2014 SAJC JC2 H2 Mathematics

Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 1 of 22

Tutorial 6: Graphing Techniques

DIY Questions

1. Identify and sketch the curves represented by the following equations.
(a) 0 6 7
2 2
= + + y x x (b)
2
4 x y =
(c)
2 2 2
13 ) 5 ( ) 12 ( = + y x (d) 0 1 3 6 2
2
= + x y y
(e)
2
1
+
+
=
x
x
y

(a)
0 6 7
2 2
= + + y x x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
5
2
7
4
25
2
7
0
4
25
2
7
0 6
4
49
2
7
0 6
2
7
2
7
2
7
2
|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
.
|

\
|

= + +
|
.
|

\
|

= + +
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

y x
y x
y x
y x
y x x



This is the equation of a circle with radius
2
5
, centre at
|
.
|

\
|
0 ,
2
7
.

(b) 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 4 4 = + = = y x x y x y

This is the equation of a semi-circle with
radius 2 , centre at ( ) 0 , 0 . It is a semi-circle
and not a circle because
2
4 x y = and
not
2
4 x y =
It cuts the x-axis at 2 2 x and x = =


2014 SAJC JC2 H2 Mathematics
Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 2 of 22

(c)
( ) ( )
2 2 2
13 5 12 = + y x

1
5
13
12
13
1
13
5
13
12
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
= +
y x
y x

When 0 = x ,
5
13
= y , When 0 = y ,
12
13
= x
The equation is an ellipse with centre ( ) 0 , 0 .
The length of minor axis is
6
13
and the
length of major axis is
5
26
.


(d)
This equation has
2
y term but no
2
x , it
will be a parabola.

2
2
2 6 3 1 0
2 6 1 3
y y x
y y x
+ =
+ =
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 1
3
3 2
2 3 3 3 1
2
3 2 2 2 2
2 3 3 1
3 2 2 2
2 3 7
3 2 4
2 3 7
3 2 6
x y y
y y
y
y
y
| |
= +
|
\ .
(
| | | | | |
= + +
(
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(

(
| | | |
= +
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(

| |
=
|
\ .


When 0 = x ,
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2
2 6 1 0
6 6 4 2 1
2 2
6 28
4
3 7 3 7
or
2 2
y y
y
y
y y
+ =

=

=
+
= =


When
3
1
, 0 = = x y .

This is a quadratic curve with
2
3
= y as the
line of symmetry, minimum x value at
|
.
|

\
|

2
3
,
6
7
.


2014 SAJC JC2 H2 Mathematics
Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 3 of 22

(e)
2
1
1
2
1
+
=
+
+
=
x
y
x
x
y

1 , As y x
1 = y is the horizontal asymptote.
2 = x is the vertical asymptote.

When 0 = x ,
2
1
= y .
The graph is a rectangular hyperbola.
It cuts the y-axis at
2
1
= y

When 1 , 0 = = x y
It cuts the x-axis at 1 = x





2014 SAJC JC2 H2 Mathematics
Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 4 of 22

2. Given that C is the curve that represents the equation
4
1 4
2

+
=
x
x x
y .
(i) Show that y cannot take values between 2 and 6.
Hence find the turning points of the curve.
(ii) Sketch the graph of C, showing clearly its behaviour as it approaches its asymptotes.

[Ans : (i) Turning points = ( ) 2 , 3 and ( ) 6 , 5 ]

(i)
4
1
4
1 4
2

+ =

+
=
x
x
x
x x
y

0 ) 4 1 ( ) 4 (
1 4 4
1 ) 4 )(
2
2
= + + +
= +
=
y x y x
x y x xy
x x y (

For equation to have real solutions, the discriminant must be 0 >

( ) ( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2
4 4 1 1 4 0
16 8 4 16 0
8 12 0
2 6 0
y y
y y y
y y
y y
+ + >
+ + >
+ >
>

2 6 y or y s >
Therefore y cannot take values between 2 and 6.

The turning points will be at 2 = y and 6 = y .


When 2 = y
( ) 1 4 4 2
4
1 4
2
2
+ =

+
x x x
x
x x

( )
3
0 3
0 9 6
2
2
=
=
= +
x
x
x x


When 6 = y
( ) 1 4 4 6
4
1 4
6
2
2
+ =

+
= x x x
x
x x
( )
5
0 5
0 25 10
2
2
=
=
= +
x
x
x x

The maximum point is ( ) 2 , 3 and the minimum point is ( ) 6 , 5 .
2014 SAJC JC2 H2 Mathematics
Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 5 of 22

ii) 4 = x is a vertical asymptote.
As x , x y .
The line x y = is an oblique
asymptote.
When 0 = y ,
( ) ( )
2
2
4 1 0
4 4 4 1 1
2
4 16 4
2
4 12
2
4 2 3
2
2 3
x x
x
+ =

=

=

=
=

It cuts the x-axis at ( ) 0 , 3 2 and
( ) 0 , 3 2+




2014 SAJC JC2 H2 Mathematics
Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 6 of 22

3. Sketch the following parametric equations, indicating the axes intercepts on the graphs.
a) , s 2cos in x y u u = = for 0 u t s s .
b)
2
, 2 x t y t = = for t e
c)
2 3
cos , sin x t y t = = for 0
2
t
t
s s

a) b) c)


Note:
Must remember to change
scale to square.

When 0 x = ,
0 cos
2
2 u
t
u
=
=

sin 1
2
y
t
= =
Therefore the y intercept is
( ) 0,1 .

When 0 y = ,
0
0
in
,
s u
u t
=
=

When 0, 2cos0 2 x u = = =
When , 2cos 2 x u t t = = =

Therefore x intercepts are
( ) 2, 0 and ( ) 2, 0 .


Note:
The domain is t e , you can
do this by setting Tmin=-10
and Tmax=10.

In general, you should start
with small range of t and
increase if the graph is cut off
on the screen.

x,y intercepts ( ) 0, 0


When 0 x = ,
2
os 0
2
c t
t
t
=
=

3
2
sin 1 y
t
= =

Therefore the y intercept is
( ) 0,1 .

When 0 y = ,
3
0
in 0 s t
u
=
=

3
cos 0 1 x = =
Therefore the x intercept is
( ) 1, 0 .




2014 SAJC JC2 H2 Mathematics
Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 7 of 22

Practice Questions

4. The curve C has equation
a x
a ax x
y
2
3 2
2 2
+
+
= , where a is a negative constant.
(i) Obtain the equations of the asymptotes of C.
(ii) Find
d
d
y
x
and deduce that C has no stationary point.
(iii) Draw a sketch of C and mark in the coordinates of the points of intersections of C with
the coordinate axes.
[Ans : (i) Equations of the asymptotes of C : x y = and a x 2 = (ii)
( )
2
2
d 3
1
d
2
y a
x
x a
= +
+
]

(i) The vertical asymptote is a x 2 = .

a x
a ax x
y
2
3 2
2 2
+
+
=

By long division,
a x
a
x y
2
3
2
+
=

As x , x y . The line x y = is an oblique asymptote.

(ii)
( )
2
2
2
3
1
a x
a
dx
dy
+
+ =
( ) 0 2
2
> + a x , e x , a x 2 = and
0 3
2
> a .
Hence
( )
0
2
3
2
2
>
+ a x
a
, e x , a x 2 =
1 >
dx
dy
, e x , a x 2 =
Therefore there is no turning point.






(iii)
When 0 = x , a
a
a
y
2
3
2
3
2
=

= .

When 0 = y ,

( )( )
2 2
2 2
2 3
0
2
0 2 3
0 3
3
x ax a
x a
x ax a
x a x a
x a or x a
+
=
+
= +
= +
= =

The curve passes through the points
( ) 0 , a , ( ) 0 , 3a and
|
.
|

\
|
a
2
3
, 0


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Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 8 of 22

5. N2009/I/6
The curve
1
C has equation
2
2
x
y
x

=
+
. The curve
2
C has equation
2 2
1
6 3
x y
+ = .

i)
Sketch
1
C and
2
C on the same diagram, stating the exact coordinates of any points of
intersection with axes and the equations of any asymptotes. [4]
ii)
Show algebraically that the x-coordinates of the points of intersection
1
C and
2
C
satisfy the equation
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 6 x x x = + .
[2]
iii) Use your calculator to find these x-coordinates. [2]
[Ans: i) 1 y = , 2 x = , ( ) 0, 1 , ( ) 2, 0 , iii) 0.515, 2.45 x = ]

(i) 2 4
1
2 2
x
y
x x

= =
+ +


When 0 x = , 1 y = .
When 0 y = , 2 x = .
The asymptotes are 1 y = and 2 x = . The intercepts are
( ) 0, 1 and
( ) 2, 0 .

2 2
1
6 3
x y
+ =
This is an ellipse with centre at
( ) 0, 0 . The intercepts are
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , 0, 6, 0 3 , 6, 3 0 0, .



2014 SAJC JC2 H2 Mathematics
Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 9 of 22

(ii) When the two curves intersect,
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1 2
1
6 3 2
2
2 6
2
2 2
6
2
2 2 6 2 (shown)
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
| |
+ =
|
+
\ .
| |
+ =
|
+
\ .

=
+
= +


(iii) Using the GC









Repeat the same process for the other intersection.

The x-coordinates are 0.515, 2.45 x = .


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Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 10 of 22

6. [MJC/07/P1/Q9]




A sketch of the curve
2
( ) x a
y
x b
+
=
+
,
where a and b are constants, is shown in the diagram. The curve has stationary points at
(1, 0) and P.

(i) State the values of a and b.
(ii) Find the equation of the oblique asymptote L.
(iii) Determine the coordinates of the turning point P.
(iv) Copy the above sketch, and on the same diagram, draw a sketch of
the curve
2 2
16 x y + = , showing clearly the axial intercepts.
(v) Hence show that the equation
4 2
2 6 68 63 0 x x x =
has exactly two real roots.
[Ans: (i) b = 2, a = 1 (ii) 4 y x = (iii) ( 5, 12) ]

(i)
2
( ) x a
y
x b
+
=
+

b = 2, a = 1

(ii)
2 2
( 1) 2 1 9
4
2 2 2
x x x
y x
x x x
+
= = = +
+ + +

Equation of oblique asymptote L is 4 y x =

(iii) Using GC, coordinates of P = ( 5, 12)


y



L


2 O 1


P
-
x
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Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 11 of 22

(iv)



(v)
2
2
2
2 2 4 2
2 2 4 3 2 2
4 3 2 4 3 2 2
4 2
( 1)
16
2
( 2) ( 1) 16( 2) 0
( 4 4) ( 4 6 4 1) 16( 4 4) 0
4 4 4 6 4 1 16 64 64 0
2 6 68 63 0
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x
(
+ =
(
+

+ + + =
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + =
=


Since the graphs of
2
( 1)
2
x
y
x

=
+
intersects the graph of
2 2
16 x y + = at exactly two
points, there are exactly two real roots for the given equation.




y






2 O 1 4

4

P
-
x
2
( 1)
2
x
y
x

=
+

2 2
16 x y + =
4



4
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Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 12 of 22

7.

A sketch of the curve
d x
c bx ax
y
+
+ +
=
2
, where c b a , , and d are constants, is shown, not to
scale in the diagram. The equations of the asymptotes, also shown in the diagram, are 2 = x
and 3 2 + = x y .
(i) Write down the value of d .
(ii) Find the value of a and show that 7 = b .
(iii) Given that the curve has a stationary point where 1 = x , find the value of c and the
x-coordinates of the other stationary point.
(iv) Copy the above sketch and, by drawing a sketch of another suitable curve in the
same diagram, find the number of real roots for the equation
0 2 8 7 2
2 3 4
= + + x x x x .
[Ans : (i) 2 = d (ii) 2 = a (iii) 8 = c , Other stationary point is at 3 x = ]

(i) 2 = x is the vertical asymptote implies the denominator is ( ) 2 + x . Therefore, 2 = d .

(ii)
2
2
ax bx c
y
x
+ +
=
+

By long division
( )
( )
d x
a b c
a b ax y
+

+ + =
2 2
2
As x , ( ) a b ax y 2 + .
( ) 2 2 3 ax b a x + = +
Comparing coefficients:

2 = a

( )
7
3 2 2
3 2
=
=
=
b
b
a b

(iii) ( )
2
6
3 2
2
2 2 7 2
3 2
+

+ + =
+

+ + =
x
c
x
x
c
x y


( )
( )
2
6
d
2
d
2
c
y
x
x

=
+


When 1 = x ,
d
0
d
y
x
=
Hence
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
8 6
d 2
2 2
d
2 2
y
x
x x

= =
+ +

When
d
0
d
y
x
=
( )
( )
2
2
2
0 2
2
2 1
2 1
1, 3
x
x
x
x
=
+
+ =
+ =
=


The other stationary point is at 3 x = .
2014 SAJC JC2 H2 Mathematics
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Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 13 of 22

( )
( )
( )
( )
8
2
1
6
2 1
6
2 0
2
2
=
=

+

=
c
c
c


(iv)
2
2
3 2
2
8 7 2
2
+
+ + =
+
+ +
=
x
x
x
x x
y


( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 3 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 7 8 2 0
2 7 8 2 0
2 7 8 2
2 7 8
1
2
2 7 8
1
2
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + = +
+ +
=
+
+ +
=
+

By sketching the curve
2
1
x
y = on the same diagram as
d x
c bx ax
y
+
+ +
=
2
, we can find
the number of real roots by counting the number of intersection points.
From the graph, we see two intersection points. Hence there are 2 solutions.



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Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 14 of 22

8. [SAJC/07/P1/Q7]

The curve C has equation y =
1
2
2

+
x
x a
where x = 1 and a is a non-zero constant .

(i) Show that if C has no stationary points, then 2 < a < 0 . [3]

(ii) It is given that the line y = x 1 is an asymptote of C. Find the value of a. [2]

(iii) Sketch C, showing clearly the asymptotes and coordinates of any intersections with the
coordinate axes. [3]
[Ans: ii) 1 a = ]
7(i)











(ii)

2
2
2
2
1
2 2
( 1)
ax
y
x
dy ax ax
dx x
+
=

Since C has no stationary points, there are no real roots for 0 2 2
2
= ax ax
0 2
0 ) 2 ( 4
0 ) 2 ( 4 ) 2 (
2
< <
< +
<
a
a a
a a


1
2
1
2
2

+
+ + =

+
=
x
a
a ax
x
ax
y
Asymptote is y = ax + a.
a = 1

(iii)

Sketch of
1
2
2

+
=
x
x
y :



2
2
y = x 1
x = 1
2
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Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 15 of 22

9. [AJC/06/Promo/Q13]
The curve C has equation y =
2 k
x k
x k
+
+ +

, where k is a constant. Find the range of values of k

for which the curve C cuts the x-axis at two distinct points. [3]

Given that k = 2,
(i) Sketch the curve C, stating its asymptotes, stationary points and axial intercepts if any. [3]
(ii) The two asymptotes of C intersect at point P. Show that P lies on the line ( ) 4 2 y mx m = +
for all real values of m.
Hence, state the range of values of m for which the line ( ) 4 2 y mx m = + does not cut the
curve C. [4]
(iii) The curve Q has parametric equations 4 x t = + and
2
y a t = , where a is a real constant.
Find the Cartesian equation of Q.
Hence, state the range of values of a for which the curves C and Q have exactly one point of
intersection. [3]
[Ans: 1 or 2 k k < > , ii) 1 ms , iii) 8 a < ]

2 2
2
2
0
2
Cuts at 2 distinct points, 2 0
( 1)( 2) 0
1 or 2
k
x k
x k
x k k
k k
k k
k k
+
+ + =

=
>
+ >
< >

i)
( )
2
4
1 0 0, 4 0,8
2
dy
x y
dx
x
= = = =

(or from GC)

ii) y = x +2 ------(1) x = 2
P (2,4)
When x = 2, (2) 4 2 4 y m m = + =
( ) 4 2 y mx m = + passes through P for all real values of m.
If line does not intersect C, 1 m s


2
2
-2
(4, 8)

C
2 y x = +
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Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 16 of 22

iii)
4 x t = + 4 t x =
2
( 4) y a x =
For the curves C and Q to
cut at 2 distinct points, maximum
point of Q must be at
the point (4, 8).

8 a <




10. Convert the following parametric equations to Cartesian equations:
a)
2
, 2 x t y t = = for t e
b) , s cos in y x u u = = for t u t < s
c)
1
x t
t
= + ,
1
y t
t
= (2010/P1/Q11iii)
[Ans : (i)
2
4 y x = (ii)
2 2
1 x y + = (iii)
2 2
4 x y = ]

a)
2
2
y t
y
t
=
=


Substitute into x

2
2
2
4
y
x
y x
| |
=
|
\ .
=

b)

2 2
cos
cos
x
x
u
u
=
=

2 2
sin
sin
y
y
u
u
=
=


Remember the trigonometry identity
2 2
cos 1 sin u u + = .

2 2
1 x y + =

This is a circle with centre ( ) 0, 0 and radius 1.

c)
2
2
2 2
2
1
1
1
2
x t
t
x t
t
x t
t
= +
| |
= +
|
\ .
= + +

2
2
2 2
2
1
1
1
2
y t
t
y t
t
y t
t
=
| |
=
|
\ .
= +

2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1 1
2 2
4
1
2 2
x y t t
t t
x y
x y
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
=
=


This is a hyperbola with asymptotes y x = and y x = and x intercepts ( ) 2, 0 and ( ) 2, 0


2
2
-2
(4, 8)

C
P
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Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 17 of 22

11. A curve is defined parametrically by the equations,

t
t
x
+
=
1
;
t
t
y
+
=
1
2
t e, 1 t =
(i) Find the Cartesian equation of the curve, expressing your answer in the form
( ) f y x = .
(ii) Sketch the curve. Label your graph clearly, indicating any asymptote(s) and stationary
point(s).
(iii) By sketching another suitable graph on the same diagram as in (ii), determine the
number of real roots of the equation
3 2
f( ) 6 x x x + = .
[Ans : (i) Cartesian Equation :
x
x
y

=
1
2
(iii) Number of real roots = 2]
(i)
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
,
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
t t
x y
t t
x xt t
x
t
x
x
x
x x x
y
x
x
x
x
x
y
x
= =
+ +
+ =
=

(
= = =
(


+

(ii) To find the equation of the asymptotes of the curve

2
1
1
1
1
, 1
x
y
x
y x
x
x y x
=

= +

( ) ( )
2
2
d 1
1
d (1 )
d 1
0 1 0 or 2
d (1 )
When 0, 0 min . When 2, 4 max .
y
x x
y
x x
x x
x y x y
= +

= = = =

= = = =


Equation of the asymptotes: 1 = x y and 1 = x
Cartesian Equation of the curve
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Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 18 of 22


(iii)
3 2 3 2
f( ) 6 f( ) 6 x x x x x x + = = .
We need to find the number of intersections between the curve representing
6
2 3
= x x y and f( ) y x =
From the sketch, there are 2 intersection points between the graphs, hence, 2 real roots
to the equation.


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Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 19 of 22

Supplementary Exercises

1. The curve C has equation
2
4 2
2
+

=
x
x x
y
i) Find the equations of the asymptotes of C .
ii) Draw a sketch of C , which should include the asymptotes, and state the
coordinates of the points of intersection of C with the axes.
iii) On the same diagram draw a sketch of the curve
2
1
x
y =
iv) Hence show that the equation
0 2 4 2
2 3 4
= x x x x
has exactly 2 real roots.
[Ans : (i) 2 = x
,
4 = x y ]
i)
2
4 2
2
+

=
x
x x
y
By long division,
2
4
4
+
+ =
x
x y .
The vertical asymptote is 2 = x .
The oblique asymptote is 4 = x y .

When 2 , 0 = = y x .
When 0 = y ,
( )( )
5 1
2
20 2
2
4 1 4 4 2
0 4 2
0
2
4 2
2
2
=

=

=
=
=
+

x
x
x
x x
x
x x


( )
2
2
4
1
2
4
4
+
=
+
+ =
x dx
dy
x
x y

When 0 =
dx
dy
,
( )
( )
0 or 4
2 2
4 2
2
4
1 0
2
2
=
= +
= +
+
=
x
x
x
x

When 2 , 0 = = y x
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Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 20 of 22

When
( ) ( )
10
2 4
4 4 2 4
, 4
2
=
+

= = y x



( )
2
2
2 2
2 3 4
1
2
4 2
2 4 2
0 2 4 2
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
=
+
+
+ = +
= +


From the diagram above, there are two intersections.
Therefore 0 2 4 2
2 3 4
= x x x x has two real solutions.

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Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 21 of 22

2. [CJC/06/Promo/Q7]
Given the graph of y =
x
2
+ a
x + b
, where a > 0 and b > 0,
(i) State the coordinates of the intersection(s) of the graph with the axes. [1]
(ii) Find the equations of the asymptote(s). [2]
(iii) Draw a sketch of the curve, labelling the equations of its asymptotes and coordinates of
any intersection with the axes. [2]

[Ans : i) 0,
a
b
| |
|
\ .
, ii)
, x b y x b = = ]

i)
0,
a
b
| |
|
\ .

ii)
2
b a
y x b
x b
+
= +
+

, x b y x b = =
iii)



x = b
y = x b
b
a

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Tutorial

Tutorial 5 : Graphing Techniques Page 22 of 22

3. [CJC/06/Promo/Q8]
Find the cartesian equations and coordinates of the intersections of the following curves with the
x and yaxes (if any):
(i) x = t
2
, y = t
4
+ 1 [2]
(ii) x = 2 sec u, y = tan u [2]
On separate diagrams, sketch the curves in (i) and (ii), indicating clearly the equation(s) of any
asymptotes. [4]
[Ans : i) y = x
2
+ 1 ; (0, 1)
, ii)
( ) ( )
2
2
1 , 2, 0 , 2, 0
4
x
y + = ]

i) y = x
2
+ 1 ; (0, 1)

As x ,
2
y x x

Note:
2
x x = !

Since
2
x t = , it means 0 x > , hence x x = .

Therefore the oblique asymptote is y x =




ii)
x
2
4
= sec
2
u, y
2
= tan
2
u
tan
2
u + 1 = sec
2
u
y
2
+ 1 =
x
2
4

Intercepts : (2, 0) , (2, 0)



1
2
y = x
2
y =
2
x

y =
2
x