2.

Database Schema for a Student Library scenario

Student(Stud_no : integer, Stud_name: string)
Membership(Mem_no: integer, Stud_no: integer)
Book(book_no: integer, book_name:string, author: string)
Iss_rec(iss_no:integer, iss_date: date, Mem_no: integer, book_no:
integer)

For the above schema, perform the following
a) Create the tables with the appropriate integrity constraints
b) Insert around 10 records in each of the tables
c) List all the student names with their membership numbers
d) List all the issues for the current date with student and Book names
e) List the details of students who borrowed book whose author is
CJDATE
f) Give a count of how many books have been bought by each student
g) Give a list of books taken by student with stud_no as 5
h) List the book details which are issued as of today
i) Create a view which lists out the iss_no, iss _date, stud_name, book
name
j) Create a view which lists the daily issues-date wise for the last one
week


AIM: Create the tables with the appropriate integrity constraints
Insert around 10 records in each of the tables

HW/SW requirements:
Processor : AMD Athelon 1.67 GH
z
RAM : 256 MB
Hard Disk : 40 GB
Software : Oracle

SQL>create table student(stud_no number(5) primary key,stud_name
varchar2(15));

SQL>desc student;
Name Null? Type
..
STUD_NO NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
STUD_NAME VARCAHR2(15)
Valid Test Data:

SQL>insert into student values(&stud_no,&stud_name);

SQL>select * from student;

STUD_NO STUD_NAME
....................................................................

508 HARISH
513 BALAJI
518 RAKESH
524 PAVAN
534 JOYCE

SQL>create table membership(mem_no number(5) primary key,stud_no
number(5) references student(stud)no));
SQL>dsec membership;

Name Null? Type
.
MEM_NO NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
STUD_NO NUMBER(5)


SQL>insert into membership values(&mem_no,&stud_no);
Enter value for mem_no:5440
Enter value for stud_no:510
old 1:insert into membership values(&mem_no,&stud_no)
new 1:insert into membership values(5440,510)
insert into membership values(5440,510)
*
Errors Observed:

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291:integrity constraint(HARISH.SYS_C002724)violated-primary key
not found

SQL>select * from membership;
MEM_NO STUD_NO
..
5440 513
5441 508
5442 518
5443 534
5444 524
SQL>create table book(book_no number(5) primary key,book_name
varchar2(20),author varchar2(2));

SQL>desc book;

Name Null? Type
..
BOOK_NO NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
BOOK_NAME VARCHAR2(20)
AUTHOR VARCHAR2(20)

SQL>insert into book values(&book_no,&book_name,&author);
SQL>select * from book;

BOOK_NO BOOK_NAME AUTHOR
..
9123 DBMS Rama Krishna
2342 JAVA Robett wilkins
4523 Fearless tales Alfred
8723 my ambition Harish
7821 Harry Potter JK Rowling

SQL>create table lss_rec(iss_no number primary key,iss_date date,mem_no
number(5) references membership(mem_no),book_no number(5)
references book(book_no));

SQL>desc iss_rec;
Name Null? Type

ISS_NO NOT NULL NUMBER
ISS_DATE DATE
MEM_NO NUMBER(5)
BOOK_NO NUMBER(5)

SQL>select * from iss_rec;
ISS_NO ISS_DATE MEM_NO BOOK_NO

43 05-JAN-06 5443 4523
81 28-DEC-05 5441 8723
22 08-DEC-05 5440 7821
53 07-JAN-06 5442 9123
35 06-JAN-06 5444 2342
c) List all the student names with their membership numbers

SQL> select s.studname, m.memno from student s, membership m where
m.studno=s.studno;


STUDNAME MEMNO
------------- --------
abhijeet 1001
arun 1002
arvind 1003
ashish 1004
ashwin 1005


d) List all the issues for the current date with student and Book names

SQL> select i.issno, s.studname, b.bookname from iss_rec I, membership
m, student s, book b
2 where i.memno=m.memno and m.studno=s.studno and
i.issdate=to_char(sysdate);

ISSNO STUDNAME BOOKNAME
------- ------------ ---------------
13 arvind P&S

e) List the details of students who borrowed book whose author is
CJDATE

SQL> select * from student where studno in(select studno from membership
where memno in
2 (select memno from iss_rec where bookno in(select bookno from book
where author=CJDATE)));

STUDNO STUDNAME
---------- -------------
505 ashwin

f) Give a count of how many books have been bought by each student

SQL> select s.studno, count(i.bookno) from student s.membership m, book
b, 2 iss_rec I where s.studno=m.studno and b.bookno=i.bookno group by
s.studno;

STUDNO COUNT(I.BOOKNO)
---------- -----------------------
501 5
502 5
503 5
504 5
505 5

g) Give a list of books taken by student with stud_no as 5

SQL> select bookname from book where bookno in (select bookno from
iss_rec where
2 memno in(select memno from membership where
3 studno in(select studno from student where studno=5)));

BOOKNAME
-------------
NT

h) List the book details which are issued as of today

SQL> delete from book where bookno in(select bookno from iss_rec where
issdate=to_char(sysdate));
delete from book where bookno in (select bookno from iss_rec where
issdate=to_char(sysdate))

Errors Observed:

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C00840) violated child
record found

i) Create a view which lists out the iss_no, iss _date, stud_name, book
name



j) Create a view which lists the daily issues-date wise for the last one
week




Viva-Vice:

1. Describe the three levels of data abstraction?
The are three levels of abstraction:
Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are
stored.
Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data
are stored in database and what relationship among those data.
View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire
database.
2. Define the "integrity rules"
There are two Integrity rules.
Entity Integrity: States that Primary key cannot have NULL
value
Referential Integrity: States that Foreign Key can be either a
NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation.

3. What is extension and intension?
Extension -
It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This
is time dependent.
Intension -
It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and
the constraints laid on it.

4. What is System R? What are its two major subsystems?
System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at
IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to
demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used
in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at
least comparable to that of existing system.
Its two subsystems are
Research Storage
System Relational Data System.

5. How is the data structure of System R different from the relational
structure?
Unlike Relational systems in System R
Domains are not supported
Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional
Enforcement of entity integrity is optional
Referential integrity is not enforced

6. What is Data Independence?
Data independence means that the application is independent of the
storage structure and access strategy of data. In other words, The ability to
modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema
definition in the next higher level.
Two types of Data Independence:
Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should
not affect the logical level.
Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should
affect the view level.
NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve

7. What is a view? How it is related to data independence?
A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does
not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more
underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct
represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.
Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the
view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the
database. Hence accounts for logical data independence.