrequirements
The WAS should be able to perform channel availability check: A check during which the WAS
listens on a particular radio channel for 60 s to identify whether there is a radar operating on that
radio channel.
The WAS should be able to perform in-service monitoring: Monitoring of the operating channel to
check that a co-channel radar has not moved or started operation within range of the WAS. During
in-service monitoring the radar detection function continuously searches for radar signals in-
between normal WAS transmissions. This requires the use of quiet spaces between successive WAS
transmissions (see Annex 4).
If the WAS has not previously been in operation or has not continuously monitored the channel
with in-service monitoring, it should not start transmission in any channel before completion of a
channel availability check.
4
In practice, it may not be necessary for each device to implement full DFS functionality, provided that
such devices are only able to transmit under the control of a device that ensures that all DFS requirements
are fulfilled.
-500-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 5
2.3 Responserequirements
A channel that has been flagged as containing a radar signal, either by a channel availability check
or in-service monitoring, is subject to a 30 min period (non-occupancy period) where it cannot be
used by the WAS device in order to protect scanning radars. The non-occupancy period should start
at the time when the radar signal is detected.
Additionally, in the band 5600-5650 MHz, if a channel has been flagged as containing a radar, a
10 min continuous monitoring of the flagged channel is required prior to use of that channel.
Otherwise, other appropriate methods such as channel exclusion would be required.
Channel move time is defined as the period of 10 s needed by a WAS to cease all transmissions on
the operating channel upon detection of an interfering signal above the DFS detection threshold.
Transmissions during this period will consist of normal traffic for typically less than 100 ms and a
maximum of 200 ms after detection of the radar signal. In addition, intermittent management and
control signals can be sent during the remaining time to facilitate vacating the operating channel.
The aggregate time of the intermittent management and control signals are typically less than
20 ms.
2.4 Summaryoftherequirements
Table 1 provides a summary of the requirements described above. An example of the operating
procedures is given in Annex 2.
TABLE 1
Annex2
RadardetectionandexampleofassociatedDFSprocedures
An example of how a DFS mechanism could be described is given in this Annex.
1 Definitions
The following definitions are given for use within this Annex:
Available channel: A radio channel on which a channel availability check has not
identified the presence of a radar.
Parameter Value
DFS detection threshold 62 dBm for devices with a maximum e.i.r.p.
of < 200 mW and
64 dBm for devices with a maximum e.i.r.p.
of 200 mW to 1 W averaged over 1 s
Channel availability check time 60 s
Non-occupancy period 30 min
Channel move time 10 s
-501-
6 Rec.ITU-RM.1652
Received radar signal: A signal as characterized below:
an RSS equal to or greater than the DFS detection threshold level of T
DFS
(dBm) within the
WAS channel bandwidth;
pulse repetition rates in the range 200-4 000 pulses/s;
nominal pulse widths in the range 1-20 s.
Operating channel: Once a WAS starts to operate on an available channel then that
channel becomes the operating channel.
2 Procedures
2.1 Findinganinitialavailablechannel
Before a WAS transmits, and if no available channel has yet been identified, it shall undertake
a channel availability check on a radio channel before it is used for transmission. Consequently,
when a network is installed and first powered on, channel availability check(s) should be
undertaken, so as to identify at least one available channel. Having identified an available channel,
the WAS can start operation on that channel; the checking of other radio channels to identify other
available channels is optional.
2.2 Startingoperation
Once a WAS starts to operate on an available channel then that channel becomes the operating
channel.
2.3 Monitoringtheoperatingchannel
In-service monitoring is performed by the WAS to re-check the operating channel for co-channel
radar signals that may have come within range of the WAS or started operation on the operating
channel.
3 Implementationaspects
3.1 Radarsignaldetection
Radar signals may occur at any time and they may occur in the presence of co-channel WAS
signals.
While finding an initial available channel, the WAS will not be operational and this will assure
rapid and reliable detection of any radar signal with the possible exception of very slowly rotating
radars. However, these will be detected by the in-service monitoring.
During in-service monitoring the radar detection function continuously searches for radar signal
patterns during or in between normal WAS transmissions. For weakly received radar signals,
this may increase the time needed for radar signal detection. This is reflected in the requirements
contained in Annex 1.
-502-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 7
3.1.1 Detectionoffrequencyhoppingradars
Frequency hopping radars operate over a large frequency range, with a rapid change of the
operating frequency.
The time required by a WAS for reliable detection varies with the pulse characteristics of the radar.
In the case of frequency hopping radars, the time for which the radar occupies the WAS channel
(dwell time) also influences the detection probability.
The results will be one of the following:
if the dwell time is long enough, DFS detects the radar signal (see Annex 4) and WAS
transmissions will cease on the current channel;
if the dwell time is very short, the probability of detection of the radar by a WAS on the
operating channel may be affected, depending on the number of pulses during the dwell
time.
3.1.2 Thresholdandantennagain
The detection threshold is defined in terms of dBm normalized to the output of a 0 dBi receive
antenna. If the WAS uses higher antenna gains, the T
DFS
level should be increased, by adding the
antenna gain.
3.1.3 Spuriousemissions
Further study is required to determine the impact on the interaction between WAS and radars
spurious emissions.
3.2 Channelmovetime
Upon detection of a signal above the detection threshold, the DFS procedures require the
broadcasting of commands to cease all operational transmission and to effect a move to (one of) the
available channels identified by the channel availability check. This broadcast will be repeated a
number of times to assure reception by all member devices. Part of the WAS population may be in
so-called Sleep Mode in which the devices re-awaken at intervals of typically hundreds of
milliseconds but extremes of up to 60 s are possible. Disregarding the latter, the broadcast has to be
repeated a number of times during the channel move time to ensure that, for all practical purposes,
all of the WAS devices will have left the channel.
Annex3
Useofcharacteristicsofradiolocation,maritimeradionavigation
andmeteorologicalradars
The technical characteristics of some meteorological, radiolocation and maritime radionavigation
radars operating in the bands between 5250-5350 MHz and 5470-5725 MHz can be found in
Recommendation ITU-R M.1638. This information is used for the determination of the technical
requirements of the DFS mechanism to be implemented in the WAS, which is identified as
necessary to enable the introduction of WAS in the mobile service (to be considered in accordance
with Resolution 736 (WRC-2000)) in these frequency bands used by radars. Specifically radars A-S
are considered in development of DFS characteristics.
-503-
8 Rec.ITU-RM.1652
Table 2 gives the allocations of sub-bands of the 5 GHz range to the radiodetermination service:
TABLE 2
Annex4
Parametersandmethodologytocalculatetheprobabilityofdetectionof
radiodeterminationsystemsbyWASincludingRLANdevicesusing
DFSinthe5GHzbandduringin-servicemonitoring
The following methodology considers the probability that a WAS device operating in the 5 GHz
band using DFS will successfully detect during in-service monitoring a 5 GHz radar operating in
the radiodetermination service.
Step 1: Determine the amount of time that an individual device will be in the main beam of the
radar antenna (i.e. 3 dB beamwidth/antenna scan rate). Table 3 identifies the radar parameters to be
Band
(MHz)
Allocation
5250-5255 RADIOLOCATION
5350-5460 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
(Note 2)
Radiolocation (Note 3)
5460-5470 RADIONAVIGATION
5470-5650 MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION (Note 1)
NOTE 1 In accordance with RR No. 5.452, between 5600 and 5650 MHz, ground-
based radars for meteorological purposes are authorized to operate on a basis of
equality with stations in the maritime radionavigation service.
NOTE 2 This Recommendation does not consider the aeronautical radionavigation
radar since the 5 GHz band allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service
(ARNS) is the frequency band 5350-5460 MHz which is not envisaged for the
introduction of WAS in the mobile service.
NOTE 3 WRC-03 agenda item 1.5 addresses a possible upgrade of the status of the
radiolocation service in the frequency range 5350-5650 MHz in accordance with
Resolution 736 (WRC-2000).
-504-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 9
used as a baseline in the study. Analysis time is the period during which the WAS is exposed to the
main beam of the radar in one sweep based on the radar antenna pattern and scanned rate.
TABLE 3
Step 2: Radars C, K, P and S represent the more stringent cases and can be utilized to define
sharing with all the radars shown in the radar characteristics document. Radar K does not utilize a
360 scan type of function.
Step 3: Based on a distribution of WAS devices using data rate and packet length distributions as
shown in Table 4, create a waveform to represent WAS transmit time, and listening periods in
length (x) 9 + 50 ms, where x is a random integer between 2 and 32 (i.e. 31 discrete possible
durations, uniformly distributed).
TABLE 4
WeightingofRLANtransmittime
The WAS transmit waveform for each instance of a WAS packet transmission is created by
randomly choosing a packet transmission, using weights shown in Table 4 for the packet size and
transmission data rate, then calculating the transmission time as Packet size/(Data rate 8). Each
packet is followed by a quiet period that is required by the WAS network to facilitate sharing of the
access medium (i.e. the WAS channel) by the multiple devices using the network. This quiet period
is available for in-service monitoring. The quiet period is chosen as defined above. Another random
chosen packet is then created in the same manner as the first, with another quiet period following.
This is repeated until the waveform has the same duration as that of a WAS device in the main
beam of the antenna, as calculated in Step 1.
Radar C K P S
3 dB beamwidth (degrees) 0.95 2.5 2.6 2
Scan rate (degrees/s) 36 Not applicable 72 20
Analysis time (ms) 26 100 36 100
Packetsize
(bytes)
Weight
Datarate
(Mbit/s)
Weight
64 0.6 6 0.1
538 0.2 12 0.1
1500 0.2 18 0.1
24 0.3
36 0.3
54 0.1
-505-
10 Rec.ITU-RM.1652
Step 4: Create a waveform based on the pulse repetition rate (PRR) and pulse width of the radar
being analysed. The values to be used for the baseline are shown in Table 5. The waveform should
be of the same duration as calculated in Step 1.
TABLE 5
Baselineradarvaluesfordetermining
probabilityofdetection
Step 5: Determine if a detection event occurs by determining if radar pulses in the simulated radar
waveform align with the listen periods in the simulated WAS network waveform.
Step 6: Repeat the simulation multiple times, recording the occurrence, or lack of occurrence of
detection events, using this data to calculate the probability of detection (i.e. percentage of
simulations during which the radar pulse is considered to be detected).
Step 7: Probability of detection in n rotations:
p: probability of detection in one rotation
p
n
: probability of detection in n rotations
p
n
= 1 (1 p)n.
Annex5
InterferenceassessmentusinglinkbudgetcalculationsinvolvingasingleWAS
deviceandradiodeterminationsystemsinthe5GHzband
1 Background
This Annex addresses the case of interference from a single WAS. The values derived from the
calculations in this Annex were used as starting values in the aggregate modelling (see Annex 6)
for determination of a detection threshold.
2 Methodology
The calculations presented in this Annex are based on link budget analysis. The threshold is
determined from a link budget analysis, assuming that this threshold must be reached when the
radar can be interfered with by emissions of a single WAS device (i.e. when the WAS signal at the
radar receiver exceeds the radar tolerable interference level). This is based on the assumption of a
symmetrical propagation path between the path and the radar.
This method based on link budget is considered appropriate to study static cases which involve one
WAS and one radar. It is based on Recommendations ITU-R SM.337 and ITU-R M.1461 and
applied in the specific case of DFS.
Radar C K P S
Pulse width (s) 0.95 1 20 1
PRR (pps) 200 3000 500 200
-506-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 11
3 Calculation based on link budget with radars from Recommendation
ITU-RM.1638
The determination of the maximum tolerable interference level from emissions of a single WAS
device at the radar receiver is based on Recommendation ITU-R M.1461, where it is said that this
level should be lower than N + (I/N) where N is the radar receiver inherent noise level and I/N the
interference to noise ratio (taken as 6 dB as given in Recommendations ITU-R M.1461 and
ITU-R M.1638).
A calculation table is given in Appendix 1 to this Annex. From that Table, if we ignore radar J,
under these conditions, the necessary detection threshold is equal to 52 dBm to protect radars from
a single WAS.
4 Calculationbasedonlinkbudgetforsomenewradars
In addition to the radars described in Recommendation ITU-R M.1638, two new ground radars have
been recently deployed by some administrations in Region 1. Some parameters have been made
available to perform link budget calculations. These are given in Appendix 2 to this Annex.
From the calculations, it appears that the necessary detection threshold is equal to 62 dBm to
ensure non-interference to the considered radars from a single 1 W WAS device.
5 Possibilityofavariabledetectionthreshold
In this Annex, the calculations assume a single outdoor WAS with 1 W e.i.r.p., which constitutes a
worst-case single interferer analysis. It has been expressed that 1 W e.i.r.p. WAS will not represent
the majority of the deployed WAS.
Consequently, the idea of a variable detection threshold value which will vary with the WAS e.i.r.p.
level may be introduced. According to the methodology used in this Annex, the detection threshold
is proportional to the WAS e.i.r.p.
According to the methodology used in this Annex for scenarios related to a single WAS device, the
detection threshold is proportional to the WAS e.i.r.p.
Under these conditions, for example, if a 1 W WAS must detect radar above N dBm, for a
200 mW WAS, the corresponding threshold can be set up at (N 7) dBm.
6 InfluenceoftheWASarchitectureonthedetectionthreshold
In the case of a centralized WAS architecture, it may be expected that the DFS will be controlled by
one specific device within a network or a cell. There might be circumstances where significant
propagation path loss differences occur between a radar and the devices within a network or a cell
and the assumption of a symmetrical propagation path between the radar and the detection device is
not valid.
Measures should be considered by administrations to ensure that each WAS device within a single
network will not interfere with radars.
-507-
12 Rec. ITU-RM.1652
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-508-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 13
Appendix2
toAnnex5
Calculationofdetectionthresholdbasedonlinkbudgetfornew
radardeployedbysomeadministrationsinRegion1
It is noted that this Table assumes a single 1 W e.i.r.p. WAS, which may be the highest power value
in a statistical distribution of the e.i.r.p. in a deployment of WAS (e.g. as described in Table 7 of
Annex 6). For example, consideration of a lower e.i.r.p. (< 100 mW) will lead to a corresponding
increase by 10 dB of T
DFS
.
Function Air search
Platform type Ground/vehicle
Tx power into antenna peak (kW) 15
Receiver IF
3 dB
bandwidth (MHz) 4
Antenna polarization V
Antenna main beam gain (dBi) 35
Antenna height (m) 10
e.i.r.p. (dBm) 106.8
Receiver noise figure (dB) 5
N = k T B F (dBm) 103
R
A
D
A
R

N 6 dB 109
e.i.r.p. (dBm) outdoor 30
TPC (dB) 0
Bandwidth (MHz) 18
W
A
S
Antenna gain (omni) (dBi) 0

10 log (Brad/BWAS) 6.5
Propagation loss for WAS signal
received at the radar receiver
N 6 dB (dB) 175.0
168.4
Necessary detection threshold
(dBm) 61.7
-509-
14 Rec.ITU-RM.1652
Annex6
Parametersandmethodologyforconductingaggregateinterferencestudies
involvingWASincludingRLANsandradiodeterminationsystems
inthe5GHzband
The following considerations should be utilized to define the baseline scenario for studies to be
conducted in determining DFS parameters:
Recommendation ITU-R M.1461 was utilized in interference calculations.
The radar antenna pattern contained in Appendix 1 to this Annex was utilized.
The WAS antenna pattern contained in Appendix 2 to this Annex was utilized.
The probability of detection (see Annex 4) was utilized in the sharing studies to determine
the aggregate interference into radars. This probability was set for each step interval.
A step interval of 1 was utilized.
Three concentric rings were utilized to define the WAS deployment as shown in Table 6.
Uniform distribution of devices in each zone should be utilized throughout each volumetric
zone including height.
TABLE 6
WASuserdistribution
A total of 2753 WAS devices operating on a co-channel basis with a radiodetermination
system at a given moment was utilized.
WAS power distribution in Table 7 was utilized.
TABLE 7
WASpowerdistribution
Tracking radars were modelled starting with random placement and a random start angle
and then moving directly overhead to the opposite horizon.
Maritime radars were modelled starting at the horizon of the rural area and tracked into the
centre of the urban zone.
Urbanzone Suburbanzone Ruralzone
Radius from the centre (km) 0-4 4-12 12-25
WAS user (%) 60 30 10
Building height (m) 30 6 6
Power level 1 W 200 mW 100 mW 50 mW
WAS users (%) 5 25 40 30
-510-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 15
Airborne radars were modelled starting at the horizon of the rural area and tracked over the
centre of the urban zone.
The studies focused on the following radars:
C, I, K, P and S as defined in Recommendation ITU-R M.1638.
For ground-based radars a random propagation factor was utilized in determining the
propagation path loss to each WAS device. A value from 20 to 35 log D was used.
In addition a random building/terrain propagation attenuation was used. A value from 0 to
20 dB was used. A uniform distribution was applied in determining these values.
For airborne radars, free space loss +17 dB was used.
For maritime radars, free space loss +0 to 20 dB was used.
A smooth Earth line-of-sight calculation was utilized. Any WAS devices beyond the
line-of-sight were discounted.
Appendix1
toAnnex6
There are no existing radar antenna reference patterns currently in ITU, therefore the following is
provided as a baseline. A statistical gain antenna model is used to determine the radar antenna gain
in the azimuth and elevation orientations. The model gives the antenna gain as a function of off-axis
angle () for a given main beam antenna gain (G). The model includes separate algorithms for very
high-gain, high-gain, and medium-gain antennas, corresponding to antennas with gains greater than
48 dBi, gains between 22 and 48 dBi, and gains between 10 and 22 dBi, respectively. Figure 1
illustrates the general form of the antenna gain distribution. The equations for the angles
M
(first
side-lobe shelf),
R
(near side-lobe region), and
B
(far side-lobe region) are given in Table 8.
The antenna gains as a function of off-axis angle, are given in Table 9 for very high-gain antennas,
in Table 10 for high-gain antennas, and in Table 11 for medium-gain antennas. The angle is in
degrees and all gain values are given in terms of decibels relative to an isotropic antenna (dBi).
1652-01
G
G
(
)

(
d
B
i
)
0 180
M
B
FIGURE 1
-511-
16 Rec.ITU-RM.1652
TABLE 8
Angledefinitions
TABLE 9
Equationsforveryhigh-gainantennas(G>48dBi)
TABLE 10
Equationsforhigh-gainantennas(22<G<48dBi)
TABLE 11
Equationsformedium-gainantennas(10<G<22dBi)
Veryhigh-gain
(G>48dBi)
High-gain
(22<G<48dBi)
Medium-gain
(10<G<22dBi)
M
= 50 (0.25 G + 7)
0.5
/10
G/20
R
= 27.466 10
0.3G/10
B
= 48
M
= 50 (0.25 G + 7)
0.5
/10
G/20
R
= 250/10
G/20
B
= 48
M
= 50 (0.25 G + 7)
0.5
/10
G/20
R
= 250/10
G/20
B
= 131.8257 10
G/50
Angularinterval
(degrees)
Gain
(dBi)
0 to
M
M
to
R
R
to
B
B
to 180
G 4 10
4
(10
G/10
)
2
0.75 G 7
29 25 log ()
13
Angularinterval
(degrees)
Gain
(dBi)
0 to
M
M
to
R
R
to
B
B
to 180
G 4 10
4
(10
G/10
)
2
0.75 G 7
53 (G/2) 25 log ()
11 G/2
Angularinterval
(degrees)
Gain
(dBi)
0 to
M
M
to
R
R
to
B
B
to 180
G 4 10
4
(10
G/10
)
2
0.75 G 7
53 (G/2) 25 log ()
0
-512-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 17
Appendix2
toAnnex6
WASantennapatterns
The WAS antenna pattern in the azimuth orientations is omnidirectional. The WAS antenna pattern
in elevation orientations was determined by examination of WAS antenna patterns. The pattern used
is described in Table 12. Note that use of directional WAS antennas, given the same e.i.r.p., may
result in less interference to the radiodetermination receiver, but could result in significantly higher
interference levels to the WAS receiver if main beam-to-main beam coupling were to occur.
TABLE 12
WASelevationantennapattern
In order for most devices to radiate with 1 W e.i.r.p. an antenna gain of 6 dBi will typically be
required. For this pattern the following description is given in accordance with Recommendation
ITU-R F.1336:
[ ] ) ( ), ( max ) (
2 1
= G G G
2
3
0 1
12 ) (
|
|
.
|
\
|
= G G
(
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = k G G
5 . 1
3
0 2
1 , max log 10 12 ) (
0
1 . 0
3
10 6 . 107
G
=
where:
G() : antenna gain (dBi)
: elevation angle (degrees)
k = 0.5
G
0
= 6 dBi.
Elevationangle,
(degrees)
Gain
(dBi)
45 < 90 4
35 < 45 3
0 < 35 0
15 < 0 1
30 < 15 4
60 < 30 6
90 < 60 5
-513-
18 Rec.ITU-RM.1652
Annex7
Interferenceassessmentresultsanalysisandrecommendation
onDFSthresholdvalues
A summary of the results of simulations using the methodologies detailed in Annexes 5 and 6, for
simulating respectively static interference from one WAS device and aggregate interference from a
deployment of WAS into a victim radar receiver, is presented for the relevant 5 GHz radars.
Table 13 shows the values derived from the calculations in Annex 5 for the case of interference
from a single WAS.
TABLE 13
ValuesderivedfromthecalculationsinAnnex5
Table 14 shows a summary of required protection threshold levels resulting from the aggregate
interference modelling calculations.
TABLE 14
Requiredprotectionthresholdlevels
62 dBm for 1 W device
55 dBm for 0.2 W device
Radar per Annex 5 Link budget analysis per
Annex 5
52 dBm for 0.1 W device
Radartype Simulationscenario
DFSthresholdfor
protection(T
DFS
)(Note1)
Rotating radars A, C, E, F,
G, H, I, J.
Radars P and Q
Standard per Annex 6 52 dBm and operational
considerations utilized by
radar systems
Radar I Annex 6 but radar antenna
height between 500 and 1000 m
62 dBm
Radar S Standard per Annex 6 See Note 2
Standard per Annex 6 67 dBm
Annex 6 but half population
density
64 dBm
Radar K
Annex 6 but all devices 50 mW 62 dBm
NOTE 1 Assuming a receive antenna gain normalized to 0 dBi for WAS.
NOTE 2 The sharing situation between this radar and WAS is extremely difficult. Initial
calculations based on the baseline results show that a required DFS detection threshold of values
below the operating noise floor of WAS devices would be required. Based on discussions, it was
found that these systems were limited to military aircraft only. It was agreed to not consider this
case when developing a detection threshold requirement.
-514-
Rec.ITU-RM.1652 19
Notesonparametersandmethodologiesused
The impact of the parameters and methodology variations can be summarized as follows:
a) A reduction in active device density by half results in a 3 dB increase in T
DFS
. Similarly,
doubling the active device density results in a 3 dB decrease in T
DFS
.
b) The transmit power of a single interferer in the link budget calculation has a direct dB for
dB impact on the required protection threshold. In the aggregate analysis, the impact
depends on the distribution of power levels used in the simulation.
c) In most cases the interaction of variables in the aggregate modelling is not intuitive and
therefore simple conclusions cannot be drawn from changes in a single variable.
-515-
Rec.ITU-RM.1827 1
Technicalandoperationalrequirementsforstationsoftheaeronautical
mobile(R)service(AM(R)S)limitedtosurfaceapplicationatairports
andforstationsoftheaeronauticalmobileservice(AMS)
limitedtoaeronauticalsecurity(AS)applications
(2007)
Scope
This Recommendation provides technical and operational requirements Ior stations oI the aeronautical
mobile(R)service(AM(R)S)limitedtosurIaceapplicationsatairportsandtheaeronauticalmobileservice
(AMS)limitedtoaeronauticalsecurity(AS)applications
1
intheband5091-5150MHzthatshouldbeused
by administrations as a technical guideline Ior establishing conIormance requirements Ior stations Ior
worldwideuse.
considering
a) that the aeronautical stations will operate on a national, regional and international basis
aroundtheworld;
b) that circulation oI aeronautical stations is usually a subject oI a number oI national and
international rules and regulations including satisIactory conIormance to a mutually agreed
technicalstandardandoperationalrequirementsoIICAO;
c) that there is a need Ior identiIying the technical and operational requirements Ior the
conIormancetestingoItheaeronauticalstations;
d) that the identiIication oI technical and operational requirements Ior aeronautical stations
would provide a common technical basis Ior Iacilitating conIormance testing oI aeronautical
stations by various national, regional and international authorities and the development oI mutual
recognitionarrangementsIorconIormanceoIaeronauticalstations;
e) that the technical and operational requirements need to achieve an acceptable balance
between radiocommunication equipment complexity and the need Ior eIIective use oI the radio-
Irequencyspectrum,
considering also
a) that there is a requirement to Iully protect all primary services in the band
5091-5150MHz;
1
Terminology: AS operates in the AMS, and is a new system limited to secure and conIidential
radiocommunicationsbetweenaircraItandground,intendedIorsystemsusedinresponsetointerruption
oIaircraItoperationsthathavenotbeenpermittedbytheappropriateauthorities.
-517-
2 Rec.ITU-RM.1827
b) that results oI the studies conducted in accordance with Resolution 414 (Rev.WRC-03)
showed the Ieasibility oI using the band 5 091-5 150MHz by the AM(R)S limited to surIace
application at airports and by AMS limited to AS applications on a primary basis under certain
conditions;
c) thattheidentiIicationbyITU-RoItechnicalandoperationalrequirementsIoraeronautical
stations operating in the band 5091-5150 MHz should prevent unacceptable interIerence to other
services;
d) that technical and operational characteristics should be continuously and accurately
measurableandcontrollable,
recognizing
a) that the band 5000-5250MHz is allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service on
aprimarybasis;
b) thattheband5030-5150MHzistobeusedIortheoperationoItheinternationalstandard
microwave landing system (MLS) Ior precision approach and landing; the requirements Ior this
systemshalltakeprecedenceoverotherusesoIthisbandinaccordancewithNo.5.444oItheRadio
Regulations(RR),
recommends
1 that the technical and operational requirements Ior stations oI AM(R)S limited to surIace
application at airports in the band 5 091-5 150 MHz or Ior stations oI AMS limited to AS
applications in the band 5 091-5 150 MHz given in Annexes 1 and 2 should be used by
administrationsasaguidelineIorensuringcompatibilitywithFSS
2
.
Annex1
EssentialrequirementsrelatedtocompatibilitywithFSSnetworks
FortheanalysesthatIollow,Table1summarizestheassumedFSSreceivercharacteristics.
TABLE1
Parametervaluesusedinsatelliteinterferencecalculations
Parameter HIBLEO-4FL
SatellitereceivernoisetemperatureT(K) 550
AntennaeIIectiveareaat5120MHz(dBm
2
) 35.6
PolarizationdiscriminationL
p
(dB) 1
FeedlossL
feed
(dB) 2.9
SatellitereceiverbandwidthB(MHz) 1.23
SatellitereceiveantennagainG
r
(dBi) 4
2
DuetotheIactthatotherlimitsmayalsobeacceptableandthatallessentialrequirementsarenotcovered
bythisRecommendation,Iurtherstudyisrequired.
-518-
Rec.ITU-RM.1827 3
NOTE1The compliance with the pIds deIined below would be obtained under Iree-space propagation
conditions.
NOTE2Ane.i.r.p.maskcanbederivedIromthepIdvaluebyapplyingthemethodgiveninAnnex2oI
thisRecommendation.SimpliIicationoItheresultinge.i.r.p.maskcouldalsobeconsidered.
I Intheband5091-5150MHz,inordernottoexceedaT
s
/T
s
oI2allowableIorAM(R)S
plus AS, stations in the AM(R)S and stations in the AS cannot operate co-Irequency at the same
time(withintheIieldoIviewoIasinglenon-GSOsatellite).ThepracticalmeansIorensuringthis
needs to be developed taking into account that diIIerent administrations within a single FSS
IootprintmaybeoperatingAM(R)Sand/orAS.
II AdditionalrequirementsontheAM(R)S
The requirements that Iollow represent technical guidelines to be used by administrations Ior
establishing conIormance requirements Ior stations Ior worldwide use. Other limits may also be
acceptable,howeverIurtherstudyisrequired.
The pId deIined in this section is based on ensuring that the increase in noise temperature oI the
FSS satellite (i.e. T
s
/T
s
) due to operation oI the AM(R)S does not exceed 2 (i.e. 17 dB). The
methodologyassumes250
3
co-channelAM(R)StransmittersoperatingconcurrentlywithintheIield
oIviewoItheFSSsatellite.
PfdlimitcomputationbasedontheFSSprotectioncriteria(T
s
/T
s
= 2)and250AM(R)S
Assuming the Table 1 characteristics Ior the FSS, the maximum aggregate interIerence level
tolerableatthereceiverinputisI
Agg-Rec
:
MHz) 23 . 1 / dB(W 3 . 157 dB 17
KTB I
Rec Agg
where:
K: Boltzmannsconstant(1.3810
23
)
T: representsthereceivernoisetemperature
B: receiverbandwidth.
ThereIore at the satellite receiver antenna input the maximum pId level produced by one AMRS
transmitteris:
) MHz 23 . 1 m /( dBW 77 . 145
6 . 35 97 . 23 1 9 . 2 4 3 . 157
4
log 10 ) 250 ( log 10
2
2
10

+ + +
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
P Feed Rec Agg Max
L L Gr I pfd
where:
Gr: FSSreceiverantennagain
250: maximum number oI AM(R)S stations emitting simultaneously in the FSS
receiverbandwidth.
3
BasedonanassumptionoI500airportsanda50dutycycle.
-519-
4 Rec.ITU-RM.1827
III AdditionalrequirementsontheAS
The requirements that Iollow represent technical guideline to be used by administrations Ior
establishing conIormance requirements Ior stations Ior worldwide use. Other limits may also be
acceptable,howeverIurtherstudyisrequired.
The pId deIined in this section is based on ensuring that the increase in noise temperature oI the
FSS satellite (i.e. T
s
/T
s
) due to operation oI the AS does not exceed 2 (i.e. 17 dB). The
methodology assumes 70 co-channel AS transmitters operating concurrently within the Iield oI
viewoItheFSSsatellite.
PfdlimitcomputationbasedontheFSSprotectioncriteria(T
s
/T
s
2)and70AS
Assuming the Table 1 characteristics Ior the FSS, the maximum aggregate interIerence level
tolerableatthereceiverinputisI
Agg-Rec
:
MHz) 23 . 1 / dB(W 3 . 157 dB 17
KTB I
Rec Agg
where:
K: Boltzmannsconstant(1.3810
23
)
T: representsthereceivernoisetemperature
B: receiverbandwidth.
ThereIore, at the satellite receiver antenna input the maximum pId level produced by one AS
transmitteris:
) MHz 23 . 1 m /( dBW 25 . 140
6 . 35 45 . 18 1 9 . 2 4 3 . 157
4
log 10 ) 70 ( log 10
2
2
10

+ + +
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
P Feed Rec Agg Max
L L Gr I pfd
where:
Gr: FSSreceiverantennagain
70: maximum number oI AS station emitting simultaneously in the FSS receiver
bandwidth.
-520-
Rec.ITU-RM.1827 5
Annex2
Derivationofahigherhemispheree.i.r.p.maskfromapfdlimit
In testing AM(R)S or AS equipment to determine iI it meets a given pId limit, such as those in
Annex1, it may be useIul to determine an equivalent e.i.r.p. mask that can be used Ior testing
purposes.
The pId limit can be used to mathematically determine a higher hemisphere e.i.r.p. mask, e.i.r.p.
(, H)whereistheangleabovethelocalhorizontalplaneandHisthealtitudeoItheaircraIt.This
conversionproceedsintwosteps.First,isconvertedtoanequivalentanglebelowthehorizontal
at the satellite, . Then the length oI the propagation path Ior angle above the horizontal is
determinedandusedtocalculatethespreadinglossIorthepathandtheresultinge.i.r.p.
Step 1:CalculationoIananglebelowthehorizontalatthesatelliteindegrees,,IromandH:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
Sat e
e
H R
H R cos arccos
where:
: angleabovethehorizontalattheAS
R
e
: Earthradius(6378km)
H: altitudeoItheaircraIt(km)
H
sat
: altitudeoItheFSSsatellite(km)
: anglebelowhorizontalatthesatellite.
Step 2:CalculationoIthee.i.r.p.valueIromthedeIinedpIdlimit:
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2 2
0 cos 2
sat e e sat e e
H R H R H R H R d + + + + +
60 ) a 4 ( log 10 pId ) , 0 ( e.i.r.p.
2
10
+ + d H
where:
d: distancebetweentheASandtheconsideredpointontheEarthssurIace(km)
pId: pIdlimit(dB(W/(m
2
MHz)))
e.i.r.p. : (dB(W/MHz)).
The graph in Fig. 1 shows this Iunction Ior an aircraIt altitudes oI 12 km based on the pId limit
providedinAnnex1,PartIIIAnnex1,andanassumedsatellitealtitude,H
sat
oI1414km.
-521-
6 Rec.ITU-RM.1827
FIGURE1
e.i.r.p.maxversusangleabovethehorizontal
10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
e
.
i
.
r
.
p
.

m
a
x

(
d
B
(
W
/
1
.
2
3

M
H
z
)
)
Angle above the horizontal (degrees)
-522-
ITU-R
Recommendations
incorporated by
reference
I nt er nat i onal
Tel ecommuni cat i on
Uni on
Edition of 2008
Printed in Switzerland
Geneva, 2008
ISBN 92-61-12451-8
E
d
i
t
i
o
n

o
f

2
0
0
8
E
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ITU-R

denotes modulo 20-addition.

denotes modulo 20-addition.

1 0.14318 1.82442 0.55187

1 0.07771 2.33840 0.76284

K depends upon the ratio of

(The units used for speed and

1. flame or smoke float

(The units used for speed and

1. flame or smoke float

Signal to mark the separation between different parts of the same

For 25.5 < D/ 100

For D/ > 100

Az should be set to be in the range {180 to +180}

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