Lesson 52007

ESSENTIAL MICROSOFT OFFICE 2007: Tutorials for Teachers
Copyright Bernard J ohn Poole, 2007. All rights reserved

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5
MORE ON THE USE OF THE SPREADSHEET
Making changes to existing spreadsheets

LEARNING OUTCOMES
In Lesson 4 you created a grade sheet for a class of 4th graders based on a template you had put
together at the beginning of the same lesson. You learned that you can easily adapt a template for
use with other classes that you might teach. You learned about the organization of spreadsheets.
You learned about rows and columns, and the cells at the intersection of those rows and columns.
You learned how to select cells and how to address cells using row and column coordinates. You
learned how to enter formulas into certain cells in order to have Excel do calculations for you--
totals and percentages in particular.
You filled the rows and columns with labels and grades. You had a first introduction to the
idea that a spreadsheet can be a powerful tool for handling numeric data that requires
mathematical or statistical processing.
In this tutorial you will have the opportunity to reinforce what you learned in Lesson 4. At the
same time you will learn how to maintain a spreadsheet. This you will do by making
enhancements to the spreadsheet you created in Lesson 4.
You will also learn about some of the logical processing capabilities of spreadsheets,
capabilities which enable you to give an "intelligent" flavor to the applications that you build. In
particular, you will learn about the following features of the Excel spreadsheet.
Recapitulation and Reinforcement
Lesson 5: More on the Use of the Spreadsheet
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Updating an existing spreadsheet
More changes to the look of the spreadsheet
Using the LOOKUP function
Creating charts based on spreadsheet data
Printing the updated spreadsheet
Making a backup copy of your documents

A caveat before you begin: You'll find it easiest to use the tutorial if you follow the directions
carefully. On computers there are always other ways of doing things, but if you wander off on
your own be sure you know your way back!

5.1 GETTING STARTED
You're going to work with a Gradebook document very similar to the one you created in Lesson
4. But for the sake of uniformity, and to avoid confusion, you're going to use a Grade Book
spreadsheet specially prepared for use with this lesson.
As an exercise at the end of the tutorial you will have the opportunity to incorporate these
changes into your own Gradebook documents (Grade4 2002 and Grades Template) which you
created when you completed Lesson 4.
You are going to make some improvements to the layout of the Gradebook, after which you
will learn about the LOOKUP function as an introduction to the logic capability of Excel. At the
end of the lesson you will learn how to create and modify charts of various kinds.
Open Microsoft Excel then put the storage media on which you have your
Office 2007 Work Files folder in the disk drive
You are going to update two documents:
a grade book template (called Grades Template, and stored in the Templates folder inside in
your Office 2007 Work Files folder);
and an actual grade book filled with data (this document has the name Gradebook and is
stored in the Other folder also inside the Work Files folder in your Office 2007 Work Files
folder).
You will work on the Gradebook document first.
By now you should know the steps to open a document, so go to your Office
2007 Work Files >Work Files >Other folder and Open the Gradebook
document

5.2 RECAPITULATION AND REINFORCEMENT
Lesson 4 has Tables of the most useful Excel spreadsheet commands. You might like to put a
marker at the relevant pages (pp. 118 thru 120) for easy reference while you follow along in this
tutorial. Alternatively, you can use the chart that is included at the end of this text (inside back
cover).
The following sections give you an opportunity to refresh your memory of the basic
spreadsheet skills you learned in Lesson 4.

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Moving from cell to cell in the spreadsheet
In Excel spreadsheet terminology the cell that is selected (surrounded by a heavier border) is
called the current (or active) cell.
Take a moment now to reacquaint yourself with the methods for changing the position of the
currently active cell.
The arrow keys move the current cell to the adjacent cell left, right, above, or
below the current cellpress all four of the arrow keys a few times, and watch
how the current cell moves around
The TAB key (forward) and the Shift-TAB command (back) also move the
cursor to the adjacent cell, but only in a horizontal (right or left) directiontry
these two commands now.
The RETURN key (forward) and the Shift-RETURN command (back) also move
the cursor to the adjacent cell, but only in a vertical (up or down) directiontry
these two commands now
Use the scroll bars when you want to move around the spreadsheet without
changing the location of the current celltry this, too
More cell selection commands
Selecting sets of cells in the spreadsheet
You often may want to highlight all the cells in the spreadsheet --in order to change a font, or
copy the data to another document, for example. Here's how you do this.
Click in the empty box above the Row headers and to the left of the
Column headers (Fig. 5.1)

Fig. 5.1 Selecting an entire spreadsheet
Click here to select the
entire spreadsheet
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The entire spreadsheet is now highlighted. However, perhaps you want to select only the cells that
you're working in. There are a couple of ways to do this.
Click anywhere to de-select the selected cells
For example, use the mouse to drag diagonally down from cell A1 to cell N23
That's one way. Heres another way of doing the same thing.
Click anywhere to de-select the selected cells
Now, click in cell A1, hold down the Shift key, and click in cell N23
The same set of cells is selected. The Shift key is very useful for selecting a range of cells in
Excel, or a range of text in Word, or even a range of slides in PowerPoint, which you'll learn
about soon enough.
Going to a specific cell anywhere in your spreadsheet
If you are working in a large spreadsheet (consisting of thousands of cells) and you know the
approximate coordinates of a cell you want to find, it is sometimes quicker to let Excel find the
cell for you. The following steps will make the current cell the one that intersects Column AJ and
Row 423, a location deep inside the spreadsheet and a long way fromthe first cell, cell A1.
From the Home Ribbon >Find & Select menu click on Go To..., or press
Ctrl-g to bring up the Go To dialog box (Fig. 5.2)

Fig. 5.2 The Go To dialog box
Type AJ423 (you can use upper case (AJ ) or lower case (aj) for the column
coordinate), and click on OK, then visually check that cell AJ423 has been
selected
Remember that the first (alphabetic) coordinate (AJ) is always the column; the second (numerical)
coordinate is always the Row.
Press Ctrl-g again, type A1, and click on OK
You are now back at the first cell.

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Some of the options for moving about the spreadsheet are considerably slower than others, which
is why you should take the time to familiarize yourself with all the different methods for moving
around the spreadsheet, especially if you become a regular user of a programsuch as Excel.

5.3 UPDATING AN EXISTING SPREADSHEET
The Gradebook document would benefit fromsome cosmetic changes, such as the following.
1. There should be double lines to set off different parts of the spreadsheet. It is often useful to
include double lines between headers and the data, and before summary totals.
2. It would be useful to include more formulas to increase the information content of the
spreadsheet. For example, you could add a formula that calculates an average for each of the
sets of grades so that your students can see where they stand in relation to the rest of the
class on any particular assignment or test. A highest score and lowest score for each set of
grades would also be useful.
3. It would be a good idea to lock cells containing data that you consider especially important.
Locking cells prevents you or someone else from accidentally losing or changing cell
contents. It takes time to put together spreadsheet templates and other documents. Some
cells will contain functions that are tricky to figure out. Locking themwill make it difficult to
lose your work.
4. Finally, Excel can do some of the thinking for you if you include a LOOKUP Table to figure
out the grades for your students based on their percentage score at the end of a reporting
period.
Let's deal with these problems one at a time.
In this section you'll learn how to handle the first three improvements. Well learn how to
create and use the LOOKUP function later in the lesson.
Dividing up the spreadsheet to make it easier to read
After you have fixed change #1, the Gradebook document will look similar to Fig. 5.3.

Fig. 5.3 Gradebook document after update #1
Narrow
the
height
of
Rows
13 and
24
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Breaks between sections of a spreadsheet help the eye locate important data when scanning the
page, whether on screen or on paper. In Excel, the easiest way to do this is to use an extra row or
column at the point where you want to create a division between different parts of the
spreadsheet, and then reduce the width of the inserted row or column so it appears as a double
line (Fig. 5.3). Follow these steps to update the spreadsheet along these lines.
On the left edge of the screen, in row 13, click on the row number (13) to
select the entire empty row
Now you want to reduce the row height so it looks like a double line dividing Rows 12 and 14.
Right click on the number 13 and, in the context menu, select Row Height...,
then in the Row/Height dialog box type the value 3 to replace the default
height, and click OK
You need to create a similar dividing line after Row 23, which holds the data for the last student
in the roster. This is because you are shortly going to include new formulas in Rows 25 thru 27.
Reduce the height of Row 24 in the same way as you did Row 13, then Save
the changes you have made
There are a couple of other ways to change the height of a row or the width of a column.
One way is to position the mouse on the line between the row or column headers at the point
where you want to change the height or width. The mouse changes to a cross hair with arrows
(Fig. 5.4).

Fig. 5.4 Adjusting column width by dragging
Then you would hold down the mouse button and drag to change the height or width of a row or
column respectively. A small box appears when you do this (try it for yourself) which tells you the
height or width you are selecting. You already learned in Lesson 4 how to do this for column
width. Simple enough.
Adding formulas to the spreadsheet
As you learned in Lesson 4, Excel comes with many built-in functions for the spreadsheet. You
may recall that Excel has over 300 functions divided into 10 categories. Lets look at the built-in
functions again now so that you know how to find themwhen you need them.
Position the cursor on the right
edge of one of the selected
columns (in this case column E),
then drag to the left or right

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In the Formulas Ribbon >Function Library click on Financial and, in the
drop down menu, check out the functions available to you there
Do the same with the Logical, Text, Date & Time, Lookup & Reference,
Math & Trig, and, under More Functions, the Statistical, Engineering,
Cube, and Information sets of Excel 2007 built-in Functions
Now click on the Insert Function (fx) icon in the data entry bar (Fig. 5.5) to
take a look at the functions you can use

Fig. 5.5 The Insert Function (fx) icon
Excel displays a dialog box showing a listing of these functions (Fig. 5.6).

Fig. 5.6 The Insert Function dialog box
Entry bar
Cancel
the data
( )
Accept
the data
()
Insert Function
(fx)
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Click to pull down the menu of categories, then select the All option in the
menu (Fig. 5.6 again)
Scan through the list of over 300 built-in functions in the Select a Function
scroll box
Depending on your math, computing, statistics, or accounting background, you might recognize
many of them.
Click on the Cancel button to close the Insert Function dialog box
Experience is the best way to learn how they work. In Lesson 4 you already learned to use the
Sum function, and also you created your own formula to calculate the Percentage for each
student.
Calculating an average for each of the grade columns
Now you are going to add three new functions to the Gradebook document: the Average, the
Max, and the Min functions. You want the value representing the average of the scores in a
column to appear in a cell in Row 25 at the bottomof each of the columns where you want to
calculate an average (Fig. 5.7).

Fig. 5.7 Average scores for each column
Notice in Fig. 5.7 that the last cell in the column of first names has the row label Average. You
need to do the same in your Gradebook document.
Select cell B25, type the label Average, and press Tab twice to move to cell
D25
A word about automatic calculation
When Automatic Calculation is switched on, Excel immediately carries out any calculations that
are necessary when you make any changes to the data in the spreadsheet. So you don't have to
remember to do this yourself. Whenever your spreadsheet is small (like the Gradebook document)
you will hardly be aware that Excel is working for you like this. It may be necessary for you to
turn on the Automatic Calculation option, so heres how you do it.

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In the Formulas Ribbon >Calculation Group select Calculation Options,
then, in the drop down menu, make sure the option for Automatic
Calculation is checked (Fig. 5.8)

Fig. 5.8 Automatic Calculation
Back to the task at hand
The average is computed by adding (SUMming) the set of scores for an assignment or test, and
then dividing the total by the number of scores in the set. You could put together this function
yourself, of course. If you know what it would be for the first column of scores, write it in the box
below. Remember, a function or formula always begins with the equals (=) sign.

What you wrote should look something like this: =SUM(D14:D23)/10. But since Excel has a
built in Average function, you may as well use it. Here is the set of steps to include the Average
function in your spreadsheet.
Make sure cell D25 is still selected (the cell under the first column of scores),
then click on the Insert Function (fx) icon in the data entry bar
From the list of Categories, select the Statistical category, then double click
on the AVERAGE function to select it from the list of Statistical functions,
then click OK
Excel pastes the function into the data entry bar and then automatically selects the cells in the
column above the cell in which you want to put the Average function. It also presents a new
dialog box (Fig. 5.9) in which you can indicate the set of cells you want included in the function.

Fig. 5.8 The Function Arguments dialog box
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This Function Arguments dialog box selects the set of cells immediately above the cell which
contains the new formula. It also explains what the Average function does, and asks you to
confirmthe formula by clicking OK. At this stage, if you wanted to, you could change any of the
cell addresses in the data entry boxes. However, in this case that wont be necessary.
Notice that Excel has included cell D24 (an empty cell) as part of the set of cells to be
averaged. This will not affect the result because Excel assumes that an empty cell is not to be
included in the calculation of the functions result.
The formula in the Data Entry bar towards the top of the spreadsheet window should read
=AVERAGE(D14:D24). Is this the exact wording of the formula on your screen?
If it is, click OK; if it is not, correct it, then click OK
Now look at cell D25. It should contain the average for the scores in Column D. There are
three problems that can occur:
1. If you see a series of pound signs (#######...), this indicates that theres not enough roomin
the column to show the value, so you need to widen the column a little to make enough space
for the average score to appear. If this is the case (you see ######instead of an average
score), drag with the mouse to make the column wider.
2. If a Bad Formula prompt pops up on the screen, check the formula in the entry bar again,
compare it to the correct Average formula (=AVERAGE(D14:D24)), and make any
corrections.
3. If the values being averaged have no decimal places, then the default number of decimal
places must be zero (0). But it would be useful to show at least one decimal place. If the
average displayed in your Gradebook is rounded to a whole number (no decimal places), here
are the steps to change the precision of the Average to 1 decimal place.
In the Home Ribbons >Cells Group click on Format > Format Cells...
(Fig. 5.9)

Fig. 5.9 Format Cells

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This brings up the Format Cells dialog box (Fig. 5.10).

Fig. 5.10 Format Cells dialog box
In the Format Cells dialog box (Fig. 5.10) select the Number category,
and set the number of Decimal places (also called precision) to 1 and
click on OK
Assuming all is well, your next task will be to copy this Average formula into the cells
immediately to the right of cell D25 under the other columns of scores (cells E25 through H25).
Cell D25 should still be selected
Use the mouse to grab hold of the handle in the lower right corner of cell D25
(you practiced doing this in Lesson 4), then hold down the mouse button and
drag across to Column Hso cells D25, E25, F25, G25, and H25 will all now
have the correct Average score in them
That's all there is to it. Adjust the column widths if you see pound signs (#) instead of averages.
It's all good practice.
Time to save all your hard work (Ctrl-s)
Displaying the Highest and Lowest scores for each column of scores
Now that you know how to use the Insert Function icon (fx) next to the Data Entry bar, and in
particular since you just used it to put the Average function in your spreadsheet, you should be
able to complete the exercise that follow without much help.
Put a heading in cell B26 (Max score) and in cell B27 (Min score)
Number Category
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Put the Max function in cell D26 (listed as Max( ) in the Statistical category
in the Insert Function dialog box)this function is used to find the highest
score for each set of scores
Drag down with the mouse to select cells D14 through D23, the cells you
want included as arguments in the Max function (D14:D23), and click OK
In cell D27 put the Min function (listed as Min( ) in the Statistical category in
the Insert Function dialog box) and drag with the mouse to select cells D14
thru D23 once again, then click OK
J ust as you did when you worked on the Average function, copy the new Max
and Min functions across to the corresponding cells under columns E thru
H using the Fill/Right... option in the Edit menu
When you're done, your spreadsheet should resemble Fig. 5.11.

Fig. 5.11 The Gradebook document after adding the functions (your data may be different)
Cells that contain a formula are
indicated by a green flash in the top
left corner of each cell

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Notice that every cell that has a formula in it has a small green triangle in the top left corner of the
cell (Fig. 5.11).
Locking (protecting) important cells
Excel allows you to protect the contents of a cell or cells by locking or protecting them. This
means that neither you nor anyone else will be able to change the contents unless you remove the
protection. This feature is useful to prevent accidental loss of data, and will also help prevent
others frominterfering with the data you have collected.
Since all the data in a Grade book are important, it would be a good idea to protect
everything. The process to do this is the same as if you were protecting a single cell, or a few
cells, except that you select every cell.
Press Ctrl-a to Select All the cells in the spreadsheet (or click in the small
box in the top left corner of the row and column headers)
From the Home Ribbon > Cells Group select Format and, in the
Protection Section towards the bottom of the Format Menu, select the
option to Lock Cell
This will lock all the cells in your spreadsheet, but they are not yet protected against changes.
You have one more thing to do.
option to Protect Sheet
This brings up the Protect Sheet dialog box (Fig. 5.12).

Fig. 5.12 Protect Sheet dialog box
Take a look at this dialog box. Notice that you have the option to include a password to remove
protection (unlock the locked cells). This is a necessary feature if you want to lock the cells in
your spreadsheet to prevent students, for example, fromchanging grades. You would choose a
password that would be difficult to guess, of course, but also one that you would be sure to
remember! Theres no need to use a password in this exercise, however, unless you want to, of
course. Just make sure you remember the password so you can unprotect the worksheet when
you need to make changes.
Click on OK in the Protect Sheet dialog box
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Now all the cells in the Gradebook document are unable to be changed unless you select Unlock
Cells fromthe Option menu. If you wanted to lock just certain cells you would first select the cell
or cells and turn on the Protection tool for just that cell or those cells.
Notice that there is no longer a green flash in the top left corner of the cells that contain
formulas. So protecting the worksheet hides those cells fromthe user, too.
If you try to change a locked cell, you will get a warning dialog box (Fig. 5.13) telling you
that you cant change anything unless you first remove the protection.

Fig. 5.13 Protection warning dialog box
Try this now.
Click on cell A2 and try to type anything at all
No dice. The spreadsheet is protected so you cant change a thing unless you Unprotect the
spreadsheet first. Youll practice doing this a couple of times later when you come to make
further changes to the spreadsheet.
Time to save the changes to the Gradebook document (Ctrl-s)
Dividing the spreadsheet into panes
Often a spreadsheet, or an Office Word 2007 document for that matter, will be too long or too
wide to view all at once on the screen. Excel has a useful feature called panes.
You can split any window horizontally or vertically into sections. This will allow you, while
working or scrolling in one section, to keep the other section(s) fixed in place.
To see how this works, in the View Ribbon >Window Group select Split
Excel immediately divides up the worksheet into four sections, using a vertical and a horizontal
split bar (Fig. 5.14).

Fig. 5.14 Excels vertical and horizontal split bars
Now there are 4 scroll bars so you
can independently scroll through
the data in any of the four panes

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You can change the position of the split bars by positioning the mouse arrow on a split bar and
drag across or down the screen.
Try this for practiceposition the mouse arrow on either the vertical or
horizontal split bar (you'll get a cross-hair cursor) and hold down the button
while you drag across or down the screen
Now grab each of the scroll bars and check out the data in any of the four
panes in the spreadsheet window
Notice how easy it is to compare different parts of a spreadsheet in this way. The pane or splitting
screen feature is available in Office Word 2007, too, but you probably will find that you use it
most frequently while working with spreadsheets, especially large ones.
Removing panes
This is easy enough to do.
In the View Ribbon >Window Group select Split again to turn off this
switch
Your spreadsheet should now be restored to its original format.

5.4 MAKING MORE CHANGES TO THE LOOK OF THE SPREADSHEET
In Lesson 4 you learned how to change the width of columns and the height of rows. You also
practiced doing this earlier in this lesson. Now you are going to learn how to put borders around
some cells and how to remove the grid lines and Column and Row headers.
Putting a border around a cell or set of cells
Before you can make any changes, you need to Unprotect the worksheet. Lets do that before
proceeding with the tutorial.
option to Unprotect Sheet
Next you need to Unlock the cells.
From the Home Ribbon >Cells Group select Format again and, in the
option to Lock Cell, which reverses the Lock, like flipping a switch
Notice that you are now once again able to see the small green flash in the top left corner of all
the cells that contain a formula.
Now lets make some more changes to the Gradebook document. You may want to put a box
around certain sections of your spreadsheet, such as the Class info in cells A4 through B6. This
will make the information stand out in a report. Try this now.
Drag across cells A4 through B6 to select the set of Class info
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In the Home Ribbon > Font Group click on the arrow next to the Border tool
to show the menu of border options (Fig. 5.15)

Fig. 5.15 Excels Borders options for cells or groups of cells
As you can see, the Borders menu gives you various options.
In the menu, click on the Outline Borders option and click on OK
As you can see, the Class Info now has a border around it, setting it off fromthe rest of the data
in the Gradebook document (Fig. 5.16).

Fig. 5.16 Spreadsheet cell with border
Removing grid lines and column and row headers
Grid lines and column and row headers are essential when developing a spreadsheet or when one
is updating the data. But for reporting purposes it may look better, perhaps even easier to read, if
they are removed. You may recall doing this in Lesson 4. Try this again now for reinforcement.
In the View Ribbon >Show/Hide Group remove the check mark from the
box next to Gridlines and the box next to Headers
The spreadsheet now looks quite different, as you can see. For the next exercise, however, it will
be best to have the Gridlines and Headers showing in the Gradebook document.
In the View Ribbon >Show/Hide Group put back the check mark in the
box next to Gridlines and the box next to Headers
You also need to lock the cells and protect the worksheet again.

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option to Lock Cell
This locks all the cells in your spreadsheet, but they are not yet protected against changes. You
have one more thing to do.
In the Protect Sheet dialog box click on OK, then Save your work
You are now going to make the same changes to the Grades template that you just made to
the Gradebook document. To do this, it will be easiest if you have both spreadsheets side-
by-side on your screen.
Go to the Office 2007 Work Files >Work Files >Templates folder on your
disk drive and open the Grades Template document
Maximize the spreadsheet window so that it fills the screen and use the
Zoom tool in the lower right of the spreadsheet window to reduce the size of
the documents to 75%
Next, in the View Ribbon >Window Group, click on the tool to View Side-
by-Side, adjust the size of the two windows so they will fit side-by-side in the
Excel window, and move them around till they are aligned next to each other
on the screen, the Gradebook on the left and the Grades Template on the
right, as illustrated in Fig. 5.17

Fig. 5.17 Arranging the worksheets side-by-side
The two spreadsheets are open
side-by-side so you can work on
both of themat the same time
The Zoomtool
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What youre doing is updating the Grades Template spreadsheet with the same format and
functions as the Gradebook document so that you can use the template with other classes you
may have in the future. Hint: Use Copy and Paste to complete many of the tasks.
Go ahead now and update the Grades Template, but you DON'T need to
transfer any of the actual data from the Gradebook to the Grades
Templateonly update the functions and other formatting features you
added to the Gradebook document (Fig. 5.18 illustrates what you need to
doread the directions carefully before you proceed)

Fig. 5.18 Tiling the spreadsheet windows to make changes to the Template
Save the Grades Template when you have finished making the changes.
When you have finished updating the Grades Template, in the View Ribbon
>Window Group, click on the tool to View Side-by-Side to switch back to
viewing just one of the two spreadsheets
In the View Ribbon >Window Group, click on the tool to Switch Windows
and select the document Gradebook.XLS so as to make this the current
spreadsheet on the Desktop
It might be a good idea to take a break at this point in the tutorial.

TIME FOR A BREAK?
FEEL FREE TO TAKE ONE
THIS MIGHT BE ENOUGH FOR ONE DAY!

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5.5 USING THE LOOKUP FUNCTION
The concept of the LOOKUP function
The spreadsheet LOOKUP function is a little tricky to understand, so stand up, step back from
the keyboard for a while and stretch some of those muscles that are stiff fromsitting through the
first part of this tutorial. When you are ready, read quietly through this section to understand how
the LOOKUP function works.
The LOOKUP function is a simple logic tool that you can use to automatically assign grades
to your students based on the numbers in the Percentage column of your spreadsheet (column L).
You are probably aware by now that if you have the automatic calculation option selected,
Excel carries out function-based calculations as you make changes in a spreadsheet. Thus, once
you have programmed Excel to LOOKUP the grades, the systemwill automatically update each
student's Letter Grade, along with Totals and Percentages, even as you enter new scores for
assignments, homework, tests, and so forth.
Thus, with no effort on your part, you will be able to keep students informed at any time
during the semester as to exactly what grade they currently carry for the class.
Such information is invaluable. Knowledge is power. When a student is aware of an
inadequate grade early on, extra effort can be applied to improve the situation before it is too late.
It is surprising how often students are unaware of how they stand with regard to their progress
through a course. The teacher who fails to provide adequate feedback when directing students in
their pursuit of academic objectives deserves at least some of the blame if students do not
progress as well as they should. When students are kept apprised at all times of where they stand
they tend to take more responsibility for the outcomes of their efforts--or lack of them.
Fig. 5.19 illustrates the LOOKUP Table that will be the outcome of this exercise.

Fig. 5.19 LOOKUP table
You are going to tell Excel to compare a student's percentage with the range of values in the first
column of the table. These are control percentages. Excel will search through this first column,
looking for the highest value (percentage) that is less than or equal to the student's percentage.
Once that value is located in the first column, the function will assign the student the letter grade
that is adjacent to it in the second column.
Row headers
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Does that make sense? An example will help. Suppose the student's percentage is 87%. Well, in
the table above the highest value in the first column that is still less than or equal to 87% is 80%,
is it not? 70%, 60%, and 0% are less than or equal to 87%, but they are not the highest value that
is less than or equal to 87%. So 80% is the value that Excel will select fromthe Range column in
its LOOKUP of the table. The letter grade fromthe corresponding cell in the second column--in
this case a "B"--will then be posted to the GRADE column of the Gradebook document proper.
Once you understand the concept of "the highest value less than or equal to another number",
the rest is easy. Here are a few student percentages to try for yourself. Complete the exercise that
follows.
FromFig. 5.19, column 1,
what is the highest value less than or equal to 45%? _____________
The answers are in the footnote at the bottomof the page.
1

There are two parts to incorporating the Excel LOOKUP function into your Gradebook
document. First you must build the LOOKUP Table into the spreadsheet. Second you must enter
into the appropriate cells the LOOKUP function that will instruct Excel to carry out the
LOOKUP operation.
Building the LOOKUP Table
Youll need both the Gradebook document (which you saved in the Other
folder in the Work Files folder) and the Grades Template (which you saved
in the Templates folder in your Work Files folder) to complete the remainder
of this tutorial, so if these documents are not already open, open them both
from your Office 2007 Work Files folder before proceeding
Next, in the View Ribbon >Window Group >Switch Windows icon, select
the Gradebook document, if it is not already the active window on the screen
Since all the cells are protected in the Gradebook document, youll need to unlock themfirst in
order to make changes.
option to Unprotect Sheet
Next you need to Unlock the cells.
From the Home Ribbon >Cells Group select Format again and, in the
option to Lock Cell, which reverses the Lock, like flipping a switch

1
0%, 60%, 0%, 100%

170
Notice that the cells with formulas in themnow have the small green flash again in the top left
corner.
Now, lets build the Lookup table thats illustrated in Fig. 5.19 above. The first column of the
LOOKUP Table (the lookup vector) has a set of numbers which Excel calls the lookup_vector.
A vector is just another name for a single column of numbers. This is the set of values against
which Excel compares the data froma selected cell in the Gradebook document.
Lets create this column (vector) of the LOOKUP table first.
Select cell O1 and type the column header Range (%) then press Enter to
move down to cell O2
Type 0 (the number zero (0) that is) in cell O2 and press Enter to move down
to cell O3
Type 0.6 (this is equivalent to 60% in mathematical terms) and press Enter
again to select cell O4
Type 0.7 and press Enter to make O5 the current cell, then type 0.8 and
press Enter once more
Type 0.9 in cell O6 and press Enter to make O7 the current cell, then type 1
(this is equivalent to 100% in mathematical terms) and click on the Accept
( ) button
Now you must change the cell attributes of this first column of the table so as to display the
numbers in percent form(with the percent (%) symbol). You did this before in Lesson 4, so the
following is just a reminder of how to do this.
Drag down to highlight all 6 of the scale values from cell O2 to cell O7
In the Home Ribbon > Number Group click on the % (Percent) symbol to
change the format of the decimal numbers to percentages
That completes the first column of the table. Now for the second column with the letter grades--
what Excel calls the result vector. These are the values which Excel returns to the Gradebook cell
in which is the formula which calls the LOOKUP function.
Select cell P1 and type the header Grade (A-E), then press Enter to move
down to cell P2
Type the letter E (or whatever you would use for a failing grade) and press
Enter to go to cell P3
Type a D and move down to cell P4, then type a C and move down to cell P5
Type a B and move on down to cell P6, then type an A and move down to
cell P7
Finally type an A again in cell P7 and click on the Accept ( ) button
The table is now almost ready for use. A couple of cosmetic adjustments will improve its
appearance.
Select columns O and P by dragging across the letters O and P at the top of
the columns
171
In the Format toolbar select Center alignment, then in the Format menu
select Column/Width and make the width 10
Your LOOKUP Table should now look like Fig. 5.19 above.
Save all your hard work before proceeding with the tutorial
Using the clipboard to copy cells from one document to another
Now that you have completed the task of building the LOOKUP Table in the Gradebook
document you should update the Grades Template along the same lines. The easiest way to do
this is to copy the relevant cells fromthe Gradebook document into the Grades Template
document using Copy and Paste.
First you must copy the relevant cells (those used for the LOOKUP Table) from the
Gradebook document to the clipboard. Here are the steps.
Select cell O1 and drag down diagonally across the LOOKUP Table to cell
P7
Press Ctrl-c to copy the LOOKUP Table to the clipboard
Now switch to the Grades Template document by switching windows in the
View Ribbon > Window Group
In the Grades Template, click on cell O1 to make it the current cell
Press Ctrl-v to paste the LOOKUP Table from the clipboard to the Grades
Template
Notice that the width of columns O and P in the Grades Template is 13, which is wider than you
need for the table.
In the Grades Template window, change the width of columns O and P to 9,
then save your work (Ctrl-s) once more
Entering the LOOKUP function into the Grade column of the spreadsheet
Recall that the LOOKUP function instructs Excel to look up a table that you have built and come
back with a corresponding result to store in the spreadsheet proper. Still confused? Maybe the
following will help you figure it out.
The LOOKUP function has the following parts to it:
=LOOKUP(lookup _value,lookup_vector,result_vector)
Let us examine each part of this function in order to understand how it works.
As you know, the "=" symbol at the start of the function simply tells Excel that a
function is in the cell, as opposed to regular data such as numbers or labels.
The word LOOKUP tells Excel the task it has to carry out (look something up in a
list).
lookup_value, lookup_vector, and result_vector are variables (control values) that
Excel uses when it is looking up the table:
thelookup_value is either a number or text (such as a person's name); this value
will be the "key" that Excel will use as it searches through the cells in the
lookup_vector or column;

172
thelookup_vector is the column of cells that Excel has to check in its lookup of
the table (column O in Fig. 5.18);
the result_vector is the column of cells in which Excel will find the result of the
LOOKUP operation.
Still confused? Maybe an example will help you understand how the Lookup function works. It
will be easiest for you to follow the next exercise if you have an actual grade book to work with.
Begin by switching back to the Gradebook document on the Desktop (use
the View Ribbon >Window Group >Switch Windows icon for this or click
on the Gradebook document in the Task Bar)
As you follow along, make sure you have the LOOKUP Table (columns O and P) showing on the
screen, as well as the last two columns of the Gradebook document (columns L and N) containing
the PCNT and GRADE data.
Scroll over as far as necessary until you have columns L through P showing
on the screen with the top of the LOOKUP Table (Row 1) at the top of the
screen
Select cell N14
This is the first cell in the GRADE column. You want Excel to use the LOOKUP function to
figure out the letter grades for each student and display it in this column (Column N). So this is
where the LOOKUP function must go.
Click on the Insert Function icon (fx) in the data entry bar towards the top
of the spreadsheet window
In the Insert Function dialog box select the category Lookup & Reference
(Fig. 5.20)

Fig. 5.20 Insert Function dialog box showing Lookup & Reference category
173
In the Select a Function: scroll box click on LOOKUP, then click on OK
This brings up theSelect Arguments dialog box (Fig. 5.21).

Fig. 5.21 The Select Arguments dialog box
The first set of arguments (lookup_value, lookup_vector, result_vector)
are what we want, and they are already selected by default, so click on OK
The entry bar at the top of the spreadsheet now contains the basic LOOKUP function, ready for
you to add the three (3) arguments for the LOOKUP functionthe lookup_value, the
lookup_vector, and the result_vector.
Excel also presents a dialog box for you to enter these arguments (Fig. 5.22).

Fig. 5.22 The Function Arguments dialog box for the LOOKUP function
Slide the Function Arguments dialog box down and off to the right of the
screen so its not covering the cells you need to work with (column L and the
Lookup Table in columns O and P)
Entering the lookup_value in the dialog box
Notice that the cursor is positioned for you to enter the first parameter of the LOOKUP function
(the lookup_value). You must enter here the coordinates of the cell which contains this
lookup_value (the Percentage). Cell L14 contains the Percentage for the first student. Well, each

174
student's Percentage will determine the grade, so the percentage is what we want Excel to use to
find the letter grade fromthe Lookup Table.
Click on cell L14
Excel enters this cell's coordinates as the first of the LOOKUP parameters, the lookup_value.
You are telling Excel that it must use this first student's percentage as the value to check against
the first column of the LOOKUP Table (O2 through O7).
Entering in the lookup_vector
Cells O2 through O7 are the lookup_vector for the LOOKUP Table.
Click in the second data entry box in the Function Arguments dialog box,
the lookup_vector entry area, so you can enter the cells which contain the
lookup_vector
Use the mouse to drag down from cell O2 to cell O7 in the spreadsheet
Notice that in the data entry bar Excel fills in the second of the LOOKUP parameters for the
LOOKUP function, namely the lookup_vector. Check this in the Data entry bar, too.
Entering the result_vector
Cells P2 through P7 are the result_vector for the LOOKUP Table.
Click in the third data entry box in the Function Arguments dialog box so
you can specify the cells that contain the result_vector
Drag down from cell P2 to cell P7 in the spreadsheet
Notice, once again, that Excel fills in the third of the LOOKUP parameters, the result_vector.
Check the data entry bar to see that the LOOKUP function is now complete
at this stage it should read =LOOKUP(L14,O2:O7,P2:P7)
Finally, click on OK
Applying the function
Excel will look for "the highest value in cells O2 through O7 that is less than or equal to the
student's percentage".
Take a look at cell N14 now and verify that it contains the correct letter
grade according to the value in cell L14 (the percentage for this first student)
As you see, once the LOOKUP function has located the correct cell in column 1 of the Lookup
Table (the Range column), all that remains is for Excel to make a note of the letter grade that is in
the corresponding cell in column 2 of the table (the Grade column), and copy that grade into cell
N14.
Copying the LOOKUP function into the rest of the GRADE column
The first student's grade is taken care of. The next task would be to copy this function fromcell
N14 down to the other cells in the GRADE column (column N), but this is not as simple as it
seems because we have to consider the problemof Absolute and Relative cell references..
If you want to try and do this on your own (you will need to understand the concept of
Absolute and Relative references!), go ahead. If you are successful you can skip the rest of this
sub-section and go to the Practice makes perfect section on the next page.
175
If you need help completing the LOOKUP function, read on to follow the steps to correctly Fill
down the LOOKUP function to the remaining cells in column N.
First you must make a small change to the function itself. You also need to put your thinking cap
on, because if this is the first time you've used a LOOKUP function, it can get mighty confusing.
You may recall learning about Relative and Absolute cell references in Lesson 4. The function
=LOOKUP(L14,O2:O7,P2:P7) will work fine for the first student, but if you copy it to the other
cells as is, Excel will assume that all the cell references in the function are relative to the cell into
which they are being copied, and will adjust themaccordingly, resulting in the wrong letter
grades.
What you have to bear in mind is that the references to the LOOKUP Table (cells O2:O7 and
P2:P7) are absolute references--they must not change--because the data for the LOOKUP Table
will always be found in these specific cells.
So you must tell Excel to leave these LOOKUP Table references unchanged when copying the
LOOKUP function into the other cells in column N. You do this by surrounding the LOOKUP
Tables cell coordinates with $ (dollar) signs. Like this:
=LOOKUP(L14,$O$2:$O$7,$P$2:$P$7)
The reference to the lookup_value (cell L14 for the first student) is relative, and will be different
for each student (L15, L16, and so on).
Here is a reminder of the steps to tell Excel to treat cell references to the LOOKUP Table as
Absolute References.
Click on cell N14
The LOOKUP function is spelled out in full in the Data Entry bar at the top of the screen.
In the LOOKUP formula in the Data entry bar at the top of the spreadsheet,
click immediately before the reference to cell O2
Now put a dollar ($) sign in front of every coordinate (rows and columns) for
the LOOKUP Table (8 $ signs in all) as illustrated in Fig. 5.23

Fig. 5.23 Absolute references are preceded by dollar ($) signs
This will ensure that this part of the function will remain unchanged ("absolute") when you copy it
shortly into the other cells in column N.
Click the Accept button ( ) to accept the LOOKUP function into cell N14
Here now are the steps to copy the function fromcell N14 by Filling Down into the remaining
cells of the GRADE column (Column N).
Make sure the current cell is still cell N14

176
Grab hold of the small Fill handle in the lower right corner of cell N14 and
drag down to cell N23
You now should see the correct letter grade for each student in column N.
While you have the cells in column N highlighted, center the grades in the
column
You also need to lock the cells and protect the worksheet again.
option to Lock Cell
This locks all the cells in your spreadsheet, but they are not yet protected against changes. Youll
recall by now that you have one more thing to do.
In the Protect Sheet dialog box click on OK, then Save your work
If you need to think about the LOOKUP function a little more, go carefully back over what you
have just done. Once you have a clear idea of how the LOOKUP function works, you and your
students will be able to apply it in myriad situations when you build spreadsheets of your own.
Practice makes perfect
Your task now is to switch to the Grades Template document again, and add the LOOKUP
function there, too. You do not have any data in the template (or at least you shouldnt have!), so
your LOOKUP function will produce a column of meaningless grades (all Es!) in the GRADE
column, just as was the case when you built a function into the PCNT column of the template
document when you were working on Lesson 4. This is no problem, because the data will be
relevant and correct when you use the spreadsheet with an actual class and enter meaningful sets
of scores, as is the case in the Gradebook document itself.
You either can add the functions to the Grades Template document the long way, by repeating
all the steps you just carried out for the Gradebook document, or you can use the Copy (Ctrl-c)
function as you did a short while ago to copy the LOOKUP Table fromthe one document to the
other.
Don't forget, when youre done, to save the changes you have made to the
Grades Template spreadsheet

5.6 CREATING CHARTS BASED ON THE SPREADSHEET DATA
Why charts?
A spreadsheet user can take advantage of charts that are based on the numbers stored in its rows
and columns of cells. Charts enable the user to visualize the data. "A picture," as they say, "is
worth a thousand words." By the same token, a well-designed chart can help you make sense of a
177
thousand numbers. Charts are also useful when you need to increase the impact of any oral or
written presentation.
For this exercise youll open a new spreadsheet document so you can practice creating charts.
Go to your Office 2007 Work Files >Work Files >Other folder and open
the Charts document
Your Charts spreadsheet should look like Fig. 5.24.

Fig. 5.24 Data for Charts document
The Excel charting capability
Today we are in danger of being overwhelmed by a superabundance of datathe raw material of
information. Chartsgraphic, colorful, eye-catching, mind-enrichinghave, for thousands of
years, been a powerful way to convey what would otherwise be complex information. The Office
Excel 2007 spreadsheet makes it easy to create dozens of different types of charts. You can create
a chart frominformation gathered in most any spreadsheet. It is not an exaggeration to say that
your ability to take advantage of Excels charting capability will make you a more effective
teacher.
Creating a Column chart
The values represented in a chart are called a data series or a data set. In the chart you are about
to create, the number of students in the various grade ranges (A, B, C, etc.) will be represented by
bars. The chart will have a title and a legend with names descriptive of the data series.
Most charts, except pie charts, have axes, which are the perpendicular lines along which the
data are plotted or displayed. The Y axis is the vertical axis (running fromtop to bottom). The X
axis is the horizontal axis (running fromleft to right).
To create a chart in Excel, you must first designate the set of cells in the spreadsheet that you
want included in the chart. This is called the chart range. Lets select the Chart Range now.
Select, by dragging and highlighting, cells A1 through F2
Now, lets check out each of the 7 categories of charts.

178
In the Insert Ribbon >Charts Group, click on the Column charts icon and
look at the 19 different types of Column Charts you can make
Click on the Line charts icon and look at the 7 different types of Line Charts
you can make
Click on the Pie charts icon and look at the 6 different types of Pie Charts
you can make
Click on the Bar charts icon and look at the 15 different types of Bar Charts
you can make
Click on the Area charts icon and look at the 6 different types of Area Charts
you can make
Click on the Scatter charts icon and look at the 5 different types of Scatter
Charts you can make
Click on the Other charts icon and look at the 15 different types of Charts
you can make
After you have checked out the various chart types, in the Insert Ribbon >
Charts Group, click on the Column charts icon
In the Column Charts menu, click on the icon for a 3-D clustered Column
chart (Fig. 5.25)

Fig. 5.25 The Column Charts menu
179
Immediately Excel creates the chart and displays it on the screen (Fig. 5.26).

Fig. 5.26 3-D Clustered Column chart
Notice that Excel has automatically put the grades along the X axis and the scale indicating the
number of students with each grade along the Y axis. Excel has also indicated a legend that the
blue columns show how many students scored in each of the letter grade categories.
The only change you need to make is to the chart title. It should say something like Class
Grades Distribution.
Drag across the chart title Students in Range and in its place type Class
Grades Distribution
You can easily make changes to the chart. Try this now.
Right click on any piece of the chart (title, any other text, the bars, the chart
background, the gridlines, the chart area as a whole, the legend, the axis
numbers or letters)
Notice the handles that immediately appear around the object you've selected. Also notice that
each part of the chart has different options in its pop up context menu.
Select the Format option from the context menu that pops up and interact
with the dialog box to change fonts, colors and so forth
Try variations on the look and feel of the chart; undo anything you don't like
Now, in the Chart Tools Design Ribbon >Chart Styles Group try some of
the different preset styles
When you're done practicing, go to Office button >Save As and, in your
Office 2007 Work Files >Data Files folder, save the chart with the name
Column Chart
Thats all you want to do with the Column Chart, so you might as well remove it fromthe
spreadsheet window before the next exercise.
Left click on the border of the Column chart to select the whole chart and
not some piece of the charts contents, then hit the Del(ete) key

180
Creating a pie chart
Creating a pie chart is straightforward if you just successfully completed the bar chart. You will
use the same set of data for the exercise that follows.
Drag to select cells A1 through F2, then in the Insert Ribbon >Charts
Group, click on the Pie charts icon
In the Pie Charts menu, click on the icon for an Exploded Pie in 3-D chart

Fig. 5.27 Pie Chart
Change the Chart Title to Class Grades Distribution as you did for the
Column Chart
Right click on any piece of the chart (title, any other text, the bars, the chart
background, the gridlines, the chart area as a whole, the legend, the axis
numbers or letters)
Notice the handles that immediately appear around the object you've selected. Also notice that
each part of the chart has different options in its pop up context menu.
Select the Format option from the context menu that pops up and interact
with the dialog box to change fonts, colors and so forth
Try variations on the look and feel of the chart; undo anything you don't like
Now, in the Chart Tools Design Ribbon >Chart Styles Group try some of
the different preset styles
When you're done practicing, go to Office button >Save As and, in your
Office 2007 Work Files >Data Files folder, save the chart with the name
Pie Chart
Thats all you want to do with the Column Chart, so you might as well remove it fromthe
spreadsheet window before the next exercise.
Left click on the border of the Pie chart to select the whole chart and not
some piece of the charts contents, then hit the Del(ete) key
Do the same to create a Clustered Horizontal Cylinder Bar Chart with your
choice of preset chart style, and save the chart in your Data Files folder
with the name Bar Chart
Do the same to create an Exploded Donut Chart, and save the chart in your
Data Files folder with the name Donut Chart
181
5.7 PRINTING THE UPDATED SPREADSHEET
Selecting a section of the spreadsheet for printing
You're going to print out the Gradebook document twice. When you first print out your
Gradebook document, you do not want the LOOKUP Table to appear on the printed report. You
want to print only that block of cells that contains the data pertaining to student grades for the
semester. This includes columns A through N and Rows 1 through 27.
The steps that follow will show you how to select just this block of cells for printing.
In the View Ribbon >Window Group select the Gradebook document
Next you must select (highlight) the range of cells that you want to print.
Drag down diagonally from cell A1 to cell N27 (this will include the Average,
Max Score, and Min Score summary lines at the bottom of the Gradebook
document, but not the cells with the LOOKUP table)
From the Page Layout Ribbon >Page Setup Group make sure you have
the option for Landscape orientation selected for the spreadsheet
From the Office button menu select Print
Your spreadsheet has just one page. Here are the steps to print only the section of the spreadsheet
that you have selected (cells A1-N27).
In the Print what section, click on the radio button next to Selection (Fig.
5.28)

Fig. 5.28 Printing only selected cells of a spreadsheet
If you wanted to check on how many pages there are in a spreadsheet before printing, you would
select Page View fromthe Office button Print menu, and zoomout as you did earlier in this

182
tutorial by clicking the zoomtool. This will enable you to figure how many pages you need to
select in the Print dialog box.
Notice also that in the Print dialog box you can opt to Preview the worksheet before printing.
Click on Preview now
The printed spreadsheet will look better if you remove column and row headers as well as the cell
gridlines.
Click on the Page Setup icon at the top of the Preview window, then click on
the Sheet tab (Fig. 5.29)

Fig. 5.29 Removing gridlines and Row and column headings
Click to remove the check mark from the boxes next to Gridlines and Row
and column headings, then click on OK
183
Notice how different the spreadsheet looks without the gridlines (Fig. 5.30).

Fig. 5.30 Gradebook Printout #1
Click on the Print button at the top of the Preview window to print out a
hardcopy of the Gradebook document
Now print a second copy of the Gradebook document, but this time include
the Lookup Table, along with the gridlines and row and column headers
If you are completing the lesson for a class at school, hand in both copies of
the spreadsheet to your instructor

5.8 MAKING A BACKUP COPY OF YOUR DOCUMENTS
Your last task before completing this session at the computer is to make a backup of your
document on the backup disk. The Gradebook is still open in Excel. It is also saved in your Office
2007 Work Files folder, which is in the disk drive.
From the Office button menu select Save As... and, in the Save As... dialog
box change the file name to Gradebook Backup and click on Save, then
close Excel


184
LOOKING BACK
Most people take advantage of only a fraction of the functionality of computer software. This
tutorial, and the others that you have worked your way through thus far, have introduced you to a
wider range of features of Excel than most Excel users are aware of. However, you still cannot
consider yourself an expert, even though you are becoming a sophisticated user. To become an
expert you must first of all use the software, taking advantage of the features you have learned so
that you don't forget them. You also might study the User's Guide that Microsoft provides along
with the Excel software.
Expertise is ephemeral. "Use it, or lose it," as they say.

LOOKING FORWARD
Lessons 7 and 8 will help you learn to use the Access database application. But before learning
this new Office program, it will be good to return to Microsoft Word in order to learn how to use
the mail merge feature of the word processor. This will be the subject of Lesson 6.
If you have completed all the tutorials in this book up to this point, you have spent a considerable
amount of time at the computer. This is the only way to master the machine. Yet it is not enough.
You must be prepared to strike out on your own, creating documents using the productivity tools
you are learning in these tutorials to meet your needs both in and out of the classroom.
Deep, assimilated learning takes place only once you are working independently, because to
do this you have to show that you have understood everything you have learned. Understanding
leads to transference and acquisition of skills. Tutorials will open the doors to knowledge, and
hold your hand while you make those first steps toward the acquisition of specific skills.
But you must have the desire to let go of the hand that guides you. Without this desire, the
exercises that you are following will be wasted and yield no fruit. With this desire, you will be
motivated to understand what you are learning so that you can apply it to new situations in your
own professional experience.

SKILL CONSOLIDATION
Complete these exercises to reinforce what you have learned in Lesson 5.
1. List at least 5 applications, other than those presented in these tutorials, for which you think
you would use the Excel spreadsheet in a classroomenvironment.
2. Either alone, or with a group, develop templates for each of the five spreadsheets identified in
exercise 1. This could be an excellent class project. Each teamwould develop a different set
of templates. Then all groups would present their results for review by everyone else in the
class, and the complete set of templates could be made available on disk for everyone to take
away fromthe course.
3. Load the Gradebook document to the Desktop.
Add the function to calculate the average score for each of the tests, quizzes,
homeworks, etc. The systemwill add up all the scores and divide by the number of cells
that contain scores to arrive at the average. You should use the copy function to
duplicate the functions across the spreadsheet.
Save the updated document
185
Print out only the columns that contain the student names and the final totals and
percentages (so you will need to temporarily delete the columns in between--don't save
this document!)
4. Load the Gradebook document onto the Desktop.
Add a new column for another set of scores
Add a new row for another student
Update the functions where necessary
Sort the student records based on the First and Last Name columns
Save the updated document
5. Create a line chart based on a set of values for populations in several cities in the U.S.
Generate a Bar chart from the data. Research the populations on the web at
http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html
6. Create a pie chart based on a set of values for the amount of rainfall for each of any ten cities
world wide. Research the rainfall data at this web address: http://www.worldclimate.com

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ESSENTIAL MICROSOFT OFFICE 2007: Tutorials for Teachers

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