Bioresources: Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Potential Feedstock To Replace Petroleum

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edu/bioresources

Lucia (2008). Lignocellulosic biomass: Replace petroleum, BioResources 3(4), 981-982. 981

LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS: A POTENTIAL FEEDSTOCK TO
REPLACE PETROLEUM

Lucian A. Lucia

Sustainability considerations for product and energy production in a future US
economy can be met with lignocellulosic biomass. The age of petroleum as the
key resource to meet the US economy requirements is rapidly dwindling, given
the limited resources of petroleum, the growing global population, and concurrent
detrimental effects on environmental safety. The use of natural and renewable
feedstocks such as trees and switchgrass is becoming more attractive; indeed,
lignocellulosic biomass is becoming a logical alternative to petroleum in light of
looming oil shortages, increases in oil prices, and environmental sustainability
considerations. This editorial aims at providing a broad overview of the consider-
ations for replacing the US petroleum economy with one based on lignocellulosic
biomass.

Keywords: Lignocellulosic Biomass; Chemicals; Energy; Petroleum; Sustainability

Contact information: Department of Wood and Paper Science, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-
8005; E-mail: [email protected]

The US Chemical industry generates a large amount of hazardous waste that is released at
a staggering rate of nearly 1.5 billion pounds annually, while the US fossil fuels industries
(petroleum, natural gas, coal) likewise produce roughly 1.6 GT of greenhouse gases emissions
(primarily CO
2
) annually. Outspoken critics have suggested that one way to offset such
environmental pollution is to explore utilizing the most abundant feedstocks on the planet, viz.,
carbohydrates and lignin. These polymers are present in a collective matrix known as
lignocellulosics (e.g., trees, switchgrass, bagasse, but not corn) represent a vast amount of
biomass (in the range of hundreds of billions of tons), of which only 3% is used by humans.
As opposed to synthetic chemicals and fossil fuels, these polymers are readily renewable,
inexpensive, and environmentally benign. Interestingly, the systematic exploitation of this vast
resource is still in its infancy and has only been recently been given a jump start by rising fuel
prices. Since clean air pressures are mounting, while the availability of cheap and abundant
fossil fuel becomes increasingly questionable as seen in the current climate, it is likely that any
economic advantages for a petrochemical-based economy will evaporate within the next fifty
years.
Yet, can such feedstocks really replace our current petro-chemicals and fossil fuels? In
short, at least in the short term with respect to products, the answer is a resounding yes!
However, the inertia with respect to products and energy for such a broad paradigm shift in the
way the US does business has been based on simple economics. Oil has always been cheaper
than any other commodity product, hence delaying the implementation of a bio-based economy
that was predicted by Henry Ford in the early part of the 19
th
century as a logical and necessary
choice for the growth of any civilization. But now, given that the prices of a barrel of oil are
well over US $140, the competitive price advantage fossil fuels have enjoyed for the last century

EDITORIAL ncsu.edu/bioresources

Lucia (2008). Lignocellulosic biomass: Replace petroleum, BioResources 3(4), 981-982. 982

have disappeared. From a global perspective, rising populations and the need for cheap
energy/resources to maintain continued growth have only exacerbated the need for fossil fuels.
But maintaining a global dependence on fossil fuels does not make any sense, especially given
the well-known environmental, geo-political, and economic (local) problems such dependence
causes!
It behooves us to investigate rational methodologies to get chemical and fuel value from
our natural lignocellulosic resources. For example, one of our major companies, DuPont, has
already determined that an extractive from plants, tulipalin (A-methylenebutyrolactone), is
competitive with its major commercial analogue, methyl methacrylate, for polymer applications.
Also, the pharmaceuticals industry continuously engages in a variety of organic chemical
manipulations with environmental risks, the most significant being toxicity and disposal of
reaction by-products and solvents. As a consequence of these problems, the scientific
community has paid considerable attention to alternative solvents, including water, fluorinated
solvents, supercritical fluids, and ionic liquids.
An early example of a bio-based green solvent is a new class of chiral ionic liquids that
can be derived from -pinene, an extractive from pine trees. Ionic liquids are salts that are liquid
at or near room temperature. As such, they are composed of an anion and a cation, like any salt,
but they do not have the high melting points typical of salts. Since the combination of organic
cations and anions is virtually limitless, several classes of ionic liquids have actually been
reported with more and more such systems discovered continuously.
Finally, one of the unifying themes in all biomass work is the development of
biorefinery, i.e., a conceptualized site that provides materials, chemicals, and energy from
renewable resources. The biorefinery concept describes the ability to convert traditional
feedstock into usable energy and products. Currently, the biorefinery concept is receiving a lot
of impetus to explore the conversion of our most abundant lignocellulosic biomass, wood
ethanol, to replace gasoline as a motor fuel source. It is not feasible to use a non-lignocellulosic,
corn, to make a significant dent in our national or global demands.
Lignocellulosic biomass is therefore a potential source of starting materials for many
industrial processes. The advantage of this biomaterial is that its processing is or will shortly
become less expensive than petroleum, it will not affect food supplies, and all chemicals derived
from it will have a lower environmental impact than petrochemicals. Additionally, it is
considered carbon dioxide-neutral because burning it with coal in power plants doesnt add
carbon to the environment beyond what was required for the process of growth. Five percent of
all global chemical sales relate to green products such as ethanol, pharmaceutical
intermediates, citric acid, and amino acids. This market share may go as high as 20% by 2010
and may reach as high as 2/3 of the total global economy, if low-cost enzymes and new
recombinant technologies to make more efficient enzymes become available.
The future of extracting chemical, material, and energy values from lignocellulosic
biomass appears to be bright. It promises to be brighter with the current attention and high
potential to reduce US dependence on fossil fuels and thereby develop a renewable resource-
based economy.

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