Chapter 5 Transmission Lines

5-1 Characteristics of Transmission Lines

Transmission line: It has two conductors carrying current to support an EM wave,
which is TEM or quasi-TEM mode. For the TEM mode,
H a Z E
n TEM


,
E a
Z
H
n
TEM


1
, and

TEM
Z .
The current and the EM wave have different characteristics. An EM wave
propagates into different dielectric media, the partial reflection and the partial
transmission will occur. And it oeys the following rules.
Snells law:
!
1
!
1
1
!
1
!
!
1
!
1
sin
sin
r
r
p
p
i
t
v
v
n
n

and
i
"
r
The reflection coefficient: !
#
#
i
r
E
E
and the transmission coefficient: "!
#
#
i
t
E
E

'

$ sin%
sin cos !
cos cos
cos !
cos & cos &
cos & !
$ sin%
$ sin%
cos cos
cos cos
cos & cos &
cos & cos &
! 1
1
1 !
!
! 1
! 1
1 !
1 !
i t
t i
t i
i
i t
t
i t
i t
t i
t i
i t
i t
n n
n
n n
n n

for perpendicular polari'ation %TE$

'

$ cos% $ sin%
sin cos !
cos & cos &
cos & !
cos cos
cos !
$ tan%
$ tan%
cos & cos &
cos & cos &
cos cos
cos cos
! 1
1
1 !
!
((
! 1
! 1
1 !
1 !
((
t i t i
t i
t i
t
i t
i
i t
i t
t i
t i
i t
i t
n n
n
n n
n n

for parallel polari'ation %TM$
In case of normal incidence,

'

+

+

1 !
!
&&
1 !
1 !
&&
!

, where
1
"
1
1

and
!
"
!
!

.
Equi#alent-circuit model of transmission line section:
$ & % m R
,
$ & % m H L
,
$ & % m S G
,
$ & % m F C
Transmission line equations: In higher)fre*uency range, the transmission line model
is utili'ed to analy'e EM power flow.

'

t
t z v
C t z Gv
z
t z i t z z i
t
t z i
L t z Ri
z
t z v t z z v
$ , %
$ , %
$ , % $ , %
$ , %
$ , %
$ , % $ , %

'

t
v
C Gv
z
i
t
i
L Ri
z
v
+et v%z,t$"Re,V%z$e
-.t
/, i%z,t$"Re,I%z$e
-.t
/

'

+
+

$ % $ %
$ % $ %
z V C j G
dz
dI
z I L j R
dz
dV

'

+ +
+ +

$ % $ % $ $% %
$ %
$ % $ % $ $% %
$ %
!
!
!
!
!
!
z I z I C j G L j R
dz
z I d
z V z V C j G L j R
dz
z V d


where "0j"
$ $% % C j G L j R + +
z z z z
e I e I z I e V e V z V

+
+ +
# # # #
$ % , $ %
Characteristic impedance: Z
$
"
C j G
L j R
C j G
L j R
I
V
I
V

+
+

+
+
#
#
#
#
%ote:
1. International +tandard Impedance of a Transmission 1ine is Z
$
!5$&.
!. In transmission)line e*uivalent)circuit model, G'1(R.
E)* The followin) characteristics ha#e +een measured on a loss, transmission
line at 1$$ MHz: Z
$
!5$&, !$*$1dB(m!1*15-1$
-.
Np(m, !$*/01rad(m2* 3etermine
R, L, G, and C for the line*
%+ol.$
C j G
L j R
2
2
1# !
1# !
3#

+
+
, 1.1341#
)5
0j#.26"
$ 1# ! % 3# $ $% %
2
C j G C j G L j R + + +
$ & % 2#
3# 1# !
2 . #
2
m pF C

, $ & % 1# 5 . ! 1#
3#
13 . 1
3 5
m S G

,
$ & % #373 . # !3## m G R
,
$ & % ! . # !3## m F C L
E)* 4 d-c )enerator of #olta)e and internal resistance is connected to a loss,
transmission line characteri5ed +, a resistance per unit len)th R and a
conductance per unit len)th G* 1a2 6rite the )o#ernin) #olta)e and current
transmission-line equations* 1+2 7ind the )eneral solutions for V1z2 and I1z2*
%+ol.$ %a$ RG C j G L j R + + $ $% % #
$ %
$ %
$, %
$ %
!
!
!
!
z RGI
dz
z I d
z RGV
dz
z V d

%$
z RG z RG z RG z RG
e I e I z I e V e V z V
+ +
+ +
# # # #
$ % , $ %
Lossless line 1R!G!$2:
# , ,
1
, , #
# # # # #
+ +
C
L
R j R
C
L
Z
LC
v LC LC j j
p

Low-loss line 1R88L, G88C2:
$/ %
!
1
1 ,
1
, $, %
!
1
$/ %
!
1
1 %
#
C
G
L
R
j C
L
Z
LC
v LC
C
L
G
L
C
R
C
G
L
R
j
LC j j
p
+
+ + + +

3istortionless line 1R(L!G(C2:
C
L
Z
LC
v LC
L
C
R L j R
L
C
j
p
+ +
#
,
1
, , $ %
Lar)e-loss line 1L88R, C88 G2:
+ + + + +
!
1
!
1
$ 1 % $ 1 % $ $% %
G
C j
R
L
j RG j C j G L j R


$/ %
!
1 ,
G
C
R
L j
RG + +

$ %
!
,
G
R
C
R
G
L RG +

, $ %
!
1
G
R
C
R
G
L v
p
+
!
1
!
1
#
$ 1 % $ 1 %

+ +
+
+

G
C j
R
L j
G
R
C j G
L j R
Z

$/ %
!
1 ,
G
C
R
L j
G
R
+

E)* 4 )enerator with an open-circuit #olta)e v
)
1t2!1$sin1/$$$0t2 and internal
impedance Z
)
!9$:j.$1&2 is connected to a 5$& distortionless line* The line has a
resistance of $*5&(m, and its loss, dielectric medium has a loss tan)ent of $*1/;*
The line is 5$m lon) and is terminated in a matched load* 7ind the instantaneous
e<pressions for the #olta)e and current at an ar+itrar, location on the line*
%+ol.$ #.128" G C
C
G
!
1# !1 . !

, V
g
"1#j
9istortionless, m H L
G
C
R
L
& 1# 11 . 1
!
,
#
Z
R
L
C
R "#.#1!p&m,
m rad
Z
L
L
C
L LC & 32 . 3
#


, "0j"#.#10j3.32
3
5
3
#
#
#
j
Z Z
V Z
V
"
"
+
+

+
, #
#

V ,
z j z
e j e V z V
$ 32 . 3 #1 . # %
#
$ 3
5
3
% $ %
+ +
+

$ : . 71 32 . 3 2### cos%
5
1# 3
/ $ % ;e, $ , %
#1 . # 2###
+

z t e e z V t z V
z t j

$ : . 71 32 . 3 2### cos%
1# !
1 $ , %
$ , %
#1 . #
#
+

t e
Z
t z V
t z I
z

=elationship +etween transmission-line parameters:

!
1
!
1
$ 1 % $ 1 % $ $% %

j
j
C j
G
LC j C j G L j R + + + +
G(C!(
and LC!
Two-wire line:
#
a$ I !
, $
!
%
!
1
!
a
R
I %
#

&
& #
'
a a
R
R

1
$
!
% !
Coa<ial-ca+le line:
#( #i
)$ a$ I ! !
, $
!
%
!
1
!
a
R
I %
#
i

, $
!
%
!
1
!
)
R
I %
#
(

$
1 1
%
!
1
$
1 1
%
! ) a
'
) a
R
R
&
& #
+ +

E)* >t is desired to construct uniform transmission lines usin) pol,eth,lene
1
r
!?*?52 as the dielectric medium* 4ssume ne)li)i+le losses* 1a2 7ind the distance
of separation for a .$$& two-wire line, where the radius of the conductin) wires
is $*@mmA and 1+2 find the inner radius of the outer conductor for a B5& coa<ial
line, where the radius of the center conductor is $*@mm*
%+ol.$ Two)wire line<
$ ! & % cosh
1
a *
C

, $
!
% cosh
1
a
*
L

, a"#.:mm, +"!.!3+
#
mm *
a
*
C
L
Z 3 . !3
1#
5:
1
!3 . !
1# =
$
!
% cosh
5##
>
7
1
#

?oa@ial line<
$ & ln%
!
a )
C

, $ ln%
! a
)
L

a"#.:mm
,

>
7
#
1#
5:
1
!3 . !
1# =
!
$ ln%
73

a
)
C
L
Z
)"5.>1mm
CarallelDplate transmission line:

'

,
z
-
z
H , e
E
, H
E - e E - E


#
#
#

, j j
At -"# and -"d, E
@
"E
y
"#, H
y
"#
At -"#,
- a
n

,

'

z j
z #. #.
z j
- #. #.
e
E
z H z $ $ H -
e E E * -

#
#

At -"d,
- a
n

,

'

z j
, #/ #/
z j
- #/ #/
e
E
z H z $ $ H -
e E E * -

#
#

H j E


,
,
-
H j
dz
dE



d
,
d
-
d- H j d- E
dz
d
# #

$ & % $ % / $ % $, % $ %
$ %
m H
0
d
L z LI j 0 z $
d
j d z $ j
dz
z dV
#/ #/

E j H


,
-
,
E j
dz
dH



0
-
0
,
d, E j d, H
dz
d
# #

$ & % $ % / $ % $, % $ %
$ %
m F
d
0
C z CV j d z E
d
0
j 0 z E j
dz
z dI
- -

'

'

$ %
$ %
$ %
$ %
!
!
!
!
!
!
z LCI
dz
z I d
z LCV
dz
Z V d
CV j
dz
dI
LI j
dz
dV

0
d
0
d
C
L
z I
z V
Z
LC
v LC
p


$ %
$ %
1 1
,
#
Loss, parallelDplate transmission line:
d
0
C G

Surface impedance:
&
&
# # &
,
z
#
t
#
'
j j R
H
E
$
E
Z

$ 1 % + +
R I
0
R
I R $ Z $ %
#
# #/ # #/
! !
! !
!
1
$ %
!
1
!
1
$ ;e%
!
1


$ & %
!
$ % ! m
'
0 0
R
R
&
& #

E)* Consider a transmission line made of two parallel +rass strips

c
!1*@-1$
B
S(m of width ?$mm and separated +, a loss, dielectric sla+ !
$
,
r
!.,
!1$
-.
S(m of thicEness ?*5mm* The operatin) frequenc, is 5$$MHz* 1a2 Calculate
the R, L, G, and C per unit len)th* 1+2 7ind and Z
$
*
%+ol.$ %a$
$ & % 11 . 1
!
#
m
'
0
R
&

, $ & % 1# 2
5
m S
d
0
G


$ & % 1# 37 . 1
7
#
m H
0
d
L

, $ & % 1# 1! . !
1#
m F
d
0
C


%) " $ $% % C j G L j R + + "12.15 ) #.=1A, 1"!643##41#
:
, Z
#
"
C j G
L j R

+
+
"!7.!1#.5A
E)* Consider lossless stripline desi)n for a )i#en characteristic impedance* 1a2
Fow should the dielectric thicEness d +e chan)ed for a )i#en plate width w if the
dielectric constant
r
is dou+ledG 1+2 Fow should w +e chan)ed for a )i#en d if
r
is dou+ledG 1c2 Fow should w +e chan)ed for a )i#en
r
if d is dou+ledG
%+ol.$

0
d
C
L
Z
#
%a$ d d ! ! , %$
!
!
0
0
%c$ 0 0 d d ! !
4ttenuation constant of transmission line: =
$ % !
$ %
z %
z %
L
, where %
1
%z$ is the time)
average power loss in an infinitesimal distance.
/ $ $% % ;e, $ ;e% C j G L j R j + + +
+uppose no reflection,
z j
e V z V
$ %
#
$ %
+
,
z j
e
Z
V
z I
$ %
#
#
$ %
+

z
e R
Z
V
z I z V z %
!
#
!
#
!
# B
!
$/ % $ % ;e,
!
1
$ %



z
e
!
$ % !
$ %
$ % ! $ %
$ %
z %
z %
z % z %
z
z %
L
L

Microstrip lines: are usually used in the mm wave range.
''
p
&

,
C
L
C
p

1
,
''
p
'

4ssumin) the quasi-TEM mode:
Ca! ": t(#$*$$5, t is ne)li)i+le.
Civen 2, 3, and +
r
, otain Z
#
as follows<
For 3&2 1<

,
_

+
2
3
3
2
''
!3 . # 2 ln
:#

,
where
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
,
_

+
+

! ! & 1
1 #= . # 1! 1
!
1
!
1
2
3
3
2
r r
''

For 3&2 1<

( ) === . 1 ln ::7 . # 5>5 . 1
1!#
+ + +

2
3
2
3
''

,
where
! & 1
1! 1
!
1
!
1

,
_

+
+

3
2
r r
''

Civen Z
#
, 2, and +
r
, otain 3 as follows<
For 3&2 !<
!
2
!

4
4
e
2e
3 , where

,
_

+
+

+
+

r r
r r

11 . #
!5 . #
1
1
!
1
:#
#
For 3&2D!<
( ) ( )

'

1
]
1

+
r r
r
5 5 5
2
3

:1 . #
5> . # 1 ln
!
1
1 ! ln 1
!
, where
r

#
!
577

Ca! $: t&2#.##3. In this case, we otain 3
eff
firstly.
For 3&2
!
1
<
,
_

+ +
t
2
2
t
2
3
2
3
e''
!
ln 1

For 3&2
!
1
<
,
_

+ +
t
3
2
t
2
3
2
3
e''

=
ln 1
And then we sustitute 3
eff
into 3 in the e@pressions in ?ase 1.
4ssumin) not the quasi-TEM mode:
( )
( )
'' e''
' 3
2
'

577

, where
( )
( )
!
1
#

,
_

+
p
e''
e''
'
'
3 3
3 ' 3
,
2
'
p
2

%2 in &m$
and
( )
( ) ( ) # #
577
#
''
e''
2
3

, G"#.:0#.##>E
#,
( )
!
1

,
_

p
'' r
r ''
'
'
G
'


%' in GHz$
The fre*uency elow which dispersion may e neglected is given y
( )
1
5 . #
#

r
2
z G '

, where 2 must e e@pressed in &m.

Attenuation constant: "
d
0
c
For a dielectric with low losses:

tan
1
1
5 . !7
r
''
''
r
d %
&m
dF
$
For a dielectric with high losses:
( )

! & 1
1
1
5= . =

,
_

r ''
''
d
%
&m
dF
$
For 3&2 G H< # &
R
I
:2 . 2

, where

'
R
#
For 3&2
!
1
<
1
1
]
1

,
_

+ + +

3
t
t
3
3
2
3
2
2
% R
e'' e''
#
&

=
ln 1
!
:2 . 2
For
!
1
3&2 !<
%6
2
R
#
&

!
:2 . 2
, where
!
=
1

,
_

2
3
%
e''
and

,
_

+ +
2
t
t
2
3
2
3
2
6
e'' e''
!
ln 1

For 3&2 !<

1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

'

1
]
1

,
_

+ +

>= . #
!
>= . #
!
! ln
! :2 . 2
!
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
e
2
3
2
6 R
e''
e''
e'' e'' e''
#
&

E)* 4 hi)h-frequenc, test circuit with microstrip lines*

5-? 6a#e Characteristics of 7inite Transmission Line
E)* Show that the input impedance is Z
i
!

tanh
tanh
$ %
#
#
#
J
#
L
L
z
z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
+
+

*
%Kroof$

'

+
+

+
$ ! .....% $ %
$ 1 ...% $ %
# #
# #
z z
z z
e I e I z I
e V e V z V


,

+
+

#
#
#
#
#
I
V
I
V
Z
1et z"., V%.$"V
1
, I%.$"I
1

'

'

e Z I V V
e Z I V V
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
I
e V e V V
L L
L L
L
L
$ %
!
1
$ %
!
1
# #
# #
#
#
#
#
# #

'

+
+ +

/ $ % $ ,%
!
$ %
/ $ % $ ,%
!
$ %
$ %
#
$ %
#
#
$ %
#
$ %
#
z
L
z
L
L
z
L
z
L
L
e Z Z e Z Z
Z
I
z I
e Z Z e Z Z
I
z V

'

+
+

'

+
+ +

$ J cosh J sinh % $ J %
$ J sinh J cosh % $ J %
/ $ % $ ,%
!
$ J %
/ $ % $ ,%
!
$ %
#
#
#
J
#
J
#
#
J
#
J
#
J
z Z z Z
Z
I
z I
z Z z Z I z V
e Z Z e Z Z
Z
I
z I
e Z Z e Z Z
I
z V
L
L
L L
z
L
z
L
L
z
L
z
L
L




J tanh
J tanh
$ J %
#
#
#
z Z Z
z Z Z
Z z Z
L
L

+
+

, Z
i
"

tanh
tanh
$ %
#
#
#
J
#
L
L
z
z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
+
+

Lossless case 1!$, !j, Z

$
!R
$
, tanh1%2&jtan%2: Z
i
"
. jZ R
. jR Z
R
L
L

tan
tan
#
#
#
+
+

%ote: In the high)fre*uency circuit, the input current I

i
"
L "
"
i "
"
Z Z
V
Z Z
V
+

+
< the value
in the low)fre*uency case. And the high)fre*uency I
i
is dependent on the length %, the
characteristic impedance Z
$
, the propagation constant of the transmission line, and
the load impedance Z
L
. Fut the low)fre*uency I
i
is only dependent on Z
$
and Z
L
.
E)* 4 ?m lossless air-spaced transmission line ha#in) a characteristic impedance
5$& is terminated with an impedance 9$:j.$1&2 at an operatin) frequenc, of
?$$MHz* 7ind the input impedance*
%+ol.$

5
=

p
v
,
3#
#
R
, 5# =# j Z
L
+ , m !
27 . > 5 . !:
$ !
5
=
tan% $ 5# =# % 3#
$ !
5
=
tan% 3# $ 5# =# %
3# j
j j
j j
Z
i

+ +
+ +

E)* 4 transmission line of characteristic impedance 5$& is to +e matched to a

load Z
L
!9$:j1$1&2 throu)h a len)th % of another transmission line of
characteristic impedance R
$
* 7ind the required % and R
$
for matchin)*
%+ol.$

1#3 . # J $, % 7 . 52 13## J
J tan $ 1# =# %
J tan 1# =#
3#
#
J
#
J
# J
#

+ +
+ +

R
j j R
jR j
R
E)* Cro#e that a ma<imum power is transferred from a #olta)e source with an
internal impedance Z
)
to a load impedance Z
L
o#er a lossless transmission line
when Z
i
!Z
)
H, where Z
i
is the impedance looEin) into the loaded line* 6hat is the
ma<imum power transfer efficienc,G
%Kroof$
" i
i
Z Z
V
I
+

,
V
Z Z
Z
V
" i
i
i
+

/ $ % $ ,% !
B/ ;e,
!
1
$ %
! !
!
" i " i
i
i i (/t
R R
V R
I V %(0er
+ + +

Ihen " i
R R
and " i

,
Ma, %(0er
(/t
$ %
, B
" i
Z Z
In this case,
"
(/t
R
V
%(0er
=
$ %
!
,
"
i #
R
V
VI %
!
B/ ;e,
!
1
!
,
#
(/t
%
%(0er
e
$ %

!
1

Transmission lines as circuit elements:

?onsider a general case< Z
i
"

tanh
tanh
#
#
#
L
L
Z Z
Z Z
Z
+
+
1. 7pen8&ir&/it terminati(n %Z
1
GH$< Z
i
"Z
io
"Z
#
coth%.$
!. S2(rt8&ir&/it terminati(n %Z
1
"#$< Z
i
"Z
is
"Z
#
tanh%.$
Z
#
"
i# i
Z Z
#
, "
#
1
tanh
1
i
i#
Z
Z

5. 6/arter80ave #e&ti(n in a lossless case %."9&=, ."6&!$<

L
i
Z
R
Z
!
#

=. Ha.'80ave #e&ti(n in a lossless case %."9&!, ."6$<

L i
Z Z
E)* The open-circuit and short-circuit impedances measured at the input
terminals of an air-spaced transmission line 9m lon) are ?5$-5$I& and
.@$?$I&, respecti#el,* 1a2 3etermine Z
$
, , and of the line* 1+2 3etermine R,
L, G, and C*
%+ol.$ %a$ : . 77 2 . !2> 5:# !3#
!# 3#
#
j e e Z
j j


,
j j + +

!53 . # 15> . #
3# !3#
!# 5:#
tanh
=
1
1
%$
5 . 37 3 . 32
#
j Z L j R + +
,
$ & % 21! . #
5 . 37 5 . 37
m H
&
L


= 3
#
1# 7: . 2 1# 3 . !=

+ + j
Z
C j G

, $ & % = . 1!
1# 7: . 2
=
m pF
&
C

E)* Measurements on a $*@m lossless coa<ial ca+le at 1$$'Hz show a capacitance

of 59p( when the ca+le is open-circuited and an inductance of $*.$H when it is
short-circuited* 3etermine Z
$
and the dielectric constant of its insulatin)
medium*
%+ol.$ %a$ $ & % 1# >
: . #
1# 3=
11
1!
m F C

, $ & % 1# 3
: . #
1# 5 . #
7
:
m H L

1ossless
C
L
R Z
# #
"7=.3L,
#3 . =
# #

r r r
LC
Jeneral e<pressions for V1z2 and I1z2 on the transmission lines:
1et M"


+

j
L
L
e
Z Z
Z Z
#
#
, z:".)z

'

+
+ +

/ 1 , $ %
!
$ J %
/ 1 , $ %
!
$ J %
J ! J
#
#
J ! J
#
z z
L
L
z z
L
L
e e Z Z
Z
I
z I
e e Z Z
I
z V

'

+
+ +

/ 1 , $ %
!
$ J %
/ 1 , $ %
!
$ J %
$ J ! % J
#
#
$ J ! % J
#
z j z
L
L
z j z
L
L
e e Z Z
Z
I
z I
e e Z Z
I
z V


For a lossless line, V%z$"
/ 1 ,
$ % !
#
# z j z j
"
"
e e
Z Z
V Z

+
+

E)* 4 1$$MHz )enerator with V
)
!1$$I 1V2 and internal resistance 5$& is
connected to a lossless 5$& air line that is .*@m lon) and terminated in a
?5:j?51&2 load* 7ind 1a2 V1z2 at a location z from the )enerator, 1+2 V
i
at the
input terminals and V
L
at the load, 1c2 the #olta)e standin)-wa#e radio on the
line, and 1d2 the a#era)e power deli#ered to the load*
%+ol.$
$ % # 1# V V
"

,
$ % 3#
"
Z
, $ % 1#
2
Hz ' ,
$ % 3#
#
Z
,
$ % =3 5: . 53 !3 !3 + j Z
L
,
$ % : . 5 m
, $ & %
5
!
1# 5
1# !
2
2
m rad
&

,
$ & % = . ! m rad
:=2 . # ==7 . #
3# $ !3 !3 %
3# $ !3 !3 %
#
#

+ +
+

j
j
Z Z
Z Z
L
L
,
#
"
%a$
/ ==7 . # , 3 / 1 , $ %
$ 13! . # 5 & ! % 5 & ! $ % !
#
#
+ +
+

z j z j z j z j
"
"
e e e e
Z Z
V Z
z V

%$ $ % =5 . 2 #: . 7 $ ==7 . # 1 % 3 $ # %
13! . #
V e V V
j
i
+

%c$ $ % 3 . =3 =7 . = / ==7 . # , 3 $ : . 5 %
!=2 . # = . #
V e e V V
j j
L
+

%d$
:! . !
==7 . # 1
==7 . # 1
1
1

+
S
,
$ % !## . # !3 $
5: . 53
=7 . =
%
!
1
!
1
!
!
3 R
Z
V
%
L
L
L
av

E)* 4 sinusoidal #olta)e )enerator V
)
!11$sin1Kt2 and internal impedance Z
)
!5$&
is connected to a quarter-wa#e lossless line ha#in) a characteristic impedance
Z
$
!5$& that is terminated in a purel, reacti#e load Z
L
!j5$&* 1a2 L+tain the
#olta)e and current phasor e<pressions V1z2 and I1z2* 1+2 6rite the
instantaneous #olta)e and current e<pressions V1z,t2 and I1z,t2*
%+ol.$ %a$
=
, # ,
3# 3#
3# 3#
, 11#
#
#
#
#


+

Z Z
Z Z
j
j
j
Z Z
Z Z
j V
"
"
"
L
L
"
%c$
$ % 33 $ 1 % $ J %
J J J ! J
#
# z j z j z j z j
"
"
je e j e e
Z Z
V Z
z V

+
+

,
$ % 1 . 1 $ 1 % $ J %
J J J ! J
#
z j z j z j z j
"
"
je e j e e
Z Z
V
z I

+
+

$ , # J % $ , # J % t z I t z V % $ ! cos% 3 . :# t
, #
1
#

T
av
%dt
T
%
%$ $/ J cos% $ J ,sin% 33 / $ J % Im, $ , J % z t z t e z V t z V
t j

+
$/ J cos% $ J ,sin% 1 . 1 / $ J % Im, $ , J % z t z t e z I t z I
t j

+ +
E)* 4 sinusoidal #olta)e )enerator with V
)
!$*1$I 1V2 and internal impedance
Z
)
!Z
$
is connected to a lossless transmission line ha#in) a characteristic
impedance Z
$
!5$&* The line is % meters lon) and is terminated in a load
resistance Z
L
!?5&* 7ind 1a2 V
i
, I
i
, V
L
, and I
L
A 1+2 the standin)-wa#e radio on the
lineA and 1c2 the a#era)e power deli#ered to the load*
%+ol.$ %a$
5
1
#
#

+

Z Z
Z Z
L
L
,
#
#
#

Z Z
Z Z
"
"
"
, $
5
1
1 %
!
1 . #
$ J %
!

j
i
e z V V


$
5
1
1 %
1##
1 . #
$ J %
!

j
i
e z I I

+
j j
L
e e z V V


5#
1
$
5
1
1 %
!
1 . #
$ # J %

+ e e z I I
j
L
73#
1
$
5
1
1 %
1##
1 . #
$ # J %
%$
!
1
1

+
S
, %c$ 3 I V %
L L av
3
1# !! . ! B/ ;e,
!
1


E)* Consider a lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance R
$
* 4 time-
harmonic #olta)e source of an amplitude V
)
and an internal impedance R
)
&R
$
is
connected to the input terminals of the line, which is terminated with a load
impedance Z
L
&R
L
:j)
L
* Let *
inc
+e the a#era)e incident power associated with the
wa#e tra#elin) in the :z direction* 1a2 7ind the e<pression for *
inc
in terms of V
)
and R
$
* 1+2 7ind the e<pression for the a#era)e power *
L
deli#ered to the load in
terms of V
)
and the reflection coefficient * 1c2 E<press the ratio *
L
(*
inc
in terms
of the standin)-wa#e ratio S*
%+ol.$
$ %
1
$ % , $ %
# #
#
# #
z j z j z j z j
e V e V
R
z I e V e V z V
+ +
+
,
!
$ # %
#
"
in&
V
V z V
+
,
#
#
!
$ # %
R
V
I z I
"
in&

+
%a$
#
!
#
!
#
# #
2 !
$B/ % ;e,
!
1
R
V
R
V
I V %
"
in&

+
+ +
%$
N O
!
1
$/ $% ;e,%
!
1
$/ % B $ % ;e,
!
1
!
#
!
#
#
B
#
B
# # #
#
+ + +
+ + V V
R
e V e V e V e V
R
z I z V %
z j z j z j z j
L

N 1 O
2
N 1 O
!
!
#
!
!
#
!
#

+
R
V
R
V
"
%c$
!
!
!
$ 1 %
=
$
1
1
% 1 1
+

S
S
S
S
%
%
in&
L
Ca! " (+r a p,r! r!-t-v! %+ad< Z
1
;R
1

'

+
+

'

+
+

J sin $ & % J cos $ J %

J sin $ & % J cos $ J %
J sin J cos $ J %
J sin J cos $ J %
! !
#
!
! !
#
!
#
#
z R R z I z I
z R R z V z V
z
R
V
j z I z I
z R jI z V z V
L L
L L
L
L
L L





+

1
1
S
,
+

1
1
S
S
1. M"# S"1 when Z
1
" Z
#
%matched load$
!. M")1 S"H when Z
1
"# %short)circuit$, 5. M"1 S")H when Z
1
"H %open)circuit$
min ma@
P I V
occurs at
n z ! J !
ma@

ma@ min
P I V
occurs at $ 1 ! % J !
min
+

n z
If .... 5 , ! , 1 , # ,
!
J , # #
ma@ #
> >

n
n
z R R
L


If
!
J , #
min #


n
z R R
L
< <

If
!
J
ma@
n
z R
L

E)* The standin)-wa#e radio S on a transmission line is an easil, measura+le
qualit,* Show how the #alue of a terminatin) resistance on a lossless line of
Enown characteristic impedance R
$
can +e determined +, measurin) S*
%+ol.$ If
#
R R
L
>
, #

, ma@
V
occurs at
# J z
and min
V
occurs at
!
J

z .
L
V V
ma@ ,
L
L
R
R
V V
#
min

, L
I I
min ,
#
ma@
R
R
I I
L
L

,
# min
ma@
min
ma@
R
R
S
I
I
V
V
L

or
#
SR R
L

.
If
#
R R
L
<
,

, min
V
occurs at
# J z
, and ma@
V
occurs at
!
J

z .
L
V V
min ,
L
L
R
R
V V
#
ma@

, L
I I
ma@ ,
#
min
R
R
I I
L
L

.
L
R
R
S
I
I
V
V
#
min
ma@
min
ma@

or
S
R
R
L
#

Ca! $ (+r a %+%! tra.m--+. %-.!/ and ar0-trar1 %+ad:

Z
1
"
m m
m m
jR R
jR R
R

tan
tan
#
#
#
+
+

, z
m
:0.
m
"Q&!
Find Z
1
"R
1.
1
1
+

S
S
, !. At
M
"!z
m
:)<, V%zS$ is a minimum.
5. Z
1
"R
1
0j
1
"

+


+

1
1
1
1
# #
R
e
e
R
j
j

E)* Consider a lossless transmission line* 1a2 3etermine the lines characteristic
resistance so that it will ha#e a minimum possi+le standin)-wa#e ratio for a load
impedance 9$:j.$1&2* 1+2 7ind this minimum standin)-wa#e radio and the
correspondin) #olta)e reflection coefficient* 1c2 7ind the location of the #olta)e
minimum nearest to the load*
%+ol.$
5
1
3# # ,
1
1
, /
5# $ =# %
5# $ =# %
,
5# =#
5# =#
#
#
! 1
! !
#
! !
#
#
#
#
#


+

+ +
+

+ +
+

R
dR
dS
S
R
R
j R
j R
R Z
R Z
L
L
! S ,
! 5
1
>#
5
1
5# >#
5# 1#
#
#


+
+

j
j
R Z
R Z
L
L
,
!

2
$
!
%
!
1
J
min

z
,
2
5
2 !


m

E)* S2R on a lossless 5$& terminated line terminated in an unEnown load

impedance is .* The distance +etween successi#e minimum is ?$cm* 4nd the first
minimum is located at 5cm from the load* 3etermine , Z
L
, %
m
, and R
m
*
%+ol.$

3
!
, = . # ! . #
!
m
J
!
#3 . # J , 3 . #
1 5
1 5
m m m
z z
+

"#.13m
3 . # J !
m
z
,
!
3 . #
3 . #
j
e e
j j

m m
m m
L
jR
j R
j
j
j
Z R

tan 3#
tan 3#
3# =# 5#
$
!
% 1
$
!
% 1
3# , 3#
#
+
+

+
$ % 7 . 1:
5
3#

m
R
E)* 4 loss, transmission line with characteristic impedance Z
$
is terminated in an
ar+itrar, load impedance Z
L
* 1a2 E<press the standin)-wa#e radio S on the line in
terms of Z
$
and Z
L
* 1+2 7ind the impedance looEin) toward the load at the
location of a #olta)e ma<imum* 1c2 7ind the impedance looEin) toward the load
at a location of a #olta)e minimum*
%+ol.$ %a$
J !
# #
J !
# # J !
#
#
1
1
,
z
L L
z
L L z
L
L
e Z Z Z Z
e Z Z Z Z
S e
Z Z
Z Z

+
+ +

%$
$ J % 1
1
$ J % , ! J !
ma@
#
J !
J !
# ma@
J ! J !
ma@
ma@
ma@
ma@ ma@
z S
Z
e
e
Z z Z e e e n z
z
z
z z j

%c$
J ! J !
min
min min
$ 1 ! % J !
z z j
e e e n z

+

$ J % 1
1
$ J %
min
#
J !
J !
# min
min
min
z S
Z
e
e
Z z Z
z
z

5-. >ntroduction to Smith Chart

1
1
1 &
1 &
#
#
#
#
+

L
L
L
L j
L
L
z
z
R Z
R Z
e
R Z
R Z

i r
j +

j
j
L
e
e
z
1
1
1
1
j, r +
,
! !
$ 1 %
!
i r
i
,
+

! ! !
$
1
1
% $
1
%
r r
r
i r
+
+
+
< r)circle,
! ! !
$
1
% $
1
% $ 1 %
, ,
i r
+ < ,)circle
+everal salient properties of the r)circles<
1. The centers of all r)circles lie on the M
r
)a@is.
!. The r"# circle, having a unity radius and centered at the origin, is the largest.
5. The r)circles ecome progressively smaller as r increases from # toward H,
ending at the %M
r
"1, M
i
"#$ point for open)circuit.
=. All r)circles pass through the %M
r
"1, M
i
"#$ point.
+alient properties of the ,)circles<
1. The centers of all ,)circles lie on the M
r
"1 line, those for ,D# %inductive reactance$
lie aove the M
r
Ta@is, and those for ,U# %capacitive reactance$ lie elow the M
r
T
a@is.
!. The ,"# circle ecomes the M
r
Ta@is.
5. The ,)circle ecomes progressively smaller as (,( increases from # toward H,
ending at the %M
r
"1, M
i
"#$ point for open)circuit.
=. All ,)circles pass through the %M
r
"1, M
i
"#$ point.
+ummary
1. All (M(Tcircles are centered at the origin, and their radii vary uniformly from # to
1.
!. The angle, measured from the positive real a@is, of the line drawn from the origin
through the point representing z
1
e*uals
M
.
5. The value of the r)circle passing through the intersection of the (M(Tcircle and the
positive)real a@is e*uals the standing)wave radio S.
! !
! !
$ 1 %
1
i r
i r
r
+


4pplication of Smith Chart in lossless transmission line:
/
1
1
,
$ J %
$ J %
$ J %
J !
J !
#
z j
z j
i
e
e
z
z I
z V
z Z

+
,

j
j
z j
z j
i
i
e
e
e
e
Z
z Z
z z

+

1
1
1
1 $ %
$ J %
J !
J !
#
when
J ! z

Veep (M( constant and sutract %rotate in the clocVwise direction$ an angle

J =
J !
z
z from
M
. This will locate the point for (M(e
-W
, which determine Z
i
.
Increasing z: wavelength toward generator in the clocVwise direction
A change of half a wavelength in the line length
!
J

z A change of
! $ J % ! z
in =.
E)* Mse the Smith chart to find the input impedance of a section of a 5$& lossless
transmission line that is $*1 wa#elen)th lon) and is terminated in a short-circuit*
%+ol.$ Civen #
L
z ,
$ % 3#
#
R
, 1 . # J z
1. Enter the +mith chart at the intersection of r"# and ,"# %point
#&
%
on the
e@treme left of chartX see Fig.$
!. Move along the perimeter of the chart
$ 1 %
y #.1 Ywavelengths toward
generatorSS in a clocVwise direction to %
1
.
At %
1
, read r"# and 7!3 . # , , or
7!3 . # j z
i

,
$ % 5 . 5: $ 7!3 . # % 3# j j Z
i
.
E)* 4 lossless transmission line of len)th $*9.9N and characteristic impedance
1$$& is terminated in an impedance ?@$:j1/$1&2* 7ind 1a2 the #olta)e reflection
coefficient, 1+2 the standin)-wa#e radio, 1c2 the input impedance, and 1d2 the
location of a #olta)e ma<imum on the line*
%+ol.$ %a$ Civen ."#.=5=Q, R
#
"1##L, Z
1
"!:#0j12#
1. Enter the +mith chart at z
1
"Z
1
&R
#
"!.:0j1.2 %point %
!
in Fig.$
!. Iith the center at the origin, draw a circle of radius
:# . # ! 7%
. %
#& 7%
"1$
5. 9raw the straight line
!
7% and e@tend it to %
!
: on the periphery. ;ead
#.!! on Ywavelengths toward generatorZ scale.

" !1 ,


!1 :# . #
j
e
.
%$ The
:# . #
circle intersects with the positive)real a@is
(&
7%
at r"S"=.
%c$ To find the input impedance<
1. Move %
!
: at #.!!# y a total of #.=5= Ywavelengths toward generator,Z first to
#.3## and then further to #.13= to %
5
:.
!. [oin 7 and %
5
: y a straight line which intersects the
:# . #
circle at %
5
.
5. ;ead r"#.:> and ,"1.! at %
5
.
$ % 1!# :> $ ! . 1 :> . # % 1##
#
+ + j j z R Z
i i
.
%d$ In going from %
!
to %
5
, the
:# . #
circle intersects the positive)real a@is
(&
7%
at %
M
, where the voltage is a ma@imum. Thus a voltage ma@imum
appears at %#.!3#)#.!!#$ or #.#5# from the load.
4pplication of Smith Chart in loss, transmission line




j z
j z
z j z
z j z
i
e e
e e
e e
e e
z

+

J !
J !
J ! J !
J ! J !
1
1
1
1
Ie can not simply move close the (M()circleX au@iliary calculation is necessary for
the e
)!\'S
factor.
E)* The input impedance of a short-circuited loss, transmission line of len)th ?m
and characteristic impedance B5& 1appro<imatel, real2 is 95:j??51&2* 1a2 7ind
and of the line* 1+2 3etermine the input impedance if the short-circuit is
replaced +, a load impedance Z
L
! @B*5-j951&2*
%+ol.$ %a$ Enter
# . 5 :# . # 73 & $ !!3 =3 %
1
j j z
i
+ +
in the chart as %
1
in Fig.
9raw a straight line from the origin 7 through %
1
to %
1
:.
Measure
!
1
1 2> . # J &

e 7% 7% , $ & % #!> . # $ 1!= . 1 ln%
=
1
$
2> . #
1
ln%
!
1
m !p

;ecord that the arc

J
1
% %
#&
is #.!# Ywavelengths toward generatorZ. !# . # & ,
2 . # & = !
. $ & % ! . #
=
2 . #
!
2 . #
m rad

.
%$ To find the input impedance for<
1. Enter
: . # > . # 73 & $ =3 3 . :7 % &
#
j j Z Z z
L L

on the +mith chart as %
!
.
!. 9raw a straight line from 7 through %
!
to %
!
: where the Ywavelengths toward
generatorZ reading is #.5:=.
5. 9raw a

Tcircle centered at 7 with radius

!
7% .
=. Move %
!
: along the perimeter y #.! Ywavelengths toward generatorZ to %
5
: at
#.5:=0#.!#"#.3:= or #.#:=.
3. [oint %
5
: and 7 y a straight line, intersecting the

Tcircle at %
5
.
:. MarV on line
5
7%
a point %
i
such that 2> . # &
!
5


e 7% 7%
i
.
7. At %
i
, read
!7 . # := . # j z
i
+
.
$ % 5 . !# # . =2 $ !7 . # := . # % 73 + + j j Z
i
5-9 Transmission-line >mpedance Matchin)
>mpedance matchin) +, N(9-transformer: R
#
:"
L
R R
#
E)* 4 si)nal )enerator is to feed equal power throu)h a lossless air transmission
line of characteristic impedance 5$& to two separate resisti#e loads, @9& and
?5&* Ouarter-wa#e transformers are used to match the loads to the 5$& line* 1a2
3etermine the required characteristic impedances of the quarter-wa#e lines* 1+2
7ind the standin)-wa#e radios on the matchin) line sections*
%+ol.$ %a$
$ % 1## !
# ! 1
R R R
i i
.
$ % 2# := 1##
1 1
J
#1

L i
R R R
,
$ % 3# !3 1##
! !
J
#!

L i
R R R
%$ Matching section ]o. 1<
11 . #
2# :=
2# :=
J
#1 1
J
#1 1
1

+

R R
R R
L
L
, !3 . 1
11 . # 1
11 . # 1
1
1
1
1
1

+
S
Matching section ]o. !<
55 . #
3# !3
3# !3
J
#! !
J
#! !
!

+

R R
R R
L
L
,
>> . 1
55 . # 1
55 . # 1
1
1
!
!
!

+
S
4pplication of Smith Chart in o+tainin) admittance:
L L
Z > & 1 ,
L L
L
L
- > R R
Z
z
1 1
# #

, where
j) - > R G > > > -
L L L
+
# # # #
& &
E)* 7ind the input admittance of an open-circuited line of characteristic
impedance .$$& and len)th $*$9N*
%+ol.$ 1. For an open)circuited line we start from the point %
oc
on the e@treme right of
the impedance +mith chart, at #.!3 in Fig.
!. Move along the perimeter of the chart y #.#= Ywavelengths toward generatorZ to
%
5
%at #.!>$.
5. 9raw a straight line from %
5
through 7, intersecting at %
5
: on the opposite side.
=. ;ead at %
5
:<
!: . # # j -
i
+
, mS j j >
i
27 . # $ !: . # # %
5##
1
+ .
4pplication of Smith Chart in sin)le-stu+ matchin):
#
#
1
R
> > > >
S 5 i
+
S 5
- - + 1
, where -
F
"R
#
>
F
, -
s
"R
#
>
s
10j)
s
" -
F
, -
s
")j)
s
and .
F
is re*uired to cancel the imaginary part.
^sing the +mith chart as an admittance chart, we proceed as -
1
follows for single)
stu matching<
1. Enter the point representing the normali'ed load admittance.
!. 9raw the (M()circle for -
1
, which will intersect the ""1 circle at two points. At
these points, -
F1
"10j)
F1
and -
F!
"10j)
F!
. Foth are possile solutions.
5. 9etermine load)section lengths d
1
and d
!
from the angles etween the point
representing -
1
and the points representing -
F1
and -
F!
.
9etermine stu length .
F1
and .
F!
from the angles etween the short)circuit point on
the e@treme right of the chart to the points representing Tj)
F1
and Tj)
F!
, respectively.
E)* Sin)le-Stu+ Matchin):
E)* 4 5$& transmission line is connected to a load impedance Z
L
! .5- j9B*51&2*
7ind the position and len)th of a short-circuited stu+ required to match the line*
%+ol.$ Civen $ % 3#
#
R , $ % 3 . =7 53 j Z
L
, >3 . # 7# . # &
#
j R Z z
L L

1. Enter
L
z on the +mith chart as
1
% . 9raw a

Tcircle centered at 7 with radius

1
7% .
!. 9raw a straight line from
1
% through 7 to
!
J % on the perimeter, intersecting the

Tcircle at
!
% , which represents
L
- . ]ote #.1#> at
!
J % on the Ywavelengths toward generatorZ scale.
5. Two points of intersection of the

Tcircle with the g"1 circle.

At
5
% <
1 1
1 ! . 1 1
5 5
j) j - + + . At
=
% <
! !
1 ! . 1 1
5 5
j) j - + X
=. +olutions for the position of the stus<
For
5
% %from
!
J % to
5
J % $< #3> . # $ 1#> . # 1:2 . # %
1
d
For
=
% %from
!
J % to
=
J % $< !!5 . # $ 1#> . # 55! . # %
!
d
For
5
% %from
#&
% to
5
J J % , which represents ! . 1
1
j j)
5
$<
111 . # $ !3# . # 5:1 . # %
1

5

For
=
% %from
#&
% to
=
_ %
, which represents ! . 1
!
j j)
5
$<
52> . # $ !3# . # 15> . # %
!
+
5

5-5 >ntroduction to S-parameters

S-parameters:
[ ]
1
]
1

!!
1!
!1
11
S
S
S
S
S
for analy'ing the high)fre*uency circuits.
9efine
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] , I Z , V
Z
, a
#
#
!
1
+
,
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] , I Z , V
Z
, )
#
#
!
1

( ) ( ) ( )
! ! 1! 1 1 11 1 1
. a S . a S . ) + , ( ) ( ) ( )
! ! !! 1 1 !1 ! !
. a S . a S . ) +

( )
( )
( )
( )
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

! !
1 1
!!
1!
!1
11
! !
1 1
. a
. a
S
S
S
S
. )
. )
, where
( )
( )
( ) #
1 1
1 1
11
! !

. a
. a
. )
S
,
( )
( )
( ) #
1 1
! !
!1
! !

. a
. a
. )
S
,
( )
( )
( ) #
! !
! !
!!
1 1

. a
. a
. )
S
,
and
( )
( )
( ) #
! !
1 1
1!
1 1

. a
. a
. )
S
.
%ew S-parameters otained y shifting reference planes<
( ) ( )
1
#
1 1 1
j
e ) . ) , ( ) ( )
1
#
1 1 1
j
e a . a

, ( ) ( )
!
#
! ! !
j
e ) . ) , ( ) ( )
!
#
! ! !
j
e a . a

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
]
1

1
1
]
1

1
]
1

+
+

#
#
#
#
!
1
!
!!
1!
!1
!
11
!
1
!
! 1
! 1
1
a
a
e S
e S
e S
e S
)
)
j
j
j
j

, where
1
]
1

!!
1!
!1
11
J
J
J
J
S
S
S
S
"
( )
( )
1
1
]
1

+
+

!
! 1
! 1
1
!
!!
1!
!1
!
11

j
j
j
j
e S
e S
e S
e S
and
1
]
1

!!
1!
!1
11
S
S
S
S
"
( )
( )
1
1
]
1

+
+
!
! 1
! 1
1
!
!!
1!
!1
!
11
J
J
J
J

j
j
j
j
e S
e S
e S
e S
3-parameters:
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

! !
! !
!!
1!
!1
11
1 1
1 1
. a
. )
T
T
T
T
. )
. a
, where

1
]
1

!1
11
!1
!!
1!
!1
11
1
S
S
S
T
T
T
T

1
1
1
1
]
1

!1
!! 11
1!
!1
!!
S
S S
S
S
S
and

1
]
1

11
11
!1
!!
1!
!1
11
1
T
T
T
S
S
S
S

1
1
1
1
]
1

11
1!
11
1! !1
!!
T
T
T
T T
T